Proposal for the

reduction of
environmental
pollution indices
through a network of
electric vehicles using
low-cost sensors and
electrostatic
precipitators

Abstract. En el presente articulo se plantea un modelo de gestion que facilite la

reducción de los indices de polución medioambiental utilizando una red de
estaciones de monitoreo con sensores de bajo costo. Dicha red de sensores se
apoyará en vehiculos eléctricos dotados con precipitadores electrostáticos
portatiles. Metodologicamente, se ha realizado el diseño del modelo de gestion
y su operación a partir del lenguaje de modelamiento unificado (UML), y se ha
planteado una función objetivo para determinar la manera optima de utilizar los
recursos de Vehiculos eléctricos disponibles en la zona de la ciudad que require
ser intervenida. Se muestran resultados de simulación del impacto que tendría la
aplicación del modelo de gestion.

Keywords: Management system; Self-generation, Urban hydroelectric

central peak, Intelligent elevator control, Data management, Monitoring of
weather conditions.

1 Introduction

La problemática medioambiental es un tema de gran vigencia y que ha venido

acentuandose en razón a la ocurrencia de eventos de alto impacto como lo son los
picos de contaminación por presencia de material particulado en grandes ciudades del
mundo tales como Mexico, Shangai, Seul y Bogota entre otras.
La revision de documentación especializada sobre el tema de contaminación
mediamabiental para el caso concreto de la ciudad de Bogota muestra niveles
preocupantes de crecimiento en cuanto a emisiones y las fuentes tanto fijas de tipo
industrial como las del parque automotor a la cual se asocian en alto porcentaje dichas
emisiones. Los estudios de invesntario para fuentes de emission de material
particulado PM 10 muestran (graficas 1 y 2)
Ahora bien en cuanto a vehiculos se refiere los incrementos con igualmente
ostensibles, presentandose un leve descenso en el periodo 2019-2020 asociado a las
implicaciones del COVID-19.

Las ciudades de Bogota y Medellin han experimentado picos recientes de

contaminación en la zonas urbanas debido precisamente a la dinamica de las matrices
de fuentes fijas y moviles que genern dicha contaminación.
No obstante resulta importante resaltar cambios que se estan dando a nivel de
renovación en el parque automotor y el aprovechamiento de técnicas de monitoreoque
puede darse a estas situacones de manera tanto indirecta como directa. La
investigación realizadas permite evidenciar el crecimineto y las proyecciones de
aumento a future de los autos electricos.
De otra parte se tiene una línea de trabajo centrada en el diseño de sensores
medioambientales y redes de los mismos.
This document is structured as follows: Initially, there is the corresponding
introduction to sustainability, its importance and some references on the management
of the demand response in smart buildings. This document is structured as follows:
Initially, there is the corresponding introduction to sustainability, its importance and
some references on the management of the demand response in smart buildings.
Section 2 shows the structure of the management system and its main subsystems;
Section 3 characterizes the test scenario used and the results obtained in terms of the
decrease in energy demand that is supplied by the energy supplier's substation.
Finally, the conclusions of the work carried out.

*
academic title
 4

2 2 General structure of the management model

The general structure of the management model is based on applications through

cloud computing.
Inicalmente se contara con un espacio web enlazado con bases de datos donde se
contendra entre otras información sobre puntos donde se presentan mayores focos de
contaminación, para el Trabajo en particular se ha enfocado en puntos d
econcentración de material particular PM10. La base de datos permite guardar
historicos de semanas y meses a fin de evaluar la dinamica de cambios de la
contaminación en cada punto de observación d ela ciudad. De otra parte la base de
datos almacena infromación sobre los autos electricos y sus princiaples parmetros, así
como a que estación d emonitoreo se encuentrabn más cercanos.
Al evluarse que se ha suscitado un pico de ocntamiación gracias por parte de las
estaciones d emonitoreo con los sensors de bajo costo instalados, el modelo de gestion
a traves de la explloración de las bases de datos revisa los recursos disponibles de
vehiculso eléctricos que se encuentren estacionados o en movimiento en lugares
cercanos a la zona que se quiere intervenir. Primero se verifica su distancia a la zona
de afectación, luego la potencia con que cuenta, se evalua la función de costo entero
digital que esta supeditada a la subjetividad de los usuarios de participar o no en el
proceso de captación d emateriao particulado. El algortimo que muestra la operación
delo modelo de gestion es ilustrado en el diagrama de la figura 3.

