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Chapter 2 - Support
Chapter 2 - Support
A1700
Programmable Polyphase Meter
Overview
M120 001 2N
1/2006
The company’s policy is one of continuous product improvement and the
right is reserved to modify the specification contained herein without notice.
A1700 Meter Users Manual - Chapter 2 1
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CONTENTS
1 POWER AND ENERGY MEASUREMENT ................................................................................... 2
2 PRINCIPLES OF ENERGY MEASUREMENT ............................................................................. 3
2.1 Energy Measurement............................................................................................................................. 3
Figure 1 3-Phase 4-Wire System......................................................................................................... 3
Figure 2 3-Phase 4-Wire Vector Diagram........................................................................................... 3
2.2 Apparent Energy Measurement ............................................................................................................. 4
2.3 Reactive Energy Measurement .............................................................................................................. 4
2.4 Four Quadrant Metering ........................................................................................................................ 5
Figure 3 Four Quadrant Measurement................................................................................................. 5
2.5 Network Application ............................................................................................................................. 6
3-Phase 3-Wire ..................................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 4 3-Phase 3-Wire System......................................................................................................... 6
3-Phase 4-Wire ..................................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 5 3-Phase 4-Wire System......................................................................................................... 6
2-Phases of 3-Phase 4-Wire .................................................................................................................. 7
Figure 6 2-Phases of a 3-Phase 4-Wire System................................................................................... 7
1-Phase 3-Wire ...................................................................................................................................... 7
Figure 7 1-Phase 3-Wire System........................................................................................................ 7
1-Phase 3-Wire ...................................................................................................................................... 8
Figure 8 1-Phase 3-Wire System........................................................................................................ 9
1-Phase 2-Wire ...................................................................................................................................... 8
Figure 9 1-Phase 3-Wire System........................................................................................................ 9
3 TARIFF APPLICATIONS ................................................................................................................. 9
3.1 General .................................................................................................................................................. 9
3.2 Tariff Features ..................................................................................................................................... 10
Billing Date ......................................................................................................................................... 10
Billing Period ...................................................................................................................................... 10
End of Billing Period........................................................................................................................... 10
Time of Use Registers ......................................................................................................................... 10
Switching Times.................................................................................................................................. 10
Seasons ................................................................................................................................................ 10
Integration Period ................................................................................................................................ 11
Average Demand ................................................................................................................................. 11
Maximum Demand .............................................................................................................................. 11
Block Interval Demand........................................................................................................................ 11
Sliding Window Demand .................................................................................................................... 11
Cumulative Registers........................................................................................................................... 11
Cumulative Maximum Demand .......................................................................................................... 11
Total kVAh.......................................................................................................................................... 12
Customer Defined Registers................................................................................................................ 12
3.3 Time Keeping ...................................................................................................................................... 13
3.4 Data Logging....................................................................................................................................... 13
4 CONFIGURATION, COMMUNICATION AND DATA COLLECTION.................................. 14
4.1 General ................................................................................................................................................ 14
4.2 Support Systems .................................................................................................................................. 14
Figure 10 Total System Capability ...................................................................................................... 14
Power Master Unit Software ............................................................................................................... 15
CHIRPS ............................................................................................................................................... 15
Figure 11 - CHIRPS Overall Concept ................................................................................................. 16
Overview
A Ia
Ib
B
Ic
C
Va Vb Vc Za
Ic
Zb
Ib
Zc
A1700
Ia
The vector diagram (Figure 2) shows the relationship between the phases.
The total power at any instant is given by: P = va ia + vb ib + vc ic, where v and i are
instantaneous values at time t, and the total energy is the integral of power with time. Expressed
mathematically this is:
T2
E= ∫ Pdt
T1
The current and voltage waveforms are close to being sinusoidal and the more well known
expression for power is given as P = VAIA cos φA + VBIB cos φB + VCIC cos φC
B
The way in which the meter derives its power measurement is to measure digitally at discrete
intervals the voltage and current on each phase. The product of these measurements and the
period of the discrete time interval give the energy value. These discrete energy values are
accumulated into a total energy register. This is sometimes referred to as the real energy
measurement and is registered Watthours or kiloWatthours.
