DISORDER DEFINITION CAUSES S/SX TREATMENT

DM (DIABETES MELLITUS) TYPE 1 DIABETES

MELLITUS

an autoimmune disease
It is unclear what 1. Polydipsia or 1. Insulin shots (Rapid-
that leads to the
specifically causes type 1 feeling more acting, Regular or
destruction of insulin-
thirsty than usual short-acting,
producing pancreatic beta diabetes. Normally, the
Intermediate-acting,
cells. pancreas insulin-producing
2. Polyuria or Long-acting)
(islet) cells are destroyed
urinating a lot
Happens when the by the body's immune 2. Lifestyle Changes
pancreas produces little or system, which is 3. Bed-wetting in (Exercise)
no insulin,
responsible for battling children who have
dangerous bacteria and never wet the bed 3. Pancreas Transplant,
viruses. during the night Kidney Transplant, Islet
Cell Transplant
4. Polyphagia or an
Other root causes include:
increase in hunger
• Genetics
and food
• Exposure to viruses and consumption
other elements of the
environment 5. Losing weight

6. Feeling irritable or
having other
mood changes

7. Feeling tired and

weak Having
blurry vision

TYPE 2 DIABETES
MELLITUS
1. Cells in muscle, fat, 1. Polydipsia or
and the liver develop increased thirst
develops when the body's
insulin resistance, 1. There's no cure for type
cells do not respond to which prevents the 2. Polyuria or 2 diabetes. Losing
insulin properly (called cells from absorbing frequent urination weight, eating well and
insulin resistance). The adequate sugar. exercising can help
pancreas can still produce 3. Polyphagia or manage the disease. If
some insulin, unlike in 2. The pancreas is increased hunger diet and exercise aren't
unable to produce enough to control
type 1 diabetes, but not
enough insulin to blood sugar, diabetes
enough to overcome 4. Unintended
maintain healthy medications or insulin
insulin resistance. weight loss
blood sugar levels. therapy may be
recommended.
5. Fatigue
2. Metformin (Fortamet,
6. Blurred vision Glumetza, others) is
generally the first
7. Slow-healing medicine prescribed for
sores type 2 diabetes.

8. Frequent
infections 3. Roux-en-Y Gastric
Bypass, Sleeve
9. Numbness or Gastrectomy, Single
tingling in the Anastomosis Duodeno-
hands or feet Ileal Bypass With
 Sleeve Gastrectomy
10. Areas of darkened (SADI-S
skin, usually in the
armpits and neck

Gestational diabetes
does not usually cause
any symptoms. Most
cases
GESTATIONAL DIABETES are only discovered
when your blood sugar special meal plans and
Being overweight or
levels are tested during scheduled physical activity,
occurs when your body having obesity is linked to
screening for and it may also include daily
can't make enough insulin gestational diabetes.
gestational diabetes. blood glucose testing and
during your pregnancy. Women who are
insulin injections.
overweight or have
obesity may already have Some women may
insulin resistance when develop symptoms if
they become pregnant. their blood sugar levels
Gaining too much weight gets too
during pregnancy may also high (hyperglycemia),
be a factor. such as:

Having a family history of • increased thirst

diabetes makes it more • needing to pee more
likely that a woman will often than usual
develop gestational • a dry mouth
diabetes, • Tiredness
• blurred eyesight
• genital itching or
thrush

ANEMIA

1. APLASTIC blood condition that damage to stem cell 1. Fatigue blood transfusions or a stem
ANEMIA occurs when your bone inside your bone marrow cell transplant, also known
marrow cannot make 2. Shortness of as a bone marrow
enough new blood cells The most common cause breath transplant.
of aplastic anemia is from
your immune system 3. Rapid or irregular
attacking the stem cells in heart rate
your bone marrow.
4. Pale skin

5. Frequent or
prolonged
infections

6. Unexplained or
easy bruising

7. Nosebleeds and
bleeding gums
 8. Prolonged
bleeding from
cuts

9. Skin rash

10. Dizziness

11. Headache

12. Fever

1. Pale skin

2. Headache,
1. Diets low in iron. A
dizziness or
2. IRON It happens when your child gets iron from 1. Iron-rich diet.
lightheadedness
DEFICIENCY body doesn’t have enough the food in their diet.
ANEMIA iron to make hemoglobin But only a small
3. Being grouchy Good sources of iron include
amount of the iron in
(irritable) or fussy the following:
food is actually
absorbed by the
body. 4. Lack of energy or  Meats, such as beef,
tiring easily pork, lamb, liver, and
(fatigue) other organ meats
2. Body changes. When
the body goes
through a growth 5. Chest pain, fast  Leafy greens of the
spurt, it needs more heartbeat or cabbage family, such as
iron for making more shortness of broccoli, kale, turnip
red blood cells. breath greens, and collards

