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A transparent and flexible metasurface with both low

infrared emission and broadband microwave
absorption
Yao Ma1, Lihua Shi1, Jianbao Wang1,* , Liyan Zhu1, Yuzhou Ran1, Yicheng Liu1, and
Jie Li1

1
National Key Laboratory on Electromagnetic Environment Effects and Electro-Optical Engineering, Army Engineering University of
PLA, Nanjing 210007, China

Received: 1 September 2020 ABSTRACT

Accepted: 24 November 2020
Ó Springer Science+Business
Media, LLC, part of Springer
Nature 2021
Researches on radar and infrared stealth compatibility have drawn much
attention in recent years. In this work, a flexible metasurface with low infrared
emission, broadband microwave absorption as well as high optical transmission
is simultaneously achieved. The whole structure is composed of an infrared
shielding layer (IRSL), a radar absorption layer (RAL), a substrate and a back-
plane, and the total thickness is only 3.5 mm. Based on the impedance matching
theory, the microwave absorption higher than 90% can be achieved in the radar
waveband ranging from 7.3 to 18.8 GHz, corresponding to a relative bandwidth
of 88.1%. By using a conductive patch array as the IRSL, a low infrared emis-
sivity of 0.49 can be realized in the infrared region from 8 to 14 lm. Moreover,
by rational designing both the structures and materials, the metasurface in this
work cannot only achieve bi-stealth functions with low infrared emission and
broad microwave absorption, but also shows optically transparent and flexible
properties, thus quite suitable for practical applications. Both the simulated and
experimental results suggest that the proposed metasurface is promising in the
multispectral stealth fields.

1 Introduction and radar stealth compatibility (also known as mul-

Modern reconnaissance involves radar detection,
infrared detection and visible detection etc., there-
fore, multispectral stealth is essential for objects to
counter multiband reconnaissance [1–6]. Since infra-
red reconnaissance together with radar reconnais-
sance has been widely used in nowadays, infrared
tispectral stealth) has drawn much attention [2, 5, 6].
To realize infrared stealth, the infrared radiation
intensity can be controlled by reducing the temper-
ature of the body or by decreasing the infrared
emissivity of the surface according to the Stefan–
Boltzmann equation [7]. Based on the Kirchhoff law,
infrared emissivity is equal to absorptivity under

Address correspondence to E-mail: zwang0417@outlook.com

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-04967-3
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thermal equilibrium, therefore, objects with low
absorption and high reflection are desirable for the
infrared stealth. From the aspect of radar stealth, in
order to avoid radar detection, objects with high
absorption and low reflection are required. Since
there is an obvious difference between the infrared
and the microwave wavebands, this provides an
opportunity to realize infrared and radar stealth
compatibility by rationally designing materials or
structures with a function of frequency dispersive
responses.
Metamaterials and their two-dimensional equiva-
lents (known as metasurfaces) are artificial structures
which can flexibly manipulate the electromagnetic
responses through the selection and optimization of
the cellular architecture and the chemical composi-
tion [8]. Due to their unique properties, metamateri-
als and metasurfaces have received much attention
and been widely used in many fields, such as
nanophotonics, energy harvesting, sensing and
healthcare etc. [9–19]. In addition, researches about
metamaterials and metasurfaces applied in the
stealth field have been widely reported with fre-
quencies ranging from low microwave to high
infrared wavebands [20–28]. Since the electromag-
netic responses of metamaterials and metasurfaces
are frequency selective, they can be used to realize
radar and infrared stealth compatibility [29–34].
Cheng et al. firstly presented a thin radar-infrared
stealth-compatible structure, which consists of
metallic frequency selective surface (MFSS), resistive
frequency selective surface (RFSS) and metal backing.
Reflectivity is below - 10 dB in the whole radar X
wave band and infrared emissivity is less than 0.3 in
the infrared region of 8–14 lm [29]. Zhong et al.
reported a multifunctional metamaterial composite
structure that not only provided radar and infrared
bi-stealth function but also possessed an in-band
microwave transmission window and high optical
transparency by using the indium tin oxide (ITO)-
coated polyethylene (PET) films [33].
Typically, the radar and infrared bi-stealth struc-
tures consist of an infrared stealth layer, a radar
stealth layer, a substrate and a backplane. The infra-
red stealth layer is always on top of the radar stealth
layer in the reported literature [29–34]. As mentioned
earlier, in order to realize good infrared stealth,
objects with low absorption and high reflection are
desirable as the infrared stealth layer. On the other
hand, the radar wave would be significantly reflected
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by the infrared stealth layer due to its high reflection
property. Therefore, the infrared stealth layer should
be carefully designed to ensure that it has low
infrared emissivity and also little effect on radar
wave propagation, so that most of the radar wave can
transmit through the infrared stealth layer to reach
the radar stealth layer. Unfortunately, little literature
has paid attention to the adverse influence of the
infrared stealth layer on the radar wave propagation
and the infrared and radar stealth compatibility
needs to be further improved. In addition, it is
desirable that the microwave absorption bandwidth
can be further expanded for enhancing the radar
stealth performance. Moreover, most of the reported
bi-stealth structures are inflexible, which cannot meet
the conformal requirements of military equipment in
practice [29–33].
In this work, we provide a rational design of an
infrared stealth layer with low infrared emission as
well as little influence on the radar wave propaga-
tion. Then, by using the impedance matching theory
combined with the equivalent circuit method, the
microwave absorption bandwidth broadens com-
pared with the most reported results. Moreover, by
using the ITO-coated-PET films and a polyvinyl
chloride (PVC) substrate, the radar and infrared bi-
stealth metasurface is both transparent (thus meeting
the window application) and flexible (thus meeting
the conformal demands).
2 Theory and design
2.1 Structure
A cell of the proposed radar and infrared bi-stealth
metasurface structure is shown in Fig. 1. The multi-
layered structure consists of an infrared shielding
layer (IRSL), a radar absorption layer (RAL), a PVC
flexible substrate and a backplane. The IRSL, RAL
and backplane are ITO-coated-PET films with the
same depth of d_PET = 0.175 mm for each layer, and
the relative dielectric constant of the PET is ePET-
= 3.0(1 - j0.006). The IRSL consists of ITO patch
array with 5 9 5 patches in each cell, while the RAL
is composed of ITO Jerusalem cross array. The sur-
face resistance of the IRSL, RAL and the backplane is
5 X/sq, 8 X/sq and 5 X/sq, respectively. The depth
and the relative dielectric constant of the PVC sub-
strate is d_sub = 3 mm and ePVC = 2.4(1 - j0.06),
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Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of

