Engineering Utilities 2 c. Circular/Ring – forms a ring of supply around the area.

Module 1: Building Water Distribution System Branch pipes are connected cross-wise to the mains and to
each other.

Introduction
Water Distribution System
• refers to water supply network which carries potable
water from a treatment facility or any source of water
to consumers for various purposes – residential,
commercial, industrial, etc.
• consumers use water for many purposes such as:
➢ drinking
➢ cooking
➢ washing
➢ taking a bath d. Radial – the whole building is divided into several
distribution areas. Each building has centrally elevated
➢ cleaning
➢ irrigation reservoir.
➢ animal use
➢ other commercial activities

Basic Principles of WSDS

➢ the quality of water should not deteriorate in the
distribution pipes
➢ Water supply should have sufficient pressure heads
➢ Water supply should be enough during fire-fighting
➢ No customer should be without water supply during
repair of any section
➢ All pipes should be laid 1 meter away or above the
sewer lines
➢ Pipes should be water-tight to prevent leakage
Types of Water Distribution System
a. Dead-End/Tree – the extended portion of a pipe is closed to
which no connections are made
b. Gridiron – the main supply line run through the center of
the building, and submains. All pipes are interconnected.
Plumbing Engineers
• responsible for systems that serve all types of
buildings such as residential, commercial, industrial,
public facilities, etc.
• should have knowledge about fixture selection and
quality of fixtures
Rules of Potable Water
1. Non-toxic materials should be used
2. There should never be a cross-connection between private
and public water supply system
3. Water supply piping must never be directly connected to the
drainage system.
4. Water supply must never be directly connected to
embalming, mortuary, operating, or dissection tables.
5. No direct connection for pump priming
6. No direct connections to sterilizers, aspirators, or similar
equipment
7. No back flow of water from water heaters/coolers/ or alike
8. Air gap must be provided between overflow and water
supply outlet
9. Below-the-rim water supply connections must never be
made
 Components of Plumbing System Minimum Requirements
Pipe Sizing
Minimum Fixture
Appliances, Appurtenances, or Fixtures Private Public
Branch Pipe Size (inches)
Bathtub or Combination Bath/Shower 1/2 4.0 4.0
3/4” Bathtub Fill Valve 3/4 10.0 10.0
Bidet 1/2 1.0 --
Clothes Washer 1/2 4.0 4.0
Dental Unit, Cuspidor 1/2 -- 1.0
Dishwasher, Domestic 1/2 1.5 1.5
Drinking Fountain or Water Cooler 1/2 0.5 0.5
Hose Bibb 1/2 2.5 2.5
Hose Bibb, each additional* 1/2 1.0 1.0
Lavatory 1/2 1.0 1.0
Lawn Sprinkler, each head -- 1.0 1.0
Mobile Home, each (minimum) -- 12.0 --
Bar Sink 1/2 1.0 2.0
Clinic Faucet Sink 1/2 -- 3.0
Clinic Flushometer Valve Sink (with or
1 -- 8.0
without faucet)
Kitchen Sink, Domestic (with or without
1/2 1.5 1.5
dishwasher)
Laundry Sink 1/2 1.5 1.5
Service Sink or Mop Basin 1/2 1.5 1.5
Washup Sink (each set of faucets) 1/2 -- 2.0
Shower, per head 1/2 2.0 2.0
Urinal, Flush Tank 1/2 2.0 2.0
Wash Fountain (circular spray) 3/4 -- 4.0
Water Closet, 1.6 GPF Gravity Tank 1/2 2.5 2.5
Water Closet, 1.6 GPF Flushometer Tank 1/2 2.5 2.5
Water Closet, Greater than 1.6 GPF Gravity
1/2 3.0 5.5
Tank

Fixture Unit Table for Determining Water Pipe and Meter

Sizes
Meter Building Minimum Allowable Length (feet)
& Supply
Street &
Service Branches
40 60 80 100 150 200 250 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
(inches) (inches)

Pressure Range – 30 to 45 psi (available static pressure after head loss)

¾ ½* 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

¾ ¾ 16 16 14 12 9 6 5 5 4 4 3 2 2 2 1

¾ 1 29 25 23 21 17 15 13 12 10 8 6 6 6 6 6

1 1 36 31 27 25 20 17 15 13 12 10 8 6 6 6 6

¾ 1-¼ 36 33 31 28 24 23 21 19 17 16 13 12 12 11 11

1 1-¼ 54 47 42 38 32 28 25 23 19 17 14 12 12 11 11

1-½ 1-¼ 78 68 57 48 38 32 28 25 21 18 15 12 12 11 11

A regular home plumbing system has three (3) basic 1

1-½
1-½

1-½
85

150
84

124
79

105
65

91
56

70
48

57
43

49
38

45
32

36
28

31
26

26
22

23
21

21
20

20
20

20

components: 2

1
1-½

2
151

85
129

85
129

85
110

85
80

85
64

85
53

82
46

80
38

66
32

61
27

57
23

52
21

49
20

46
20

43

1. Water Supply System 1-½

2
2

2
220

370
205

327
190

292
176

265
155

217
138

185
127

164
120

147
105

124
85

96
70

70
61

61
57

57
54

54
51

51

•
2 2-½ 445 418 390 370 330 300 280 265 240 220 198 175 158 143 133

system of pipes and fittings where fresh water is Pressure Range – 46 to 60 psi (available static pressure after head loss)

supplied throughout the building ¾

¾
½*

¾
7

20
7

20
6

19
5

17
4

14
3

11
2

9
2

8
1

6
1

5
1

4
0

4
0

3
0

3
0

¾ 1 39 39 36 33 28 23 21 19 17 14 12 10 9 8 8

2. Fixtures and Appliances 1 1 39 39 39 36 30 25 23 20 18 15 12 10 9 8 8

•
¾ 1-¼ 39 39 39 39 39 39 34 32 27 25 22 19 19 17 16

fixtures include sinks, bathtubs, showers, toilet, and 1 1-¼ 78 78 76 67 52 44 39 36 30 27 24 20 19 17 16

