PNEUMONIA
1. Exposure to pathogen
2. Nagkaroon po ng presence of streptoccocus pneumoniae
3. Next, is nagkaroon ng accumulation of mucus
4. After that, nagkaron ng obstruction sa alveoli
5. Kaya naglead s’ya sa inadequate oxygen supply
6. Which leads to difficulty of breathing kaya nagkaron ng
manifestation na dyspnea
7. And then sa accumulation of mucus ulit, dahil don
nairitate yung alveolar walls, kaya nagtrigger yung cough
reflex nya
8. And dahil don is tumaas yung wbc, which fights off the
bacteria, which turns the phlegm into yellow
9. After po ng accumulation of mucus is nagkaron na ng
infection sa lungs
10. Which leads to inflammation of the pulmonary tissue
11. Which leads to tissue damage, and then pneumonia
Oxymetazoline hydrochloride - Nasal Decongestants
Pneumonia causes the bronchioles and the alveoli to fill
with excess mucus or pus and become inflamed.
Your body's response may be to cough. This can help clear
out the fluid. The fluid (mucus) you cough up may look green
or dark yellow.
ACID PEPTIC
What happens in inflammatory response?
The inflammatory response (inflammation) occurs when
tissues are injured by bacteria, trauma, toxins, heat, or any
other cause.
The damaged cells release chemicals including histamine,
bradykinin, and prostaglandins. These chemicals cause blood
vessels to leak fluid into the tissues, causing swelling.
What are the four inflammatory responses of inflammation?
The four cardinal signs of inflammation are
redness (Latin rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), and
pain (dolor). Redness is caused by the dilation of small blood
vessels in the area of injury.
1.OVERSECRETION OF HYDROGEN IONS –
Increased [H+] results in decreased pH, which is termed
acidemia,
Do hydrogen ions cause acidity?
If you add acid to a solution the concentration of hydrogen
ions (acidity) increases and the pH decreases.
What causes excess of hydrogen ions?
an improper pH level caused by too much acid (lactic acidosis)
in the body.
What happens when hydrogen ions are secreted?
Excretion of Hydrogen Ions (H+) by the Kidneys. When the
blood becomes too acidic, the kidneys remove excess H+
ions from the body and excrete them in the urine. This
makes the urine more acidic
2.What is the protective layer of the stomach lining?
Your stomach has a protective lining of mucus called the
mucosa. This lining protects your stomach from the strong
stomach acid that digests food. When something damages or
weakens this protective lining, the mucosa becomes
inflamed, causing gastritis.
3.Protective superficial mucosal layer is damaged means
Once the protective superficial mucosal layer is damaged,
4.the inner layers are susceptible to acidity. (parang nagging
exposed na po sa acidity kasi nadamage na po yung mucosal
layer. (Four main layers constitute the stomach wall, including
the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and the serosa)
The innermost layer, the mucosa, is covered by epithelial
tissue and is mainly comprised of gastric glands that secrete
gastric juices.
5. Further, the ability of the mucosal cells to secrete
bicarbonate is compromised. ( for protection kasi ung
bicarbonate, hindi na s’ya nagfunction ng maayos dahil sa
acid
The primary function of the mucosal bicarbonate secretion is
to neutralize acid diffusing into the mucus gel layer to
maintain a near-neutral pH at the mucus-mucosal surface
interface. (1.5-3.5 stomach acid ph level)
Bicarbonate secretion by the duodenal mucosa is accepted as
the primary important defense mechanism against the
hydrochloric acid intermittently expelled from the stomach.
If your pancreas doesn't make enough bicarbonate (a
substance that lowers the acid level in your small intestine),
your pH level may be too acidic, which prevents the enzymes
from working properly.
Can lack of enzymes cause diarrhea?
Diarrhea
“When the pancreas fails to produce the necessary digestive
enzymes, fats and other nutrients can't be absorbed,”
“Instead, they remain in the small bowel, drawing in water
and causing diarrhea.”
What happens if you lack enzymes? Yes, nausea is a common symptom of acid reflux, which is
caused by the increased production of acid in the stomach
Some people don't have enough digestive enzymes, or their
resulting in an upset stomach.
bodies don't release the enzymes as they should. This means
they can't break down certain foods and absorb nutrients.

Mucosal damage irritates the somatic nerves that innervate

the stomach this will result in a sensation of nausea. (VAGUS
How do enzymes affect digestion?
NERVE)
Digestive enzymes play a key role in breaking down the food
somatic innervations, the nerves in this system deliver
you eat. These proteins speed up chemical reactions that
information from your senses to your brain. They also carry
turn nutrients into substances para maabsorb ng digestive
commands from your brain to your muscles so you can
tract
move around.
What are enzymes?
Acute gastritis is a sudden inflammation or swelling in the
Enzymes are proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the lining of the stomach. Gastritis only directly affects the
chemical reactions in our bodies. They build some substances stomach, while gastroenteritis affects both the stomach and
and break others down. All living things have enzymes. Our the intestines.
bodies naturally produce enzymes. But enzymes are also in
Does gastritis cause swelling?
manufactured products and food.
Gastritis is a redness and swelling (inflammation) of the
What do enzymes do?
stomach lining. It can be caused by drinking too much alcohol,
One of the most important roles of enzymes is to aid in eating spicy foods, or smoking.
digestion. Digestion is the process of turning the food we eat
into energy. For example, there are enzymes in our saliva,
pancreas, intestines and stomach. They break down fats,
proteins and carbohydrates. Enzymes use these nutrients for
growth and cell repair.

types of enzymes? CARBOHYDRASE – BREAKS DOWN CARBS

INTO SUGARS , LIPASE – FATS INTO TFAATY ACIDS,
PROTEASE – PROTEIN INTO AMINO ACIDS

H. pylori is known to colonize the gastric mucosa and causes

inflammation.

6. ACID AND PEPSIN ENTERS THE GASTRIC MUCOSA

What happens if you have too much pepsin?

Some people may experience side effects when taking pepsin.

These include things like nausea, indigestion, abdominal pain
and diarrhea.

Proton pump inhibitors — also called PPIs — reduce

stomach acid by blocking the action of the parts of cells that
produce acid.

What causes pepsin in stomach?

Pepsin is a stomach enzyme that serves to digest proteins

found in ingested food. Gastric chief cells secrete pepsin as an
inactive zymogen called pepsinogen. Parietal cells within the
stomach lining secrete hydrochloric acid that lowers the pH of
the stomach. A low pH (1.5 to 2) activates pepsin.

Can being acidic cause nausea?