Trigonometry 10th Edition Larson Solutions Manual Download

Trigonometry 10th Edition Larson Solutions Manual
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C H AP TER 4
Complex Numbers
Section 4.1 Complex Numbers..............................................................................348
Section 4.2 Complex Solutions of Equations .......................................................354
Section 4.3 The Complex Plane ............................................................................366
Section 4.4 Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number .....................................369
Section 4.5 DeMoivre’s Theorem .........................................................................379
Review Exercises ........................................................................................................399
Problem Solving .........................................................................................................413
Practice Test .............................................................................................................418
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
C H A P T E R 4
Complex Numbers
Section 4.1 Complex Numbers
1. real 13. 1 − −12 = 1 − 2 3 i
2. imaginary
14. 2 − −18 = 2 − 3 2 i
3. pure imaginary
15. − 40 = 2 10 i
4. −1; −1
16. − 27 = 3 3 i
5. principal square
6. complex conjugates 17. 23
7. a + bi = 9 + 8i 18. 50
a = 9 19. −6i + i 2 = −6i + ( −1)

b = 8
= −1 − 6 i
8. a + bi = 10 − 5i
a = 10 20. − 2i 2 + 4i = − 2( −1) + 4 i
b = −5 = 2 + 4i
9. ( a − 2) + (b + 1)i = 6 + 5i 21. − 0.04 = 0.04 i
a −2 = 6  a = 8 = 0.2i
b +1= 5  b = 4
22. − 0.0025 = 0.0025 i
10. ( a + 2) + (b − 3)i = 4 + 7i = 0.05i

a + 2 = 4  a = 2
23. (5 + i ) + ( 2 + 3i ) = 5 + i + 2 + 3i
b − 3 = 7  b = 10
= 7 + 4i
11. 2 + − 25 = 2 + 5i
24. (13 − 2i ) + ( −5 + 6i ) = 8 + 4i
12. 4 + − 49 = 4 + 7i
25. (9 − i ) − (8 − i ) = 1
26. (3 + 2i) − (6 + 13i ) = 3 + 2i − 6 − 13i

= −3 − 11i
(
27. − 2 + ) (
−8 + 5 − )
−50 = − 2 + 2 2i + 5 − 5 2i = 3 − 3 2i
(
28. 8 + ) ( )
−18 − 4 + 3 2i = 8 + 3 2i − 4 − 3 2i = 4
29. 13i − (14 − 7i ) = 13i − 14 + 7i 31. (1 + i)(3 − 2i ) = 3 − 2i + 3i − 2i 2
= −14 + 20i = 3+i + 2 = 5+i
348 © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
30. 25 + ( −10 + 11i ) + 15i = 15 + 26i 32. (7 − 2i )(3 − 5i) = 21 − 35i − 6i + 10i 2
= 21 − 41i − 10
= 11 − 41i
348 © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Sectio n 4.1 Complex Nu mbers 349
33. 12i(1 − 9i) = 12i − 108i 2 44. The complex conjugate of −15 = 15i is − 15i.
= 12i + 108
( )(
15i − 15i = −15i 2 = 15 )
= 108 + 12i
45. The complex conjugate of 6 is 6.

34. −8i (9 + 4i ) = −72i − 32i 2
= 32 − 72i ( 6 )( 6 ) = 6
35. ( 2 + 3i )( )
2 − 3i = 2 − 9t 2 46. The complex conjugate of 1 + 8 is 1 + 8.
= 2 + 9 = 11 (1 + 8 1+ )( )
8 =1+ 2 8 +8
= 9+ 4 2
(
36. 4 + )(
7i 4 − )
7i = 16 − 7i 2
= 16 + 7 = 23 2 2 4 + 5i
47. = ⋅
4 − 5i 4 − 5i 4 + 5i
37. (6 + 7i ) = 36 + 84i + 49i 2

2
2( 4+ 5i ) 8 + 10i 8 10
= = = + i
= 36 + 84i − 49 16 + 25 41 41 41
= −13 + 84i
13 (1 + i) 13 + 13i 13 + 13i 13 13
48. ⋅ = = = + i
1−i (1 + i) 1 − i2 2 2 2
38. (5 − 4i ) = 25 − 40i + 16i 2
2
= 25 − 40i − 16 5+i (5 + i ) 25 + 10i + i 2

49.
⋅ =
= 9 − 40i 5−i (5 + i ) 25 − i 2
24 + 10i 12 5
= = + i
39. The complex conjugate of 9 + 2i is 9 − 2i. 26 13 13
(9 + 2i )(9 − 2i ) = 81 − 4i 2
= 81 + 4 6 − 7i 1 + 2i 6 + 12i − 7i − 14i 2
50. ⋅ =
1 − 2i 1 + 2i 1 − 4i 2
= 85
20 + 5i
= = 4+i
40. The complex conjugate of 8 − 10i is 8 + 10i. 5
(8 − 10i )(8 + 10i ) = 64 − 100i 2
9 − 4i −i = −9i + 4i 2
= 64 + 100 51. ⋅ = − 4 − 9i
i −i −i 2
= 164
8 + 16i − 2i −16i − 32i 2

52. ⋅ = = 8 − 4i
41. The complex conjugate of −1 − 5i is −1 + 5i. 2i − 2i − 4i 2
(−1 − )(
5i −1 + )
5i = 1 − 5i 2
3i = 3i = 3i ⋅ − 9 + 40i
53.
=1+5 = 6 (4 − 5i)
2
16 − 40i + 25i 2 −9 − 40i −9 + 40i
2
42. The complex conjugate of −3 + 2i is −3 − − 27i + 120i −120 − 27i

2i. = =
81 + 1600 1681
(−3 + )(
2i −3 − )
2i = 9 − 2i 2
= −
120
−
27
i
= 9 + 2 1681 1681
= 11 5i 5i
54. =
(2 + 3i )
2 4 + 12i + 9i 2
43. The complex conjugate of − 20 = 2 5i is − 2 5i .
5i − 5 − 12i
(2 5i)(− 2 5i) = − 20i 2
= 20 =
−5 + 12i
⋅
−5 − 12i
− 25i − 60i 2
=
25 − 144i 2
60 − 25i 60 25
= = − i
169 169 169
350 Chapter 4 Complex Nu mb ers
2
−
3
=
2(1 − i) − 3(1 + i ) 1+i 3 (1 + i)(4 − i ) − 3i
55. 58. − =
1+ i 1−i (1 + i)(1 − i ) i 4−i i( 4 − i )

2
2 − 2i − 3 − 3i 4 − i + 4i − i − 3i
= =
1+1 4i − i 2
−1 − 5i 5 1 − 4i
= = ⋅
2 1 + 4i 1 − 4i
1
= − − i
5 5 − 20i
=
2 2 1 − 16i 2
5 20
= − i
2i 5 2i( 2 − i ) + 5( 2 + i ) 17 17
56. + =
2 +i 2 −i (2 + i )( 2 − i )
=
4i − 2i 2 + 10 + 5i 59. −6 ⋅ −2 = ( 6i )( 2i =) ( )
12i 2 = 2 3 ( −1)
4 − i2
= −2 3
12 + 9i
=
5
12 9
60. −5 ⋅ −10 = ( 5i)( 10i )
= + i
5 5 = 50i 2 = 5 2 ( −1) = −5 2
i(3 + 8i ) + 2i(3 − 2i )
57.
i
+
2i
=
61. ( −15 ) = ( 15i ) = 15i 2 = −15
3 − 2i 3 + 8i (3 − 2i )(3 + 8i ) 2 2
3i + 8i 2 + 6i − 4i 2
( ) ( )
2 2
= 62. − 75 = 75i = 75i2 = − 75
9 + 24i − 6i − 16i 2
4i 2 + 9i
= −8 + −50 = 8i +
9 + 18i + 16 63. 50 i
− 4 + 9i 25 − 18i = 2 2i + 5 2i
= ⋅
25 + 18i 25 − 18i = 7 2i
−100 + 72i + 225i − 162i 2
=
625 + 324
64. − 45 − −5 = 45 i − 5i
62 + 297i
= = 62 + 297 i
949 949 949 = 3 5i − 5i
= 2 5i
(
65. 3 + )(
−5 7 − ) (
−10 = 3 + )(
5i 7 − 10i )
= 21 − 3 10i + 7 5i − 50i 2
= 21 +( ) (
50 + 7 5 − 3 10 i )
( ) (
= 21 + 5 2 + 7 5 − 3 10 i )
( ) ( )( ) 67. x 2 − 2x + 2 = 0; a = 1, b = − 2, c = 2
2
66. 2 − −6 = 2− 6i 2 − 6i
= 4 − 2 6i − 2 6i + 6i 2 − ( − 2) ± ( − 2)
2
− 4(1)( 2)
x =
= 4 − 2 6i − 2 6i + 6( −1) 2(1)
= 4 − 6 − 4 6i 2 ± −4
=
2
= −2 − 4 6i
2 ± 2i
=
2
=1±i
68. x 2 + 6x + 10 = 0; a = 1, b = 6, c = 10 72. 16t 2 − 4t + 3 = 0; a = 16, b = − 4, c = 3
−6 ± 6 2 − 4(1)(10) − ( − 4) ± ( − 4) 2 − 4(16)(3)
x = t =
2(1)
2(16)
−6 ± −4 4 ± −176
= =
2 32
− 6 + 2i
= 4 ± 4 11i
2 =
32
= −3 ± i
1 11
= ± i
8 8
69. 4x 2 + 16x + 17 = 0; a = 4, b = 16, c = 17
x =
−16 ± (16)2 − 4(4)(17) 73.
3 2
x − 6x + 9 = 0 Multiply both sides by 2.
2( 4) 2
3x 2 − 12x + 18 = 0; a = 3, b = −12, c = 18
−16 ± −16
= 2
8 − ( −12) ± (−12) − 4(3)(18)

x =
−16 ± 4i 2(3)
=
8
12 ± − 72
1 =
= −2 ± i 6
2
12 ± 6 2i
=
6
70. 9x 2 − 6x + 37 = 0; a = 9, b = − 6, c = 37
= 2± 2i
− ( − 6) ± (−6)2 − 4(9)(37)
x =
2(9) 74.
7 2 3
x − x +
5
= 0 Multiply both sides by 16.
8 4 16
6 ± −1296
=
18 14x 2 − 12x + 5 = 0; a = 14, b = −12, c = 5
6 ± 36i 1
= = ± 2i − ( −12) ± (−12)2 − 4(14)(5)
18 3 x =
2(14)
71. 4x 2 + 16x + 21 = 0; a = 4, b = 16, c = 21 12 ± −136