1-½ 1-¼ 78 78 78 78 66 52 44 39 33 29 24 20 19 17 16

faucets 1 1-½ 85 85 85 85 85 85 80 67 55 49 41 37 34 32 30

• appliances include heater, washing machine,

1-½ 1-½ 151 151 151 151 128 105 90 78 62 52 42 38 35 32 30

2 1-½ 151 151 151 151 150 117 98 84 67 55 42 38 35 32 30

dishwasher 1

1-½
2

2
85

370
85

370
85

340
85

318
85

272
85

240
85

220
85

198
85

170
85

150
85

135
85

123
85

110
83

102
80

94

3. Drain System 2

2
2

2-½
370

654
370

640
370

610
370

580
368

535
318

500
280

470
250

440
205

400
165

365
142

335
123

315
110

285
102

267
94

250

•
Pressure Range – over 60 psi (available static pressure after head loss)

system of pipes, fittings, and vents where waste water ¾ ½* 7 7 7 6 5 4 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 0

is being directed towards the sewer

¾ ¾ 20 20 20 20 17 13 11 10 8 7 6 6 5 4 4

¾ 1 39 39 39 39 35 30 27 24 21 17 14 13 12 12 11

1 1 39 39 39 39 38 32 29 26 22 18 14 13 12 12 11

¾ 1-¼ 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 34 28 26 25 23 22 21

1 1-¼ 78 78 78 78 74 62 53 47 39 31 26 25 23 22 21

1-½ 1-¼ 78 78 78 78 78 74 65 54 43 34 26 25 23 22 21

1 1-½ 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 81 64 51 48 46 43 40

1-½ 1-½ 151 151 151 151 151 151 130 113 88 73 51 51 46 43 40

2 1-½ 151 151 151 151 151 151 142 122 98 82 64 51 46 43 40

1 2 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85

1-½ 2 370 370 370 370 360 335 305 282 244 212 187 172 153 141 129

2 2 370 370 370 370 370 370 370 340 288 245 204 172 153 141 129

2 2-½ 654 654 654 654 654 650 610 570 510 460 430 404 380 356 329
Equivalent water supply fixture units – used to determine Airgaps
the minimum fixture unit demand Item
When not affected
When affected by
Fixtures (1) by side walls1 mm
Number of Water Supply No. side walls2 mm (3)
(2)
Item Fixture Units (WSFC)
Fixture
No. Lavatories and other fixtures with
Private Use Public Use 1 effective openings3 not greater than 13 25 38
mm in diameter
1 Bar Sink 1 2
Sinks, laundry trays, gooseneck bath
2 Bathtub (with or without shower over) 2 4
faucets and other fixtures with
2 38 57
3 Bidet 2 4 effective openings3 not greater than 19
mm in diameter
4 Dental Unit or Cuspidor - 1
Over run bath fillers and other fixtures
5 Drinking Fountain (each faucet) 1 2 3 with effective openings3 not greater 51 76
6 Hose Bibb or sill cock (standard type) 3 5 than 25 mm in diameter
Two (2) times Three (3) times
Laundry Tub or Clothes Washer (each pair of Effective openings3 not greater than
7 2 4 4 diameter of effective diameter of effective
faucets) 25 mm in diameter
opening opening
8 Lavatory 1 2 1
Side walls, ribs or similar obstructions do not affect airgaps when spaced from the inside edge of
9 Lavatory (dental) 1 1 the spout opening a distance greater than three times the diameter of the effective opening for a
single wall, or a distance greater than four times the effective opening for a single wall, or a
10 Lawn sprinkles (standard type, each head) 1 1 distance greater than four times the effective opening for two intersecting walls
2
11 Mobile home (each) 6 6 Vertical walls, ribs or similar obstructions extending from the water surface to or above the
horizontal plane or the spout opening other than specified in Note 1 above. The effect of three or
12 Shower (each head) 2 4 more such vertical walls or ribs has not been determined. In such cases the airgap shall be measured
13 Sink (bar) 1 2 from the top of the wall
3
The effective opening shall be the minimum cross-sectional area at the seat of the control valve or
14 Sink (flushing rim, clinic) - 10 the supply pipe or tubing which feeds the device or outlet. If two or more lines supply one outlet,
15 Sink or dishwasher 2 4 the effective opening shall be the sum of the cross-sectional areas of the individual supply lines or
the are of the single outlet, whichever is smaller.
16 Sink (wash-up circular spray) - 4 4
Airgap less than 25 mm shall only be approved as a permanent part of a listed assembly that has
17 Sink (wash-up, each set of faucets) - 2 been tested under actual backflow conditions with vacuums of from 0 to 63.5 cm of mercury.

18 Urinal (flush tank) - 3

19 Urinal (pedestal or similar type) - 10
Flushometer
20 Urinal (stall) - 5
21 Urinal (wall) - 5
22 Water Closet (flush tank) 3 5
23 Water Closet (economical flush) 2.5 4
24 Water Closet (flushometer tank) 3 5
Water Closet *(flushometer valve)
Water supply outlets for items not listed above * *
shall be computed at their maximum demand but
in case less than
25 a – 9.5 mm 1 2
b – 13 mm 2 4
c – 19 mm 3 6
629.9 Sizing for Flushometer Valves. Branches and mains
d – 25 mm 6 10 serving water closets or similar flushometer valves may be
See Subsection 609.9 of Section 609 for method of sizing flushometer valve installations using sized from Table 6-6 when the values in Table 6-4 are
Table 6-6
assigned to each flushometer valve beginning with the most
remote valve in each branch.
Pressure Drop Any system using flushometer valves may be sized also by the
609.2.2 All such devices shall be of types approved by the procedures set forth in Appendix A (Recommended rules for
Administrative Authority and tested for flow ratings and sizing the water supply system). Piping supplying a
pressure losses by an approved laboratory or recognized flushometer valve shall not be less in size than the valve inlet.
testing agency against standards consistent with this Chapter.
The maximum rated flow and the pressure loss shall be Table 6-4 Flushometer Fixture Units for Water Sizing Using
stamped legibly on the device or on a metal label, permanently Table
attached with the device, and shall be in the following form: Fixture Categories
Number of Flushometer Fixture Units Assigned for
Valves Fixtures Units Assigned for
Water Closets and Similar
Table 6-3 Maximum Pressure Drop Urinals and Similar Fixtures
Fixtures
1 40 20
Flow, Liters per second Pressure Drop
2 70 35
0.32 - (kPa) 3 90 45

0.63 - (kPa) 4 105 53

115 plus 10 for each
58 plus 5 for each additional
0.95 - (kPa) 5 or more additional fixture in excess of
fixture in excess of 5
5
Note: The final figure in the pressure drop column shall be
based on the minimum rated flow or capacity of the device.
Hydrotesting
- Final quality check before the pipeline is placed in service
- Checks leaks and quality pipe connections
- Usually uses 40psi with holding time of 4 hours to 24 hours
- Approved as provided in section 501