3. Gastrointestinal (GI) 6. Sore or swollen 2. Iron supplements such

tract problems. Poor tongue as ferrous sulfate,
absorption of iron is ferrous gluconate and
common after some 7. Wanting to eat ferrous fumarate.
forms of GI surgeries. odd substances,
When you eat foods such as dirt or ice
containing iron, most (also called pica)
of the iron is
absorbed in the
upper small intestine.
Any abnormalities in
the GI tract could
alter iron absorption
and cause iron-
deficiency anemia.

4. Blood loss. Loss of

blood can cause a
decrease of iron.
Sources of blood loss
may include GI
bleeding, menstrual
bleeding, or injury.

1. Weakened stomach
lining 1. Fatigue
2. Weakness
 2. inability to absorb 3. Headaches
vitamin B12. 4. chest pain
5. Shortness of
breath
6. pale skin vitamin B12 shots or pills
3. PERNICIOUS Pernicious anemia 7. Loss of appetite
ANEMIA happens when the body
cannot absorb enough
vitamin B12 in the small
intestine, causing a drop in
red blood cells.

This condition occurs

when the body's immune
system attacks cells in the
stomach that produce a
substance called intrinsic
factor. Without this
substance, B-12 can't be  Dietary 1. Tiredness
absorbed in the intestines. insufficiency/Malnut (fatigue).
rition or not eating a
varied diet that
2. Weakness in
includes fruits,
muscle strength
vegetables, and
lack of folic acid in the during your daily
fortified foods
blood activities.
Eating a healthy diet. This
4. FOLIC ACID  Having includes foods rich in folic
3. Lightheadedness
DEFICIENCY malabsorptive acid, such as nuts, leafy
or feeling like you
ANEMIA disorder/Gastrointes green vegetables, enriched
might faint.
tinal diseases such as breads and cereals, and
Celiac disease can fruit.
reduce folic 4. Pale skin (pallor).
absorption
Taking folic acid
5. Racing, pounding
supplement
 Drugs such as or missed
methotrexate, heartbeats (heart
phenytoin, palpitations).
sulfasalazine, and
trimethoprim can 6. Shortness of
antagonize folate breath (dyspnea).
utilization, inhibit its
absorption or
conversation to its
active form resulting
in folate deficiency.

 Sickle cell disease is

purely a genetic
condition/hereditary. 1. paleness of skin,
lips, or nailbed
 It occurs when a
person inherits two 2. fever
copies of a gene that
codes for hemoglobin 3. yellow sclera
“S,” an abnormal (jaundice)
form of hemoglobin

a serious disease in which 4. enlarged spleen

1. blood transfusions
the body makes "sickle- and liver
shaped" red blood cells.
5. SICKLE CELL 2. antibiotics to treat
Genetic defect leads to 5. acute back, joint
ANEMIA infections and
abnormal hemoglobin, and abdominal
 which becomes sharp and pain medications that
sickle shaped under reduce symptoms
conditions of increased 6. dizziness caused by sickle cell
oxygen use by body anemia complications.
These medications may
7. feeling tired
include hydroxyurea,
voxlelotor, L-glutamine
8. shortness of therapy and
breath crizanlizumab

Inherited 1. Pale skin

With the inherited type,
parents pass the genes for 2. Jaundice, or
the condition on to their yellowing of the
children. skin and eyes

Two common causes of 3. Dark-colored

this type of anemia are urine and stool
sickle cell anemia and
thalassemia. These
a disorder in which the red 4. Fever
conditions produce red 1. blood transfusions,
blood cells are destroyed blood cells that don’t live
faster than the bone as long as normal red 5. Weakness
2. Corticosteroids: Such as
marrow can make them. blood cells Prednisone can
6. Dizziness suppress an overactive
6. HEMOLYTIC
ANEMIA immune system. This
Acquired 7. Confusion limits the destruction
of the red blood cells.
With this type of anemia, 8. Intolerance to
you are not born with a physical activity 3. Plasmapheresis
certain condition. Your
body makes normal red 9. Enlargement of 4. blood and marrow
blood cells, but they are the spleen and stem cell transplants
later destroyed. This may liver
happen because of: 5. lifestyle changes
10. Dyspnea
- Certain infections,
which may be viral or
bacterial