The management fulfills several functions, among which are: the monitoring and
forecasting of environmental conditions, the management of alternative energy
sources, the control of Lighting Systems and the management of intelligent elevators.
The management system is supported by a Communications system that allows the
link between the control centers of each building and the Applications in Cloud
computing in order to allow the decentralization of the control of the buildings at any
time and allow the collection of a large amount of data on the energy consumption of
the building and the environmental conditions such as levels of solar irradiance, wind
speed, levels of rainfall and in general the state of the energy elements involved in the
management. Figure 1 shows the general structure of the management system.
 5

Fig. 1. Diagram of the proposed management system for energetically sustainable buildings in
the city of Bogota-Colombia: detail of buildings in the city center.

The general management system is made up of several subsystems:

• Subsystem for alternative sources of Power Generation
• Subsystem for lighting control
• Subsystem for the management of intelligent elevators
• Communications Subsystem

2.1 Subsystem for alternative sources of Power Generation

The management subsystem for alternative sources performs real-time monitoring of
the Urbana hydroelectric peak (PCH), the Wind Generation unit, the photovoltaic
installation and the substation of the electrical distribution system that usually
supplies the users of the network. Figure 2 shows the detail of the interface for one of
the users of the management system. As can be seen, the user is supplied by the
electrical supply substation through the electrical bus 2, where other users of the
network are connected. By means of busbar 1, the user can receive energy from
alternative energy sources that may be his property or installed by the network
operator. The interface shows the minimum and maximum power limits that each
energy source can provide, its power in real time and the state of synchronization with
the other energy sources and with the substation. Likewise, the real-time power that
the alternative generation sources are supplying to busbar 1 is indicated. The
administrator of the general management system can decide to connect-disconnect the
Generation sources when it may have a negative impact on the management of
buildings and network. The voltage levels and electrical frequency are permanently
monitored.
6

Fig. 2. detail of the interface for one of the users of the management system

The urban PCH takes advantage of the leap that occurs due to the considerable height
of the buildings and the storage of water that occurs thanks to the collection of
rainwater and gray water from the building (Note: gray water here is understood as
the result of latest washing machine rinses and water collected from sinks). The
rainwater is harvested hard in the Storage tanks located in the upper part of the
building, while the gray water is pumped to the Storage tank thanks to Hydraulic
pumps that are activated in periods of low energy consumption of the building or
when the kWh cost turns out to be at a low rate. In figure 3 you can see details of the
urban PCH scheme and its form of Operation

Fig. 3. Diagram of the urban PCH and its Operation for Electric Power Generation
 7
2.2 Subsystem for lighting control

The lighting control subsystem in buildings uses natural light that is captured through
concentrating lenses located in strategic places in the building, then the concentrated light
is carried through fiber optics to various places in the building. At the points of location of
the natural light concentrators, there are light sensors that coordinate the disconnection of
the conventional lighting systems from the electrical network. It should be noted that when
the use of natural light is not carried out, the lighting intensity can be controlled through
local control by the users and also from remote actions from the application in the cloud
space. computing. In figure 4, it is observed how the daylight sensor when capturing sufficient
light intensity sends a control pulse to contactor KM1 which activates the franker KM1 and
performs the deactivation of the power supply for the lighting systems in the building sector.
that is receiving natural lighting.

Fig. 4. lighting control system diagram using natural light

2.3 Subsystem for the management of intelligent elevators

The elevators arranged in multi-story buildings have a self-generating system thanks to the
inclusion of permanent magnets, obtained from Lanthanide and actinide type materials such as
Europium and Samarium. These magnets generate electromagnetic excitation on coils that are
placed in the elevator shaft on each floor. In the coil, when it is excited by the permanent
magnet
that is moving, an alternating voltage arises. Then, the generated voltage passed to a stabilizer,
from there to a pulse charger rectifier circuit. In the following stages there is a battery that stores
the generated energy and finally, a DC-AC inverter that can power the elevator circuit after a
few
trips that have been made. Figure 5 shows the schematic diagram of the smart elevator and how
it generates electricity as the elevator moves from floor to floor.
8

Fig. 5. Schematic diagram of the smart elevator and the way it generates electricity

2.4 Communications Subsystem

The Communications system proposed as a support for the management of the buildings is
structured with two communication channels, one of the wired types supported in the PLC
system
(Power Line Communication) and conventional wireless WIFI.
The communication system allows the sending of data between users and the general
management
system allowing data to be obtained on the location of the users and the climatic conditions of
the
place. For the monitoring of climate variables in real time, the link of the general management
system with the RETSCREN application has been related, which in real time indicates the state
of air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation levels, solar radiation and wind speed among
others. The most relevant data for the buildings that are managed in the city of Bogota can be
seen
in figures 6 and 7.
 9
Fig. 6. Location coordinates of the building management system in the city of Bogota.

