Understanding Human Sexuality 13th Edition Hyde Test Bank 1

Understanding Human Sexuality 13th
Edition Hyde Test Bank

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Chapter 05
Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and the Menstrual Cycle
1. Hormones are
A. manufactured solely by the sex glands—the testes and the ovaries.
B. secreted directly into the bloodstream.
C. manufactured solely by the pituitary glands.
D. of only two types—androgens and estrogens.
Feedback: Sex Hormones, 90
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: List the sex hormone systems in males and females.
Topic: Female Sex Hormone Systems
Topic: Male Sex Hormone Systems
2. Which of the following statements is true of the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus?
A. The pituitary and the hypothalamus are located in the frontal lobe.
B. The hypothalamus directly secretes the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
C. The pituitary is the master gland of the endocrine system.
D. The hypothalamus solely focuses on regulating the eating behavior in humans.

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
3. The _____ plays a major role in regulating the four functions of eating, drinking, fighting, and sexual behavior.
A. cerebellum
B. adrenal glands
C. gonads
D. hypothalamus

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
5-1
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4. Which of the following regulates the pituitary gland?

A. cerebellum
B. hypothalamus
C. gonads
D. adrenal glands

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
5. The production of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) takes place in the
A. hypothalamus.
B. ovaries and testes, respectively.
C. pituitary gland.
D. pancreas.

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
6. The region of the brain that secretes the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is the
A. hypothalamus.
B. pituitary.
C. medulla.
D. hippocampus.

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
7. Which of the following hormones regulates the production of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone
(LH) by the pituitary gland?
A. gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
B. testosterone
C. progesterone
D. estrogen

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
8. Which of the following regulates the output of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamus in males?
A. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
B. luteinizing hormone (LH)
5-2
C. pituitary gland
D. testosterone

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
9. Which of the following is most likely to result from having low levels of testosterone in the blood?
A. increased production of inhibin by the testes
B. decreased production of luteinizing hormone (LH) by the pituitary gland
C. increased production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamus
D. decreased production of oxytocin hormones by the testes

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
10. Identify the hormone that controls sperm production.

A. luteinizing hormone
B. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
C. oxytocin
D. estrogen

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
11. _____ regulates estrogen production in females and testosterone production in males.
A. Adrenaline
B. The luteinizing hormone (LH)
C. The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
D. Oxytocin

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
12. Which of the following produces the hormone called inhibin?

A. the adrenal glands
B. the cells of Bartholin's gland
C. Sertoli cells of the testes
D. the pituitary gland

Bloom's: Remember
5-3
Difficulty: Easy
13. Inhibin
A. is a hormone found only in men.
B. plays a major role in increasing sperm production.
C. primarily regulates luteinizing hormone (LH) production.
D. regulates follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels in a negative feedback loop.

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
14. One of the main functions of estrogen includes

A. stimulating breast growth.
B. decreasing the mucous membrane of the vagina.
C. stimulating secretion of milk by the mammary glands after a woman has given birth to a child.
D. promoting bone growth past the pubertal years.

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
15. Identify the hormone that is responsible for maintaining the mucous membranes of the vagina and stopping the growth of
bone and muscle.
A. prolactin
B. oxytocin
C. progesterone
D. estrogen

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
16. Which of the following is most likely to result from increased levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in females?
A. decreased levels of estrogen
B. increased levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
C. increased levels of luteinizing hormone (LH)
D. decreased levels of estradiol

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
17. Which of the following is most likely to occur due to increases in the level of estrogen?
A. increased production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
B. decreased production of luteinizing hormone (LH)
C. increased production of prolactin and oxytocin
5-4
D. decreased production of testosterone

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
18. _____ stimulates secretion of milk by the mammary glands after a woman has given birth to a child.
A. Oxytocin
B. Estrogen
C. Progesterone
D. Prolactin

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
19. Which of the following glands produces prolactin?

A. the adrenal gland
B. the pineal gland
C. the pituitary gland
D. the thyroid gland

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
20. Oxytocin
A. results from secretions by the ovaries.
B. curbs the contractions of the uterus during childbirth.
C. suppresses milk ejection from the nipples.
D. seems to promote affectionate bonding.