- Medicines, such as
penicillin,
antimalarial drugs,
sulfa medicines, or
acetylsalicylic acid
- Autoimmune
disorders
- An overactive spleen
(hypersplenism)

PREGNANCY INDUCED a form of high blood 1. pre-existing 1. Increased blood 1. bedrest (either at
HYPERTENSION (PIH) pressure in pregnancy. hypertension (high pressure. home or in the hospital
 blood pressure) may be recommended).
2. kidney disease 2. Absence or
3. diabetes 2. hospitalization (as
presence of
4. PIH with a previous specialized personnel
pregnancy protein in the
and equipment may be
5. mother's age younger urine (to diagnose necessary).
than 20 or older than gestational
40 hypertension or 3. magnesium sulfate (or
6. multiple fetuses preeclampsia) other antihypertensive
(twins, triplets) medications for PIH).
3. Edema (swelling)
4. fetal monitoring (to
check the health of the
4. Sudden weight fetus when the mother
gain. has PIH)

5. Visual changes 5. continued laboratory

such as blurred or testing of urine and
blood (for changes that
double vision.
may signal worsening
of PIH).
6. Nausea, vomiting.
6. medications, called
corticosteroids, that
7. Right-sided upper
may help mature the
abdominal pain or
lungs of the fetus (lung
pain around the immaturity is a major
stomach. problem of premature
babies).

7. delivery of the baby (if

treatments do not
control PIH or if the
fetus or mother is in
danger). Cesarean
delivery may be
recommended, in some
cases.

DIC (DISSEMINATED a rare and serious DIC is usually caused by 1. Bruising. 1. Plasma transfusions to
INTRAVASCULAR condition that disrupts inflammation from an 2. Blood clots. reduce bleeding.
COAGULATION) your blood flow. It is a infection, injury, or illness. Plasma transfusion
3. Confusion,
blood clotting disorder replace blood clotting
that can turn into memory loss or factors affected by DIC.
uncontrollable bleeding. Some common causes change of
include: Sepsis: This is a behavior. 2. Transfusions of red
body-wide response to 4. Difficulty blood cells and/or
infection that causes breathing. platelets.
inflammation. 5. Fever.
3. Anti-coagulant
medication (blood
Sepsis is the most
thinners) (warfarin) to
common risk factor for prevent blood clotting.
DIC.

a condition where the 1. The baby is very 1. Your baby's head 1. Cesarean Section
 CEPHALOPELVIC baby has trouble getting
DISPROPORTION (CPD) through the birth canal
because of the size of the
baby’s head, the baby’s
position, or the size or
shape of the mother’s
pelvis.
CRYPTORCHIDISM a condition in which one
(UNDESCENDED or both of the testes fails
TESTICLES)
to drop into the normal
place in the scrotum.
large.
2. The baby’s position is
problematic.
3. The mother’s pelvis
is too small or has an
abnormal shape.
1. It’s not known why the
testicles fail to drop.
2. It may be because the
testicles aren’t normal to
start with.
3. They may end up next
to the scrotum instead
(ectopic testicles). Or, the
baby's hormones can't
stimulate the testicles the
way they should.
isn't moving toward
the pelvic opening. 2. May try letting labor go
on a while longer
2. Contractions aren't
strong enough to move 3. Mother may try moving
your baby along the
into different positions, such
birth canal.
as squatting or kneeling on
hands and knees, which
3. Slow or no thinning might facilitate baby’s
or dilation of your passage.
cervix.
 When both are An undescended testicle is
undescended, the usually corrected with
scrotum looks flat surgery. The surgeon
and smaller than carefully manipulates the
you'd expect it to testicle into the scrotum and
be. stitches it into place
(orchiopexy). This
 Not feeling any procedure can be done
testicle in its either with a laparoscope or
with open surgery
original position
Hormone treatment
involves the injection of
human chorionic
gonadotropin (HCG). This
hormone could cause the
testicle to move to your
son's scrotum. Hormone
treatment is not usually
recommended because it is
much less effective than
surgery