IB VA
ZAC
B
IA
ZCB
φ1
VBC IC
C VCB
φ2
IC VC
IA IA
A
VAN
ZA VA
IB IB IA
B ZB ϕΑ
VBN
ϕΒ VB
ϕC
Ic
IC
IC
C
VCN
VC
N
Figure 5 3-Phase 4-Wire System
P = VAN.IA.cosφA + VBN.IB.cosφB + VCN.IC.cosφC
IA IA
A VAN
VAN
ZA
IC
C IC
IA
VCN
N φA
IC
ZC
N
VCN
VA2N
Figure 7 1-Phase 3-Wire System
To meter a 1-phase 3-wire circuit with maximum accuracy under all conditions, it is necessary to use
a two element meter. The A1700 meter uses a 2-element measurement for this application.
Power measurement in r.m.s terms is:
P = VA1N. IA1. cosφA1 + VA2N. IA2. cos φA2
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IA1 IA1
A1 VA1N
VAIN
ZA1
IA1
N N φA1
ZA2
VA2N
φA2 VA2N
IA2
A2 IA2
IA2
IA1 IA1
A1 VA1N
VAIN
ZA1
IA1
N φA1
3 TARIFF APPLICATIONS
3.1 General
Tariffs link the consumption of energy to the cost of supplying it. In simple cases the cost per
unit (kWh) is at a flat rate throughout the billing period. In other cases, the cost per unit varies
according to the time when it is used. For these applications the A1700 meter has many
programmable features, which allow consumption to be registered for different times of the
day. The registers associated with this are termed Time of Use (TOU) or rate registers. In the
A1700 meter there are options of 16 or 32 registers available for this purpose. They can be
designated to record kWh, kvarh, kVAh or external inputs if an input module is fitted.
In addition to time of use, maximum demand is a measurement that is often applied for tariff
purposes. The maximum demand is the largest demand occurring in a demand period during
the billing period. Typically the demand period is 30 minutes or 15 minutes. It is also referred
to as the integration period. In the case of a 30 minute demand period the average demand of
electricity defined in kW is twice the number of units (kWh) registered in the period. For 15
minute periods it is four times. The billing period is the time between the successive issuing of
accounts, typically one month. The maximum demand is recorded in the A1700 meter for any
of the specified measurements, kW, kvar or kVA. The time and date of occurrence is also
recorded, and there are up to 8 MD registers that can be used. These are programmable so that,
if necessary, the maximum demand can be separately defined for different time of use periods.
There are two ways in which the MD can be derived, block interval or sliding. When computed
by the block interval method the demand values are compared for successive integration period
and the highest value registered. For example the periods would be 00.00, 00.30, 01.00 etc.
The alternative method, sliding demand, looks at a 30-minute period that moves throughout the
day as a window. There is a minimum slip time that must be specified to give 10 or 15 minute
blocks within the window.
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3.2.6 Seasons
Tariffs schemes can vary for different periods of the year. A period of time defined by a start
date and an end date identifies a season in which a tariff arrangement applies. This may include
daily variations. The A1700 has a maximum of 12 Seasons.
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
kWh * *
kvarh * *
Note: Real and reactive energy for each phase is respectively summated prior to kVAh
calculation.
Register 2 Total Import kvarh kvarh Lagging Import + kvarh Leading Import (c + d)
Register 3 Total kvarh kvarh Lagging Import + kvarh Leading Import + kvarh
Lagging Export + kvarh Leading Export (c + d + e + f)
4.1 General
The A1700 meter is configured by programming features from a pre-set list of options defined
in the Power Master Unit. Programming is performed through the FLAG optical port or via an
optional communications module.
The FLAG port can also be used to read from the meter for billing purposes. Programming and
Reading are performed by Hand Held Units using an optical connector or directly, with the
same connector, from a PC.
The RS232/RS485 communications module can be used for access to the meter over a
telecommunications link from a remote point. The telecommunications link could be GSM
Network, the Public Switched Telephone Network, a Radio Link or direct lines. The port, being
a communications link, is of primary importance for down loading logged demand data. It can
also be used for programming and reading in the same fashion as the optical port.
There are certain hardware features and security features that can be programmed and
monitored through the communications ports. These include relay outputs, inputs, displays,
alarms and clock time base. These add to the tariff options available to configure the
application of the meter.