=
28
x =
−16 ± (16)2 − 4(4)(21) 12 ± 2 34i
2( 4) =
28
−16 ± − 80 3 34
= = ± i
8 7 14
−16 ± 80 i
=
8 75. 1.4x 2 − 2x + 10 = 0  14x 2 − 20x + 100 = 0;
−16 ± 4 5 i a = 14, b = − 20, c = 100
=
8
− ( −20) ± (− 20)2 − 4(14)(100)
5 x =
= −2 ± i 2(14)
2
20 ± −5200
=
28
20 ± 20 13 i 28
=
20 20 13 i
= ±
28 28
5 5 13
= ± i
7 7
76. 4.5x 2 − 3x + 12 = 0; a = 4.5, b = −3, c = 12 78. 4i 2 − 2i 3 = 4i 2 − 2i 2i = 4( −1) − 2(−1)i = − 4 + 2i
− ( −3) ± (−3) − 4(4.5)(12)

2
x = 79. −14i 5 = −14i 2i 2i = −14(−1)(−1)(i) = −14i
2( 4.5)
3± − 207 80. ( − i ) = ( −1)(i 3 ) = ( −1)i 2i = ( −1)( −1)i = i

3
=
9
3 3
=
3 ± 3 23i
9
81. ( − 72 ) (
= 6 2i )
3
3 3
=
1
±
23
i
= 6 ( 2) i
3 3
(
= 216 2 2 i 2i )
77. − 6i + i = −6i i + i
3 2 2 2
= 432 2 ( −1)i
= −6( −1)i + ( −1) = − 432 2i
= 6i − 1
= −1 + 6i
6 6
−2 = = 8i 6 = 8i i i = 8 −1 −1 −1 = −8
2 2 2
82. ( ) ( ) 2i
( )( )( )
1 1 1 1 i i
83. = = = ⋅ = = i
i3 i 2i −i −i i − i2
1 = 1 = 1 = 1 = 1 ⋅ 8i = 8i 1
84. = i
(2i ) −8i −8i − 64i
3 3 2 2
8i 8i i 8i 8
85. (3i ) = 81i = 81i i = 81( −1)( −1) = 81

4
4 2 2
86. ( −i ) = i 6 = i 2i 2i 2 = ( −1)( −1)( −1) = −1

6
87. (a) z1 = 9 + 16i, z2 = 20 − 10i
1 1 1 1 1 20 − 10i + 9 + 16i 29 + 6i
(b) = + = + = =
z z1 z2 9 + 16i 20 − 10i (9 + 16i )( 20 − 10i ) 340 + 230i
 340 + 230i  29 − 6i  11,240 + 4630i 11,240 4630

z = = = + i
  
29 + 6i 29 − 6i 877 877 877
  
88. (a) (−1 + 3i )

3
= ( −1) + 3( −1)
3 2
( 3i) + 3(−1)( 3i) 2
+ ( 3i) 3
= −1 + 3 3i − 9i 2 + 3 3i 3
= −1 + 3 3i − 9i 2 + 3 3i 2i
= −1 + 3 3i + 9 − 3 3i
= 8
(b) (−1 − 3i )
3
= ( −1) + 3( −1) −
3 2
( )
3i + 3( −1) − ( 3i ) 2
(
+ − 3i ) 3
= −1 − 3 3i − 9i 2 − 3 3i 3
= −1 − 3 3i − 9i 2 − 3 3i 2i
= −1 − 3 3i + 9 + 3 3i
= 8
89. False.
Sample answer: (1 + i ) + (3 + i) = 4 + 2i which is not a real number.
90. False.
If b = 0 then a + bi = a − bi = a.
That is, if the complex number is real, the number equals its conjugate.
91. True.
x 4 − x 2 + 14 = 56
4 2 ?
( −i 6 ) − −i ( 6 ) + 14 = 56
?
36 + 6 + 14 = 56
56 = 56
92. False.
22 75 37 54 30
44 150 74 109 61 2 2 2 2 2
i + i − i − i + i ( )
= i ( )
+ i ( )
− i − i ( ) i + i ( ) i
= (−1) + ( −1) − (−1) − (−1) i + (−1) i

22 75 37 54 30
= 1−1+1− i + i = 1
93. i = i 94. (i) D
i 2 = −1 (ii) F
i 3 = −i (iii) B
(iv) E
i4 = 1
(v) A
i 5 = i 4i = i
(vi) C
i 6 = i 4i 2 = −1
i 7 = i 4i 3 = −i 95. −6 −6 = 6i 6i = 6i 2 = −6
i = i i =1
8 4 4
1 2
i 9 = i 4i 4i = i 96. ( a1 + b1i )( a2 + b2i ) = a1a2 + a1b2i + a2b1i + b b i 2
i10 = i 4i 4i 2 = −1 = ( a1a2 − b1b2 ) + ( a1b2 + a2b1 )i
i11 = i 4i 4i 3 = −i The complex conjugate of this product is
i12 = i 4i 4i 4 = 1 (a1a2 − b1b2 ) − ( a1b2 + a2b1 )i.
The pattern i, −1, −i, 1 repeats. Divide the exponent

The product of the complex conjugates is
by 4.
If the remainder is 1, the result is i.
(a1 − b1i )( a2 − b2i ) = a1a2 − a1b2i − a2b1i − b1 b2 i 2
If the remainder is 2, the result is −1. = ( a1a2 − b1b2 ) − ( a1b2 + a2b1 )i.
If the remainder is 3, the result is − i. So, the complex conjugate of the product of two complex
If the remainder is 0, the result is 1. numbers is the product of their complex conjugates.
97. ( a1 + b1i) + ( a2 + b2i ) = ( a1 + a2 ) + (b1 + b2 )i
The complex conjugate of this sum is ( a1 + a2 ) − (b1 + b2 )i.
The sum of the complex conjugates is (a1 − b1i) + ( a2 − b2i) = (a1 + a2 ) − (b1 + b2 )i.
So, the complex conjugate of the sum of two complex numbers is the sum of their complex conjugates.
354 Chapter 4 Complex Numb ers
Section 4.2 Complex Solutions of Equations

1. Fundamental Theorem; Algebra 13. 1 2
x + 6
x −8 = 0
5 5
2. Linear Factorization Theorem a = 1, b = 6

, c = −8
5 5
2
2 6 1
3. complex conjugates b − 4ac = (5) −4 ( 5 )(−8) = 196
25
> 0
4. discriminant There are two real solutions.
5. 2x3 + 3x + 1 = 0 has degree 3 so there are three 14. −2x 2 + 11x − 2 = 0

solutions in the complex number system. a = −2, b = 11, c = −2
6. x 6 + 4x 2 + 12 = 0 b 2 − 4ac = 112 − 4( −2)( −2) = 105 > 0

The degree of the polynomial is 6, so the equation has There are two real solutions.
six solutions in the complex number system.
15. x 2 − 5 = 0
7. 50 − 2x 4 = 0 has degree 4, so there are four solutions x2 = 5
in the complex number system.

x = ± 5
8. 14 − x + 4x − 7x = 0
2 5
2
16. 3x − 1 = 0
−7x 5 + 4x 2 − x + 14 = 0
1
The degree of the polynomial is 5, so the equation has x2 =
3
five solutions in the complex number system.
3
x = ±
9. 2x 2 − 5x + 5 = 0 3
a = 2, b = −5, c = 5
2 17. 2 − 2x − x 2 = 0
b 2 − 4ac = ( −5) − 4(2)(5) = −15 < 0
− x 2 − 2x + 2 = 0
Both solutions are imaginary.
x 2 + 2x = 2
10. 2x 2 − x − 1 = 0 x 2 + 2x + 1 = 2 + 1
a = 2, b = −1, c = −1 (x 2
+ 1) = 3
2
b 2 − 4ac = ( −1) − 4( 2)( −1) = 9 > 0 x +1 = ± 3
There is one repeated real solution. x = −1 ± 3
11. 4x 2 + 12x + 9 = 0 18. x 2 + 10 + 8x = 0

a = 4, b = 12, c = 9
x 2 + 8x = −10
2
b − 4ac = (12) − 4( 4)(9) = 0
2
2
x + 8x + 16 = −10 + 16
There is one repeated real solution. (x 2
+ 4) = 6
12. x 2 − 4x + 53 = 0 x + 4 = ± 6
a = 1, b = −4, c = 53 x = −4 ± 6
2
b 2 − 4ac = (−4) − 4(1)(53) = −196 < 0
19. x 2 − 8x + 16 = 0
There are no real solutions. 2
(x − 4) = 0
x = 4
20. 4x 2 + 4x + 1 = 0
2
( 2x + 1) = 0
x = − 12
Sectio n 4.2 Complex Solution s of Equ ation s 355
21. x 2 + 2x + 5 = 0 26. x 4 + 2x 2 − 8 = 0
x =
−2 ± 2 2 − 4(1)(5) ( x2 )(
− 2 x2 + 4 = 0 )
2(1) (x + )(
2 x− )
2 ( x + 2i )( x − 2i ) = 0
−2 ± −16
= Setting each factor to zero yields the solutions
2
x = − 2, x = 2, x = 2i, and x = − 2i.
−2 ± 4i
=
2
27. x 4 − 5x 2 − 6 = 0
= −1 ± 2i
( x2 )(
− 6 x2 + 1 = 0 )
22. x 2 + 16x + 65 = 0
(x + )(
6 x
−
)
6 (x
+
i )( x
−
i)
=
0
− (16) ± (16)
2
− 4(1)(65)
x = Setting each factor to zero yields the solutions
2(1) x = − 6, x = 6, x = i, and x = −i.