Formative Assessment
There should be at least one cross-section between private and
public water supply system.
Answer: False
Which is not a component of a plumbing system?
Answer: Wire
Equivalent water supply fixture units used to determine the
minimum fixture unit demand.
Answer: True
It is the extended portion of a pipe with no connections.
Answer: Dead-End
Air gap must be provided between overflow and water supply
outlet.
Answer: True
A hydrotesting usually uses 40 psi with holding time of 4
hours to 48 hours.
Answer: False
System of pipes and fittings where fresh water supplied
throughout the building.
Answer: Water Supply System
The main supply line that runs through the center of the
building and sub mains.
Answer: Gridiron
System of pipes, fittings, and vents where wastewater is being
directed towards the sewer.
Answer: Drain System
Water supply piping must never be directly connected to the
drainage system.
Answer: True
Refers to water supply network which carries potable water
from treatment facility or any source of water to consumers for
various purposes such as residential, commercial, industrial,
etc.
Answer: Water Distribution System
The whole building is divided into several distribution areas.
Each building has centrally elevated reservoir.
Answer: Radial
13. Branch pipes are connected cross-wise to the mains
and to each other.
Answer: Circular
They are responsible for systems that serve all types of
buildings such as residential, commercial, industrial, public
facilities, etc. Should have a knowledge about selection and
quality of fixtures.
Answer: Plumbing Engineers
 Engineering Utilities 2
Module 2: Plumbing Materials
Plumbing Materials
Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines
Section 401 – General Requirements
“Plumbing fixtures shall be manufactured of dense, durable,
non-absorbent materials and must have smooth, impervious
surfaces free from unnecessary concealed fouling surfaces…”
“Water closet for public use shall be the elongated bowl types
equipped with open-front seats. Water closet seats shall be of
smooth non-absorbent material and properly sized for the
water closet bowl used.”
Section 402 – Materials Alternatives
“Special-use fixtures may be made of soapstone, chemical
stoneware or maybe lined with lead, copper base alloy, nickel-
copper alloy, corrosion-resisting steel or other materials
especially suited for the use which the fixture is intended”
Common Plumbing Materials:
PVC/ Polyvinyl Chloride
• Affordable and durable
• No rusting or corrosion
• Reliable for high pressure application in residential
houses
• Unplasticized PVC (uPVC) is used for cold water
lines
• Chlorinated PVC (cPVC) is used for hot water (up to
120°𝐶) lines
GI/Galvanized Iron
• Wrought steel pipes with zinc coating
• Common problem is corrosion
• Generally used for internal plumbing in building
• Pipe leak is common GI pipe connections
PPR/Polypropylene Random Copolymer
• Offered in green and white color and is produced
from continuous extrusion process
• Suitable for hot and cold water supply for all potable
water applications
• Smoother inner surface and therefore frictional
resistant
• Durable and lightweight
PE/Polyethylene
• Available in longer length thus less fittings needed
• Cheaper compared to other options
• Lightweight, flexible, chemical resistant
Pipe Fittings
Pipe Fittings
Piping component used (1) to change direction of flows, (2)
connect 2 pipes of different size, (3) connect different
components, and (4) to stop flow of water.
Adaptor
• used for extending pipe runs with the same or
different diameters
• used to connect different pipe fixtures
• It may have female or male threads ends which need
to be welded or soldered onto a smaller pipe
Cross type/Tee
• Used to join pipes from several directions
Elbow/Bending
• Changes direction of water flow
• Most common: 90⁰ and 45⁰
Reducers/Bushing
• Connects pipes of different sizes
• Can be eccentric, elbow, or tees
End cap
• Temporarily seal at the end of the pipe
• Can be plain or threaded (male and female)
Barb Fitting
• Used to connect hoses to pipes
• Plastic can be used for cold water and brass for hot
water
Valves
Gate Valve
• Used to control the flow of water by raising and
lowering the disc
• On strategic location for repair and maintenance
Check Valves
• Flow of water is one directional - placed on the
outlet side of the pump to protect the pump from
backflow
• Often used in HVAC -systems (Heating,
Ventilating, and Air - conditioning systems
• Two types:
➢ Swing – a disc swings on a hinge
➢ Ball – a ball moves up and down the
inside of the valve
Angle Valves
• Inlet and outlet ports are perpendicular with each
other
• Modern angle valves use ¼ turn to close and open
the valve
• Usually used in lavatories, water closets, and
bidets
• Cuts water flow if there is a need for repair or
replace of fixtures
Plumbing Fixtures
Water Closets/Toilet
3 types:
• close coupled – two-piece: tank and bowl fixtures
• one piece – tank and bowl is one piece
 • Flushometer – bowl with spud connection that Bidets
receives the connection from a flushometer valve, • Used to was the anal regions after using the water
either top spud or back spud closet
• Can be separated from or integrated in the water
Flushing systems: closer
Gravity Flush
•
Tank stores a quantity of water to establish the Formative Assessment
initial flush of the bowl It changes the direction of flow.
• A lever raises and closes the flapper or ball Answer: Elbow/Bending
Flushometer Tank Section 401 – General Requirements
• The inside of the tank is a pressurized vessel that “Plumbing fixtures shall be manufactured of dense, durable,
stores water for flushing non-absorbent materials and must have smooth, impervious
• Min of 25psi to operate properly surfaces free from unnecessary concealed fouling surfaces…”
• Contains pressure regulator to keep pressure “Water closet for public use shall be the elongated bowl types
below 35psi equipped with open-front seats. Water closet seats shall be of
Urinals smooth non-absorbent material and properly sized for the
• Max water use of 1.0 gal per flush or 4.5L per flush water closet bowl used.”
• Floor mounted, wall hung, or free-standing Answer: True
• Identified as blowout, siphon jet, washout, stall, and Which plumbing material is a best choice for cheap budget,
wash down lightweight, flexible and chemical resistant.
• Must be flushed with flushometer valve, either Answer: PE/Polyethylene
manually or automatic Which is not a pipe fitting component?
Lavatories Answer: To allow the flow of water
• Washbin used for personal hygiene Type of shower head that is flexible and easy to use and not
• Comes in various size, shapes, materials, and color too expensive.
Sink Answer: Handheld/Telephone
• Kitchen or service Tank stores a quantity of water to establish the initial flush of
• Come in single, double, or triple compartment the bowl.
• Comes in various sizes, materials, and designs Answer: Gravity Flush
• Undermount or drop-in It temporarily seal the end of the pipe.
Bathtubs Answer: End Cap
• Comes in various sizes, shapes, and designs and Type of shower head that is flexible and easy to use and not
materials too expensive.
• Available from 5ft to 7ft Answer: Handheld/Telephone
Showers Lavatories are identified as blowout, siphon jet, washout, stall,
• Comes in various sizes, shapes, and designs and ad wash downs.
materials Answer: False
• Can be customized with/without enclosures or Section 402 - Materials Alternatives
prefabricated
“Special-use fixtures may be made of soapstone, chemical
• Types of shower heads stoneware or maybe lined with lead, copper base alloy, nickel-
Fixed Shower Head copper alloy, corrosion-resisting steel or other materials
➢ Wall mounted head, small in size specially suited for the use which the fixture is intended”
Rain shower Answer: True
➢ Fixed but are larger in size
➢ Can be mounting from wall or ceiling
Handheld/telephone
➢ Flexible and easy to use and not too
expensive
➢ Wall mounted with flexible hose
Shower panels
➢ Advance technology, shows feature of
temperature control, water spurt
options, LED screen, etc.
 Engineering Utilities 2 ➢ Water cylinder contains coil of pipe that is
Module 3: Domestic Water Heating attached to the boiler
➢ The heat from the boiler indirectly heats up
the water in the cylinder
Introduction to Water Heating
• Unvented System
Domestic water heating
• Refers to the process of warming water for personal
use and this consumes a large amount of energy
• Careful planning always ensures adequate supply of
water at the desired temperature to each fixture
• The design of hot water supply depends on the
location and age of the building