the radar and infrared bi-
stealth metasurface. a Cross-
sectional view of one cell;
b multilayers of one cell;
c front view of the IRSL for
one cell; d front view of the
RAL for one cell

respectively. Other geometrical sizes labeled in Fig. 1 Table 1 Area ratio of ITO and emissivity of the IRSL under
are a = 5 mm, b = 0.7 mm, g = 0.3 mm, l = 4 mm, various b and g
w = 0.2 mm, lJ = 1.3 mm and wJ = 0.3 mm.
Case b (mm) g (mm) sm (%) e
2.2 Design of the infrared shielding layer 1 2.4 0.6 64.0 0.38
2 0.9 0.1 81.0 0.24
The infrared emissivity of the radar and infrared bi- 3 0.8 0.2 64.0 0.38
stealth metasurface is mainly determined by the 4 0.7 0.3 49.0 0.49
emissivity value of the infrared shielding layer. An 5 0.5 0.1 69.4 0.33
ITO conductive film presents a low infrared emission. 6 0.4 0.1 64.0 0.38
However, a whole continuous ITO film would cause
strong reflection in the microwave bands, and
therefore the whole ITO film needs to be divided into
a form of discrete pattern for suppressing the where e is the emissivity of the IRSL, em and ed are the
microwave reflection, as seen in Fig. 1c. Then, the emissivity of ITO (the measured value is about 0.09
corresponding infrared emissivity of the IRSL can be [34]) and PET (the value is about 0.9 [33]) respec-
calculated by using the empirical formula in this tively. sm is the ratio of the ITO area to the whole
condition [29] IRSL area, and sd is the ratio of the PET area to the
whole IRSL area. The calculated sm and e under
e ¼ em sm þ ed sd ; ð1Þ
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Fig. 2 The reflection coefficient, transmission coefficient and c

microwave absorption of the IRSL for all of the six different cases
listed in Table 1. a The reflection coefficient; b the transmission
coefficient; c the microwave absorption