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
21. Estrogen and progesterone are manufactured by the

A. ovaries.
B. testes.
C. pituitary gland.
D. hypothalamus.

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
5-5
22. Identify the hormone that stimulates contractions of the uterus during childbirth.
A. progesterone
B. testosterone
C. oxytocin
D. prolactin

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
23. Gonad differentiation occurs

A. at the same time for males and females.
B. earlier for females.
C. earlier for males.
D. during puberty.
Feedback: Prenatal Sexual Differentiation, 93

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.
Topic: Gonads
24. In Klinefelter's syndrome, a genetic male has

A. an extra X chromosome.
B. an extra Y chromosome.
C. an extra chromosome 21. D. no Y chromosome.

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Sex Chromosomes
25. Which of the following is true of Klinefelter's syndrome?

A. It occurs in genetic females that have a single X chromosome.
B. It can be reversed by surgery.
C. It results in low testosterone levels.
D. It occurs when a genetic male has an extra Y chromosome (XYY).

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
26. At about 7 weeks post-conception, the sex chromosomes direct the gonads to develop into the _____ in the male.
A. scrotum
B. testis
C. urethra
D. glans
5-6
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Gonads
27. The testis-determining factor (TDF) is responsible for

A. differentiation of gonads into testes.
B. differentiation of the Wolffian ducts into testes.
C. descent of the testes after differentiation.
D. differentiation of the Müllerian ducts into testes.

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Gonads
28. Which of the following statements is true of the sex-determining region, Y chromosome (SRY)?
A. It is a gene related to the prenatal differentiation of the gonads.
B. It carries genes that control normal functioning of the ovaries.
C. It is secreted by the testis-determining factor (TDF).
D. It is involved in gonad differentiation in both males and females.

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Gonads
29. In the female, the _____ turn into the fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the upper part of the vagina.
A. gonads
B. tubercle
C. Müllerian ducts
D. Wolffian ducts

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Prenatal Hormones
30. The Wolffian ducts develop into the

A. epididymis, vas deferens, and ejaculatory duct.
B. testes and scrotum.
C. shaft of the penis.
D. prostate gland.

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
5-7
31. The inguinal canal is the passageway for the descent of the
A. ovaries.
B. testes.
C. scrotum.
D. fallopian tubes.

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Descent of Testes and Ovaries
32. Which of the following statements is true of cryptorchidism?

A. It is a condition resulting from the descent of one or both testes into the scrotum.
B. It occurs when the penis fails to descend from the body.
C. The optimum time for correcting the condition is soon after the first birthday.
D. Treatment is limited to hormonal therapy.

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
33. Which of the following may be a consequence of "undescended testes" in a male?

A. decreased likelihood of testicular cancer
B. increased motility of sperm
C. inhibition of sperm production
D. increased testosterone production
Feedback: Prenatal Sexual Differentiation, 94-96

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
34. The primary sex-differentiated structure in the brain is the _____.

A. occipital lobe
B. thalamus
C. hypothalamus
D. parietal lobe

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
35. Which of the following statements is true of epigenetics?

A. Epigenetics alters the genetic code.
B. Epigenetics refers to a functional change to DNA. C. An epigenetic change involves the substitution of one base pair of DNA
for another.
D. An epigenetic change involves the deletion of one or more base pairs of DNA. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
5-8
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
36. In the context of determination of estrogen sensitivity, if testosterone is present during fetal development, the cells that have
A. estrogen receptors in the hypothalamus become insensitive to estrogen present in the blood stream.
B. androgen receptors in the hypothalamus become highly insensitive to the levels of testosterone in the blood stream.
C. androgen receptors in the hypothalamus become highly sensitive to both estrogen and testosterone.
D. estrogen receptors in the hypothalamus become sensitive to the levels of testosterone in the blood stream.

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
37. Which of the following statements regarding brain differentiation in males and females is true?
A. The primary sex-differentiated structure is the cerebellum.
B. The differences in the brain structures of males and females are "hardwired" differences present from birth.
C. The hypothalamus is the only region of the brain that does not show gender differentiation.
D. One of the new magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have shown that the hypothalamus andamygdala are larger in men
than women.

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
38. The embryonic source of the glans penis is the

A. genital tubercle.
B. genital swelling.
C. Müllerian duct.
D. Wolffian duct.

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Homologous Organs
39. Both the clitoris in females and the glans penis in males develop from the same embryonic tissue—the genital tubercle. Thus,
we may say that the clitoris and the glans penis are
A. autologous organs.
B. heterologous organs.
C. monogamous organs.
D. homologous organs.