Water Heating Systems

There are different ways of heating domestic hot water but the
types domestic water heating can be divided into two
categories:
o Hot water stored in a cylinder
o Cold water is heated on demand

• Direct Boiler System

➢ Uses stainless steel pressure vessel

➢ Consists of safety devices built in the system
due to pressure and expansion caused by hot
water
➢ Maintains good flow rate
• Thermal Storage System

➢ Hot water is stored in a galvanized tank

➢ Cold water is fed to the boiler then the boiler
heats up the water and returns the water to
the tank
➢ Either by immersion or boiler
• Indirect Boiler System

➢ Boiler heats the water and sends it to a

cylinder then on the central heating
➢ Expansion tank is incorporated on top of the
main tank
➢ Must be installed in the highest possible
level in the house
• Single Point
➢ Water heater is placed next to the point they
serve
➢ The heater must be wired directly to the
fusebox
 • Heat Pump/Hybrid - heat is captured form the air or
ground and pumped through the system to heat the
water
Pros Cons
- Environmentally - Expensive to
friendly purchase
- Extremely energy - Requires warm
efficient climate
- Requires large
amount of space
- Regular cleanup
• Multipoint
• Condensing - uses home’s waste gas fumes. Suited to
homes that use natural gas. Most common to areas in
cooler climate.
Pros Cons
- Environmentally - Available in large
friendly units
- Energy efficient - Suited to homes with
- Low running cost your-round heating
• Combination - water-heating system and central-
heating boiler system.
Pros Cons
- Low running cost - Expensive to purchase
➢ Most common is the combination boiler - Small space-saving - Suited to homes
➢ The heater is placed on the point it serve but units located in areas that
can supply many fixtures require year-round
heating

Common Water Heaters

Hot Water Demands
Main Types of Water Heater
Table 16-1. Hot Water Demands and Use for Various Types of
• Conventional Storage Tank - features a tank that
Buildings
holds water to be heated
Pros Cons Type of Building Maximum Hour Maximum Day Average Day
Men’s Dormitories 3.8 gal/student 22.0 gal/student 13.1 gal/student
- Large bulk units Women’s Dormitories 5.0 gal/student 26.5 gal/student 12.3 gal/student
- Cost effective Motels: No of unitsa
- Ready supply of hot - You pay hot water 20 or less 6.0 gal/unit 35.0 gal/unit 20.0 gal/unit
60 5.0 gal/unit 25.0 gal/unit 14.0 gal/unit
water 24/7 100 or more 4.0 gal/unit 15.0 gal/unit 10.0 gal/unit
- Long-lasting - Water availability Nursing homes 4.5 gal/bed 30.0 gal/bed 18.4 gal/bed
Office buildings 0.4 gal/person 2.0 gal/person 1.0 gal/person
depends on the tank size Food service
establishments:
• Point-of-use - small water heaters installed near the Type A – Full-meal
11.0 2.4 gal/avg
restaurants and 1.5 gal/max/meals/hr
plumbing fixture. Available in both conventional and gal/max/meals/hr meals/dayb
cafeterias
Type B – Drive-ins,
tankless. Common is single-point electric. grilles,
0.7 gal/avg
luncheonettes, 0.7 gal/max/meals/hr 6.0 gal/max/meals/hr
Pros Cons sandwich and snack
meals/dayb
shops
- Relatively cheap - inefficient Apartment houses:
No. of apartment
- Easy to provide hot 20 or less 12.0 gal/apt. 80.0 gal/apt. 42.0 gal/apt.
water to one fixture 50 10.0 gal/apt. 73.0 gal/apt. 40.0 gal/apt.
75 8.5 gal/apt. 66.0 gal/apt. 38.0 gal/apt.
• Solar Powered - uses solar energy to heat up water. 100 7.0 gal/apt. 60.0 gal/apt. 37.0 gal/apt.
200 or more 5.0 gal/apt. 50.0 gal/apt. 35.0 gal/apt.
Have a large insulated tank. Comes with either Elementary schools 0.6 gal/student 1.5 gal/student 0.6 gal/studentb
Junior and senior high
electric or gas back-up. schools
1.0 gal/student 3.6 gal/student 1.8 gal/studentb
a Interpolate for intermediate values.
Pros Cons b Per day of operation

- Environmentally - Too expensive to

friendly purchase and install Table 16-2. Estimated Hot Water Demand Characteristics for
- Less expensive in the - Suited to areas with Various Types of Buildings
long run hot climate Hot Water
Max
Hourly Duration of
Storage Heating
Type of Capacity in Capacity in
- Extremely energy Building
Required Demand in Peak Load
Relation to Relation to
per Person Relation to Hours
efficient Day’s Use Day’s Use
Day’s Use
Residences,
20-40
apartments, 1/7 4 1/5 1/7
gal/dayc
hotels, etc.a,b
 Office
2-3 gal/dayc 1/5 2 1/5 1/6
buildings
Factory
5 gal/dayc 1/3 1 2/5 1/8
buildings
Restaurants (See text)
a Daily hot water requirements and demand characteristics vary with the type of hotel. The better
class hotel has a relatively high daily consumption with a low peak load. The commercial hotel
has a lower daily consumption but a high peak load.
b The increasing use of dishwashers and laundry machines in residences and apartments requires
additional allowances of 15 gal/dishwasher and 40 gal/laundry washer.
c At 140oF.

Formative Assessment
What type of water heater is best for small units,
environmentally friendly, energy efficient and low running
cost?
Answer: Condensing
Residences, apartments, houses, etc., has a demand of
38gal/day per person of hot water.
Answer: True
In building with 35 apartment houses, how much is the
demand and use for hot water per apartment?
Answer: 40 gallons
Heat pump/hybrid type of heater is only for cool climate.
Answer: False
The design of hot water supply depends on the location and
age of the building.
Answer: True
Boiler heats the water and sends it to a cylinder then on the
central building
Answer: Thermal Storage System
Water heater is placed next to the point they serve. The heater
must be wired directly to the fusebox.
Answer: Single point
The heater is places on the point it serve but can supply many
fixtures.
Answer: Multi point
Refers to the process of warming water for personal use and
this consumes a large amount of energy.
Answer: Domestic Water Heating
 Engineering Utilities 2 Components
Module 4: Building Drainage System Fixture drains such as:
• Water closets
Wastewater Definition • Urinals
Wastewater • Lavatories
• Sinks
• refers to water used by domestic, agricultural,
• Bathtubs
industrial, and commercial facilities
• contains organic matter, microorganisms, and Traps
inorganic compounds Pipes

Domestic Wastewater Minimum Requirements

• originates from activities such as restroom usage, Table 7-1. Maximum Trap Loading
bathing, food preparation, and laundry Item No. Pipe Size Fixture Unit. F.U.
1 32 1
2 38 3
Commercial Wastewater 3 51 4
• originates from non-domestic sources such as beauty 4 76 6

salons, auto body repair shops, hospitals, etc. which 5 102 8

may contain hazardous materials and special Exception: On self-service laundries

treatment or disposal
Table 7-2. Minimum Trap Diameters and Drainage Fixture
Agricultural Wastewater Unit Values
• refers to wastewater produced from farming and Item
Trap & Drainage
Fixture Trap Arm Fixture Units
animal operations which can be contaminated by No.
Size, mm (DFU)
chemicals in fertilizers, pesticides, animal slurry, and 1 Bathtubs 38 2

crop residue 2 Bidets 38 2

3 Clotheswashers* 51 2
4 Dental units or cuspidors 32 1
Industrial Wastewater 5 Drinking fountains 31 1
• originates from manufacturing processes that are 6 Floor drains 51 2
usually most difficult to treat because effluent varies 7 Interceptors* for grease, oil, etc. 51 3

industry-by-industry 8 Interceptors* for sand, auto wash, etc. 76 6

9 Laundry tubs 38 2
10 Mobile home park traps (one for each trailer) 76 6
Domestic Wastewater 11 Receptors* (floor sinks), indirect waste receptors
38 1
for refrigerators, coffee urns, water station, etc.
Domestic Wastewater
12 Receptors*, indirect waste receptors for
• Gray Water commercial sinks, dishwashers, air washers, etc.
51 3

➢ Bathroom 13 Shower, single stall 51 2

➢ Laundry 14 Shower*, gang (one unit per head) 51

➢ Kitchen 15 Sinks, and/or dishwashers (residential) 51 mm min.

waste
38 2

• Black Water 16 Sinks, bar, commercial 51 mm min. waste 38 2

➢ Toilet 17 Sinks, bar, private 38 mm min. waste 38 1
➢ Urinals 18 Sinks, commercial or industrial, schools, etc.,
including dishwashers, wash up sinks, and wash 38 3
fountains 50 8 mm waste
19 Sink, flushing rim, clinic 76 6
In the Philippines, septic tanks are most prevalent
20 Sink, service 51 3
21 Urinal, pedestal, trap arm only 76 6
22 Urinal, stall, separate trap 51 2
23 Urinal, wall-mounted, integral trap, trap arm only 51 3
24 Urinal, wall-mounted, blowout, integral trap, trap
76 6
arm only
25 Urinal, wall-mounted, washdown or siphon jet,
51 2
integral trap, trap arm only
26 Urinal, wall-mounted, washout, separate trap 50.8
38 2
mm min. waste
27 Wash basins, in sets 38 2
28 Wash basin (lavatory) single 32 1
29 Water closet,* private installation 76 4
30 Water closet, public installation 76 6
* Sec. 180/214 NPC 1959 Table 7-6. Cleanouts (metric)
Item No. Size of Pipe (mm) Size of Cleanouts (mm) Threads per 25.4 mm length
1 38 38 11-1/2
Table 7-3. Discharge Capacity
2 51 38 11-1/2
(Liters per second/F.U.; For Intermittent Flow Only) 3 64 64 8
Item No. Liters per second (L/S) Fixture Unit (F.U.) 4 76 64 8
1 Up to 0.47 1 unit 5 102 & larger 89 8
2 0.50 to 0.95 2 units
3 1 to 1.89 4 units
4 1.95 to 3.15 6 units Drain-Waste-Vent System
Capacity over 3.15 L/s shall be determined by the ▪ In modern plumbing, a drain-waste-vent (DMV) is part of a
Administrative Authority system that allows air to enter a plumbing system to maintain
proper air pressure to enable the removal of sewage and
greywater from dwelling.
Table 7-4. Cleanouts
Size of Pipe (mm) Size of Cleanout (mm) Threads per 25.4 mm
38 38 11-1/2 Formative Assessment
51 38 11-1/2 What is the trap and trap arm size for floor drain?
64 64 8
Answer: 51 mm
76 64 8
Maximum length of vertical piping meter for pipe size 51 mm.
102 & larger 89 8
Answer: 26
Allows air to enter a plumbing system to maintain proper air
Table 7-5. Maximum Fixture Unit Loading and Maximum
pressure to enable the removal of sewage and greywater from
Length of Excrete Drainage and Vent Piping
Item Size of 32 38 51 65 76 102 127 152 203 254 305
dwelling.
No. Pipe, mm