various patch length b and gap size g are listed in

Table 1.
As shown in Table 1, all the calculated e is below
0.5, indicating that the IRSL can realize low infrared
emissivity by choosing appropriate values of b and g,
and the larger sm is, the lower e is. Case 1, 3 and 6
have the same infrared emissivity e, however, the
microwave propagation properties of these three
infrared shielding layers are quite different from one
another.
To approve the above statement, the microwave
reflection and transmission properties of the IRSL are
simulated by commercial software CST Microwave
Studio. Boundary conditions and floquet ports are set
in the simulations, and the ITO surface resistance of
the IRSL is 5 X/sq. For all of the 6 cases listed in
Table 1, the reflection coefficient S11, the transmission
coefficient S21 and the microwave absorption are
shown in Fig. 2. The microwave absorption is calcu-
lated by
A ¼ 1  R  T; ð2Þ
2 2
where R ¼ jS11 j is reflectance and T ¼ jS21 j is
transmission.
Figure 2 proves that though the area ratio of ITO sm
is the same for the Case 1, 3 and 6, the reflection
coefficient, transmission coefficient and the micro-
wave absorption are quite different. That’s because
the ITO patch array structure is a typical low-pass
filter [35], whose propagation properties are mainly
determined by the values of b and g. In addition,
Fig. 2a, c show that the microwave reflection and
absorption of the Case 4 and 6 are lower than the
other cases, which means that more radar wave can
transmit through these two kinds of infrared shield-
ing layer to reach the radar absorption layer, as
demonstrated in Fig. 2b. This suggests that these two
kinds of sub-cell not only have low infrared emis-
sivity (as seen in Table 1) but also have little influence
on the microwave propagation. Therefore, the issue
of the infrared and radar stealth compatibility can be
well addressed based on the metasurface structure
combined with the rational material and geometrical
design. The ITO patches with dimensions of
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b = 0.7 mm and g = 0.3 mm is finally chosen to
comprise the IRSL with comprehansive considera-
tions of low infrared emissivity, little influence on the
microwave propagation and easy fabrication
processes.
2.3 Broadband microwave absorption layer
The impedance matching theory is used to realize
broadband microwave absorption for the RAL, and
the equivalent circuit of the multilayered metasurface
structure is shown in Fig. 3.
The infrared shielding layer and the radar
absorption layer can be equivalent as RLC series
circuit and their corresponding impedance is ZIRSL
and ZRAL respectively. The impedance ZIRSL and
ZRAL can be retrieved from numerical simulation.
Zsub can be calculated through transmission line
theory and the expression is as following
Zplane þ jZPVC tanðkc d sub Þ
Zsub ¼ ZPVC ; ð3Þ
ZPVC þ jZplane tanðkc d sub Þ
where ZPVC, kc and d_sub are the characteristic impe-
dance, propagation coefficient and depth of the PVC
substrate, and Zplane is the impedance of the ITO-
coated-PET backplane, which equals to 5X/sq for
minimizing transmission. To simplify the calculation,
the interaction between the IRSL and RAL is neglec-
ted. The input impedance of the whole structure Zin
can be expressed as
1 netic) wave incidences with the incident angles of 0°,
Zin ¼ : ð4Þ
1=ZIRSL þ 1=ZRAL þ 1=Zsub
Then, the reflection coefficient of the metasurface
can be calculated as
Fig. 3 Equivalent Circuit of the bi-stealth metasurface structure
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Zin  Z0
C¼ ; ð5Þ
Zin þ Z0
where Z0 is the characteristic impedance of the air
and approximates 377 X. According to the impedance
matching theory, the surface reflection of the struc-
ture is 0 when Zin equals to Z0. If the transmission is
also 0, the structure can realize perfect absorption. In
our design, since the surface resistance of the ITO-
coated-PET backplane is as low as 5 X/sq, the
transmission can be ignored. If Zin approximates Z0
in a wide frequency range, broadband absorption can
be realized.
After optimization, the simulated reflectance and
absorption of the bi-stealth metasurface under nor-
mal incidence are presented in Fig. 4a. From Fig. 4a,
it can be seen that the absorption is higher than 90%
in the radar waveband ranging from 7.3 to 18.8 GHz,
realizing a broad relative bandwidth of 88.1% even
though the whole thickness of the metasurface
structure is only 3.5 mm. The input impedance of the
structure normalized to Z0 is presented in Fig. 4b,
and it shows that the real part of the normalized
input impedance is close to 1 while the imaginary
part approximates 0 within a broad frequency band.
The absorption of the bi-stealth metasurface under
different incident angles is also simulated. The
xoz plane (shown in Fig. 1) is chosen as the incident
plane, and the simulated results under the TE
(transverse electric) wave and TM (transverse mag-
10°, 20°, 30° and 40° are shown in Figs. 5a, b,
respectively. It can be found that the absorption
performance varies as the incident angle increases for
both the TE and TM waves, and the variation for the
TE wave is more obvious than that for the TM wave.
For the TE wave, the metasurface maintains good
performance when incident angle h B 30°, while for
the TM wave, the absorption higher than 90% can still
be achieved in a broad frequency band when incident
angle is 40°.
3 Experiment and discussion
To confirm the simulated results, a 200 mm 9 200
mm sample was fabricated. Geometrical sizes of the
sample and surface resistance of the ITO-coated-PET
films are determined according to the simulation
optimization discussed above. The ITO arrays of the
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Fig. 4 a Reflectance and absorption of the bi-stealth metasurface;
