Fluid Machinery MADE Mechanics nd Fluid JEASy 19s from laminar to transitional state ~ low changes from transitional state to turbulent turbulent flow Is called transitional state, laminar and turbulent flow was governey forces. Reynolds related the inertia tg, Visco 214 | Mechanical Engineering ¢ Fluld (Lower Critical Velocity : At which low chang (i) Upper Critical Volocity : At which Il (c) The state of flow betwoen laminar and | occurrence of a! © Reynolds discovered that he relative magnitudes of the inertia. and the viscou forces andavrived ata dimensiontoss parameter Inertia force Re = Viscoustorce the inertia force F,is given by : ion ‘According to Newton's second law of mo cernoron ra aes x acceleration =p x volume x acceleration L 3b 2 pl2v? = pxlxaz =P similarly viscous force F, is given by Newton's law of viscosity as We po rxarea= gee = HM pliv? avL VL Re = 2— i" AN) Reynolds number, p = mass density of fluid, V= mean velocity jiameter of pipe for pipe flow (D) Re Where, Re = L = characteristic lengl ht = dynamic viscosily pu_vO * For pipe flow, Re= Try a @) kinematic viscosit Where, ve * Forllow through noncircular pipes, the Reynolds number is bi : ased i Faron on the hydraulic diameter, s o,- = P ge ee A, = cross-sectional area of pipe, P= welled perimeter 1e hydraulic diameter is the equivalent diameter of the given size of non-circul: “circular pipe, MADE E&I —— irene Scanned with CamScannerSu pe EASY “ a Flow Through P nF on ough Pipes | 3245 dab Or" Fav) arb D, = Aah 2avb Figure 9.3. Hydraulic Diamotors for various suctlons + The limiting values of Reynolds number for various kinds of flow in diferent low conditions are given below. Flow Condition Reynolds Number (Ro) Type of Flow < 2000 Laminar Flow in pipes 2000 - 4000 Transition > 4000 Turbulent < 1000 Laminar Flow between parallel plates 1000 - 2000 Transition > 2000 Turbulent < 500 Laminar Flow in wide open channets 500- 1000 Transition > 1000 Turbulent 9.3 Laws of Fluid Friction The frictional resistance offered to the llow depends on the t z 'ype of flow. The laws of fluid friction for the two types of flows: 93.1 ForLaminar Flow (i) Proportional to velocity of ow (i). Independent of pressure (ii) Proportional to the area ol surface in contact {iv) Independent of the nature of the surface in contact () Greally affected by the variation of the temperature of the flowing fluid (vi) Affected by density of fluid “NOTE @) Thereason or the resistance in he case oflaminarllow being independent of the nature of a the surface in contact, is that when a fluid past a surface with velocily less than critical velocity, a film of almost stationary fluid is formed over the surface, which prevents the flowing uid to come in contact with the boundary surface. (b) In laminar tlow the resistance is due to viscosity only and the viscosity ofa fluid depends onits temperature. a Si ADE EASy | Wwwwmadeeasypubliationsow Scanned with CamScanner