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
5-9
40. Both the clitoris in females and the glans penis in males produce gametes and sex hormones. Based on this information, we
may say that the clitoris and the glans penis are
A. autologous organs.
B. heterologous organs.
C. analogous organs.
D. monogamous organs.

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
41. The Skene's gland in females and the prostate in males have the same embryonic source—the urethral primordia. The Skene's
gland also secretes a fluid that is biologically similar to the milky alkaline fluid secreted by the male prostate. Based on this, we
may say that
A. these organs are homologous but not analogous.
B. these organs are analogous but not homologous.
C. these organs are both analogous and homologous.
D. these organs are neither analogous nor homologous.

APA Learning Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
42. Which of the following organs are both homologous and analogous in the adult female and the adult male respectively?
A. the scrotum and the labia majora (outer lips)
B. the Wolffian duct and the Müllerian duct
C. the hypothalamus and the pituitary
D. the glans penis and the clitoris

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
43. The testes in the male are homologous to the _____ in the female.
A. clitoris
B. ovaries
C. labia majora (outer lips)
D. labia minora (inner lips)

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
44. John Money developed eight variables of gender. The particular gender type that refers to the presence of testosterone and
Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS) in males but not in females before birth is the
A. assigned gender.
5-10
B. prenatal hormonal gender.
C. pubertal hormonal gender.
D. external genital appearance gender.

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Atypical Prenatal Gender Differentiation
45. According to John Money, the gender variable that defines one's gender at birth, as measured by the appearance of the
external genitals, is
A. chromosomal gender.
B. gonadal gender.
C. pubertal hormonal gender.
D. assigned gender.

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
46. One of your friends is in medical school. She tells you about a syndrome in which a genetic female develops ovaries normally
as a fetus. However, due to the abnormal functioning of the adrenal gland, an excess amount of androgen is produced resulting in
external genitals that are partly or completely male in appearance. Your friend is unable to recall the name of the syndrome. You
know it and are able to tell her that it is
A. congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).
B. androgen-insensitivity syndrome (AIS).
C. cryptorchidism.
D. Klinefelter's syndrome.

Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Intersex
47. One of your friends is in medical school. She tells you about a syndrome, where a genetic male produces normal levels of
testosterone. However, his body tissues are insensitive to the testosterone and result prenatal development is feminized. After
describing the syndrome, your friend forgets its name. You know it and are able to tell her that it is
B. androgen-insensitivity syndrome (AIS).
C. cryptorchidism.
D. Klinefelter's syndrome.

Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
Topic: Intersex
48. One of the most common syndromes that can cause an intersex condition and sometimes results in identifying genetic females
as males at birth is
5-11
B. Triple Y syndrome (YYY).
C. Triple X syndrome (XXX).
D. androgen-insensitivity syndrome (AIS).

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Intersex
49. The type of abnormality where the male fetus (sex chromosome configuration is XY) is insensitive to androgen is most likely
to result in
A. a woman like external appearance with no uterus and undescended testes.
B. a male with small testes, enlarged breasts, and reduced sex drive.
C. a tall male with unusual sex preferences.
D. a male of exceptional height and weight with borderline mental retardation.

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Intersex
50. The syndrome known as 5-alpha reductase deficiency is caused by

A. a genetic-endocrine problem.
B. an excess production of oxytocin.
C. an excess production of prolactin.
D. congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
51. John Money referred to individuals with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and androgen-insensitivity syndrome as _____.
A. transgenders
B. hermaphrodites
C. pseudohermaphrodites
D. homosexuals

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Intersex
52. _____ is the time during which there is sudden enlargement and maturation of the gonads, other genitalia, and secondary sex
characteristics, leading to reproductive capacity.
A. Babyhood
B. Prenatal period
C. Puberty
5-12
D. Infancy
Feedback: Sexual Differentiation during Puberty, 99

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Sexual Differentiation during Puberty
53. _____ represents a psychological transition from the behavior and attitudes of a child to the behavior, attitudes, and
responsibilities of an adult.
A. Adolescence
B. Infancy
C. Babyhood
D. Prenatal period

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Understand sexual differentiation during puberty.
Topic: Adolescence
54. Which of the following statements is true of adolescence?

A. Modern American culture has an unusually short period of adolescence.
B. It solely represents a biological transition from child to adult
C. A century ago, adolescence was much longer.
D. In some cultures, adolescence does not exist.

APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching the2mes in psychology
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Adolescence
Topic: Culture
55. Adolescence is a socially defined period of development that

A. represents a psychological transition from childhood toward adulthood.
B. is characterized completely by the physiological changes in the body.
C. is marked by the normative and universal time frame of 13 to 18 years.
D. represents the time from conception to birth.

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Adolescence
Topic: Culture
56. When comparing the pubertal process in females and males, it is found that
A. girls and boys follow the same pattern of development at the same time.
B. boys begin to change about 2 years later than girls.
C. girls and boys follow significantly different patterns of development, although they occur at the same time.
D. we really cannot say anything definite given our present state of knowledge about sexual development.
5-13
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
57. At age 12, Anna is 5 feet and 2 inches tall, which makes her taller than most boys her age. In the context of pubertal process,
this is most likely due to the fact that
A. the growth spurt occurs in girls but not in boys.
B. the growth spurt for girls tends to be longer than the growth spurt for boys.
C. the growth spurt for girls occurs about two years before the growth spurt for boys.
D. the growth spurt for males is reducing with each passing generation.

Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
58. The first sign of puberty in girls is _____.

A. the production of a mature ovum
B. the beginning of menstruation
C. the growth of pubic hair
D. the beginning of breast development

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
59. Which of the following statements is true of leptin?

A. It is a male hormone and not present in girls.
B. It stimulates the secretion of kisspeptin.
C. It is a female hormone and not present in boys.
D. It inhibits the release of luteinizing hormone (LH).

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
60. Which of the following hormones is most likely to be involved in the initiation of pubertal development?
A. somatostatin
B. kisspeptin
C. secretin
D. gastrin

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
61. Penis growth, experienced by the average boy during puberty, is most likely to occur at about the same time as the
5-14
A. menarche.
B. significant enlargement of the pelvic bone structure.
C. cessation of mensuration.
D. change in his voice.

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
62. Which of the following statements is true of menarche?

A. Menarche signifies that a girl is capable of becoming pregnant.
B. All girls tend to react positively to their first menstruations.
C. There is a wide range in the age at which menarche occurs.
D. Girls lack a visible sign of having attained menarche.

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
63. Which of the following statements is true of the adrenal glands?

A. They are located just below the kidneys.
B. In females, they are the major producers of androgens.
C. Adrenarche generally begins after age 14.
D. They limit the growth of pubic and axillary hair in females.

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
64. _____ is a problem faced more often by boys because of the clogging of sebaceous glands during puberty.
A. Acne
B. Obesity
C. Increased secretion of adrenal androgens
D. Growth of pubic hair

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
65. An adolescent boy experiences temporary breast enlargement. This condition is known as _____.
A. spermarche
B. menarche
C. adrenarche
D. gynecomastia
5-15
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
66. Human females are nearly unique among species in

A. having an estrous cycle.
B. having a menstrual cycle.
C. experiencing slight spotting during ovulation.
D. engaging in sexual intercourse during estrus.
Feedback: The Menstrual Cycle, 106

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.
Topic: Menstrual Cycle
67. Human females engage in sexual behavior

A. primarily in the middle of their estrous cycle.
B. throughout the menstrual cycle.
C. only during menstruation because they are least likely to become pregnant during this phase.
D. only when they are in "heat" like other mammals.

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
68. Day 1 of the menstrual cycle is

A. the first day of the follicular phase.
B. the first day of menstruation.
C. the last day of menstruation.
D. the day after the last day of menstruation.

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
69. The first phase of the menstrual cycle is

A. the luteal phase.
B. ovulation.
C. the follicular phase.
D. mensuration.

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
70. Which of the following is true regarding the ovulation phase of the menstrual cycle?
A. This phase follows the luteal phase.
B. During this phase, the follicle ruptures open and releases a mature egg.
5-16
C. The level of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) rises significantly during this phase.
D. The levels of estrogen drop significantly during this phase.

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
71. In the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle the

A. follicle turns into a glandular mass of cells called the corpus luteum.
B. endometrium breaks down and is discharged through the cervix.
C. degeneration of the corpus luteum causes a rise in progesterone levels.
D. luteinizing hormone (LH) is no longer secreted.

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
72. The phase of the menstrual cycle that is characterized by a sharp decline of both estrogen and progesterone and a shedding of
the inner lining of the uterus is the
A. follicular phase.
B. ovulation phase.
C. luteal phase.
D. menstruation phase.

