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1 s2.0 S0022247X12004787 Main
1 s2.0 S0022247X12004787 Main
Let (ξn , n ≥ 1) be a sequence of independent and identically distributed standardized normal random variables with
distribution function Φ (x). Let Mn = max(ξk , 1 ≤ k ≤ n) denote the partial maximum. It is well-known that
2π b2n exp(b2n ) = n2 , n .
an = b − 1
(1.4)
For the extreme value distributions and their associated uniform convergence rates of some given distributions, see [3,4]
respectively for exponential and mixed exponential distributions, [5,6] for the general error distribution, [7,8] for the short-
tailed symmetric distribution.
∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: pzx@swu.edu.cn (Z. Peng).
0022-247X/$ – see front matter © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jmaa.2012.05.077
644 X. Liao, Z. Peng / J. Math. Anal. Appl. 395 (2012) 643–653
It is popular in theoretical analysis and wide applications that the normal distribution is carried over to logarithmic
normal one. Let ξ ∼ N (0, 1), we say that X follows the logarithmic normal distribution if X is defined by X = eξ , abbreviated
as lognormal distribution. In this paper, we are interested in the uniform convergence rate of extremes from samples with
common distribution F following the lognormal distribution. The probability density function of the lognormal distribution
is given by
x −1 (log x)2
F ′ ( x) = √ exp − , x > 0.
2π 2
In the sequel, let (Xn , n ≥ 1) be a sequence of independent random variables with common distribution F following the
lognormal distribution, and let Mn denote its partial maximum. For the limiting distribution of the maximum of lognormal,
by Lemma 2 in Section 2 and the arguments similar to the proof of Theorem 1.5.3 in [2], we can derive
lim P (Mn ≤ αn x + βn ) = lim F n (αn x + βn ) = Λ(x)
n→∞ n→∞
for sufficiently large x, where c (x) → (2π e)−1/2 as x → ∞, f (x) = x/ log x and g (x) = 1 + (log x)−2 . Noting that f ′ (x) → 0
and g (x) → 1 as x → ∞. By Proposition 1.1(a) and Corollary 1.7 of [9], we can choose the norming constants an and bn in
such a way that bn is the solution of the equation
bn
an = f (bn ) = , (1.8)
log bn
then
lim P (Mn ≤ an x + bn ) = lim F n (an x + bn ) = Λ(x). (1.9)
n→∞ n→∞
The aim of this paper is to prove that the uniform convergence rate of (1.9) is proportional to 1/ (log n)1/2 . However, for
F n (αn x + βn ) the convergence rate is no better than (log log n)2 / (log n)1/2 even though αn /an → 1 and (βn − bn )/an → 0
as n → ∞. The main results are stated as follows:
Theorem 1. Let {Xn , n ≥ 1} denote a sequence of independent identically distributed random variables with common
distribution F which is lognormal distribution.
(i) For norming constants an and bn given respectively by (1.7) and (1.8), then there exist absolute constants 0 < C1 < C2 such
that
C1 C2
< sup F n (an x + bn ) − Λ(x) <
1/2
(log n) x∈R (log n)1/2
for n ≥ 2.
(ii) For norming constants αn and βn respectively given by (1.4) and (1.6), we have
e−x exp −e−x (log log n)2
F (αn x + βn ) − Λ(x) ∼ −
n
8 (2 log n)1/2
for large n.
X. Liao, Z. Peng / J. Math. Anal. Appl. 395 (2012) 643–653 645
2. Auxiliary lemmas
In this section we provide several key properties of lognormal distribution which are needed for the proofs of our main
results. The first one is the distributional tail decomposition of lognormal distribution, which is stated as follows.