b normalized input impedance of the bi-stealth metasurface
IRSL and RAL are fabricated via high-precision laser
etching. The four layers (IRSL, RAL, PVC substrate
and backplane) are assembled by dual-side adhesive
tapes. Photographs of the sample are presented in
Fig. 6, which demonstrate its good optical trans-
parency and high flexibility.
The microwave performance of the sample is
measured by using an arch measurement system,
which is mainly based on an Agilent N5224A net-
work analyzer and a pair of broadband horn anten-
nas. The measured reflection coefficients under the
TE and TM wave normal incidences are shown in
Fig. 7a, b respectively, and the simulated results are
also added for comparison.
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Fig. 5 The simulated absorption of the bi-stealth metasurface for
different incident angles. a Under the TE wave incidence and
b TM wave incidence
From Fig. 7a, it can be seen that, for the TE wave
incidence, the simulated reflection coefficient is lower
than - 10 dB (thus the corresponding absorption is
higher than 90%) in the radar waveband ranging
from 7.3 to 18.8 GHz, and the corresponding experi-
mental frequency band is from 8.4 to 19.4 GHz. As
shown in Fig. 7b, for the TM wave incidence, the
simulated reflection coefficient is lower than - 10 dB
from 7.4 to 18.9 GHz, while the corresponding
experimental result is from 8.1 to 19.4 GHz. The
microwave absorption characteristics of the experi-
mental results have similar trends to that of the
simulated results for both the TE and TM wave
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Fig. 6 Photographs of the
fabricated sample. a A paper
with logo; b the sample
covered on the logo; c the
sample under the bending state
normal incidences. Compared with the simulated
results, the whole frequency bands of the experi-
mental results shift slightly toward the high fre-
quencies and also the measured reflection coefficient
is higher than the simulated reflection coefficient. The
above discrepancies should be due to the following
three reasons: (i) the relative permittivity of the PET
films and the PVC substrate may be different
between the simulated value and the actual value; (ii)
the surface resistance of the ITO-coated-PET film
sample deviates from the simulated value; (iii) the
fabrication tolerance.
The infrared stealth properties of the sample are
also characterized. As mentioned above, the infrared
emissivity of the radar and infrared bi-stealth meta-
surface is mainly determined by the emissivity value
of the infrared shielding layer (IRSL). According to
Eq. (1), the calculated emissivity value of the IRSL is
0.49, indicating that the IRSL has low infrared emis-
sion properties. To prove this theoretical conclusion,
a 5 mm 9 10 mm piece of the IRSL sample was used
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for measurement. For comparison, a piece of metal
with low emissivity (\ 0.1) and a piece of PET with
high emissivity (* 0.9) are also used as the reference
samples. Both the reference samples have the same
sizes (5 mm 9 10 mm 9 0.175 mm) as the IRSL one.
These three samples were placed on a heating plate
with a constant temperature of 80 °C to ensure that
they have the same background temperature. Their
thermal IR images were captured by using a thermal
cameral (HIKVISION H10) working in the range of
8–14 lm. As shown in Fig. 8, the measured temper-
atures of the PET, metal and IRSL samples are
79.2 °C, 32.6 °C and 57.9 °C, respectively, which
indicate that our IRSL sample indeed has a low
infrared emissivity and it can satisfy the infrared
stealth demands. By combining the results of Fig. 7
with Fig. 8, it can be seen that multispectral stealth in
the radar and infrared frequency bands is realized by
using this metasurface.
The optical transparency of the bi-stealth meta-
surface is realized by using the ITO-coated-PET films
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Fig. 7 Comparison of the reflection coefficients between the
measured and simulated results under a TE wave normal incidence
and b TM wave normal incidence
and a PVC substrate. The optical transmittance of the
IRSL, RAL, PVC, backplane and whole structure is
measured by using a spectrophotometer (SHI-
MADZU UV 3600) and shown in Fig. 9. The total
optical transmittance of the metasurface can be also
calculated by multiplying the transmittances of each
layer (the IRSL, RAL, PVC, backplane), and it is also
shown in Fig. 9. The total optical transmittance
reaches 30% at 620 nm, which demonstrates the good
optical transparency of this metasurface. It is also
found that the measured and calculated transmit-
tance coincide well with each other.
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Fig. 8 Thermal IR images of the PET, metal and IRSL samples on
a heating plate with temperature of 80 °C
Fig. 9 Optical transmittance of the IRSL, RAL, PVC, backplane
and whole structure
4 Conclusions
A flexible metasurface with low infrared emission
and broadband microwave absorption is achieved.
The low infrared emission is realized by using ITO
patch array and the broadband microwave absorp-
tion is achieved based on the impedance matching
theory. The metasurface is transparent and flexible by
rationally designing the materials. Both the simulated
and experimental results verify that the metasurface
has broadband microwave absorption, low infrared
emission and high optical transmission properties.
These results suggest that the proposed metasurface
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is promising in the applications of multispectral
stealth fields.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural
Science Foundation of China (No. 51977219).
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