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
73. The layer of the uterus that is sloughed off during menstruation and creates most of the menstrual discharge is the
A. endometrium.
B. myometrium.
C. exometrium.
D. perimetrium.

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
74. Which phase of the menstrual cycle is relatively constant in terms of duration?
A. the ovulation phase
B. the follicular phase
C. the luteal phase
D. the menstruation phase

5-17
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
75. The term Mittelschmerz refers to

A. a phenomenon when menstruation occurs in the middle of the menstrual cycle.
B. the cessation of menstruation in middle age.
C. a phenomenon where a woman can feel herself ovulate.
D. appendicitis.

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
76. If a woman has a regular 28-day menstrual cycle, the day of ovulation is most likely to be day
A. 4.
B. 10.
C. 14.
D. 20.

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
77. If a woman has a regular 38-day menstrual cycle, the day of ovulation is most likely to be about day
A. 4.
B. 10.
C. 14.
D. 24.

APA Learning Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
78. A woman has a 30-day menstrual cycle. She has had a 30-day cycle since she began menstruating. She is most likely to
ovulate on about _____.
A. day 24
B. day 15
C. day 16
D. day 20

Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
79. The average length of a normal menstrual cycle is about

A. 14 days.
B. 28 days.
5-18
C. 18 days.
D. 36 days.

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
80. The time from ovulation to menstruation is always _____ days, give or take only a day or two.
A. 7
B. 14
C. 18
D. 21

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
81. Which of the following is a correct statement about the menstrual cycle?
A. Ovulation does not have to occur in every menstrual cycle, especially among girls during puberty and women in their forties.
B. The luteal phase of the menstrual cycle varies in length, especially among women in their thirties.
C. Irrespective of the duration of one's menstrual cycle, ovulation invariably occurs on day 14 from the start of menstruation.
D. The follicular phase of the menstrual cycle is the most constant, extending for 10 days from ovulation to menstruation.

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
82. When a woman menstruates without ovulating it is

A. called Mittelschmerz.
B. called an anovulatory cycle.
C. a menstrual problem.
D. a sign of sterility.

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
83. When luteinizing hormone (LH) production begins, just before ovulation, the cervical mucus is
A. not produced.
B. even more alkaline.
C. even more acidic.
D. thick and viscous.

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
5-19
84. Dried cervical mucus takes on a fern-shaped pattern

A. after ovulation.
B. just before menstruation.
C. during menstruation.
D. just before ovulation.

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
85. On the day after ovulation, a woman's average basal body temperature
A. decreases.
B. increases.
C. returns to preovulation temperature.
D. is the same as that during the follicular phase.

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
86. Which of the following results in a surge in a woman's basal body temperature on the day after ovulation?
A. high levels of oxytocin
B. low levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C. increased production of prolactin
D. increased production of progesterone

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
87. A woman is trying to determine the time at which she ovulates. She keeps track of her basal body temperature every day. She
observes a decrease followed by a noticeable increase in the basal body temperature. This signals that she is in the _____ phase
of her menstrual cycle.
A. follicular
B. luteal
C. proliferative
D. menstruation

Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
88. The body temperature of a woman changes during the menstrual cycle. Her temperature
A. increases during the follicular phase.
B. decreases on the day of ovulation.
5-20
C. decreases the day after ovulation.
D. decreases during the luteal phase.

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
89. Which of the following describes dysmenorrhea?

A. It affects males resulting in a condition in which they can no longer produce sperm.
B. Dysmenorrhea is a condition characterized by breast enlargement in men.
C. Dysmenorrhea refers to painful menstruation.
D. It results from the infection of the female prostate.

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
90. Which of the following is the cause of painful menstruation?

A. a high level of endorphins
B. a high level of prostaglandins
C. a low level of luteinizing hormone (LH)
D. a low level of inhibin

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
91. Which of the following is an effect of high levels of prostaglandins?

A. reduction of nerve sensitivity
B. increase in the supply of prolactin in the bloodstream
C. decrease in the supply of oxygen-carrying blood to the uterus
D. cessation of uterine contractions

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
92. Which of the following is true about masturbation and menstruation?

A. Masters and Johnson suggested masturbation as a possible remedy for menstrual cramps.
B. Masturbation is not advised during menstruation because it may exacerbate the cramps.
C. Masters and Johnson suggested that fluids become congested in the pelvic region after an orgasm during menstruation.
D. Masturbation is dangerous because orgasm interferes with the uterine contractions necessary for menstrualflow.