−16 ± −4
= 4 2
2 28. x + x − 72 = 0
=
−16 ± 2i ( x2 − 8)( x2 )
+9 = 0
2
= −8 ± i ( x + 2 2 )( x − 2 2 )( x + 3i)( x − 3i) = 0
Setting each factor to zero yields the solutions
23. 4x 2 − 4x + 5 = 0 x = −2 2, x = 2 2, x = 3i, and x = −3i.
−( −4) ± (−4)2 − 4(4)(5)

x = 29. (a) 4
2( 4)
4± −64
=
8
4 ± 8i −6 10
= − 11
8
=
1
±i (b) f ( x) = x3 − 4x 2 + x − 4
2 x3 − 4x 2 + x − 4 = 0
24. 4x 2 − 4x + 21 = 0 x 2 ( x − 4) + 1( x − 4) = 0
−( −4) ± (−4)
2
− 4( 4)( 21) ( x 2 + 1)( x − 4) = 0
x = 2
2( 4) x + 1 = 0  x = ±i
x − 4 = 0  x = 4
4± −320
= Zeros: x = ±i, 4
8
1 i8 5 (c) The graph has one x-intercept and the function has
= ± one real zero. The number of real zeros equals the
2 8
number of x-intercepts. Each x-intercept represents a
1
= ± 5i real solution of the equation f ( x) = 0.
2
25. (x +
x
4
−
6
7 x )( x
− 2
−
7
=
0
( x2
−
7 x )(
2
+
1 = )
0
7
)
(
x
+
i
)
(
x
−
i
)
=
0
Setting each factor to zero yields the solutions
x = − 7, x = 7, x = i, and x = −i.
20 5
30. (a) 32. (a)
− 12 20 −9 9
− 10 −7
(b) f ( x) = x3 − 4x 2 − 4x + 16 (b) f ( x) = x 4 − 3x 2 − 4
= x 2 ( x − 4) − 4( x − 4) (
= x2 − 4 x2 + 1 )( )
(
= x − 4 ( x − 4)
2
) = ( x + 2)( x − 2)( x + i )( x − i )
= ( x + 2)( x − 2)( x − 4) (c) The zeros are x = −2, x = 2, x = −i, and x = i.

(c) The zeros are x = −2, x = 2, and x = 4. Yes, the Yes, the number of real zeros (2) is the same as the
number of x-intercepts.
number of real zeros (3) is the same as the number
of x-intercepts.
33. f ( x) = x 2 + 36
31. (a) 12
= ( x + 6i )( x − 6i )
The zeros of f ( x) are x = ±6i.
− 10
34. f (t ) = t 3 + 25t
10
−2
(b) f ( x) = x 4 + 4x 2 + 4
(
= t t 2 + 25 )
= t (t + 5i )(t − 5i )
x 4 + 4x 2 + 4 = 0
The zeros of f (t ) are x = 0, ± 5i.

( x2 )
2
+ 2 = 0
x2 + 2 = 0  x = ± 2i 35. f ( x) = x 4 − 81
(c) The graph has no x-intercepts and the function has (

= x 2 − 9 x2 + 9 )( )
no real zeros. The number of real zeros equals the
number of x-intercepts. Each x-intercept represents a = ( x + 3)( x − 3)( x + 3i )( x − 3i)
real solution of the equation f ( x) = 0. The zeros of f ( x) are x = ±3 and x = ±3i.
36. f ( y ) = y 4 − 256
y 4 − 256 = 0
( y2 )(
+ 16 y 2 − 16 = 0 )
y 2 + 16 = 0  y = ± −16 = ±4i
y 2 − 16 = 0  y = ± 16 = ±4
Zeros: y = ±4, ± 4i
f ( y ) = ( y − 4)( y + 4)( y − 4i )( y + 4i )
37. h( x ) = x − 2x + 17
2
By the Quadratic Formula, the zeros of h( x) are:
−( −2) ± (−2)2 − 4(1)(17 ) 2 ± −64 2 ± 8i

x = = = = 1 ± 4i
2(1) 2 2
h( x ) =  x − (1 + 4i )  x − (1 − 4i ) = ( x − 1 − 4i )( x − 1 + 4i )
38. g ( x) = x 2 + 10x + 17
By the Quadratic Formula, the zeros of g ( x) are:
−10 ± 10 2 − 4(1)(17 ) −10 ± 32 −10 ± 4 2

x = = = = −5 ± 2 2
2(1) 2 2
( ) (
g ( x) =  x − −5 + 2 2  x − −5 − 2 2  = x + 5 − 2 2 x + 5 + 2 2
   ) ( )( )
39. h( x ) = x 2 − 6x − 10 42. h( x) = x3 − 4x 2 + 16x − 64
x3 − 4x 2 + 16x − 64 = 0
−( −6) ± (−6)2 − 4(1)( −10)
x = x 2 ( x − 4) + 16( x − 4) = 0
2(1)
6± 76 ( x2 )
+ 16 ( x − 4) = 0
x =
2 x 2 + 16 = 0  x = ±4i
6 ± 2 19 x − 4 = 0  x = 4
x =
2
h( x) = ( x − 4)( x + 4i )( x − 4i )
x = 3± 19
The zeros of h( x) are x = 3 ± 19. 43. f ( x) = 2x3 − x 2 + 36x − 18
3 2
(
h( x ) = x − 3 − )(
19 x − 3 + 19 ) 2x − x + 36x − 18 = 0
x 2 ( 2x − 1) + 18(2x − 1) = 0
40. f ( z ) = z 2 − 2z + 2 ( x2 )
+ 18 (2x − 1) = 0
z 2 − 2z + 2 = 0 x 2 + 18 = 0  x = ±3 2i
z 2 − 2z = −2 1
2x − 1 = 0  x = 2
z 2 − 2z + 1 = −2 + 1
(z − 1) = −1
2 ( ) ( 1
)( )( )
f x = 2 x − 2
x + 3 2i x − 3 2i
z − 1 = ±i = (2x − 1) x + 3 2i x − 3 2i ( )( )
z =1±i
f ( z ) = ( z − 1 + i )( z − 1 − i ) 44. g ( x) = 4x3 + 3x 2 + 96x + 72
= x 2 ( 4x + 3) + 24( 4x + 3)
g ( x) = x + 3x − 3x − 9
3 2
41.
(
= x 2 + 24 ( 4x + 3) )
x + 3x − 3x − 9 = 0
3 2
x 2 + 24 = 0  x = ± 2 6i
x 2 ( x + 3) − 3( x + 3) = 0
4x + 3 = 0  x = − 43
( x2 )
− 3 ( x + 3) = 0
The zeros of g ( x) are x = ± 2 6i and x = − 3 .
x −3 = 0  x = ±
2
3 4
x + 3 = 0  x = −3 (
g ( x) = x + 2 6i x − 2 6i ( 4x + 3) )( )
g ( x) = ( x + 3) x + ( )(
3 x − 3 )
45. g ( x) = x 4 − 6x3 + 16x 2 − 96x 47. f ( x) = x 4 + 10x 2 + 9

x 4 − 6x3 + 16x 2 − 96x = 0 ( )(
= x2 + 1 x2 + 9 )
x3 ( x − 6) + 16x( x − 6) = 0 = ( x + i)( x − i)( x + 3i)( x − 3i )
( x3 + 16x)( x − 6) = 0 The zeros of f ( x) are x = ±i and x = ±3i.

x( x 2 + 16)( x − 6) = 0
= x 4 + 29x 2 + 100
x = 0 48. f ( x)
x 4 + 29x 2 + 100 = 0
x 2 + 16 = 0  x = ± −16 = ± 4i
x −6 = 0  x = 6 ( x2 )(
+ 4 x 2 + 25 = 0 )
Zeros: 0, 6, ± 4i x2 + 4 = 0  x = ± −4 = ± 2i
g ( x) = x( x − 6)( x + 4i )( x − 4i) x 2 + 25 = 0  x = ± −25 = ±5i

x = ± 2i, ±5i
46. h( x) = x 4 + x3 + 100x 2 + 100x
f ( x) = ( x + 2i )( x − 2i )( x + 5i )( x − 5i)
(
= x x3 + x 2 + 100x + 100 )
= x x 2 ( x + 1) + 100( x + 1) 49. ( )
f x = x3 − x 2 + 4x − 4
( )
= x x 2 + 100 ( x + 1) Because 2i is a zero, so is −2i.
2i 1 −1 4 −4
x 2 + 100 = 0  x = ±10i
2i −4 − 2i 4
x + 1 = 0  x = −1
x = 0  x = 0 1 2i − 1 −2i 0
The zeros of h( x) are x = 0, −1, and ±10i. −2i 1 2i − 1 −2i

h( x) = x( x + 10i )( x − 10i )( x + 1) −2i 2i
1 −1 0
f ( x ) = ( x − 2i )( x + 2i )( x − 1)
The zeros of f ( x ) are x = 1, ± 2i.
50. f ( x) = x3 + x 2 + 9x + 9
Because 3i is a zero, so is −3i.

3i 1 1 9 9 −3i 1 1 + 3i 3i
3i −9 + 3i –9 −3i −3i
1 1 + 3i 3i 0 1 1 0
The zero of x + 1 is x = −1.