Fig. 7. Climatic parameters of the building area controlled by the management system

3. Test scenario and results obtained

As a test scenario, an IEEE-34 network was taken in which are the buildings to which their
energy consumption and their sources of self-generation are going to be managed (Figure 8).

Tables 1, 2 show characteristics of the tested network and the power levels of the loads. Table 3 shows the
average demand vector that is usually served by distribution companies under normal operating conditions
for the network.

Fig 8. IEEE-34 network used as test scenario

Table 1. Characteristics of the distribution network lines used

 10
Section Length (km) Section Length (km) Section Length (km)
800-802 0,786 824-826 0,092 844-846 0,111
802-806 0,527 824-828 0,026 846-848 0,016
806-808 0,982 828-830 0,623 850-816 0,009
808-810 0,178 830-854 0,016 852-832 0,003
808-812 1,143 832-858 0,149 854-852 1,123
812-814 0,906 832-888 0,003 854-856 0,711
814-850 0,003 834-842 0,009 858-834 0,178
816-818 0,052 834-860 0,062 858-864 0,049
816-824 0,311 836-840 0,026 860-836 0,082
818-820 1,468 836-862 0,009 862-838 0,148
820-822 0,419 842-844 0,041 888-890 0,322

Table 2. Power parameters for the loads of the IEEE-34 network used
Power Power
User-node User-node
Active (kW) Reactive (kVAr) Active (kW) Reactive (kVAr)
816 5 2,5 824 24,5 12
842 5 2,5 806 27,5 14,5
864 5 2,5 802 27,5 14,5
856 5 2,5 846 34 17
854 5 2,5 840 47 31
828 5,5 2,5 830 48,5 21,5
832 7,5 3,5 836 61 31,5
810 8 4 822 67,5 35
808 8 4 848 71,5 53,5
862 14 7 820 84,5 43,5
838 14 7 834 89 45
818 17 8,5 860 174 106
826 20 10 844 432 329
858 24,5 12,5 890 450 225

Source: self-made. Note: In green color loads with management system.

Table 3. Vector of average energy demand for the IEEE-34 network taken for testing.

kWh 700 820 670 730 650 850 900 910

hour 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

kWh 870 1100 1110 920 810 850 930 930

hour 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

kWh 910 950 670 700 710 650 640 600

hour 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
 11
Figure 9 shows the energy demanded by users and the way in which it is reduced when management over
Lighting Systems is included, control over smart buildings, self-generation using alternative energy
sources and finally when energy is combined. total management of all elements.

1200

1000

800

600
kWh

400

200

0
1 2 3
Power Demand 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Power Demand with lighting control
-200
power demand including smart elevator management
Power
-400 demand with management of alternative generation sources for
self-consumption
hours sources, light -
Combined power demand including alternative Generation
ing system management and smart elevators

As can be seen in the management scenario that involves lighting control, elevators and
alternative generation sources, the demand is reduced to a minimum in the first hours of the day,
for hours between 7 and 10 it is reduced to zero; and at 6 and 11 hours there are even surpluses
that can be delivered to the network.

Conclusions

The comprehensive management system for buildings allows to reduce the energy consumption
of the building thanks to the combination of load management and self-generation systems.

The functionality of the Communications subsystem allows real-time management of the

availability of the resources available to the buildings and the future capacities of the alternative
Generation sources based on the forecasts of environmental conditions.

The implementation of the integral management system for buildings can allow moments with
surplus energy that can be delivered to the network operator. The management system could be
used to cover demand peaks that the network operator experiences and type of auxiliary services
such as the balance of power flow from the injection of surplus energy.
12

Acknowledgments. The authors express their gratitude to the group of students

belonging to the research groups on autonomy and energy management of networks
of the District, Autonomous and ECCI universities.

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