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
5-21
93. Faye has been experiencing very painful periods that last an unusually long time. According to her gynecologist, Faye's
condition is due to the fact that the lining of her uterus is growing in places other than the uterus. From the information provided,
which of the following conditions would best characterize her symptoms?
A. dysmenorrhea
B. amenorrhea
C. endometriosis
D. premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
94. Violet is 18 years old but has not started menstruating yet. The menstrual problem that she is experiencing is known as
A. primary dysmenorrhea.
B. secondary dysmenorrhea.
C. secondary amenorrhea.
D. primary amenorrhea.

Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
95. Stacy is 18 years old. Though she had regular menstrual cycles previously, she has not experienced menstruation for the past
3 months. Her condition is known as
A. primary dysmenorrhea.
B. secondary dysmenorrhea.
C. primary amenorrhea.
D. secondary amenorrhea.

Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
96. One of the causes of _____ is pregnancy.

A. premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
B. amenorrhea
C. dysmenorrhea
D. estrous cycles

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
97. _____ refers to a combination of severe physical and psychological symptoms, such as depression and irritability,
occurring just before menstruation.
5-22
A. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
B. Endometriosis
C. Primary amenorrhea
D. Secondary amenorrhea

Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Psychological Aspects of the Menstrual Cycle
98. According to a study by Romans et al. on premenstrual syndrome (PMS) based on data collected from a random sample of
Canadian women daily for 6 months, _____.
A. there is strong evidence that PMS occurs during the last week of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.
B. the great majority of women experience menstrual cycle fluctuations in mood, but a small percentage may not.
C. the average ratings of depressive symptoms reported by women experiencing PMS is clinically significant and warrants
intervention.
D. there is no scientific evidence of PMS, although there are plenty of stereotypes about it.

APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
99. According to a study by Quadagno et al. on the performance of female athletes during the premenstrual or menstrual phases,
which of the following statements is true?
A. Although 31 percent of female athletes believed that they will perform well, the general performances of all female athletes
suffer.
B. All women accurately perceived that their performance does not suffer.
C. All women accurately perceived that their performance suffers.
D. Though 31 percent of female athletes believed their performance suffers, they showed no deficits.

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
100. Research on performance—such as intellectual or athletic performance—generally shows that

A. peak performance occurs around ovulation.
B. performance declines just prior to menstruation.
C. performance declines during menstruation.
D. no fluctuations exists over the cycle.

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
101. Identify one of the common menstrual taboos in Western culture that is still in practice today.
A. the belief that a menstruating women is not in the right state of mind
B. the prohibition of sexual intercourse with a menstruating woman
C. the isolation of a menstruating woman from men
5-23
D. the belief that menstrual blood contains supernatural, dangerous powers

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Culture
102. In an experiment, psychologist Diane Ruble divided her sample into three experimental groups. She measured their reactions
to being given different information about their menstrual cycles. The group that reported more water retention,
pain, and changes in eating
A. was given no information about the predicted date of menstruation.
B. was told that they were "intermenstrual" and their period was due in 7–10 days.
C. was told that they were "premenstrual" and their period was due in 1 or 2 days.
D. also had higher ratings in the occurrence of negative moods than the other two groups.
Feedback: The Menstrual Cycle, 111-112

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Culture
103. What is meant by the negative feedback loop for females and for males? How does it operate? Describe its similarities and
differences between females and males.
The negative feedback loop regulates the production of the sex hormones estrogen and progesterone in females and testosterone
in males. It is also known as the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis. In males, the pituitary's production of luteinizing
hormone (LH) stimulates the testes to produce testosterone. When testosterone levels are high, the hypothalamus reduces its
production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which causes the pituitary to reduce the production of LH, consequently
decreasing production of testosterone by the testes. When testosterone levels fall, the hypothalamus increases the production of
GnRH and the process starts again.
In females, the negative feedback loop functions in a similar fashion and the levels of estrogen and progesterone are regulated by
hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovaries.
Feedback: Sex Hormones, 91-92

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
104. Describe the process of sex differentiation of the gonads of males and females.
In the 7th week after conception, the sex chromosomes direct the gonads to begin differentiation. In males, the undifferentiated
gonad develops into a testis at about 7 weeks. In females, the process occurs somewhat later, with the ovaries developing at
around 13 or 14 weeks. An important gene that directs the differentiation of the gonads,
located on the Y chromosome, is called sex-determining region, Y chromosome (SRY). If SRY is present, it causes the
manufacture of a substance called testis-determining factor (TDF), which makes the gonads differentiate into testes, and male
development occurs. The X chromosome carries genes that control normal functioning of the ovaries. Surprisingly, a number of
genes on the X chromosome also affect cells in the testes that manufacture sperm.