The zeros of f are x = −1, ± 3i.
51. f ( x) = 2x 4 − x3 + 7x 2 − 4x − 4 Alternate Solution:
Because x = ± 2i are zeros of f ( x),

Because 2i is a zero, so is −2i.
(x + 2i )( x − 2i ) = x 2 + 4 is a factor of f ( x).
2i 2 –1 7 –4 –4 By long division we have:
4i −8 − 2i 4 − 2i 4
2 −1 + 4i −1 − 2i −2i 0 2x 2 − x − 1
−2i −1 + 4i −2i x 2 + 0x + 4 2x 4 − x3 + 7x 2 − 4x − 4
2 −1 − 2i
−4i 2i 2i
2 x 4 + 0 x3 + 8 x 2
2 –1 –1 0
−x3 − x 2 − 4x
−x3 + 0x 2 − 4x
The zeros of 2x 2 − x − 1 = ( 2x + 1)( x − 1) are −x 2 + 0x − 4
x = − 21 and x = 1. −x 2 + 0x − 4
0
The zeros of f ( x) are x = ±2i, x = − 21 , and x = 1.
( )(
Thus, f ( x) = x 2 + 4 2x 2 − x − 1 )
= ( x + 2i )( x − 2i )(2x + 1)( x − 1)
and the zeros of f ( x) are x = ± 2i, x = − 21 , and x = 1.
52. f ( x) = x 4 − 4x3 + 6x 2 − 4x + 5
Because i is a zero, so is −i.
i 1 –4 6 –4 5 −i 1 −4 + i 5 − 4i 5i
i −1 − 4i 4 + 5i –5 −i 4i −5i
1 −4 + i 5 − 4i 5i 0 1 –4 5 0
Using the Quadratic Formula, the zeros of x 2 − 4x + 5 are:
−( −4) ± (−4)2 − 4(1)(5) 4 ± −4 4 ± 2i

x = = = = 2±i
2(1) 2 2
The zeros of f are x = ±i, 2 ± i.
53. f ( x) = x3 − 2x 2 − 14x + 40
Because 3 − i is a zero, so is 3 + i.
3−i 1 –2 – 14 40
3−i 2 − 4i –40
1 1−i −12 − 4i 0
3+i 1 1−i −12 − 4i

3+i 12 + 4i
1 4 0
The zero of x + 4 is x = −4.
The zeros of f are x = −4, 3 ± i.
54. g ( x) = 4x3 + 23x 2 + 34x − 10 Alternate Solution:

Because −3 ± i are zeros of g ( x),
Because −3 + i is a zero, so is −3 − i.
−3 + i 4 23 34 −10  x − ( −3 + i ) x
 − ( −3 − i ) = ( x + 3) − i ( x + 3) + i
−12 + 4i −37 − i 10 = ( x + 3) − i 2
2
4 11 + 4i −3 − i 0
= x 2 + 6x + 10
−3 − i 4 11 + 4i −3 − i is a factor of g ( x). By long division we have:
−12 − 4i 3+i 4x − 1
4 –1 0 x 2 + 6x + 10 4x3 + 23x 2 + 34x − 10
The zero of 4x − 1 is x = 14 . The zeros of g ( x) are 4 x3 + 24 x 2 + 40 x

2
x = −3 ± i and x = 1
. −x − 6x − 10
4
−x 2 − 6x − 10
0
( )
Thus, g ( x) = x 2 + 6x + 10 ( 4x − 1) and the zeros of g ( x)
are x = −3 ± i and x = 1
4
.
55. f ( x) = x3 − 8x 2 + 25x − 26 56. f ( x) = x3 + 4x 2 + 14x + 20
Because 3 + 2i is a zero, so is 3 − 2i. Because −1 − 3i is a zero, so is −1 + 3i.
3 + 2i 1 −8 25 −26 −1 − 3i 1 4 14 20
3 + 2i −19 − 4i 26 −1 − 3i −12 − 6i –20
1 −5 + 2i 6 – 4i 0 1 3 − 3i 2 − 6i 0
−1 + 3i 1 3 − 3i 2 − 6i
3 − 2i 1 −5 + 2i 6 – 4i −1 + 3i −2 + 6i
3 − 2i −6 + 4i 1 2 0
1 −2 0 The zero of x + 2 is x = −2.
f ( x) = ( x − (3 + 2i))( x − (3 − 2i ))( x − The zeros of f are x = −2, −1 ± 3i.

2)
The zeros of f ( x ) are x = 3 ± 2i, 2.
Alternate Solution:
Because x = 3 ± 2i are zeros of
f ( x), ( x − (3 + 2i))( x − (3 − 2i )) = x 2 − 6x + 13 is
a factor of f ( x.)
By long division, you have:

x − 2
x 2 − 6x + 13 x3 − 8x 2 + 25x − 26
x3 − 6 x 2 + 13x
− 2x 2 + 12x − 26
− 2x 2 + 12x 2 − 26
0
( )
f ( x) = x − 6x + 13 ( x − 2)
2
The zeros of f ( x ) are x = 3 ± 2i, 2.
Section 4.2 Complex Solutions of Equa tions 361
57. h( x) = x 4 + 2x3 + 8x 2 − 8x + 16
Because 1 + 3i is a zero, so is 1 − 3i, and
x − 1 +( )
3i  x − 1 − ( 3i )
  
= ( x − 1) − 3i( x − 1) + 3i
  
( 3i)
2
= ( x − 1) −
2
= x 2 − 2x + 4
is a factor of h( x). By long division, we have:
x2 + 4
x − 2x + 4 x − 2x + 8x 2 − 8x + 16
2 4 3
x 4 − 2 x3 + 4 x 2
4x 2 − 8x + 16
4x 2 − 8x + 16
0
(
The zeros of h( x) = x 2 − 2x + 4 x 2 + 4 )( )
x 2 + 4 = 0 are x = ±2i.
So, the zeros of h( x) are x = 1 ± 3i, x = ±2.
58. f ( x) = x4 − 6x3 + 14x 2 − 18x + 9
Because 1 − 2 i is a zero, so is 1 + 2 i, and
x − 1 −( )
2i  x − 1 + ( )
2i  = ( x − 1) − 2i( x − 1) − 2i( x − 1) + 2i
      
( )
2
= ( x − 1) −
2
2i
= x 2 − 2x + 1 − 2i 2
= x 2 − 2x + 3
is a factor of f ( x ). By long division, you have:
x 2 − 4x + 3
x − 2x + 3 x − 6x + 14x 2 − 18x + 9
2 4 3 ( )(
f ( x) = x2 − 2x + 3 x2 − 4x + 3 )
x 4 − 2 x3 + 3x 2 = ( x − 2x + 3)( x − 1)( x − 3)
2
− 4x3 + 11x 2 − 18x + 9 The zeros of f ( x ) are x = 1 ± 2i, 1, 3.
5i is a zero, so is −5i.
− 4x3 + 8x 2 −
f ( x) = ( x − 1)( x − 5i )( x + 5i )
3x 2 − 59.
3x 2 −
Because (
= ( x − 1) x 2 + 25 )
= x3 − x 2 + 25x − 25 12x
6x + 9
6x + 9
0
60. Because −3i is a real zero, so is 3i.

f ( x) = ( x − 4)( x + 3i )( x − 3i )
(
= ( x − 4) x 2 + 9 )
= x − 4x + 9x − 36
3 2
( )
Note: f ( x) = a x − x + 25x − 25 , where a is any
3 2
( )
Note: f ( x) = a x3 − 4x 2 + 9x − 36 , where a is any
nonzero real number, has the zeros 1 and ± 5i. nonzero real number, has the zeros 4 and ±3i.
362 Chapter 4 Complex Numbers
61. If 1 + i is a zero, so is its conjugate, 1 − i. 62. If 3 − 2i is a zero, so is its conjugate, 3 + 2i.

f ( x) = ( x − 2)( x − 2)( x − (1 + i ))( x − (1 − i )) f ( x ) = ( x + 1)( x − 5)( x − (3 − 2i ))( x − (3 + 2i ))
( )(
= x 2 − 4x + 4 x 2 − 2x + 2 ) (
= x 2 − 4x − 5 x 2 − 6x + 13 )( )
= x − 6x + 14x − 16x + 8
4 3 2
= x − 10x + 32x − 22x − 65
4 3 2
(
Note: f ( x ) = a x 4 − 6x3 + 14x 2 − 16x + 8 , where a ) (
Note: f ( x ) = a x 4 − 10x3 + 32x 2 − 22x − 65 , )
is any nonzero real number, has the zeros 2, 2 and 1 ± i. where a is any nonzero real number, has the zeros −1, 5
and 3 ± 2i.
63. If 3 + 2i is a zero, so is 3 − 2i.
f ( x) = (3x − 2)( x + 1)  x − 3 + ( 2i  x − 3 −
) ( 2i  )
  
= (3x − 2)( x + 1) ( x − 3) − 2i( x − 3) + 2i
  

= 3x 2 + x − 2 ( x − 3) − 2i 
2 2
( ) ( )
 
( )(
= 3x + x − 2 x − 6x + 9 + 2
2 2
)
= (3x 2 + x − 2)( x 2 − 6x + 11 )
= 3x 4 − 17x3 + 25x 2 + 23x − 22
( )
Note: f ( x ) = a 3x 4 − 17x3 + 25x 2 + 23x − 22 , where a is any nonzero real number, has the zeros 2 , −1, and 3 ±
3
2i.
64. If 1 + 3 i is a zero, so is its conjugate, 1 − 3 i. 66. Zeros: 2, i, −i (Because i is a zero of f, so is −i.)
f ( x) = ( 2x + 5)( x + 5) x − 1 − ( )(
3i x − 1 + 3i ) f ( x ) = a( x − 2)( x − i)( x + i )
= a ( x − 2) x 2 − ix + ix − i 2 
( )
(
= 2x 2 + 15x + 25 x 2 − 2x + 4 )( )
3 2
= 2x 4 + 11x3 + 3x 2 + 10x + 100 = a x − 2x + x − 2
(
Note: f ( x ) = a 2x 4 + 11x3 + 3x 2 + 10x + 100 , ) f ( −1) = a ( −1) − ( 2)(−1) + ( −1) − 2

3 2

where a is any real number, has the zeros − 52 , −5, and
6 = a[−6] or a = −1
1± 3 i. f ( x ) = −x3 + 2x 2 − x + 2
65. Zeros: 1, 2i, − 2i (Because 2i is a zero, so is −2i.)

