UNIVERSITY OF NAMIBIA

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Dr. Dickson K. Chembe

COURSE: TECE 3891 TEST I
DURATION: 2HRs TOTAL MARKS: [50]
DATE: 25th March, 2022

Instructions:
• Attempt all questions in this paper,Q1 [10 Marks] and Q2 & Q3 [20 Marks] each

• Show all diagrams and essential working where necessary.

Question One
A power system network is shown in Figure 1 below. The generators at buses 1 and 2 are
represented by their equivalent current sources with their reactances in per unit on a 100 MVA
base. The lines are represented by π model where series reactances and shunt reactances are
also expressed in per unit on a 100 MVA base. The loads at buses 3 and 4 are expressed in
MW and Mvar.

i) Assuming a voltage magnitude of 1.0 per unit at buses 3 and 4, convert the loads to per
unit impedances.

ii) Convert network impedances to admittances and obtain the bus admittance matrix by
inspection.

[10]
Solution
non-diagonal admittances are
1 1
y12 = y21 = = −j4, y14 = y41 = = −j2.5,
j0.25 j0.4
1 1
y13 = y31 = = −j10, y34 = y43 = = −j5, [1.5]
j0.1 j0.2
1
y24 = y42 = = −j6.25,
j0.16

1
 Figure 1: Figure for Question One

per unit powers

100 + j25
S3(pu) = = 1 + j0.25 [0.5]
100
200 + j50
S4(pu) = = 2 + j0.5 [0.5]
100
The load impedance in per unit is found from

[0.5]

[1]

[1]

[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]

[1]

2
Question Two
In the power system network shown in Figure 2, bus 1 is a slack bus with V1 = 1.0∠0o per unit
and bus 2 is a load bus with S2 = 280 M W + j60 M var. The line impedance on a base of 100
MVA is Z = 0.02 + j0.04 per unit.
(0)
i) Using Gauss-Seidel method, determine V2 . Use an initial estimate of V2 = 1.0 + j0.0 and
perform four iterations.

ii) If after several iterations voltage at bus 2 converges to V2 = 0.90 − j0.10, determine S1 and
the real and reactive power loss in the line.

[20]

Figure 2: Figure for Question two

Solution

1
y12 = − = 10 − j20 [1]
0.02 + j0.04
The p.u. load at bus 2 is
280 + j60
S2 = = −2.8 − j0.06 [1]
100
The Ybus is found by

Y11 = y12 = 10 − j20, Y22 = y21 = 10 − j20,

Y12 = −y12 = −10 + j20, Y21 = −y21 = −10 + j20,
10 − j20 −10 + j20
" #
YBus = [2]
−10 + j20 10 − j20

i) starting with an initial estimate provided, the voltage at bus 2 for four iterations are:

(1) 1 −2.8 + j0.60

V2 = ( + (10 − j20)) = 0.92 − j0.10 = 0.925∠ − 6.2o [2]
10 − j20 1.0 − j0.0
(2) 1 −2.8 + j0.60
V2 = ( + (10 − j20)) = 0.90238 − j0.09808 = 0.9077∠ − 6.2o [2]
10 − j20 0.92 − j0.10
(3) 1 −2.8 + j0.60
V2 = ( + (10 − j20)) = 0.90050 − j0.10 = 0.906∠ − 6.34o [2]
10 − j20 0.90238 − j0.09808
(4) 1 −2.8 + j0.60
V2 = ( + (10 − j20)) = 0.9 − j0.1 = 0.91∠ − 6.34o [2]
10 − j20 0.90050 − j0.10

3
ii) Assuming voltage at bus 2 converges to V2 = 0.9 − j0.1, the line flows computed are:

I12 = y12 (V1 − V2 ) = (10 − j20)[(1 + j0) − (0.9 − j0.1)] = 3.0 − j1.0 [2]
I21 = −I21 = −3.0 + j1.0 [1]
S12 = V1 I12
∗
= (1.0 + j0.0)(3.0 + j1.0) = 3 + j1pu = (×100) = 300M W + j100M var [2]
S21 = V2 I21
∗
= (0.9 − j0.1)(−3.0 − j1.0) = −2.8 − j0.6pu = (×100) = −280M W − j60M var [2]
the line loss is
SL12 = S12 + S21 = (300 + j100) + (−280 − j60) = 20M W + j40M var [1]

4
Question Three
Figure 3 shows the single line diagram of a simple three-bus power system with generation at
buses 1 and 2. The voltage at bus 1 is V = 1.0∠0o per unit. Voltage magnitude at bus 2 is
fixed at 1.05 pu with a real power generation of 400 MW. A load consisting of 500 MW and 400
Mvar is taken from bus 3. Line admittances are marked in per unit on a 100 MVA base. For
the purpose of hand calculations, line resistances and line charging susceptances are neglected.

i) Show that the expression for the real power at bus 2 and real and reactive power at bus 3
are

P2 = 40|V2 ||V1 | cos(90o − δ2 + δ1 ) + 20|V2 |V3 | cos(90o − δ2 + δ3 )

P3 = 20|V3 ||V1 | cos(90o − δ3 + δ1 ) + 20|V3 |V2 | cos(90o − δ3 + δ2 )
Q3 = −20|V3 ||V1 | sin(90o − δ3 − δ1 ) − 20|V3 |V2 | sin(90o − δ3 + δ2 ) + 40|V3 |2

(0)
ii) Using Newton-Raphson method, start with the initial estimates of V2 = 1.05 + j0 and
(0)
V3 = 1.0 + j0, and keeping |V2 | = 1.05pu, determine the phasor values of V2 and V3 .
Perform one iteration.

Figure 3: Figure for Question three

[20]
solution
(i) Showing that the expression for the real power at bus 2 and real and reactive power at bus 3
The power flow equation with voltages and admittances expressed in polar form is Substituting

[2]

[1]

[0.5]

the elements of the bus admittance matrix in the above equations for P2 , P3 , and Q3 will result

5
in

P2 = 40|V2 ||V1 | cos(90o − δ2 + δ1 ) + 20|V2 |V3 | cos(90o − δ2 + δ3 ) [0.5]

P3 = 20|V3 ||V1 | cos(90o − δ3 + δ1 ) + 20|V3 |V2 | cos(90o − δ3 + δ2 ) [0.5]
Q3 = −20|V3 ||V1 | sin(90o − δ3 − δ1 ) − 20|V3 |V2 | sin(90o − δ3 + δ2 ) + 40|V3 |2 [0.5]

(ii) Elements of the Jacobian matrix are obtained by taking partial derivatives of the given
equations with respect to δ2 , δ3 , and |V3 |.

[0.5]

[0.5]

[0.5]

[0.5]

[0.5]

[0.5]

[0.5]

[0.5]

[0.5]

[1]

[1]

[0.5]
[0.5]
[0.5]

[1]

6
 [2]
[2]
[2]
ignore second iteration