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Gonads
105. Describe the role of the Müllerian ducts and the Wolffian ducts in the female and the male, respectively.
5-24
The Müllerian ducts and the Wolffian ducts are both related to the process of prenatal sexual differentiation. Once the gonads
have differentiated into testes and ovaries in the male and female respectively, these organs begin to produce different sex
hormones which direct the differentiation of the rest of the internal and external genital system. The Müllerian ducts and the
Wolffian ducts are found in both males and females, however, in females, the Wolffian ducts degenerate, and the Müllerian ducts
turn into the fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the upper part of the vagina. In the case of males, the opposite occurs. The testes
secrete the Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS), which causes the Müllerian ducts to degenerate, while the Wolffian ducts turn
into the epididymis, the vas deferens, and the ejaculatory duct.

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
106. Discuss the problems that may occur in the passage of the testes through the inguinal canal. How can these problems be
corrected?
Two problems may occur when the testes makes a journey, down into the scrotum via a passageway called the inguinal canal.
First, one or both testes may fail to descend into the scrotum by the time of birth, a condition known as undescended testes, or
cryptorchidism. This condition occurs in about 3 percent of all males. Most frequently, only one testis is undescended, and the
other is in the normal position. In most of these cases, the testes do descend by the first birthday. If the testes do not descend
spontaneously, however, the condition is usually corrected by surgery. The optimum time for doing this is soon after the first
birthday. Otherwise, if both testes fail to descend, the man will be sterile, because the high temperature of the testes inside the
body inhibits the production of sperm. Undescended testes are also more likely to develop cancer. The second possible problem
occurs when the inguinal canal does not close off completely. It may then reopen later in life, creating a passageway through
which loops of the intestine can enter the scrotum. This condition, called inguinal hernia, can be remedied by simple surgery.
Feedback: Prenatal Sexual Differentiation, 93-96

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
107. Explain homologous and analogous organs. Give at least two examples of each.
Homologous organs refer to the organs in the male and the female that develop from the same embryonic tissue.
Analogous organs, on the other hand, are the organs in the male and the female that have similar functions.
Examples of homologous organs include the testes in males and the ovaries in females, both of which develop from the gonads.
The glans penis in males and the clitoris in females are also homologous to one another in that they both develop from the genital
tubercle. The testes and the ovaries, and the glans penis and the clitoris are also examples of analogous organs as they perform
similar functions. The testes and the ovaries are both responsible for producing sex hormones, while both the glans penis and the
clitoris play important roles in producing sexual arousal.

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
108. Compare the two intersex conditions of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and androgen-insensitivity syndrome (AIS).
In congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), a genetic female develops ovaries normally as a fetus, but later in the course of prenatal
development, the adrenal gland begins to function abnormally and produces an excess amount of androgens. Prenatal sexual
differentiation then does not follow the normal female course. As a result, the external genitals are partly or completely male in
appearance—the labia are partly or totally fused so there is no vaginal opening, and the clitoris is enlarged to the size of a small
or full-sized penis.
In androgen-insensitivity syndrome (AIS), a genetic male produces normal levels of testosterone, but as a result of a genetic
condition, the body tissues are insensitive to the testosterone and prenatal development is feminized. The individual is born with
the external appearance of a female: a small vagina (but no uterus) and undescended testes.

Bloom's: Understand
5-25
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Intersex
109. Changes that occur to the body during puberty are sometimes difficult for adolescents in the American society. Why are they
difficult and what would you suggest as possible solutions to some of the problems?
Unlike in other parts of the world where puberty rites are performed to signify an adolescent's passage to adulthood, in American
culture, an individual's entry into puberty is not given any formal recognition. In the absence of such rituals, a person may think
that his or her body is doing strange things, making puberty a particularly difficult time. This problem can be overcome by
providing timely education to adolescents about their bodies and the changes that will take place.
Feedback: Sexual Differentiation during Puberty

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Culture
110. Discuss the common problem of painful menstruation.