67. f ( x ) = a ( x + 2)( x − 1)( x − i)( x + i )
f ( x) = a ( x − 1)( x − 2i)( x + 2i )
(
= a x2 + x − 2 x2 + 1 )( )
= a ( x − 1) x + 4( 2
)
= a( x 4 + x3 − x 2 + x − 2 )
(
= a x 3 − x 2 + 4x − 4 )
Since f (0) = − 4
Function value: f ( −1) = 10
f ( −1) = a( −10) = 10  a = −1
(( ) () () () )
−4 = a 0 4
+ 0
3
− 0
2
+ 0 −2
− 4 = − 2a
(
f ( x) = −1 x 3 − x 2 + 4x − 4 ) a = 2
= −x3 + x 2 − 4x + 4
(
So, f ( x ) = 2 x 4 + x3 − x 2 + x − 2 )
= 2x 4 + 2x3 − 2x 2 + 2x − 4.
68. f ( x) = a ( x + 1)( x − 2) x − ( )(
2i x + 2i ) 70. f ( x) = a ( x + 2) x − 1 + ( ( 2i ))( x − (1 − 2i ))
(
= a x2 − x − 2 x2 + 2 )( ) (
= a ( x + 2) x 2 − 2x + 3 )
= a( x 4 − x − 2x − 4
3
) (
= a x3 − x + 6 )
Since f (1) = 12 Since f ( −1) = −12
(
12 = a (1) − (1) − 2(1) − 4
4 3
) (
−12 = a ( −1) − ( −1) + 6
3
)
12 = −6a −12 = 6a
a = −2 a = −2
(
So, f ( x) = − 2 x 4 − x3 − 2x − 4 ) (
So, f ( x) = ( 2) x3 − x + 6 )
= − 2x + 2x + 4x + 8.
4 3
= − 2x + 2x − 12.
3
69. f ( x) = a ( x + 3) x − 1 + ( ( 3i ))( x − (1 − 3i )) 71. x-intercept: ( −2, 0)  x = −2 is a zero.
Zeros: −2, 4 + 2i, 4 − 2i

= a ( x + 3) x 2 − 2x + 4 ( )
f ( x) = a ( x + 2) x − ( 4 + 2i )  x − ( 4 − 2i)
(
= a x3 + x 2 − 2x + 12)
= a ( x + 2) ( x − 4) − 2i ( x − 4) + 2i
Since f ( − 2) = 12
= a ( x + 2) ( x − 4) + 4
2
(
12 = a ( − 2) + ( − 2) − 2( − 2) + 12
3 2
) 
12 = 12a
(
= a ( x + 2) x 2 − 8x + 20 )
a =1 (
= a x3 − 6x 2 + 4x + 40 , a ≠ 0 )
(
So, f ( x) = (1) x 4 − x3 − 2x − 4 ) If a = 1, we have f ( x) = x3 − 6x 2 + 4x + 40.
= x3 + x 2 − 2x + 12.
72. x-intercept: (1, 0)  x = 1 is a zero.

Zeros: 3 − i, 3 + i, 1
f ( x) = a ( x − (3 − i ))( x − (3 + i ))( x − 1)
(
= a  x 2 − x(3 − i ) − x(3 + i ) + (3 − i )(3 + i ) ( x − i) )
= a ( x 2 − 6x + 10 ( x − 1) )
= a x − 7x + 16x − 10, a ≠ 0
3 2
If a = 1, we have f ( x) = x3 − 7x 2 + 16x − 10.
73. x-intercept: ( 2, 0)  x = 2 is a zero.
Zeros: 2 − 5i, 2 + 5i, 2
= x x 2 −
 ( (
f ( x) = a  x − 2 −
a
 (
2
− (
5i ))( x − (2 + 5i))( x − 2)
5i ) − x( 2 + 5i ) + ( 2 − )(
5i 2 + 5i ))( x
− 2)

( )
= a  x 2 − 4x + 9 ( x − 2)
= a x3 − 6x 2 + 17x − 18, a ≠ 0
If a = 1, we have f ( x) = x3 − 6x 2 + 17x − 18.
74. x-intercept: ( − 4, 0)  x = − 4 is a zero. 77. h(t ) = −16t 2 + 48t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 3
Zeros: − 4, −1 + 3i, −1 − 3i (a)

t 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
f ( x) = a ( x + 4)  x − −1 + ( )
3i  x − −1 − ( 3i ) h 0 20 32 36 32 20 0
  
= a ( x + 4) ( x + 1) − 3i( x + 1) + 3i (b) No. The projectile reaches a maximum height of
  
36 feet.
(
= a ( x + 4) x 2 + 2x + 4 ) (c) −16t 2 + 48t = 64
(
= a x + 6x + 12x + 16 , a ≠ 0
3 2
) −16t 2 + 48t − 64 = 0
If a = 1, we have f ( x) = x3 + 6x 2 + 12x + 16. (

−16 t 2 − 3t + 4 = 0 )
75. x-intercepts: ( −3, 0) and ( 2, 0)  x = −3 and x = 2 3± −7

t 2 − 3t + 4 = 0  t =
2
are zeros.
3± 7i
Zeros: −3, 2, 2i, − 2i =
2
f ( x) = a ( x + 3)( x − 2) x − ( )(
2i x + 2i ) This equation yields imaginary solutions. The
(
= a x + x −6 x + 2
2
)( 2
) projectile will not reach a height of 64 feet.
(d) 70
(
= a x 4 + x3 − 4x 2 + 2x − 12 ) y = 64
y = − 16t 2 + 48t
Function value: f ( −2) = −12
f ( −2) = a ( −24) = −12  a = 1

2
0
0
3
f ( x) = 1
2 ( x4 + x3 − 4x 2 + 2x − 12 ) The graphs do not intersect, so the projectile does
not reach 64 feet.
= 1 4
2
x + 1 3
2
x − 2x + x − 6
2
(e) All the results (numerical, algebraic, and graphical)

show that it is not possible for the projectile to reach
76. x-intercepts: ( −1, 0) and ( 2, 0)  x = −1 and x = 2
a height of 64 feet.
are zeros.
Zeros: −1, 2, 5i, − 5i
f ( x) = a ( x + 1)( x − 2) x − ( )(
5i x + 5i )
(
= a x2 − x − 2 x2 + 5 )( )
(
= a x 4 − x3 + 3x 2 − 5x − 10 )
Function value: f (1) = 6
f (1) = a ( −12) = 6  a = − 21
(
f ( x) = − 21 x 4 − x3 + 3x 2 − 5x − 10 )
= − 21 x 4 + 1 3
2
x − 32 x 2 + 5
2
x +5
78. h = −16t 2 + 79t + 5

(a)
t 0 1 2 3 4 5
h 5 68 99 98 65 0
(b) The height does not appear to reach 110 feet.

(c) 110 = −16t 2 + 79t + 5
0 = −16t 2 + 79t − 105
−79 ± (79) 2 − ( 4)( −16)( −105) −79 ± −479 79 ± 479i

t = = =
(2)(−16) −32 32
Since the times are not real, the ball does not reach 110 feet.
(d) 140
y = 110
y = − 16t 2 + 79t + 5
0 5
0
The ball does not reach a height of 110 feet.

(e) All of the results (numerical, algebraic, and graphical) show that it is not possible for the ball
to reach a height of 110 feet.
79. (a) Profit: P = xp − C

= x(140 − 0.0001x) − (80x + 150,000)
= 140x − 0.0001x 2 − 80x − 150,000
= −0.0001x 2 + 60x − 150,000
(b) P( 250,000) = −0.0001(250,000) + 60(250,000) − 150,000 = $8,600,000

2
(c) p ( 250,000) = 140 − 0.0001( 250,000) = $115
(d) −0.0001x 2 + 60x − 150,000 = 10,000,000

0 = 0.0001x 2 − 60x + 10,150,000
By the Quadratic Formula, we obtain the complex roots 300,000 ± 10,000 115i. So, it is not possible to have a profit
of 10 million dollars.
80. L = −0.270t 2 + 3.59t + 83.1

93 = − 0.270t 2 + 3.59t + 83.1
0 = −0.270t 2 + 3.59t − 9.9
0 = 0.270t 2 − 3.59t + 9.9
Using the Quadratic Formula,
− ( −3.59) ± (−3.59)2 − 4(0.270)(9.9)
t =
2(0.270)
3.59 ± 2.1961
=
0.54
t ≈ 3.9 and t ≈ 9.4
Because the domain of the model is 2 ≤ t ≤ 7, t ≈ 3.9 is the only solution. The patient’s blood oxygen level was
93% at approximately 4:00 P.M.
81. False. The most nonreal complex zeros it can have is two (c) The discriminant is negative because the graph has
and the Linear Factorization Theorem guarantees that no x-intercepts.
there are three linear factors, so one zero must be real.
b 2 − 4ac = ( −2) − 4(1)( 2) = −4
2
82. False. f does not have real coefficients.

In part (c), if the linear term was 2x, the
83. Answers will vary. discriminant would still be zero and the equation
would have no solutions.
84. Because complex conjugates occur in pairs, the function In part (c), if the constant term was −2, the
should be f ( x) = ( x + 2)( x − 3.5)( x + i )( x − i ). discriminant would be positive and the equation

would have two solutions.
85. (a) f ( x) = x − ( )(
bi x + )
bi = x 2 + b
87. g ( x) = − f ( x). This function would have the same
(b) f ( x) = x
 − ( a + bi )  x − ( a − bi ) zeros as f ( x) so r1 , r2 , and r3 are also zeros of g ( x).
= ( x − a ) − bi ( x − a ) + bi
88. g ( x) = 3 f ( x). This function has the same zeros as f

= ( x − a ) − (bi )
2 2
because it is a vertical stretch of f. The zeros of g are
= x 2 − 2ax + a 2 + b 2 r1 , r2 , and r3.
86. (a) The discriminant is positive because the graph has

89. g ( x) = f ( x − 5). The graph of g ( x) is a horizontal
two x-intercepts.
shift of the graph of f ( x) five units to the right so the

b 2 − 4ac = ( −2) − 4(1)(0) = 4
2
zeros of g ( x) are 5 + r1, 5 + r2 , and 5 + r3 .

(b) The discriminant is zero because the graph has one
x-intercept. 90. g ( x) = f ( 2x). Note that x is a zero of g if and only if

b 2 − 4ac = ( −2) − 4(1)(1) = 0
2
r r
1 2 r
2x is a zero of f. The zeros of g are , , and 3 .
2 2 2
91. g ( x) = 3 + f ( x). Since g ( x) is a vertical shift of the
graph of f ( x), the zeros of g ( x) cannot be determined.
92. g ( x) = f ( −x). Note that x is a zero of g if and only if
−x is a zero of f. The zeros of g are −r1 , − r2 , and −r3.
Section 4.3 The Complex Plane
1. real 12. −3 + i matches (g)
2. imaginary 13. − 2 − i matches (e)

3. absolute value
14. −1 − 3i matches (d)
4. vectors
0 es (f)
5. reflections 8 +
. 3i 9. 1 + 2i matches (h)
6. modulus 3 ma
i tch
7. 2 = 2 + 0i matches (c) =
15. −7 02
i +
= (−
7)
2
=
49
=
7
−4
−2
Imaginary
a
x
i
s
4
−2
−4
−6
10. 2 + i matches (a) (0, −7)
−8
11. 3 − i matches (b)
Sectio n 4.3 Th e Complex Plan e 367
21. (3 + i ) + ( 2 + 5i ) = 5 + 6i
Imaginary
16. −7 = (−7)2 + 02 axis
= 49 = 7 22. (5 + 2i ) + (3 + 4i ) = 8 + 6i
6
4
23. (8 − 2i ) + ( 2 + 6i ) = 10 + 4i
2
(−7, 0)
Real
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 axis 24. (3 − i ) + ( −1 + 2i ) = 2 + i
−2
25. (5 + 6i ) + (1 − i ) = 6 + 5i
(−6) 2
17. −6 + 8i = +8 2 Imaginary
axis
26. ( −1 + 3i ) + (2 + 4i ) = 1 + 7i
= 100 = 10 (−6, 8) 8
6
27. ( −3 + 4i ) + ( − 2 + 3i ) = −5 + 7i
4
2
Real
28. ( − 2 + 3i ) + (3 + i ) = 1 + 4i
−8 −6 −4 −2 axis
2
−2
29. (4 + 2i ) − (6 + 4i ) = − 2 − 2i
Imaginary 30. ( −3 + i ) − (3 + i ) = −6
52 + ( −12)
2
18. 5 − 12i = axis
Real
31. (5 − i ) − ( −5 + 2i ) = 10 − 3i
= 169 = 13 −6 −4 −2
−2
2 4 6 axis
32. (2 − 3i ) − (3 + 2i) = −1 − 5i
−4
−6
−8
33. 2 − ( 2 + 6i ) = −6i
− 10
− 12 (5, −12)
34. −3 − ( 2 + 2i ) = −5 − 2i
35. − 2i − (3 − 5i ) = −3 + 3i
4 2 + ( −6)
2
19. 4 − 6i =
= 52 = 2 13 36. 3i − ( −3 + 7i ) = 3 − 4i
Imaginary
axis
Imaginary
Real 37. axis
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 axis
−1 4
−2 3 (2, 3)
−3 2
1
−4 Real
−5 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 axis
−1
−6 (4, −6) −2
−7 −3 (2, −3)
−4
The complex conjugate of 2 + 3i is 2 − 3i.

(−8)2 + (3)
Imaginary
20. −8 + 3i =
2
axis
Imaginary
= 73 6 38. axis
(−8, 3) 4 5
4 −5 (5, 4)
2 3
Real 2
axis 1
− 10 − 8 −6 −4 −2
−2 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−4 −2
−3
−4 (5, −4)
a x
l i
R a s
e
The complex conjugate of 5 − 4i is 5 + 4i.
39. Imaginary
 −3 + 1 4 − 2 
axis
46. Midpoint =  , 
3  2 2 
(−1, 2) 2 = −1 + i
= ( −1, 1)
1
Real
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 axis
−1
(−1, − 2)  0 + 9 7 − 10 
47. Midpoint = ,
 
−3  2 2 
9 3
The complex conjugate of −1 − 2i is −1 + 2i. = − i
2 2
40. Imaginary  9 3
axis =  ,− 
4
2 2
(−7, 3) 3
 −1 + 1
− + 
2 3 1

1
Real
48. Midpoint =  2, 4 4
axis 
− 8 − 7 − 6 − 5 − 4 −3 − 2 − 1− 1
2 2
 
−2  
(−7, − 3) −3
−4 1 1  1 1
,
= − − i = − − 
4 4  4 4
The complex conjugate of −7 + 3i is − 7 − 3i.
49. (a) Ship A: 3 + 4i
(−1 − 1)2 + ( 4 − 2)
2
41. d = Ship B: −5 + 2i
= 8 = 2 2 ≈ 2.83 (b) To find the distance between the two ships using
complex numbers, you can find the modulus of the
difference of the two complex numbers.
42. d = (− 2 − (−5))2 + (5 − 1)2
(−5 − 3)2 + ( 2 − 4)
2
d =
= 25 = 5
= 68
43. d = (3 − 0)
2
+ ( − 4 − 6)
2 ≈ 8.25 miles.
= 109 ≈ 10.44 50. (a) Imaginary

axis
(3 − (−7)) + (5 − ( −3))
2 2
44. d = 5
4 (5, 3)
= 164 = 2 41 ≈ 12.81 3
2 (4, 2)
 2 + 6 1 + 5
1
45. Midpoint =  ,  −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
Real
axis
2 2
  −1
= 4 + 3i = (4, 3)
(b) (5 + 3i ) + (4 + 2i ) = 9 + 5i
Horizontal component: 9 N
Vertical component: 5 N
51. False. The modulus of a complex number is always real.
52. True. The modulus of a complex number is always real, so the distance between two complex numbers is always real.
53. False. The modulus of the sum of two complex numbers is not equal to the sum of their moduli.
1+i + 1−i = 2 + 2 = 2 2 ≠ (1 + i ) + (1 − i) = 2 = 2
54. False. The modulus of the difference of two complex numbers is not equal to the difference of their moduli.
For example, 1 + i − 1 − i = 2 − 2 = 0 ≠ (1 + i ) − (1 − i ) = 2i = 2.
Sectio n 4.4 Trigo nometric Form of a Complex Number 369
55. The set of all points with the same modulus represent a 57. If two complex conjugates are plotted in the complex
circle in the complex plane. The modulus represents the plane, they will form an isosceles triangle because their
distance from the origin, that is the radius of the circle. moduli are equal.
Imaginary
56. (a) (a + bi ) + ( a − bi) = 2a, a ≠ 0

axis
a + bi
a2 + b2
(b) (a + bi ) − ( a − bi) = 2bi, b ≠ 0 Real

axis
The expression represents graph (i)
a2 + b2 a − bi
Section 4.4 Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number

1. trigonometric form; modulus; argument 7. z = 1 + i
r = 12 + 12 =
 (θ1 + θ 2 ) + i sin (θ1 + θ 2 );
2
2. r1r2 cos
π
r1
cos(θ 1 − θ 2) + i sin (θ 1 − θ 2) tan θ = 1, θ is in Quadrant I  θ = .
r2 
4
 π π
z = 2  cos + i sin 
3. z = 3i  4 4
r = 0 2 + 32 = 9 = 3 Imaginary
axis
3 π
tan θ = , undefined  θ =
2
0 2
π π
z = 3 cos + i sin  1 1+i
 2 
 2
Real
4. z = −2 1 2 axis
r = (−2)2 + 02 = 4 = 2
0 8. z = 5 − 5i
tan θ = , θ = π
−2 r = 52 + ( −5)
2
= 50 = 5 2
z = 2(cos π + i sin π ) −5 7π
tan θ = = −1, θ is in Quadrant IV  θ = .

5 4
5. z = −3 − 3i
 7π 7π 
z = 5 2 cos + i sin
r = (−3) 2
+ ( −3)
2
= 18 = 3 2  
 4 4 
−3 5π Imaginary
tan θ = = 1, θ is in Quadrant III  θ = . axis
−3 4 1
Real
 5π 5π  axis
z = 3 2 cos + i sin −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
  −1
 4 4  −2
−3
6. z = −1 + 3i −4
−5 5 − 5i
( 3)
2
r = (−1)2 + = 4 = 2 −6
3 2π
tan θ = = − 3 θ =
−1 3
2π 2π
z = 2 cos + i sin 
 3 
 3
9. z = 1 − 3i
2
12. z =
5
2
( 3 −i )
2
r = 1 + − 3 ( ) = 4 = 2
5  5
2 2
3  +  ( −1) 
100
r =  = = 25 = 5
5π 2  2  4
tan θ = − 3, θ is in Quadrant IV  θ = .
3
− 3 11π
−1
tan θ = = θ =
 5π 3 3 6
+ i sin 
5π
z = 2 cos
 3 3 
 11π 11π 
Imaginary z = 5 cos + i sin 
axis  6 6 
Imaginary
Real axis
axis
1 2
2
1
−1
Real
−1 2 3 4 5 axis
1− 3i −1
−2
−2
−3 5
2 ( 3 − i)
−4
10. z = 4 − 4 3i
r = 42 + −4 3 ( ) 2
= 8 13. z = −5i
0 2 + ( −5)
2
r = = 25 = 5
−4 3 5π
tan θ = = − 3  θ =
4 3 −5 3π
tan θ = , undefined  θ =
5π 5π  0 2
z = 8 cos + i sin 
3 3 3π 3π
   
Imaginary  2 2 
axis
Imaginary
axis
2
Real Real
axis axis
−2 2 4 6 8 −4 −2 2 4
−2 −2
−4
−4
−6 −5i
−6
−8 4−4 3i
−8
11. z = −2 1 + ( 3i ) 14. z = 12i

2 2
r = (−2) (
+ −2 3 ) = 16 = 4 r = 0 2 + 12 2 = 144 = 12
12 π
3 4π tan θ = , undefined  θ =
tan θ = = 3, θ is in Quadrant III  θ = . 0 2
1 3
π π
  z = 12 cos + i sin 
 
4π 4π  2 2
 3 3 
Imaginary
Imaginary axis
axis
Real 12 12i
−4 −3 −2 −1 axis
9
6
−2
3
−3
Real
−2(1 + 3i) −4 axis
−3 3 6 9
15. z = 2 18. z = 3 − i
r = 22 + 02 = 4 = 2 r = (3)2 + ( −1)
2
= 10
tan θ = 0  θ = 0
−1
tan θ = = θ ≈ 5.96 radians
z = 2(cos 0 + i sin 0) 3
Imaginary
axis
z = 10 (cos 5.96 + i sin 5.96)
Imaginary
axis
1
1
2 Real
axis Real
1 2
2 3 axis
−1 −1 3−i
−2
16. z = 4
r = 42 + 02 = 16 2 = 4
19. z = 3 + 3i
0
tan θ = = 0 θ = 0
( 3)
4 2
r = (3)2 + = 12 = 2 3
z = 4(cos 0 + i sin 0)
Imaginary 3 π
axis tan θ = θ =
3 6
2
 π π
z = 2 3 cos + i sin
 
1
 6 6
4 Real Imaginary
1 2 3 4 axis axis
−1
4
−2 3
2 3+ 3i
1
17. z = −7 + 4i Real
−1 1 2 3 4 axis
(−7)2 + ( 4)
2
r = = 65 −1
4
tan θ = , θ is in Quadrant II  θ ≈ 2.62.
−7 20. z = 2 2 − i
z ≈ 65 (cos 2.62 + i sin 2.62)

(2 2 )
2
+ ( −1) =
2
r = 9 = 3
Imaginary
axis
−1 2
−7 + 4i
4 tan θ = = −  θ ≈ 5.94 radians
2 2 4
z = 3(cos 5.94 + i sin 5.94)
2
Real
−8 −6 −4 −2 axis Imaginary
axis
−2
1
−4
Real
2 3 axis
−1
2 2−i
−2
21. z = −3 − i 24. z = 8 + 3i
(−3)2 + ( −1) r = 8 2 + 32 =
2
r = = 10 73
tan θ = 3
−1 1 8
tan θ = = , θ is in Quadrant III  θ ≈ 3.46.
−3 3 θ = 0.36
z ≈ 10 (cos 3.46 + i sin 3.46) z ≈ 73 (cos 0.36 + i sin 0.36)
Imaginary Imaginary
axis axis
Real 6
axis
−4 −3 −2
4 8 + 3i
−1
−3 − i 2
−2 Real
axis
−2 2 4 6 8
−3 −2
−4 −4
22. z = 1 + 3i 25. z = −8 − 5 3i
r = 12 + 32 =
( )
2
10
r = (−8)2 + −5 3 = 139
3
tan θ = = 3  θ ≈ 1.25 radians
1 5 3
tan θ =
10 (cos 1.25 + i sin 1.25)

8
z ≈
θ ≈ 3.97
Imaginary
139 (cos 3.97 + i sin 3.97)
axis
z ≈
3 1 + 3i Imaginary
axis
2
Real
− 10 − 8 −6 −4 −2 axis
1
−2
Real
axis −4
−1 1 2 3
−1 −6
−8
−8 − 5 3 i − 10
23. z = 5 + 2i
r = 52 + 2 2 = 29
2 26. z = −9 − 2 10i
tan θ = 5
( )
2
θ ≈ 0.38 r = (9)2 + −2 10 = 121
z ≈ 29 (cos 0.38 + i sin 0.38) r = 11
Imaginary
−2 10
axis
tan θ =
5
9
4 θ = 3.75
−
3 1 1
1 5 + 2i
2 2
3
z
≈
4 5 11
Real
axis (c
os
3.
75
+
i
si
n
3.
75
)
I
m
a
g
i
n
a
r
y
a
x
i
s
R
e
a
l
− 10 − 8 −6 −4 −2 axis
−1
−2
−4
−6
−9 − 2 10 i
−8
− 10
1 3   3 1 
27. 2(cos 60° + i sin 60°) = 2 + i 31. 48 cos( −30°) + i sin ( −30°) = 4 3  − i
2 2   2 2 
   
=1+ 3i = 6 − 2 3i
Imaginary Imaginary
axis axis
3
2 2
1+ 3i 1
Real
axis
2 3 4 5 6 7
1 −1
−2
−3
Real
axis −4 6 − 2 3i
1 2
−5
 2 2 
8 cos 225° + i sin 225° = 2 2 − − i
28.  2
+ i
 2  32. ( )  
5(cos 135° + i sin 135°) = 5
−  2 
2    2 2 
= −2 − 2i
5 2 5 2
= − + i Imaginary
axis
2 2
Imaginary 1
axis
Real
5 2 5 2
− + i 4 axis
2 2 −3 −2 −1 1
−1
3
−2
2 −2 − 2i
−3
1
Real
axis
−4 −3 −2 −1
33. 7(cos 0° + i sin 0°) = 7
Imaginary
9 3π 3π  9 2 2  axis
29. cos + i sin = − + i
4  4 4  4  2 2  4
9 2 9 2 2
= − + i 7
8 8 Real
2 4 6 8 axis
Imaginary
axis −2
3 −4
9 2 9 2
− + i 2
8 8
 π π
34. 8 cos + i sin  = 8(0 + i ) = 8i
1
 2 2
Real
axis Imaginary
−3 −2 −1
axis
10
 5π 5π  8 8i
30. 6 cos + i sin  ≈ 1.5529 + 5.7956i
 12 12  6
4
Imaginary
axis 2
Real
−2 2 4 6 8 10 axis
6 1.5529 + 5.7956i −2
Real
−2 2 4 6 axis
−2
 (198°45′) + i sin (198°45′) ≈ −4.7347 − 1.6072i

35. 5cos
Imaginary
axis
1
Real
axis
−5 −4 −3 1
−1
−4.7347 − 1.6072i − 2
−3
 ( 280°30′) + i sin ( 280°30′) ≈ 1.7768 − 9.5867i

36. 9.75cos
Imaginary
axis
Real
axis
−2 2 4 6 8
−2
−4
−6
−8
− 10 1.7768 − 9.5867i
 π π 39. 2(cos 155° + i sin 155°) ≈ −1.8126 + 0.8452i

37. 5 cos + i sin  ≈ 4.6985 + 1.7101i
 9 9
40. 9(cos 58° + i sin 58°) ≈ 4.7693 + 7.6324i
 2π 2π 
38. 10 cos + i sin  ≈ 3.0902 + 9.5106i
 5 5
  π π   π π   π π π π 
41. 2 cos + i sin 6 cos + i sin  = (2)(6) cos +  + i sin  + 
  4 4   12 12   4 12  4 12 
π π
= 12 cos + i sin 
 3 3
3  π π    3π 3π  3   π 3π  π 3π 
42.  cos + i sin 4 cos + i sin  =  ( 4) cos +  + i sin  + 
 
4 3 3  4 4  4  3 4  3 4
    
 13π 13π 
= 3 cos + i sin
 12 12 
()
43.  5 (cos 120° + i sin120°) 2 (cos 30° + i sin 30°) = 5 2 cos(120° + 30°) + i sin (120° + 30°)
3  3  3 3
= 10
9 (cos 150° + i sin 150°)
44.  1 (cos 100° + i sin100°) 4 (cos 300° + i sin 300°) = ( 1 )( 4 )cos(100° + 300°) + i sin(100° + 300°)
2  5  2 5  
= 2
5 (cos 400° + i sin 400°)
= 2
5 (cos 40° + i sin 40°)
45. (cos 80° + i sin 80°)(cos 330° + i sin 330°) = cos(80° + 330°) + i sin (80° + 330°)
= cos 410° + i sin 410°
= cos 50° + i sin 50°
Sectio n 4.4 Trigono metric Form of a Complex Number 375
46. (cos 5° + i sin 5°)( cos 20° + i sin 20°) = cos(5° + 20°) + i sin (5° + 20°) = cos 25° + i sin 25°
3(cos 50° +i sin 50°) 1 1
47. = cos(50° − 20°) + i sin (50° − 20°) = (cos 30° + i sin 30°)
9(cos 20° + i sin 20°) 3  3
(cos 120° +i sin 120°) =

1 1
cos(120° − 40°) + i sin (120° − 40°) = (cos 80° + i sin 80°)
48.
2(cos 40° + i sin 40°) 2  2
cos π + i sin π  π  π 2π 2π
49. = cos π − + i sin π − = cos + i sin
cos(π 3) + i sin (π 3)    
3 3 3 3
   
5 cos( 4.3) + i sin ( 4.3)
50. 
5 5
= cos (4.3 − 2.1) + i sin ( 4.3 − 2.1) = (cos 2.2 + i sin 2.2)
4cos( 2.1) + i sin ( 2.1) 4 4
12(cos 92° +i sin 92°)

51. = 6cos(92° − 122°) + i sin (92° − 122°)
 
2(cos 122° + i sin 122°)
= 6cos( −30°) + i sin ( −30°)
= 6(cos 330° + i sin 330°)
6[cos 40° +i sin 40°] 6 6

52. = cos( 40° − 100°) + i sin ( 40° − 100°) = (cos 300° + i sin 300°)
7[cos 100° + i sin 100°] 7 7
 π π
53. (a) 2 + 2i = 2 2 cos + i sin
 
 4 4
 π π 
2 cos −  + i sin  −  = 2  cos
7π 7π 
1−i = + i sin 
  4  4   4 4 
π π  7π 7π 
(b) (2 + 2i )(1 − i ) = 2 2 cos + i sin 2 cos + i sin = 4(cos 2π + i sin 2π )
       
       
4 4 4 4
        
= 4(cos 0 + i sin 0) = 4
(c) (2 + 2i )(1 − i ) = 2 − 2i + 2i − 2i 2 = 2 + 2 = 4
π π
54. (a) 3 + i = 2 cos + i sin 
 6 6
 π π
1+i = 2 cos + i sin
 
 4 4
  π   π π 
(b) ( ) π
3 + i (1 + i ) = 2 cos + i sin  2  cos + i sin 
  6 6   4 4 
 5π 5π 
= 2 2  cos + i sin 
 12 12 
 6 − 2  6 + 2 
= 2 2 + i
   
 4   4 
= ( 3 −1 + ) ( )
3 + 1 i ≈ 0.732 + 2.732i
(c) ( )
3 + i (1 + i ) = 3 + ( )
3 + 1 i + i2 = ( ) (
3 −1 + )
3 + 1 i ≈ 0.732 + 2.732i
 π π  3π 3π 
55. (a) −2i = 2 cos −  + i sin  −  = 2 cos + i sin 
  2  2   2 2 
 π π
1+ i = 2 cos + i sin
 
 4 4
      
3π 3π π π
(b) −2i(1 + i ) = 2 cos  + i sin   2  cos + i sin 
  2  2   4 4 
 7π 7π 
= 2 2 cos  + i sin  
  4  4 
 1 1 
= 2 2 − i  = 2 − 2i
 2 2 
(c) −2i(1 + i ) = −2i − 2i 2 = −2i + 2 = 2 − 2i
π π
56. (a) 3i = 3 cos + i sin 
 2 2
1− 2i = 3 (cos 5.33 + i sin 5.33)
  π 
(
(b) 3i 1 − ) π
2i = 3 cos + i sin   3 (cos 5.33 + i sin 5.33) 
  2 2   

