Data:

8.8 9.5 9.8 9.4 10 9.4 10.1 9.2 11.3 9.4 10 10.4 7.9
10.4 9.8 9.8 9.5 8.9 8.8 10.6 10.1 9.5 9.6 10.2 8.9

For the given data, we can determine

a. Mean
Mean is the average value of several pieces of data. The mean is a measure of the center of
the data. The mean cannot be used as a measure of center for nominal and ordinal data
types. The mean is formulated to be:
n

Σ Xi 8.8+9.5+ 9.8+…+8.9 241.3

= =9.652
i=1
χ=
n
25 25
=
by using the data that has been given, the mean of the data is obtained 9.652.
b. Standard Deviation
The standard deviation is a value that indicates the magnitude of the average deviation of all
values in the data group from the central value by eliminating the possibility of a zero value
by squaring it.

S=
√∑
1
n
2
( X 1− X ) =0.688837
by using the data that has been given, the standard deviation of the data is obtained
0.688837.
c. Variance
Variance is a measure of the spread of the data which is measured by how far the data is
spread around the average.
1
n∑ 1
2 2
S= ( X − X ) =0.474496
by using the data that has been given, the standard deviation of the data is obtained
0.474496
d. Coeficient of Variation
The Coefficient of Variation is the ratio of the Standard Deviation (Standard Deviation) to the
Calculated Average and is expressed as a percentage. The use of the coefficient of variation is
to see the distribution/distribution of the data from the calculated average. The smaller the
coefficient of variation, the more homogeneous the data (uniform), while the greater the
coefficient of variation, the more heterogeneous (varied) the data.
S
CV = ×100 %=0.071367
x
e. the 95% confidence interval for the mean
confidence interval is a parameter used to determine the accuracy of the mean of a sample.
To calculate the confidence interval we can use the mean, standard error, and degree of
freedom. Following are the steps to calculate the confidence interval
1. We already know the mean data from previous calculations, which is 9.652.
2. Then we must determine the standard error. The standard error is the value of the
standard deviation divided by the square root of the number of measurements. Because
the number of our measurements (n) is 25, the standard error of the data is:
 S S 0.688837
S E= = =0.13776 7
√n √25
3. then we will determine the level of confidence. The confidence level used in this
question is 95%. then our alpha or error limit is
100 %−95 %=5 %∨0.0 5
4. the degree of freedom in this data is
df =n−1=25−1=2 4
5. We must determine the critical t value. the critical value of t can be seen through the
table of t values with a df of 24 and an alpha of 0.05.
t ( 24 ,0.05 )=2.064
6. Then we can calculate the confidence limit by:
CI =x ± [ t ( df , 0.05 ) × SE ]
CI =9.652 ± [ 2.064 × 0.137767 ]
CI =9.652 ± [ 0.284352 ]
CI =9.367648−9.934352
then we can say that we are 95% confident that the average of the data will be between
9.367648 to 9.93452
f. a histogram using a range from 7.5 to 11.5 with intervals of 0.5