1 EE 301

Tutorial 1
1. A distortion-less line has 𝑍0 = 60 Ω, 𝛼 = 20 × 10−3 𝑁𝑝/𝑚 , u = 0.6c, where c is the speed
of light in a vacuum. Find R, L, G, C, and 𝜆 at 100 MHz.
Sol -
In the case of a distortion-less line, we have the following relations -
𝑅 𝐿 1
𝛼 =  √𝑅𝐺, 𝑍∘ = √𝐺 = √𝐶, 𝑣𝑝  =  
√𝐿𝐶

These equations can be used to find the required values.

𝑅  =  1.2 Ω/m
𝐺  =  0.33 𝑚𝑆/m
𝑝𝐹
𝐶  =  92.65 
𝑚
𝑛𝐻
𝐿  =   333.56 
𝑚
𝑣𝑝
𝜆= = 1.80 𝑚
𝑓

2. On a 50 Ω loss less line two waves travel in opposite directions. At some location on the line
and at some instant the voltage and current are respectively 25 V and 2 A. Find the voltage
and current at a distance of ±λ/3 from the point at the same instant.
Sol.
The voltage and current in a transmission line are given as
𝑉  =  𝑉+ 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧   +  𝑉− 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑧 ,
1
𝐼  =  [𝑉+ 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧   −  𝑉− 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑧 ]
𝑍∘

Adding and Subtracting both, we get

(𝑉 + 𝐼𝑍∘ )
𝑉+ 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧   =   = 62.5
2
and
(𝑉 − 𝐼𝑍∘ )
𝑉− 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑧   =   = −37.5
2
.

3. A transmission line with 𝑍0 = 50 − 𝑗5 Ω and γ = 0.2 + j 2.5 per meter is connected to a load
impedance of 100 + j50 Ω. Find reflection coefficient at the load end of the line. Also find the
reflection coefficient and the impedance at a distance of 3 m from the load.
2 EE 301

Sol –

𝛾 = 0.2 + 𝑗2.5
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝛽 = 2.5
𝑚
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝜆= = = 2.513 m
𝛽 2.5
100 + 𝑗50 − (50 − 𝑗5)
Γ𝐿 = = 0.41 + 𝑗0.24
100 + 𝑗50 + (50 − 𝑗5)
At 𝑙 = 3 m,
𝛾𝑙 = (0.2 + 𝑗2.5) × 3 = 0.6 + 𝑗7.5
𝛤(𝑙 = 3 𝑚) = Γ𝐿 𝑒 −2𝛾𝑙 = −0.045 − 𝑗0.136
𝑍 = 42.87 − 𝑗16.62Ω/m

𝑟𝑎𝑑
4. A certain transmission line operating at 𝜔 = 106 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 has 𝛼 = 2𝑑𝐵/𝑚, 𝛽 = 1 𝑚
, and Zo
0
= 60 + j40 Ω, and is 2 m long. If the line is connected to a source of 10∠0 V, 𝑍𝑠 = 40 Ω and
terminated by a load of 20 + j50 Ω, determine

a. The input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛

b. The input current
c. The current at the middle of the line

Sol -

The input impedance is

𝑍 cosh 𝛾𝑙 +𝑍 sinh 𝛾𝑙
𝑍𝑖𝑛  = 𝑍∘   [𝑍𝐿cosh 𝛾𝑙 +𝑍 ∘ sinh 𝛾𝑙] = 52.62  + 26.4𝑗 Ω/m Type equation here.
∘ 𝐿

The input current is

𝑉
𝐼  =     =  0.104∠ − 15.9∘  𝐴
𝑍𝑆 + 𝑍𝑖𝑛
The reflection coefficient is
𝑉−   𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍∘
𝜌= =  = 0.342∠117.6∘
𝑉+ 𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍∘
and the input voltage is
𝑉𝑖 = 𝑉 − 𝐼𝑖 𝑍𝑆  =  𝑉+ + 𝑉−   =  6.11∠10.73∘ V
hence, we find that
𝑉+  =  6.83∠ − 9.1∘ ,  𝑉− = 2.34∠108.5∘ V
Using the equation for current
3 EE 301

