Center for Academic Development, Paniola AJK | Evening Academy

Geometrical Optics
1. An object is placed at a distance of 25 cm from a spherical mirror and its
image is formed behind the mirror at distance of 5cm. What will be its
focal length?
Given:
Object distance = p = 25 cm
Image distance = q = -5 cm (since it's formed behind the mirror)
Required:
Focal length of the mirror = f =?
Solution:
Using the mirror formula:
1 1 1
= +
f p q
Substitute the values:
1 1 1
= +
f −5 cm 25 cm
Simplify:
1 1 1
= −
f 25 5
1 4
=
f 25
25
f =
4
f = 6.25cm
The focal length of the spherical mirror is 6.25 cm (positive value), indicating it is a
concave mirror.

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 Center for Academic Development, Paniola AJK | Evening Academy

2. Consider a lens that produces a real image three times larger than the
object. If the distance between the image and the object is 1m. Calculate
the focal length of the lens.
Given:
Magnification = M = 3
Distance between object & Image = p+q = 1m
Required:
Focal length = f =?
Solution:
Since Magnification (M) is the ratio of image distance to object distance;
𝑞
𝑀 =
𝑝
q
3 = => q = 3p
p
According to the given condition;
p + q = 1m
p + q = 100cm
By putting the value of “q” from equation 1, we get;
p + 3p = 100cm
4p = 100cm
p = 25cm
Now, to find q, we’re using equation “1” again;
q = 3p
q = 3 × 25cm
q = 75cm
Using the lens formula

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 Center for Academic Development, Paniola AJK | Evening Academy

1 1 1
= +
f p q
Substitute the given values:
1 1 1
= +
f 25 75
1 3+1
=
f 75
After simplification,
f = 18.75cm
Hence, the focal length of the lens is 18.75cm.
3. A concave mirror produces a real image twice as large as the object which
is placed 10cm far in front of it. Where is the image located?
Given:
Magnification = M = 2
Object distance = p = 10 cm
Required:
Location of Image = q =?
Solution:
Since the magnification (M) is the ratio of the image distance to the object
distance:
q
M =
p
q
2 = => q = 2p
p
Solving the equation, we get:
q = 2 × 10cm
q = 20cm

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 Center for Academic Development, Paniola AJK | Evening Academy

Therefore, the image is located at 20 cm in front of the concave mirror.

4. An object is placed at a distance of 15cm from a convex mirror. The focal
length of the mirror is 20cm. What will the position of the image?
Given:
Distance of object = p = 15cm
Focal length = f = 20cm
Required:
Distance of Image = q =?
Solution:
Using the mirror formula:
1 1 1
= +
f p q
Substitute the given values:
1 1 1
= +
20 p 15
Simplify the equation:
1 1 1
= −
p 20 15
1 3−4
=
p 60
1 1
= −
p 60
Now, to find v, take the reciprocal of both sides:
p = −60cm
Therefore, the position of the image is 60cm behind the mirror.

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 Center for Academic Development, Paniola AJK | Evening Academy

5. Consider a convex mirror with focal length 20cm. If a body is placed at a

distance of 10cm from it, find the position, nature of image and
magnification of mirror.
Given:
Focal length = f = -20cm
Object distance = p = 10cm
Required:
a. Position of Image = q =?
b. Nature of Image
c. Magnification = M =?
Solution:
a. Using the mirror formula:
1 1 1
= +
f p q
Substitute the given values:
1 1 1
= +
20 q 10
Simplify the equation:
1 1 1
= −
q 20 10
1 1
=
q −20
Now, to find v, take the reciprocal of both sides:
q = −20cm
The position of the image formed by the convex mirror is 20 cm. The negative sign
indicates that the image lies in the direction of incident light.
b. Nature of the image:

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 Center for Academic Development, Paniola AJK | Evening Academy

The nature of the image is virtual and erect.

c. Magnification (M):
The magnification is given by the formula:
q
M =
p
Substitute the given values:
10
M =
20
M = 2
The magnification is 2.
6. Two lenses of power +4.2D and -3.2D are connected. Find the combined
power and focal length.
Given:
Power of lens 1 = P1 = +4.2 D
Power of lens 2 = P2 = -3.2 D
Required:
a. Combined power = p =?
b. Combined focal length = f =?
Solution:
a. Combined power:
P = 𝑃1 + P2 = 4.2 + (−3.2) = 1.0D
b. Combined focal length
We know that, focal length is reciprocal of power, therefore:
1
P=
f
(Where, power in Diopters and focal length in meters.)

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 Center for Academic Development, Paniola AJK | Evening Academy

1 1
𝐹 = = = 1.0𝑚
𝑝 1.0
Therefore, the combined power of the two lenses is +1.0 D, and the focal length
of the combination is 1.0 meter.
7. Ali looks at an old coin with the help of a magnifying glass. The distance
between Ali's eyes and coin is 20cm and focal length of the magnifying
glass is 4cm. Find the magnifying power.
Given:
Distance between Ali’s eye and the coin = d = 20cm
Focal length of magnifying glass = f = 4cm
Required:
Magnifying power of the glass = M =?
Solution:
To find the magnifying power (M) of the magnifying glass, we'll use the formula:
d
M = 1 +
f
Substitute the given values into the formula:
20cm
M = 1 +
4cm
M = 1 + 5
M = 6
The magnifying power of the magnifying glass is 6.
8. The power of a convex lens is 10D. To form a real, image 4 times as large
as the object, at what distance should it be placed from the lens?
Given:
Power of the lens = P =10D
Magnification = M = 4

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 Center for Academic Development, Paniola AJK | Evening Academy

Required:
Position of object = p =?
Solution:
First, to find focal length from power, we use
1
F =
p
1
F= = 0.1m
10
F = 0.1 × 100
F = 10cm
Magnification (M) is the ratio of image distance to object distance;
q
M =
p
Since, M = 4, therefore:
q
4 =
p
=> q = 4p
By using lens formula;

1 1 1
= +
f p q

1 1 1
= +
f p 4p
Substitute the given values:
1 4+1
=
10 4p

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 Center for Academic Development, Paniola AJK | Evening Academy

1 5
=
10 4p
4p = 50
P = 12.5cm

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