The most common menstrual problem is painful menstruation, called dysmenorrhea. Symptoms of this may include cramping
pains in the pelvic region, headaches, backaches, nausea, and a feeling of pressure and bloating in the pelvis. Dysmenorrhea is
caused by prostaglandins, hormonelike substances produced by many tissues of the body, including the lining of the uterus.
These prostaglandins can cause smooth muscles to contract and can affect the size of the blood vessels. Women with severe
menstrual pain have unusually high levels of prostaglandins which cause intense uterine contractions and choke off some of the
supply of oxygen-carrying blood to the uterus.
Prostaglandins may also cause greater sensitivity in nerve endings. The combination of the uterine contractions, lack of oxygen,
and heightened nerve sensitivity produces menstrual cramps.
Feedback: The Menstrual Cycle

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
111. Do women's moods change over the menstrual cycle? Explain your choice of answer.
The great majority of women do not experience menstrual cycle fluctuations in mood, but a small percentage may.
In one study, the researchers collected data from a random sample of Canadian women daily for 6 months. The results were
surprising. No positive mood items showed cycle fluctuations. Only 2 negative mood items, sadness and irritability, showed
significant variations across the cycle. Irritability was greater both premenstrually and during menses, compared with midcycle.
Notice that greater irritability was not just premenstrual, challenging the basic concept of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Sadness
was greater premenstrually, but it was more strongly associated with stress, physical health, and social support than it was with
cycle phase. According to this study, there is no scientific evidence of PMS, although there are plenty of stereotypes about it.
That said, it may be that a small percentage of women do experience PMS. Averaging across data from a random sample of
women, there are too few with PMS to produce average mood fluctuations.

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
112. Discuss the biological and psychological cycles that are present in men.
A study found that men's testosterone levels displayed weekly fluctuations, peaking on weekends. Men who had a female partner
and wished to have a child with her displayed a 28-day cycle of testosterone levels, leading the researchers to hypothesize that the
men's hormone cycles might have synchronized with their partner's. Strikingly, men's testosterone levels also vary with sexual
activity. In this same study, men who had sex with an unfamiliar partner showed a 100 percent increase in their testosterone
levels the following morning.
5-26
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Male Cycles
Category # of Questions
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 102
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 95
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 7
APA Learning Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 10
Bloom's: Apply 10
Bloom's: Remember 51
Bloom's: Understand 51
Difficulty: Easy 52
Difficulty: Hard 4
Difficulty: Medium 56
Learning Objective: List the sex hormone systems in males and females. 23
Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation. 35
Learning Objective: Understand sexual differentiation during puberty. 14
Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle. 40
Topic: Adolescence 3
Topic: Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome 4
Topic: Atypical Prenatal Gender Differentiation 7
Topic: Culture 5
Topic: Descent of Testes and Ovaries 4
Topic: Female Sex Hormone Systems 15
Topic: Gonads 5
Topic: Homologous Organs 7
Topic: Intersex 6
Topic: Male Cycles 1
Topic: Male Sex Hormone Systems 14
Topic: Menstrual Cycle 34
Topic: Prenatal Hormones 7
Topic: Psychological Aspects of the Menstrual Cycle 5
Topic: Sex Chromosomes 5
Topic: Sexual Differentiation during Puberty 13
5-27

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Feedback: Sex Hormones, 90

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 90

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 190

4. Which of the following regulates the pituitary gland?

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 90

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 91

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 91

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 91

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 91

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 91

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

10. Identify the hormone that controls sperm production.

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 91

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 91

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

12. Which of the following produces the hormone called inhibin?

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 92

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 92

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

14. One of the main functions of estrogen includes

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 92

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 92

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 92

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 92

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 92

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

19. Which of the following glands produces prolactin?

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 92

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 92

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

21. Estrogen and progesterone are manufactured by the

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 92

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 92

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

23. Gonad differentiation occurs

Feedback: Prenatal Sexual Differentiation, 93

24. In Klinefelter's syndrome, a genetic male has

Feedback: Prenatal Sexual Differentiation, 93

25. Which of the following is true of Klinefelter's syndrome?

Feedback: Prenatal Sexual Differentiation, 93

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Feedback: Prenatal Sexual Differentiation, 93

27. The testis-determining factor (TDF) is responsible for

Feedback: Prenatal Sexual Differentiation, 93

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Feedback: Prenatal Sexual Differentiation, 93

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Feedback: Prenatal Sexual Differentiation, 93

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

30. The Wolffian ducts develop into the

Feedback: Prenatal Sexual Differentiation, 93

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation