Solutions Manual for Pathway to Introductory

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Chapter 6
Describing Associations of Two Variables Graphically
Homework 6.1
2. For a coordinate system, the values of the
response variable are described by the vertical
axis.
4. If the response variable tends to decrease as
the explanatory variable increases, we say
there is a negative association.
6. The explanatory variable is n, the number of
office parties, and the response variable is p,
the percentage of employees that enjoy
working at the company. n should be on the
horizontal axis, and p should be on the
vertical axis.
8. The explanatory variable is G, the student’s
GPA, and the response variable is p, the
percentage of colleges that would accept the
student. G should be on the horizontal axis,
and p should be on the vertical axis.
10. The explanatory variable is h, the player’s
height, and the response variable is P, the
player’s mean points scored per game. h
should be on the horizontal axis, and P should
be on the vertical axis.
12. The explanatory variable is a, age, and the
response variable is p, the percentage of men
at that age with gray hair. a should be on the
horizontal axis, and p should be on the
vertical axis.
14. The explanatory variable is t, the time since
the potato was removed from the oven, and the
response variable is F, the potato’s
temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. t should be
on the horizontal axis, and F should be on the
vertical axis.
16. The explanatory variable is a, age, and the
response variable is p, the percentage of
people at that age who own a computer. a
should be on the horizontal axis, and p should
be on the vertical axis.
18. The ordered pair is (3,152). p should be on
the horizontal axis, and b should be on the
vertical axis.
20. The ordered pair is (10,160). s should be on
the horizontal axis, and p should be on the
vertical axis.
22. The ordered pair is (13,32.0). t should be on
the horizontal axis, and w should be on the
vertical axis.
24. A television salesperson that compliments
people an average of 72 times per day sells, on
average, 39 televisions per month.
26. After ingesting 30 milligrams of an
experimental acne medication daily for three
months, a teenager has 2 pimples on his face.

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88 ISM: A Pathway to Introductory Statistics

28. In 2014, Google’s annual revenue was

$66 billion dollars.

30. In 2008, 35% of Americans were satisfied

with the size and power of major corporations.

32. The association follows a pattern that is

neither positive nor negative.

34. The association is positive.

36. a. The explanatory variable is the number of

friends in high school. The response
variable is the number of those high school
friends that they still consider to be friends.

b. The association is positive. The more

friends a student had in high school, the
more high school friends they will still
consider to be friends.

c. The student with 60 friends in high school

is still friends with 30 of those friends. The
student with 18 friends in high school is
still friends with 8 of those friends. The
student with 7 friends in high school is still
friends with 5 of those friends.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Chapter 6: Describing Associations of Two Variables Graphically 89

30 c.
d. The percentages are = 50%,
60
8 5
 44%, and  71%, respectively. For
18 7
the student with the red dot, the percentage
5
is = 100%. This student is still friends
5
with all of his or her high school friends.

38. a. At least one of the dots represents more

than one data pair.
b. The explanatory variable is the temperature
in degrees Fahrenheit. The response
variable is the relative humidity as a
percent.
c. The association is negative. As the
temperature decreases, the relative
humidity tends to decrease.
d. The humidity tends to decrease as the
temperature increases; the scatterplot does
not show any information about time
of day.
e. The humidity would most likely have
increased; since the association is negative,
if the temperature decreased, then the
humidity tends to increase.
d. The association is positive. As the
denomination of the bill increases, the life-
span of the bill will tend to increase. This
makes sense because smaller
denominations are used more often, and
thus will wear out more quickly.
e. Answers may vary; $1 bills have a shorter
life-span than $50 bills, and $1 bills are
used more commonly for small
transactions than $50 bills.
44. a. The explanatory variable is t, the number
of years since 2005, and the response
variable is C, the total airline fuel cost in
billions of dollars.
b.

40.

c. The year in which the total airline fuel cost

42. a. The explanatory variable is d, the value of
the bill in dollars. The response variable is
L, the bill’s life-span in years.
b. d should be on the horizontal axis since it
is the explanatory variable. L should be on
the vertical axis since it is the response
variable.
was the least was 2009, with a cost of
$123 billion dollars.
d. The year in which the total airline fuel cost
was the greatest was 2008, with a cost of
$187 billion dollars.
e. The mean price per barrel of crude oil was
the greatest in 2011, which is not the same
year that the total airline fuel cost was the
greatest. It is possible that the number of
flights was greater in 2008 than in 2011,
offsetting the lower price of crude oil.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

90 ISM: A Pathway to Introductory Statistics
46. a.
b. The association is positive, The mean
hourly manufacturing pay tended to
increase over time.
$18.61 40 hours
c.   50 weeks
1 hour 1 week
= $37, 220
Answers may vary.
d. The mean hourly manufacturing pay fell
behind the increase in the mean price of
goods and services. The mean hourly pay
18.61
increased by a factor of  5.74 from
3.24
1970 to 2010, which is less than 6.05.
48. a.
b. The association is negative. As people get
older, they tend to be less likely to order
more takeout food than they did two
years ago.
c. The highest point is (21,34), which means
that 34% of 21-year-olds ordered more
takeout food than they did two years ago.
d. The lowest point is (70, 7), which means
that 7% of 70-year-olds ordered more
takeout food than they did two years ago.
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
50. a.
b. The association is negative. As people get
older, they tend to approve less of single
men raising children on their own.
c. The 18–34 age group has the most faith in
single men raising children on their own,
at 81%.
d. The over-64 age group has the least faith in
single men raising children on their own,
at 47%.
52. a.
b. That home’s list price is equal to its sales
price.
c. The line comes close to most of the data
points on the scatterplot. If a point lies near
the line, the list price is approximately
equal to the sale price.
d. The house that sold for the most over its
list price was on La Jennifer Wy. By sizing
up the scatterplot, we can limit the search
to data points that are high up and off to
the left.
e. The house that sold for the most under its
list price was on Wisteria Ln. By sizing up
the scatterplot, we can limit the search to
data points that are low and off to the right.
 Chapter 6: Describing Associations of Two Variables Graphically 91

54. a. b. This is not possible. Each axis of a

scatterplot describes a numerical variable,
so both variables must be numerical.

c. This is possible.

60. This data would be appropriately described by

a frequency and relative frequency table,
dotplot, stemplot, relative frequency
histogram, or boxplot.

62. This data would be appropriately described by

b. The association is positive. As the number a frequency and relative frequency table,
of bedrooms increases, the sale price is relative frequency bar graph, or pie chart.
likely to increase.
64. Yes; since the two variables are negatively
1000 + 1070 associated, as x decreases, y tends to increase.
c. 2 bedrooms: = 1035 thousand
2 Thus, as y increases, x would tend to decrease.

3 bedrooms: 66. Answers may vary.

1652 + 1600 + 1715 + 1500 + 1120 + 1150 + 1035
68. Answers may vary.
7
= 1396 thousand 70. Answers may vary.
4 bedrooms: 2400 thousand Homework 6.2

2800 + 1755 + 2450 2. If r is positive, then there is a positive

5 bedrooms: = 2335
3 association.
thousand
4. False. Association does not imply causation.
d.
6. No association. The scatterplot shows no
pattern.

8. Linear association. The points on the

scatterplot form a line.

10. (c); if r = 0, then there is no association

between the variables, and this scatterplot
shows no association.

12. (e); if r = −0.9, then there is a strong negative

The association of number of beds and the association.
mean sale price is much stronger than the
association of the number of beds and the 14. (a); this scatterplot shows an exact positive
sale price. linear association.

56. No. If the association between number of

milligrams ingested per day and blood
pressure is negative, then it is appropriate to
say that blood pressure tends to decrease as the
medication increases, but this does not mean a
causal relationship since there may be other
variables.

58. a. This is not possible. Each axis of a

scatterplot describes a numerical variable.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

92 ISM: A Pathway to Introductory Statistics
16. a.
b. There is a linear association.
c. r = −0.96
d. Because r = −0.96 and the scatterplot
shows the points lying near the same line,
the association is strong and negative.
18. a. There are no outliers. The association is
fairly strong, linear, and positive.
b. The scatterplot has a dot near (85, 230), so
Alec Brown’s weight is about 230 pounds.
c. Two players may have the same weight.
The estimated range is 40 pounds.
d. Answers may vary.
20. a. This point is not close to most of the other
points; this state has a lower obesity rate
than expected, given the percentage of
residents that exercise. This makes sense
because Puerto Rico may have different
cultural norms for exercise and eating.
b. The association is fairly strong, negative,
and linear.
c. These 5 states have obesity rates of
approximately 19%, 22%, 22.5%, 24.5%,
and 25%. The range is 6%. This is
consistent with a fairly strong association.
d. This scatterplot only shows a negative
association for exercise and obesity in the
United States; the association may not be
the same in all countries.
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
22. a.
b. There are no outliers. The association is
strong, positive, and nonlinear.
11.2 km 0.621 mi 3600 s
c.  
1s 1 km 1 hr
 25, 039 miles per hour
d. The mass of Venus is between the masses
of Mars and Earth; the estimated escape
velocity for Venus is between 5.0 km/s and
11.2 km/s.
1898
e. The ratio of masses is  18.61; the
102
59.5
ratio of escape velocities is  2.53.
23.5
The ratio of masses is greater than the ratio
of escape velocities. Since the escape
velocity increases rapidly as mass
increases before leveling off, this makes
sense.
24. a. There are no outliers. The association is
strong, positive, and linear.
b. There are no outliers. The association is
fairly strong, positive, and linear.
c. The correlation coefficients suggest that
the association for Saurischians is stronger
than the association for Ornithischians,
which is consistent with the results from
(a) and (b).
d. No; while the values of the individual
variables are outliers, this point is
consistent with a strong association
between the two variables.
 Chapter 6: Describing Associations of Two Variables Graphically
e. The values of the correlation coefficients
would be closer to 0, since the spread of
the observations would increase.
26. No. The scatterplot shows no pattern, and the
value of r is −0.14, indicating either no
association or a weak negative association.
28. a.
b. There is a linear association.
c. r = −0.99; the association is strong and
negative.
105.8
d.  0.514
105.8 + 100
e. Parents may try to influence the gender of
the child to be a boy.
30. a.
b. There is a linear association.
c. r = 0.85. The association is fairly strong.
d. The association is positive; the number of
math degrees granted tends to increase
over time.
e. The drop is 73 − 46 = 27. Since the overall
association is positive, this large drop is
unusual.
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
93
32. a.
b. There is a linear association.
c. r = −0.98; the association is strong.
d. The association is negative; the record time
has decreased over time.
e. The change from 1900 to 1950 is
47.8 − 45.8 = 2.0 seconds; the change from
1950 to 1999 is 45.8 − 43.18 = 2.62
seconds. This is surprising because we
would expect improvements to be harder to
come by as the record decreases.
34. a.
b. The association is nonlinear since there is a
curved pattern in the scatterplot.
c. The association is neither positive nor
negative since there is a nonlinear pattern.
d. We should not place much faith in that
conclusion since it assumes that weight
continues to decrease after the age of 70.
e. Answers may vary.
36. a. There is a negative association; there have
been fewer fires per year over time.
b. There is no association; there is no trend in
the acreage burned over time.
94 ISM: A Pathway to Introductory Statistics
c. No; while the number of fires per year has
decreased over time, there is no increase or
decrease in the acreage burned over time,
which is what we would expect if there
were an association between fires per year
and acres burned per year. Thus, there is
likely no association.
d. Yes; the scatterplot shows no association,
which is consistent with the conclusion in
part (c).
e. While there may be an association, this
does not imply that setting more fires
results in fewer acres burned.
38. a. r = −0.90
b.
r = −0.90, which is identical to the result
from part (a). The shape of the scatterplot
is the same as in part (a). This makes sense
since all of the data points were changed
by the same amount and direction.
c.
Homework 6.3
r = −0.90, which is identical to the result
from part (a). The shape of the scatterplot
is the same as in part (a). This makes sense
since all of the data points were changed
by the same amount and direction.
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
40. Answers may vary.
x y
20 30
21 45
22 41
23 62
24 56
25 74
42. The correlation coefficient does not measure
causation. A lurking variable may be
responsible for the association.
44. The outliers are points that do not fit the
overall pattern on the scatterplot. If an outlier
is due to error in measurement or recording,
the coordinate(s) should be corrected, if
possible, or the point should be excluded from
the study.
The shape of the association is the pattern
formed by the points on the scatterplot, if a
pattern exists. This pattern can be linear or
nonlinear. If no pattern exists, then we say
there is no association.
The strength of the association is based on
how well a line or curve fits the points on a
scatterplot.
The direction of the association indicates
whether the response variable increases,
decreases, or does not change with changes in
the explanatory variable.
46. A lurking variable is a variable that causes
both the explanatory and response variables to
change during the study.
2. An input is a permitted value of the
explanatory variable that leads to at least one
output.
4. When a model gives a prediction that does not
make sense or an estimate that is not a good
approximation, we say model breakdown has
occurred.
6. y = 3
8. x = 2
 Chapter 6: Describing Associations of Two Variables Graphically 95

10. (0, 4) 22. a. According to the linear model, there were

about 2.2 thousand injuries in 2002.
12. y = −3
b. According to the scatterplot, there were
14. x = 3 about 2.5 thousand injuries in 2002.

c. The result in part (a) is an underestimate of

16. (3, 0)
the actual amount of injuries. This can be
seen on the graph because the line drawn is
18. a. below the point for 2002. The error is
about 0.3 thousand injuries, or 300 injuries.

24. a. The two models are quite similar since the

lines for each model on the graph are very
close. It is reasonable to compare the
models for lengths of up to about
16 meters since there are no Ornithischians
longer than 16 meters.

b. According to the linear model, the height

of the new Saurischian will be about
b. There is a linear association. 15 meters. Since this is obtained using
interpolation, we can place a lot of faith in
c. Answers may vary. One possible line is this estimate.
drawn on the scatterplot from part (a).
c. According to the linear model, the height
d. Answers may vary, but they should be of the new Ornithischian will be about
close to (6,8.7). 14 meters. Since this is obtained using
extrapolation, we should place little or no
e. Answers may vary, but they should be faith in this estimate.
close to (8.9,12).
d. According to the linear model, Saurischians
20. a. of length 10 meters, 20 meters, and
30 meters will have heights of about
4.5 meters, 10 meters, and 15 meters
respectively.

4.5
e.  0.5
10
10
 0.5
20
15
 0.5
b. There is a linear association. 30

c. Answers may vary. One possible line is All three ratios are about the same. A
drawn on the scatterplot from part (a). paleontologist can estimate the height of a
Saurischian by multiplying the length by
d. Answers may vary, but they should be 0.5.
close to (0, −3.7).
26. a. According to the linear model, a 30-year-
e. Answers may vary, but they should be old player will have about 7 years of
close to (−5.2,0). experience.

b. According to the linear model, a player

with 5 years of experience will be about
27.5 years old.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

96 ISM: A Pathway to Introductory Statistics
c. According to the linear model, a 35-year-
old player will have about 12 years of
experience. The least-experienced 35-year-
old player has 9 years of experience. The
error is 3 years.
d. According to the linear model, a 25-year-
old player will have about 2.5 years of
experience. The most-experienced 25-year-
old player has 5 years of experience. The
error is −2.5 years.
28. a.
b. There is a linear association between year
and percent of Americans who say there
should be a ban on handguns.
c. Answers may vary. One possible model is
drawn on the scatterplot from part (a).
d. Answers may vary, but they should be
close to 28%.
e. Answers may vary, but they should be
close to 2007.
30. a.
b. Answers may vary. One possible model is
drawn on the scatterplot from part (a).
c. Answers may vary, but they should be
close to 2.2 thousand. This is interpolation
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
because it is between the years of two of
the data points listed. This result is similar
to the result from Exercise 29, which
makes sense because the change to the data
values did not affect the association
between the variables.
d. Answers may vary, but they should be
close to the year 2021. This is
extrapolation because it is beyond the
scope of the data points listed. There is
little or no faith in the result when
extrapolation is used. This result is similar
to the result from Exercise 29, which
makes sense because the change to the data
values did not affect the association
between the variables.
e. The t-intercept is approximately (44, 0).
This means that, according to the linear
model, there will be no collisions by 2029.
There is little or no faith in the result
because this result is beyond the scope of
the data points listed, so extrapolation was
used. This result is different from the result
in Exercise 29, because the model has the
same slope but a different n-intercept.
32. a.
b. Answers may vary. One possible model is
drawn on the scatterplot from part (a).
c. Answers may vary, but they should be
close to 23.9 years old.
d. Answers may vary, but they should be
close to (0,99). This means that 99% of
newborns have personal profile pages on
social networking sites; model breakdown
has occurred. There is little or no faith in
the result because this result is beyond the
scope of the data points listed.
 Chapter 6: Describing Associations of Two Variables Graphically 97

e. Answers may vary, but they should be
close to (81.8,0). This means that there are
no people older than 81.8 years who have
personal profile pages on social
networking sites. There is little or no faith
in the result because this result is beyond
the scope of the data points listed.
e. The customer would have saved $3 in year
1, $6 in year 2, $2 in year 4, and $5 in year
5. The customer would have lost $1 in
year 3. Overall, the customer would have
saved 3 + 6 − 1 + 2 + 5 = $15.
38. a.

34. a.

b. Answers may vary. One possible model is

b. Answers may vary. One possible model is
drawn on the scatterplot from part (a).
drawn on the scatterplot from part (a).
c. Answers may vary, but they should be
c. Answers may vary, but they should be
close to 5.3%. This is extrapolation
close to 159°F. This is interpolation
because it is beyond the scope of the data
because it is between the years of two of
points listed.
the data points listed.

d. Answers may vary, but they should be d.

close to 19.1 thousand meters. This is
extrapolation because it is beyond the
scope of the data points listed.

e. Yes, the result from part (d) of 19.1

thousand meters is in this interval.

36. a.

e. The error is about −9.7%. The estimate

was so inaccurate because it assumed that
the linear model would continue to hold.
b. According to the linear model, it will take
f. Answers may vary. One possible model is
about 2 years to reach a 6% discount.
drawn on the scatterplot from part (d).
c. According to the linear model, at 5 years a
40. a. The t-intercept should be about (0, −16).
customer will have a discount of 15%.
$120  (1 − 0.15) = $102. For a temperature of 0°F, the wind chill
results in the temperature feeling about
d. The new policy is a better deal for up to −16 °F.
2 years; from 3 years, 4 months to up to
5 years; and from 6 years up.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

98 ISM: A Pathway to Introductory Statistics

b. The w-intercept should be about (13, 0). 46. a.

For a temperature of 13°F, the wind chill
results in the temperature feeling about
0°F.

42. a.

b. There are no outliers. The association is

linear, fairly strong, and positive; r = 0.86.

c. The model is drawn on the scatterplot from

part (a).
b. There are no outliers. The association is d. According to the linear model, the bicyclist
linear, strong, and negative; r = −0.99. fatality rate for Oklahoma City will be
about 11 fatalities per 10,000 bicycling
c. The model is drawn on the scatterplot from
commuters.
part (a).
e. Answers may vary.
d. If the mean annual consumption of low-fat
and skim milk is 10 gallons per person, the 48. a.
mean annual consumption of whole milk
will be about 17.4 gallons per person.

e. Answers may vary.

44. a.

b. There are some outliers, including several

homes with square footages of 0 feet and
one home with a square footage of about
b. There are no outliers. The association is
12,000 feet and a sale price of $30 million.
linear, strong, and positive; r = 0.98.
The association is linear, fairly strong, and
positive; r = 0.79.
c. The model is drawn on the scatterplot from
part (a).
c. The model is drawn on the scatterplot from
d. According to the linear model, a wooden part (a).
roller coaster with a height of 40 feet will
have a length of about 1406 feet.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Chapter 6: Describing Associations of Two Variables Graphically 99

d. According to the linear model, a home
with 2000 square feet will have a sale price
of about $1.3 million.
e. According to the linear model, a home
with a sale price of $2.9 million will have
about 4000 square feet.
50. Answers may vary.
52. Answers may vary.
54. A time of t = −2 years means that the year is
2008. This is not an example of model
breakdown, unless the model is measuring
characteristics of something that did not exist
prior to 2010.
4. The situation can be described using the
ordered pair (4, 21.4). The number of years
since 2010, t, should be described by the
horizontal axis, and the number of Starbucks
stores, s, should be described by the vertical
axis.
5. When a car is driven at 64 mph, its gas
mileage is 42 miles per gallon.
6. In the year 2014, there were 1645 billionaires
in the United States.
7.

56. The student is not correct. An ordered pair

does not have an x-intercept unless it lies on
the x-axis.

58. The y-intercept is where a line crosses the

y-axis. Any point on the y-axis has an 8. a.
x-coordinate of 0.

60. Answers may vary.

62. Answers may vary.

Chapter 6 Review Exercises

1. The explanatory variable is t, the number of

years of education. The response variable is s,
the mean salary (in dollars). The number of b. The association is neither positive nor
years of education should be on the horizontal negative.
axis, and the mean salary in dollars should be
on the vertical axis. c. The lowest point in the scatterplot is the
point (40, 27). This means that a total of
2. The explanatory variable is c, the mean 27 sepsis patients were discharged when
number of calories that a person consumes their stay reached 40 days.
daily. The response variable is w, the person’s
mean weight in pounds. The number of d. The highest point in the scatterplot is the
calories per day should be described by the point (20,931). This means that a total of
horizontal axis, and the mean weight in pounds
931 sepsis patients were discharged when
should be described by the vertical axis.
their stay reached 20 days.
3. The situation can be described using the
e. There was an extremely large jump in
ordered pair (110,139). The number of miles
discharges of sepsis patients when their
the person runs weekly, M, should be stay reached 20 days.
described by the horizontal axis, and the
person’s best marathon time, T, should be
described by the vertical axis.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

100 ISM: A Pathway to Introductory Statistics

9. a. The length in feet of the extension cord, L, 14. y = −1

is the explanatory variable. The safe
maximum rate of electric current, A, is the 15. x = −6
response variable.
16. The x-intercept is (−4,0).
b. The length in feet should be described by
the horizontal axis, and the safe maximum 17. The y-intercept is (0, −2).
rate of electric current should be described
by the vertical axis.
18. a.
c.

d. The association is negative. This means

that as the length of the extension cord b. There is a linear association between the
increases, the safe maximum rate of variables x and y.
electric current tends to decrease.
c. The model is shown on the scatterplot in
e. The only length of 16 gauge extension part (a).
cords that can be safely used with the
screwdriver is 25 feet. d. y  8.8
10. r = −0.6 corresponds to scatterplot (c).
e. x  5.8
11. r = −0.9 corresponds to scatterplot (a).
19. a.
12. r = 1 corresponds to scatterplot (b).

13. a.

b. The association is linear, very strong,

b. The association is linear, fairly strong,
positive, and there are no outliers. The
value of r is 0.75, which confirms that the
association is weak.
c. An experiment has not been conducted, so
we cannot assume causality.
d. The economy can be considered a lurking
variable. When the economy is doing well,
mean sales prices of both vacation and
investment homes will tend to be high.
positive, and there are no outliers. The
value of r is 0.999, which confirms that the
association is very strong.
c. The model is shown on the scatterplot in
part (a).
d. According to the linear model, the salary at
step 5 would be about $80,000.
Interpolation was performed to get this
because step 5 is between two steps that
are used to create the model. Since
interpolation was used, we have good faith
in the result.

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 Chapter 6: Describing Associations of Two Variables Graphically
e. According to the linear model, the salary at
step 8 would be about $92,000.
Extrapolation was performed to get this
because step 8 is beyond the steps that are
used to create the model. Since
extrapolation was used, we do not have
faith in the result.
20. a.
b. The model is shown on the scatterplot in
part (a).
c. According to the linear model, Mays stole
about 28 bases in 1959. This is
interpolation because 1959 is between two
years that are used to create the model.
Since interpolation was used, we can have
good faith in the result. The error is about
28 − 27 = 1.
d. The n-intercept is (0, 45). This intercept
means that Mays stole 45 bases in 1955.
Model breakdown has occurred here.
e. The t-intercept is (10.4,0). This intercept
means that Mays did not steal any bases in
1965. Model breakdown has occurred here.
21. The correlation coefficient r is not a
probability; it is a measure of the direction and
strength of a linear relationship between two
quantitative variables.
Chapter 6 Test
1. The explanatory variable is a, the age of the
Americans. The response variable is p, the
percentage of the Americans who own a home.
The age of the Americans should be described
by the horizontal axis, while the percentage of
the Americans who own a home should be
described by the vertical axis.
2. The ordered pair is (6, 255). The number of
tickets should be described by the horizontal
axis, and the total cost of the tickets should be
described by the vertical axis.
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101
3. The ordered pair means that in 2014, LeBron
James made 72.3 million dollars.
4. a. The explanatory variable is a, the age of
the person. The response variable is s, the
mean amount of savings (in millions of
dollars) the person believes is enough to
have at retirement.
b.
c. The highest point in the scatterplot is
(25, 4.3). This means that the average
amount of savings that a 25-year-old
person believes is enough to have at
retirement is $4.3 million.
d. The lowest point in the scatterplot is
(35, 2.4). This means that the average
amount of savings that a 35-year-old
person believes is enough to have at
retirement is $2.4 million.
e. The 20–29.99 age group does not seem to
fit the pattern of the others. For the other
age groups, the older the age group, the
more savings the group believes will be
necessary to have at retirement.
5. There is no association between the variables.
6. There is a nonlinear association between the
variables.
7. There is a linear association between the
variables.
8. a.
b. The association is linear, very strong,
positive, and there are no outliers. The
value of r is 0.993, which confirms that the
association is very strong.
102 ISM: A Pathway to Introductory Statistics

c. The association is linear, very strong,
positive, and there are no outliers. The
value of r is 0.997, which confirms that the
association is very strong.
d. A very strong association does not
guarantee causation.
e. Women are just as likely as men to have
high blood pressure at age 59.5. For people
younger than that age, men are more likely
to have high blood pressure. For people
older than that age, women are more likely
to have high blood pressure.
9. a.
d. According to the linear model, there are
about 11.9 thousand space debris in 2010.
This is extrapolation because the year is
outside of the years used to create the
model. Since extrapolation was used, there
is little or no faith in the estimate.
e. The estimated amount of space debris in
2010 caused by the collisions is
16 − 11.9 = 4.1 thousand debris. To state
this is to assume that the linear model
would have predicted the exact number of
debris in 2010, which it was determined
there is little or no faith that this is true.

b. There is a linear association between the

two variables.

c. The model is shown on the scatterplot in

part (a).

d. The x-intercept is (11.2,0).

e. The y-intercept is (0, 24.3).

10. a.

b. The model is shown on the scatterplot in

part (a).

c. According to the linear model, there are

about 8.4 thousand space debris in 1995.
This is interpolation because the year is
between two years used to create the
model. Since interpolation was used, there
is good faith in the estimate.

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