A. Maximum
Answer: Drain-waste-vent system
Fixture
Unit of
Drainage
Agricultural wastewater contains nutrients, organic matter,
Piping

1 Vertical 1 22 163 323 484 256 600 1380 3600 5600 8400
microorganism and inorganic compounds.
2 Horizontal 1 2 83 143 354 2163 4283 7203 26405 46805 8200 Answer: False
B3 Maximum 14 20 26 45 65 91 119 155 228
Length of
Vertical
Wastewater that comes from sink.
Piping
Meter Answer: Grey water
Horizontal
(Unlimited)
Maximum fixture unit for vent piping with a pipe size of
C. Vent
Piping 32mm.
Horizontal
and vertical
Answer: 1
4 Maximum 1 83 24 48 84 256 600 1380 3600
Fixture
Units Wastewater that originates from non-domestic sources such as
Maximum
Lengths
14 18 37 55 65 91 119 155 228 beauty salons, auto body repair shops, hospitals, etc. It can
Meter
contain hazardous materials and special treatment or disposal.
(See Note) Answer: Commercial
1. Excluding trap arm. Faucet is one of the components of fixture drains.
2. Except sinks, urinals and dishwashers
Answer: False
3. Except 6 fixture unit traps or water closet.
4. Only four (4) water closets or 6 fixture unit traps are
allowed on any vertical pipe or stack; and not to
exceed three (3) water closets or six (6) fixture unit
traps on any horizontal branch or drain.
5. Based on two (2) percent or 20.9 mm/m slope. For
one (1) percent or 10.4 mm/m slope, multiply
horizontal fixture units by a factor of 0.8.

Note: The diameter of an individual vent shall not be less than

32 mm nor less in size than one-half (1/2) the diameter of the
drain to which it is connected. Fixture unit load values for
drainage and vent piping shall be computed from Tables 7-2
and 7-3 not to exceed one third (1/3) of the total permitted
length of any vent may be installed in a horizontal position.
When vents are increased one (1) pipe size for their entire
length, the maximum length limitations specified in this table
do not apply.
 Engineering Utilities 2 2. Fire Alarm and Detections System
Module 5: Life Safety Systems in Buildings 3. CCTV Security Cameras
4. Access Control System
5. Alarm and Security System
Introduction 6. Emergency and Exit Lighting
Life Safety System 7. Fire Extinguishers
o Refers to any system incorporated into a building
whose purpose is the protection and preservation of Building Code of the Philippines: Fire Protection
human life during an emergency or failure of a
Rule VI – Fire-Resistive Requirements in Construction
critical building system
Section 601. Fire-Resistive Rating Defined
Fire-resistive rating means the degree to which a material can
Passive and Active Fire Protection
withstand fire as determined by generally recognized and
Passive Fire Protection accepted testing methods.
o Refers to elements utilized in the building to with to Section 602. Fire-Resistive Time Period Rating
withstand fire for a certain period ensuring the safe
Fire-resistive time period rating is the length of time a material
evacuation of the occupants
can withstand being burned which may be one-hour, two-
o This includes:
hours, four-hours, etc.
- Fire walls and doors
- Fire resistant glasses Section 603. Fire-Resistive Standards
- Occupancy separations All materials of construction and type of materials and
- Fire dampers assemblies or combinations thereof shall conform to the
- Fire stops following fire-resistive ratings:
- Cable coating Section 604. Fire-Resistive Regulations
- Fire Proofing cladding The Secretary shall prescribe standards and promulgate rules
and regulations on the testing of construction materials for
flame-spread characteristics, tests on fire damages, fire tests of
building construction and materials, door assemblies and
tinclad fire doors and windows assemblies, the installation of
fire doors and windows and smoke and fire detectors for fire
protective signaling system, application and use of controlled
interior finish, fire-resistive protection for structural members,
fire-resistive walls and partitions, fire-resistive floor or roof
ceiling, fire-resistive assemblies for protection of openings
and fire-retardant roof coverings.

Table VI.1. Assembly Material and Minimum Thickness for

Fire Resistance
o Active Fire Protection Minimum thickness (in millimeter) for
the given fire resistance
Type of Assembly and Material
- Includes fire protection elements that need 4 hrs 3 hrs 2 hrs 1 hr

an action, either manually or automatic, to Floor Construction

Solid R.C. slab
function such as extinguisher, a sprinkler
- Average cover to reinforcement 25 25 20 15
system, fire alarm, and a like - Overall Depth 150 150 125 100
Solid Pre-stressed
Concrete slab
Fire Protection System - Average cover to tendons 65 50 40 25

o Water Based System - Overall Depth 150 150 125 100

- Hydrant System Partitions

- Solid concrete 175 175 150 125
- Wet Riser System - Solid masonry 200 175 150 125
- Sprinkler System - Hollow unit masonry 300 250 200 150

- Spray System Protection for metal structural members

- Foam System - Concrete 75 50 38 25

- Masonry 100 75 55 38
o Gas Based System - Metal lath with vermiculite or perlite gypsum plaster 50 38 20 12

Exterior Wall
- Solid concrete 180 150 125 75
Components of a Building Fire Protection - Solid masonry 200 175 150 100