Lemma 1. Let F denote the lognormal distribution function. For x > 1, we have
(log x)2
1
1 − F (x) = √ (log x) −1
exp − − γ (x) (2.1)
2π 2
(log x)2
1
(log x)−1 exp − 1 − (log x)−2 + s(x),
= √ (2.2)
2π 2
where
∞
(log t )2 1 (log x)2
1 1
0 < γ (x) = √ (log t )−2 exp − dt < √ (log x)−3 exp − (2.3)
2π x 2 t 2π 2
and
∞
(log t )2 1 (log x)2
3 3
0 < s(x) = √ (log t )−4 exp − dt < √ (log x)−5 exp − . (2.4)
2π x 2 t 2π 2
(log x)2 ∞
(log t )2 1
1 1
1 − F (x) = √ (log x)−1 exp − −√ (log t )−2 exp − dt
2π 2 2π x 2 t
(log x)2
1
= √ (log x)−1 exp − − γ (x),
2π 2
which is (2.1). Similarly,
(log x)2
1
γ (x) = √ (log x)−3 exp − − s(x).
2π 2
Putting it into (2.1), we obtain (2.2), where
∞
(log t )2 1
3
s(x) = √ (log t ) −4
exp − dt
2π x 2 t
(log x)2 (log t )2 1
∞
3 15
= √ (log x) exp −
−5
−√ (log t ) exp −
−6
dt
2π 2 2π x 2 t
(log x)2
3
< √ (log x)−5 exp − .
2π 2
The proof is complete.
By Lemma 1, we can derive the Mills ratio and the distributional tail representation of lognormal distribution, which
are helpful, just as mentioned in Section 1, to find the optimal normalized constants an and bn given by (1.7) and (1.8).
The following result is about the Mills-type ratio and distributional tail representation of lognormal distribution, which is a
special case of tail behavior and Mills ratio of logarithmic general error distribution studied by Liao and Peng [10].
Lemma 2. Let F (x) denote the distribution of lognormal random variable with density F ′ (x), then
(i) for x > 1 we have
xF ′ (x)
1 x
1− < 1 − F (x) < F ′ (x)
log x (log x)2 log x
and
1 − F (x) x
∼ (2.5)
F ′ (x) log x
as x → ∞;
646 X. Liao, Z. Peng / J. Math. Anal. Appl. 395 (2012) 643–653
with c (x) → (2π e)−1/2 , g (x) = 1 + (log x)−2 → 1 as x → ∞ and the auxiliary function f (x) = x(log x)−1 satisfies
f ′ (x) → 0 as x → ∞.
Let the norming constants an and bn are defined by (1.7) and (1.8) respectively. Let
with rn → 1 and δn → 0 as n → ∞. Then a∗n /an → 1, and b∗n − bn /an → 0 which implies F n (a∗n x + b∗n ) → Λ(x). Since
a∗n x + b∗n → ∞, for large n we have the following expansion.
Lemma 3. Let a∗n and b∗n be defined by (2.7). For fixed x ∈ R and sufficiently large n,
1
F n a∗n x + b∗n − Λ(x) = Λ(x)e−x n (rn x + δn )
(rn − 1) x + δn − an b− 1 2
2
−1 2
+ O (rn − 1) + δn + an bn
2 2
. (2.8)
Proof. Note by (1.7) that log bn ∼ (2 log n)1/2 , which implies that
1
an b − 1
n = ∼ (2 log n)−1/2 → 0
log bn
as n → ∞ by virtue of (1.8). Notice
1 1 2
1 3
n (rn x + δn ) = an bn (rn x + δn ) −
log 1 + an b− (rn x + δn )2 + O an b− ,
−1
1
an b −
n n
2
implying
−1 1 2
an b − n (rn x + δn ) = rn x + δn −
log 1 + an b− n (rn x + δn ) + O
an b − an b −
1 1 1 2 1
n n
2
and
2
1 2 1 3
n (rn x + δn )
log 1 + an b− = an b − (rn x + δn )2 + O an b− ,
1
n n
so we have
−1 1 2
exp − an b− n (rn x + δn ) −
log 1 + an b− n (rn x + δn )
log 1 + an b−
1 1 1
n
2
1
−1 2
= e−x 1 − (rn − 1) x − δn + an b− 1
( δ ) 2
δ 2
( ) 2
n r n x + n + O a n b n + n + r n − 1
2
and
−1
1 2 1 3
n log 1 + an bn (rn x + δn )
1 + an b − (rn x + δn ) + O an b− .
−1
1
= 1 − an b −
n n
Hence,
−1
n log 1 + an bn (rn x + δn )
1 + an b − 1 −1
1 −1
1 2
× exp − an b− −1
( δ ) −1
( δ )
n log 1 + a b
n n r n x + n − log 1 + a b
n n r n x + n
2
−1 2
1 3
(rn x + δn ) + O an b− e −x
= 1 − an b n n
1
−1 2
× 1 − (rn − 1) x − δn + an b− 1
( δ ) 2
δ 2
( ) 2
n r n x + n + O a b
n n + n + r n − 1
2
1 −1 2
= e−x 1 − (rn − 1) x − δn + an b− n
1
( r n x + δ n ) 2
+ O a n b n + δ 2
n + ( r n − 1 ) 2
.
2
X. Liao, Z. Peng / J. Math. Anal. Appl. 395 (2012) 643–653 647
and
4
s(x) = O n−1 an b− 1
n (2.11)
by virtue of (2.4).
Using (2.9)–(2.11) together with (2.2) and (2.4) we have
for n ≥ n0 as there must exist absolute constant C2 > C1 such that n0 = sup(k : C2 /(log k)1/2 ≥ 1), where Di > 0 for
i = 1, 2, 3, 4 are absolute constants, and cn and dn are respectively defined by
log bn
cn =: log log log bn > 0, dn =: − log log >0
log bn − 1
648 X. Liao, Z. Peng / J. Math. Anal. Appl. 395 (2012) 643–653
For the rest of the proof, let Cj , j = 1, 2, . . . , 12 stand for the absolute positive constants.
For x ≥ −cn , let Ψn (x) = 1 − F (an x + bn ), then
where
nΨn2 (x)
0 < Rn (x) = −n (Ψn (x) + log (1 − Ψn (x))) <
2 (1 − Ψn (x))
since
x2
−x− < log(1 − x) < −x for 0 < x < 1. (3.6)
2(1 − x)
an b− 1 2
n cn
−1
<n −1 −1 −1
1 + an bn log 1 − an bn cn exp cn +
2(1 − an b− n cn )
1
−1
log 1 −
log log log bn (log log log bn )2
log (2 log n) log bn log bn
< 1 + exp
2n log bn 2 1−
log log log bn
log bn
for n ≥ n0 , implying
so,
nΨn2 (x)
0 < R n ( x) ≤
2 (1 − Ψn (x))
−2
log 1 −
log log log bn (log log log bn )2
an b − 1
log bn (log log bn )2 log bn
< √ n 1 + exp
2 2π (1 − C1 ) exp 12 (log bn )2
log bn 1−
log log log bn
log bn
< C 2 an b −
n
1
for n ≥ n0 . Thus
with
Fn (x) = 1 + an bn log 1 + an bn x ,
−1 −1
for −cn ≤ x < 0. On the other hand, since ex − 1 < xex , x ∈ R and by (3.6) we have
an b − 1 2
n x an b − 1 2
n x
Dn (x) < 1 + exp ,
2 1 + an b − 1
2 1 + an b− 1
n x n x
so,
2
x2 an b− 1 2
n x
an b − 1
n x
Cn (x) > an bn
−1
− exp −1
+ an b n x − . (3.14)
2 1 + an b − 1
2 1 + an bn−1 x 2 1 + an b − 1
n x n x
< an b − 1
C 3 + C 4 x2
n
< C5
for n ≥ n0 . Hence noting |ex − 1| < |x| (ex + 1) , x ∈ R, we have
for n ≥ n0 , since max−cn ≤x≤0 C3 + C4 x2 e−x /2 ≤ C3 + C4 . Combining above inequality with (3.9) we have
2
for n > n0 .
Second, consider the case in which 0 ≤ x < dn . By (3.6), (3.10) and (3.12) we can derive
1 −2
C n ( x ) < an b − 1
an b − 1 2 −1
1 + an b− 1 −1
+ an b − 1
.
n n x + an b n n log 1 + an bn x n x (3.15)
2
On the other hand, note that x − x2 /2 < log(1 + x), x > 0 and ex − 1 < xex , x ∈ R, implies
−1
Dn (x) < exp x − an b− 1
log 1 + an b− 1
n n x
an b − 1 2
an b − 1 2
n x n x
< 1+ exp ,
2 2
so,
an b − 1 2
an b − 1 2
n x n x
C n ( x ) > −1 − + 1 + an b − 1 −1
exp n log 1 + an bn x
2 2
an b − 1 2
an b − 1 2
n x n x
>− exp (3.16)
2 2
as x ≥ 0. Combining (3.15) with (3.16), for 0 ≤ x < dn we can get
for n ≥ n0 , implying
−1 −x −1
| − nΨn (x) + e−x | < 1 + an b− 1 −1
e an b n C 7 + C 8 x 2
n log 1 + an bn x
< e−x an b− 1
C7 + C8 x2
n
< an b − 1
C7 + 4C8 e−2
n
< C9 .
Hence by |ex − 1| < |x| (ex + 1) , x ∈ R,
= eC9 + 1 an b− 1
C7 + C8 x2 exp −e−x − x
n
X. Liao, Z. Peng / J. Math. Anal. Appl. 395 (2012) 643–653 651
1
< eC9 + 1 an b− 1
C7 + C8 x2 exp −1 − x2
n
2
≤ eC9 + 1 e−1 C7 + 2C8 e−1 an b− 1
n
= C10 an b−
n
1
By (2.1) we have
n 1
nΨn (dn ) < √ (log (an dn + bn ))−1 exp − (log (an dn + bn ))2
2π 2
1 −1
< exp − an b− −1
n log 1 + a n b n dn
−1 2
an b n d n
< exp −dn +
2
2
log bn
log bn
log log log bn −1
n (log bn ) log
= an b− 1
exp
log bn − 1 2 log bn
< C11 an b−
n
1
(3.19)
2
x
log log x−
for n ≥ n0 since the continuous function x log (x/(x − 1)) exp is decreasing as x > 2. Note that Rn (x) <
1
2x
C 2 an b − 1
n by (3.7). Combining with (3.17), (3.18) and (3.19), we derive that
< (C11 + C2 + 1) an b−
n
1
< C12 an b−
n
1
< (C12 + 1) an b−
n
1
for n ≥ n0 . This completes the proof of (3.4). The proof of Theorem 1(i) is complete.
652 X. Liao, Z. Peng / J. Math. Anal. Appl. 395 (2012) 643–653
(ii) Setting
bn = βn + θn
1/2 Bn θn
= exp (2 log n) ,
1− + (3.20)
2 (2 log n)1/2 exp (2 log n)1/2
where βn is defined by (1.6), Bn = log 4π + log log n and θn = exp (2 log n)1/2 o 1/ (log n)1/2 . Note that
x2
log (1 + x) = x − + O x3 as x → 0.
2
Taking logarithms of (3.20), we have
Bn θn
log bn = (2 log n)1/2 1 − + 1/2
(2 log n) exp (2 log n)1/2
4 log n
2
θn B3n
1 Bn
− − +O .
2 (2 log n)1/2 2 (2 log n)1/2 exp (2 log n)1/2 (log n)2
Hence,
1 − (2 log n)1/2 θn2
Bn θn
B2n
(log bn )2 = 2 log n − Bn + − +
(2 log n)1/2 exp (2 log n)1/2 exp 2 (2 log n)1/2
8 log n
2 (2 log n)1/2 + Bn θn
B2n
3
Bn
+ 1/2
− 1/2
+ O
exp (2 log n) 4 (2 log n)
log n
and
1 1 Bn n θn B2
log log bn = log 2 + log log n − + −
(2 log n) exp (2 log n)1/2 1/2
32 (log n)2
2 2 4 log n
θn2 Bn θn B2n
− + +O .
4 (log n) exp 2 (2 log n)1/2 2 (2 log n)3/2 exp (2 log n)1/2 (log n)3/2
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Editor-in-Chief (Professor Dr. Goong Chen) and the referee for carefully reading the
paper and for their comments which greatly improved the paper. This work was supported by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China Grant No. 11171275 and the SWU Grant for Statistics PH.D.
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