4.2.2 CHIRPS
When using the Hand Held Unit, a multi vendor software package, CHIRPS, (Common Hand Held
Integrated Reading and Programming Systems) is invoked. It provides a common set of command and
data structures, which allow a variety of meters from different manufacturers to operate with a variety
of Hand Held Units.
The overall concept is shown in Figure 11.
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To programme or read data from a particular manufacturer's meter or group of meters, the user
employs the software specific to that manufacturer, to create the necessary meter schemes.
A meter scheme defines the reading and programming instructions to be applied to a meter or
group of meters. Metering schemes are prepared by entering data into the Power Master Unit
Software.
This provides in simple menu driven format in a Windows environment, a series of data entries
which define what data has to be read from the meter, e.g. number of tariffs, maximum
demands etc. and data to be programmed into the meter e.g. tariff start and end times, seasons
etc. Details are given in Chapter 6 (Software Support) of this manual. These instructions are
formulated into CHIRPS files automatically. CHIRPS files, Reference and Sign-On files are
generated and transferred to the Hand Held Unit.
Reference and instruction files are encrypted. The Hand Held Unit runs CHIRPS as an
operating system and is thereby capable of interpreting these files to pass data to and from the
meters. In the case of the PPM this transfer of data from P.C. to HHU uses an applications
package referred to as OMS_TRAN.
There is a range of Hand Held Units available which run the CHIRPS environment. Details of
the suppliers are available on request to Elster Metering Systems. Usually a user will have only
one or two suppliers of Hand Held Units. The Hand Held Units interface to the meters on site
using the FLAG probe. At any time it is possible to have data for a variety of meters held
within the Hand Held Unit. The CHIRPS operating system will first identify the meter
manufacturer, meter type and serial number during a sign on mode. After sign on, it will then
refer to its database and select the appropriate instructions for that particular meter and transfer
the data. The communications protocol between the HHU and the meter is FLAG IEC 62056 -
21 (formerly IEC 61107).
In most cases the transfer of information will be automatic with an indication at the end of the
transfer that the operation is complete. It is possible to enter a manual entry mode where data
can be entered directly from the keyboard e.g. resetting time and date, or view registers of
interest. This will be in accordance with instructions set up on the P.C. however this option is
not currently invoked in Power Master Unit Software.
In the majority of operations the data transferred to the meter will be a request for meter
readings.
As a consequence data will be
transferred back to the Hand Held Unit.
This will be identified and stored in data
files.
The final transaction is to transfer meter
data held in the Hand Held Unit to the
P.C. for storage and display. This
transfer takes place under the command
of the Power Master Unit Software for
each group of manufacturer’s meters.
The information is stored as files in the
P.C. in the Master Unit directories and
is available for onward transfer to a
mainframe computer for processing if
the necessary file translation software is
in place. In most cases it is simply viewed and checked for report purposes using the Master
Unit Software.
The data structures within CHIRPS database are shown opposite.
The Hand Held Unit requests a sign on when interfaced to the meter. The meter responds with a
response message. This entry level is held in a .SOD File. There is one .SOD File per
manufacturer listing the types of meters available through CHIRPS.
Having gained entry the Hand Held Unit accesses the response and from this matches the meter
database entry using the meter identification code. The meter database entries are held in the
.REF File, which locates each meter loaded for programming and reading. Having located a
meter database entry in the .REF File the .INS File is referenced. This determines the actions to
be performed on a particular meter e.g. load new tariff, read data etc. These instructions are
passed to the meter using the FLAG protocol.
The meter then responds with data or, if programme instructions have been sent,
acknowledgement of acceptance. If data is being read it is stored in the .RES File. This stores
sequential data as requested by the instruction database with each entry identified by the meter
number. When load profile data is requested this data is stored in a .BUD File, (Bulk data).
On return to the P.C. the data held in the .RES File and .BUD File can be downloaded.
When assembling data in the Power Master Unit Software the instruction files and reference
files are prepared automatically by setting up a meter list. These effectively give the reference
address for the meters to be programmed and read. The details of programming and reading are
prepared through entry data from the set-up screens detailed in the software manual.
Instructions are passed to the meter using the FLAG protocol.
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