7 Important Components - Hollow masonry 300 250 200 150

Column (all faces exposed)
1. Fire Sprinklers - Reinforced concrete 450 400 300 200
 Engineering Utilities 2 Elevators shall be installed in all private and public buildings
Module 6: Conveying Systems in Buildings for public use accessible to disabled persons, pursuant to the
objectives of Batas Pambansa Bilang 344 (Accessibility Law).
a. Hoistway for elevators shall be substantially enclosed
Introduction
throughout their height, with no openings allowed
Conveying System except for necessary doors, windows or skylights.
o a mechanical equipment that is used to transport a b. Ropes, wires or pipes shall not be installed in
material or people from one place to another hoistways, except when necessary for the operation
of the elevators.
Types of Conveyors c. Hoistway pits shall be of such depth that when the
Elevators/Lifts car rests on the the fully compressed buffers, a
clearance of not less than 600 millimeters remains
o mechanical equipment that conveys people or freight
between the underside of the car and the bottom of
from between floors
the pit.
o either cable assisted, hydraulic cylinder-assisted, or
d. When four (4) or more elevators serve all or the same
roller-track assisted
portion of a building, they shall be located in not less
o powered by electric motors that drive traction cable
than two (2) hoistways and in no case shall more than
and counterweight systems
four (4) elevators be located in any one hoistway.
Escalators e. Where a machine room or penthouse s provided at
o a moving staircase which carries people between the top of a hoisway, it shall be constructed with
floors sufficient room for repair and inspection. Access
o consists of motor-driven chain of individually linked shall be by means of an iron ladder or stairs when the
steps on a track which cycle on a pair of tracks room is more than 600 millimeters above the adjacent
Industrial Conveyors: floor or roof surface. The angle of inclination of such
o Belt ladder or stairs shall not exceed 60o from the
- Use continuous belts, that is extended in an horizontal. This room shall not be used as living
endless loop between two end-pulleys and is quarters or depository of other materials and shall be
supported by either a metal slider pan or provided with adequate ventilation.
rollers, to convey products or materials f. Minimum number of hoisting ropes shall be three(3)
- made from various materials such as rubber, for traction elevators and two (2) for drum type
leather, fabric, and metal elevators.
o Roller g. The minimum diameter of hoisting and
- Parallel rollers are mounted in frames to counterweight ropes shall be 30 millimeters.
convey products either by gravity or h. Elevators shall be provided with Fall-Free Safety
manually Device, over-load switch and reverse polarity relay.
- not powered i. In apartments or residential condominiums of five (5)
o Powered Roller storeys or more, at least one (1) passenger elevator
o Slat Belt Conveyor/Apron shall be kept on twenty-four (24) constant service.
- use slats/plates made from steel, wood, 6. Escalators
leather, or other materials mounted on roller a. The angle of inclination of an escalator shall not
chains to convey products exceed 30o form the horizontal.
- primarily used for heavy objects b. The width between balustrades shall not be less than
o Ball Transfer 560 millimeters nor more than 1.20 meters. This
o Magnetic width shall not exceed the width of the steps by more
o Bucket than 330 millimeters.
o Chute c. Solid balustrades of incombustible material shall not
o Drag/Chain/Tow be provided on each side of the moving steps. If
o Overhead made of glass, it shall be of tempered type glass.
o Pneumatic/Vacuum d. The rated speed, measured along the angle of
o Screw/Auger inclination shall not be more than 38 meters per
o Vertical minute.
o Vibrating
o Walking Beam
o Wheel

Building Code of the Philippines

5. Elevators
 Engineering Utilities 2
Module 7: Acoustical Design in Buildings
Introduction
Building Acoustics
o The science of controlling the noise in buildings
which includes minimization of noise transmission
and the control of the characteristics of sound within
spaces
o Noise pollution has impact on the health and
wellbeing of individuals
Noise Nuisance
o Environmental noise – noise from transportation
sources
o Neighbor noise – includes noise from inside and
outside buildings
o Neighborhood noise – includes noise arising from
industrial and entertainment premises, trade and
businesses, construction sites and noise in the street
Factors in Acoustical Design
Building acoustics can be influenced by:
o Site selection
- If possible, site should be away from busy
street, railways, and airports
- Orientation, layout, and structural design
o Volume
- Purpose of hall
- Height is of greater importance
o Shape
- Correcting the defects for better distribution
of sound
- Ceiling height for a room or hall is 1/3rd to
2/3rd of the width of the room
o Interior surface
- Provide favorable reflections
- Tilted portions of the ceiling
- Plain side wall are normally found suitable
- Concave ceiling surfaces should be avoided
o Reverberation time
- The persistence of sound in space after a
sound source has been stopped and is linked
to the surfaces that enclose it and the volume
of the room
- High reverberation time can make a room
sound loud and noisy
o Seating arrangements and audience
o Sound absorption
- Loss of sound energy when sound waves
come into contact with an absorbent material
such as ceilings, walls, floors, etc.
- Sound absorbers are divided into three
categories:
▪ Porous absorbents such as fibrous
materials
▪ Resonance absorbents which
consist of a mechanical or acoustic
oscillation system
▪ Single absorbers such as tables,
chairs, or other objects
o Sound insulation
- Level of sound lost across a partition and not
the level of sound within an adjacent room
- Sound insulation of a material is governed
by its mass, stiffening, and damping
Applications of Acoustics in Buildings
Acoustics in residential buildings and hotels
o Hotels and residential buildings rely on good
acoustics for bookings and high building occupancy
levels for sleep and comfort
o Buildings with less noise have shown to be more
valuable
Acoustics in office spaces
o Good acoustics help office workers keep productive
creating a space for better communication
Acoustics in school and medical facilities
o Poor acoustics can lead to poor performance of
students
o Acoustic quality in medical facility affects comfort
and recovery of patients
Building Code of the Philippines
Section 906. Noise Pollution Control
1. Industrial establishments shall be provided with
positive noise abatement devices to tone down the
noise level of equipment and machineries to
acceptable limits set down by the Department of
Labor and Employment and the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources.
2. Noise as an unwanted sound both in quality and
intensity and excessive vibration whose sources in
building/structure construction shall conform to
acceptable limits the required emission standards of
DENR.
1. The disadvantage of using this type of plenum is the added noise coming from the working air
conditions.

Answer: Ceiling return

2. If this type of plenum has limited space, HVAC system is prone to leakage due to inadequate air
circulation.

Answer: Room return

3. It is a type of plenum which distribute cold air throughout the room or building

Answer: Supply air

4. This type of sprinkler system is advantageous to cold places because it stores pressurized air on
nitrogen in its pipes.

Answer: Dry pipe

5. This type of sprinkler system is advantageous if the building uses high combustion fluids.

Answer: Deluge

6. This is the traditional sprinkler system where pressurized water in the pipe is release when the
sprinkler head is activated by heat.

Answer: Wet pipe

7. Fire-resistive ___ refers to the length of time a material can withstand burning.

Answer: time period rating

8. This refers to any system incorporated into a building for the protection and preservation of
human life during emergencies.

Answer: life safety system

9. This active fire protection uses a vertical piping system with hydrant post per floor which is used
for fire fighting.

Answer: Wet Riser System

10. This type of active fire protection uses inert or halogen gases to extinguish fire

Answer: Foam System

11. It is a fire protection which serves as a barrier against fire spread from one building to the
adjacent building.

Answer: fire wall

12. This is a type of fire protection which includes elements that need action, either manually or
automatically, to function.

Answer: active fire protection

13. This active fire protection uses a network of piping installed around the facility with several
hydrant posts fitted with landing valves.