1
𝐼  =   [𝑉 𝑒 −𝑗𝛾𝑧   −  𝑉− 𝑒 𝑗𝛾𝑧 ]  =  0.27∠ − 57.47∘ A
𝑍∘ +

5. A 75 Ω lossless coaxial cable is connected to an antenna of impedance 100 + j35 Ω at one

0end and to a generator at the other end. The internal impedance of the generator is 50 Ω.
What should be the length of the cable so that maximum power is delivered to the antenna?

Sol -

𝑍𝐿 + 𝑗𝑍0 tan 𝛽𝑙
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0 { }
𝑍0 + 𝑗𝑍𝐿 tan 𝛽𝑙

𝑉
𝐼= ,
50 + 𝑍in

𝑉in = 𝐼𝑍in

∗
Power = Re (𝑉in 𝐼 ∗ ) = Re {𝐼𝑍in ⋅ 𝑉 ∗}

𝑃 = Re {𝑍in |𝐼|2 }

(15−7𝑥)2 +400𝑥 2 300(1+𝑥 2 )

P = 𝑉 2 𝑍0 {(2250−350𝑥)2 +(525+2125𝑥)2 } × {(15−7𝑥)2 +400𝑥 2 }, where 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽𝑙

2
12(1 + 𝑥 2 )
𝑃 = 𝑉 𝑍0 { }
(450 − 70𝑥)2 + (105 + 421𝑥)2

𝑑𝑃
Making 𝑑𝑙
= 0 ⇒ 𝑙 = 0.06𝜆

6. Twisted line which may be approximated by a two-wire line is very useful in the telephone
industry. Consider a line comprised of two copper wires of diameter 0.12 cm that have a
0.32-cm center-to-center spacing. If the wires are separated by a dielectric material with 𝜖 =
3.5 𝜖0 , find L, C, and Zo.
Sol –
𝜇0 𝐷
𝐿  =   ln (( ) + √(𝐷/𝑑)2 − 1)) = 6.547 x 10−7 𝐻/𝑚
𝑍∘ 𝑑

𝜋𝜖∘
𝐶  =    = 5.948 x 10−11F/m
ln ((𝐷/𝑑) +√(𝐷/𝑑)2−1)
4 EE 301

𝑍0 =  √𝐿/𝐶 = 104.92 Ω/m

7. A telephone line has the following parameters: R = 40 Ω/m, G = 400 𝜇𝑆/𝑚, L = 0.2𝜇𝐻/𝑚, C =
0.5 nF/m
a. If the line operates at 10 MHz, calculate the characteristic impedance Zo and
velocity u.
b. After how many meters will the voltage drop by 30 dB in the line?

Solution:

8. A 300 Ω parallel wire line is connected to an antenna of 75 + j35 Ω input impedance. Find the
VSWR on the line. What is the maximum and minimum impedance seen on the line?

Sol -

9. A coaxial cable has 10 dB loss per 100 m length. A 10V-3A signal is connected to one end of
the 50 m long cable and the other end of the cable is connected to a matched load. Find the
power loss in the cable and the power delivered to the load.
5 EE 301

Sol -

Additional problem to think about:

1. The copper leads of a diode are 16 mm in length and have a radius of 0.3 mm. They are
separated by a distance of 2 mm as shown in the figure below. Find the capacitance
between the leads and the ac resistance at 10 MHz.

16
m
2

The capacitance per unit length of wires of radius 𝑎 and separated by distance 𝑑 is
𝜋𝜖∘ 𝐹
𝐶  =    
𝑙𝑛 (𝑑⁄𝑎) 𝑚

Substituting the values we get a capacitance of 0.17 pF.

At 10 Mhz, the impedance is 92.7 kΩ