Answer: Hydrant System

14. This fire protection compartmentalize a building to prevent fire and smoke from spreading. It has
high degree of protection against fire but has weak structural integrity.

Answer: Fire barrier/Fire damper (idk u judge)

15. Hoistway elevators shall be substantially enclosed throughout their weight, with no openings
allowed except for necessary doors, windows or skylights.

Answer: False

16. This is a type of fire protection where the elements to withstand fire is incorporated in the
building without any added action to activate it.

Answer: passive fire protection

17. This fire protection reduces fire’s rate of combustion.

Answer: Fire Suppression

18. It is the railing of the escalators (use lowercase letters only)

Answer: balustrades

19. Drag/Chain/Tow is a type of industrial conveyor.

Answer: True

20. Elevator shall be installed in all private and public for public use accessible to disabled persons,
pursuant to the objectives of Batas Bilang 433 (Accessibility Law)

Answer: False
21. A type of conveyor that uses plates made form steel, wood, leather, or other materials mounted on
roller chains to convey products. (use lowercase letters only)

Answer: Apron/Slat

22. Ropes, wires, or pipes shall not be installed in hoistways, except when necessary for the operation
of the elevators.

Answer: True

23. Type of conveyor that uses gravity to transport materials. (use lowercase letters only)

Answer: roller

24. A system that transports load and material inside a building for convenience. (use lowercase
letters only)

Answer: Conveying system

25. The rated speed measured along the angle of inclination shall be not more than 38m/min.

Answer: True

26. A moving staircase that moves between the levels of the building. (use lowercase letters only)

Answer: escalator

27. Enclosed area that is used to house the elevator as it travels between floors. (use lowercase letters
only)

Answer: hoistway

28. This is a type of noise from industrial and entertainment premises, trade businesses, and
construction sites.

Answer: neighborhood noise

29. It is important to provide acoustics in hotels for better sleep of the clients.

Answer: true

30. ___ reverberation time can make the sound in a room louder.

Answer: high

31. Sound absorbents are divided into three categories: porous absorbents, resonance absorbents, and
___
 Answer:single absorbers

32. It is the loss of sound energy when the sound wave comes into contact with an absorbent material.

Answer: sound absorption

33. Sound waves tend to bounce back and forth continuously on __-shaped room.

Answer: ???? rectangular/rectangle

34. ___ establishments shall be provided with positive noise abatement to reduce noise from
equipment and machineries.

Answer: Industrial

35. Which is true about interior surface in acoustics of building?

Answer: Plain ceiling is preferred over concave*

36. This refers to noise within the vicinity of the building.

Answer: neighbor noise

37. This is a persistence of sound in space after the sound has been stopped.

Answer: reverberation time

38. It is a type of sound proofing which uses barrier to prevent sound from entering or exiting an
enclosed space.

Answer: Baka Sound Absorption

39. ___ provides favorable reflections in the acoustical design of a building.

Answer: Interior surface

40. This factor in acoustical design affects the concentration of sound.

Answer: Shape

41. Which of the following is not a good example of sound absorber?

Answer: Wood floors

42. Resonance absorbents consists of a mechanical or acoustic ___ system.

Answer: oscillation
43. Recreational facilities in a more secluded and less noisy environment tend to has higher values.

Answer: true
 Summative Assessment 2
This type of active fire protection uses inert or halogen gases
to extinguish fire
Answer: gas based/gas based system
The disadvantage of using this type of plenum is the added
noise coming from the working air conditioners.
Answer: ceiling return
This refers to any system incorporated into a building for the
protection and preservation of human life during emergencies.
Answer: life safety systems
It is a fire protection which serves as a barrier against fire
spread from one building to the adjacent building.
Answer: firewall/fire wall
This is a fire protection used to seal opening between joints in
a fire resistance-rated assembly.
Answer: fire stop
This type of sprinkler system is advantageous to cold places
because it stores pressurized air or nitrogen in its pipes.
Answer: dry pipe
This is a type of fire protection which includes elements that
need action, either manually or automatically, to function.
Answer: active fire protection/active
This is the traditional sprinkler system where pressurized
water in the pipe is released when the sprinkler head is
activated by heat.
Answer: wet pipe
This type of sprinkler system is advantageous if the building
uses high combustible fluids.
Answer: deluge
This fire protection compartmentalize a building to prevent
fire and smoke from spreading. It has high degree of
protection against fire but has weak structural integrity.
Answer: fire barrier
Elevators shall be installed in all private and public for public
use accessible to disabled persons, pursuant to the objectives
of Batas Bilang 433 (Accessibility Law)
Answer: False
A system that transports load and material inside a building for
convenience.
Answer: conveying
system/mechanical/conveying/mechanical system
A moving staircase that moves between the levels of the
building.
Answer: escalator/s
Hoistway for elevators shall be substantially enclosed
throughout their weight, with no openings allowed except for
necessary doors, windows or skylights.
Answer: False
The rated speed measured along the angle of inclination shall
be not more than 38 m/min.
Answer: True
A type of conveyor that uses plates made from steel, wood,
leather, or other materials mounted on roller chains to convey
products.
Answer: slat belt/apron/slat belt conveyor/slat/“slat belt
conveyor/apron”
Ropes, wires, or pipes shall not be installed in hoistways,
except when necessary for the operation of the elevators.
Answer: True
The angle of inclination of an escalator shall not exceed 30 0
from the vertical
Answer: False
Type of conveyor that uses gravity to transport materials.
Answer: roller/s
Enclosed area that is used to house the elevator as it travels
between floors.
Answer: hoistway
___ reverberation time can make the sound in a room louder.
Answer: high/long
This is the persistence of sound in space after the source has
been stopped.
Answer: reverberation time/reverberation
Recreational facilities in a more secluded and less noisy
environment tend to has higher values.
Answer: True
It is the loss of sound energy when the sound wave comes into
contact with an absorbent material.
Answer: sound absorption/absorption
The ceiling height of a room must be half the width of the
room for better acoustics.
Answer: False
Sound waves tend to bounce back and forth continuously on
___-shaped room.
Answer: rectangular/rectangle
Which of the following is not a good example of sound
absorber?
Answer: wood floors
This is a type of noise from industrial and entertainment
premises, trade businesses, and construction sites.
Answer: neighborhood noise/neighborhood
This factor in acoustical design affects the concentration of
sound.
Answer: shape
This is the science of controlling sounds in a building.
Answer: building acoustics/acoustics