= 3 3 cos + 5.33 + i sin  + 5.33
π π
  2  2 
≈ 3 3 (cos 6.90 + i sin 6.90)

= 3 3 (cos 0.62 + i sin 0.62)
≈ 4.24 + 3i
(
(c) 3i 1 − )
2i = 3i − 3 2i 2 = 3 2 + 3i ≈ 4.24 + 3i
57. (a) 3 + 4i ≈ 5(cos 0.93 + i sin 0.93)
5π 5π
1− 3i = 2 cos + i sin 
 
 3  5
(b) 3 ≈ 2.5cos( −4.31) + i sin ( −4.31) = (cos 1.97 + i sin 1.97 ) ≈ −0.982 + 2.299i
3 + 4i 5(cos 0.93 + i sin 0.93)
≈
5π 5π   2
1− 3i 2 cos + i sin 

 3 3 
3 + 4i 3 + 4i 1+ 3i (
3 + 4 + 3 3 i + 4 3i 2 ) 3−4 3 4+3 3
(c) = ⋅ = = + i ≈ −0.982 + 2.299i

1− 3i 1− 3i 1+ 3i 1+ 3 4 4
58. (a) 1 +
π π
3i = 2 cos + i sin 
 3 
 3
6 − 3i ≈ 3 5 cos( −0.464) + i sin ( −0.464)
1+ 3i 2  π  π  2 5
(b) ≈ cos + 0.464  + i sin  + 0.464  ≈ (cos 1.51 + i sin 1.51) ≈ 0.018 + 0.298i
6 − 3i 3 5 3  3  15
1+ 3i 6 + 3i ( 6 − 3 3 ) + i (3 + 6 3 ) 2− 3 1+ 2 3
(c) ⋅ = = +i ≈ 0.018 + 0.298i

6 − 3i 6 + 3i 45 15 15
Section 4.4 Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number 377
59. (a) 5 = 5(cos 0 + i sin 0)
2 + 3i ≈ 13 (cos 0.98 + i sin 0.98)
5 5(cos 0 + i sin 0) 5
≈ = cos( −0.98) + i sin ( −0.98)
13 
(b)
2 + 3i 13 (cos 0.98 + i sin 0.98)
5
= (cos 5.30 + i sin 5.30) ≈ 0.769 − 1.154i
13
5 5 2 − 3i 10 − 15i 10 15
(c) = ⋅ = = − i ≈ 0.769 − 1.154i
2 + 3i 2 + 3i 2 − 3i 13 13 13
60. (a) 4i = 4(cos 90° + i sin 90°)

− 4 + 2i = 2 5 (cos 153.4° + i sin 153.4°)
4i 4(cos 90° +i sin 90°)

(b) =
− 4 + 2i 2 5 (cos 153.4° + i sin 153.4°)

2 5
=
5
(cos 296.6° + i sin 296.6°)
≈ 0.400 − 0.800i
4i 4i − 4 + 2i
(c) = ⋅
− 4 + 2i − 4 + 2i − 4 + 2i
8 − 16i 2 4
= = − i = 0.400 − 0.800i
20 5 5
  2π π 
2  1 π π   1    2π π  2π π 
61. 2 cos + i sin   cos + i sin  = ( 2) cos +  + i sin  + 
  3 3  2  3 3   2   3 3  3 3 
= (cos π + i sin π )
= −1 + 0i
= −1
  π π   π π   π π π π 
62. 2 cos + i sin 3 cos + i sin  = (2)(3) cos +  + i sin  + 
  4 4   4 4   4 4 4 4 
 π π
= (6) cos + i sin
 
 2 2
= 6(0) + (1)i
= 6i
  π π    π π   π π π π 
63. 4 cos + i sin  5 cos + i sin  = (4)(5) cos +  + i sin  + 
  4 4    2 2   4 2 4 2 
3π 3π
= 20 cos + i sin 
 4 
 4
 2 2
= 20 − +i 
 2 
 2 
= −10 2 + 10 2 i
1  π π    π π   1    π π π π 
64. + i sin + i sin  =  (6) cos +  + i sin  + 
 cos 6 cos
 
3
  
6 6 6 6 3 6 6 6 6
   
π π
= 2 cos + i sin 
 3 
 3
1 3
= 2 + i 
 2 2 
=1+ 3i
65. Let z = x + iy such that: Imaginary
π Imaginary
axis
67. Let θ = . axis
6
z = 2  2 =
3
x2 + y2 4
Since r ≥ 0, we have
 4 = x2 + y 2 2
1 the portion of the line
Real Real
Circle with radius of 2 −1 1 3 axis θ = π 6 in Quadrant I. −4 −2 2 4
axis
−1
−2
−4
−3
66. z = 3  x2 + y2 = 3 Imaginary
5π Imaginary
axis
68. θ = axis
2
 x2 + y2 = 9 4 4
Circle with radius of 3 2

Since r ≥ 0, we have 1
1 the portion of the line Real
Real axis
−3 −2 −1 1 2
−2 −1 1 2 4 axis θ = 5π 4 in Quadrant III. −1
−2 −2
−3
−4
69. (a) E = I ⋅ Z
(
= 6( cos 41° + i sin 41°) 4 cos( −11°) + i sin ( −11°) )
= 24(cos 30° + i sin 30°) volts
 3 1 
(b) E = 24 + i  = 12 3 + 12i volts
 2 2 

2
2
E = 12 3 + 12 = 576 = 24 volts
(c) ( ) ( )
70. True. Because sin π = 0, z = r (cos π +i sin π )
= r ( −1 + 0)
= − r, which is a real number.
71. z1 = r1 (cos θ1 + i sin θ1 ), = r2 (cos θ 2 + i sin θ 2 )

z2
z1 z2 = r1r2 cos(θ1 + θ 2 ) + i sin (θ1 + θ 2 ) and z1 z 2 = 0 if and only if r1 = 0 and/or r2 = 0.
True.
72. (i) D
(ii) C
(iii) A
(iv) B
Section 4.5 DeMoivre’s Theorem 379
z1 = r1 (cos θ1 + i sin θ1 ) ⋅ cos θ 2 − i sin θ 2

73.
z2 r2 (cos θ 2 + i sin θ 2 ) cos θ 2 − i sin θ 2

r1
 + + − 
= cos θ1 cos θ 2 sin θ1 sin θ 2 i(sin θ1 cos θ 2 sin θ 2 cos θ1 )
(
r cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ )
2 2 2
r1
= cos(θ1 − θ2 ) + i sin (θ1 − θ2 )
r2 
74. z = r cos(−θ ) + i sin (−θ )

= r[cos θ + −i sin θ ]
= r cos θ − ir sin θ
which is the complex conjugate of r (cos θ + i sin θ ) = r cos θ + ir sin θ .
zz = r (cos θ + i sin θ ) r (cos( −θ ) + i sin ( −θ ))
 (θ − θ ) + i sin (θ − θ )
= r 2 cos
= r 2 [cos 0 + i sin 0]
= r2
z r ( cos θ + i sin θ )
=
z r cos( −θ ) + i sin ( −θ )
r
= cos(θ − ( −θ )) + i sin (θ − ( −θ ))
r 
= cos 2θ + i sin 2θ
Section 4.5 DeMoivre’s Theorem
1. DeMoivre’s 8
  π  8
π
+ i sin  = 2 (cos 4π + i sin 4π )
8. 2 cos
2. nth root   2 2 
= 256(cos 0 + i sin 0)
2π
3. = 256
n
4
4. unity 9. 5(cos 3.2 + i sin 3.2) = 54 (cos 12.8 + i sin 12.8)
3 ≈ 608.0 + 144.7i
3
5. 5(cos 20° + i sin 20°) = 5 (cos 60° + i sin 60°)
10. (cos 0 + i sin 0)
20
125 125 3 = cos 0 + i sin 0 = 1
= + i
2 2
4
 (cos 15° + i sin 15°)

11. 3 = 81(cos 60° + i sin 60°)
6. 3(cos 60° + i sin 60°) 4 = 34 (cos 240° + i sin 240°)
81 81 3
= + i
 1 3  2 2
= 81 − − i
 2 
 2  8
81 81 3  (cos 10° + i sin 10°) = 256(cos 80° + i sin 80°)

12. 2
= − − i
2 2 ≈ 44.4539 + 252.1108i
 (cos 95° + i sin 95°) = 125(cos 285° + i sin 285°)

3
 π π
12
12π 12π 13. 5

7. ©cos + i sin = cos + i sin
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 4 4 ≈ 32.3524 − 120.7407i
 4 4
= cos 3π + i sin 3π
= −1
4
14. 4(cos 110° + i sin 110°) = 256(cos 440° + i sin 440°)
≈ 44.4539 + 252.1108i
5 6
    π π 6   π π 
15. = 25  cos + i sin  20. ( 2 + 2i ) = 2 2  cos + i sin 
π π
2 cos + i sin 
  10 10   2 2  6 4 4 
≈ 32i
= 2 2 ( )  cos 6π + i sin
6π 
 
6
 4 4 
    
16. π π 3π 3π  3π 3π 
+ i sin  = 64 cos + i sin 
2 cos 
+ i sin 
  8 8   4 4  = 512 cos 2
2
 
= −32 2 + 32 2i = −512i
3 6
     3π 3π 
17. 2π 2π = 27(cos π + i sin 2π ) 21. ( −1 + i ) =
6 2 cos + i sin
+ i sin 
3 cos
  3 3    
4 4
  
= 27 6 18π 18π 
= ( 2 )  cos + i sin 
5  4 4 
    
18. π π 5π 5π  9π 9π 
3 cos + i sin  = 243 cos + i sin 
  12 12   12 12  = 8 cos + i sin 
 2 2 
≈ 62.8930 + 234.7200i
= 8(0 + i )
5
  π π  = 8i
19. (1 + i ) =
5
2 cos + i sin
  
  4 4 
5 5π 5π 
= ( ) 2 cos + i sin
 
 4 4 
 2 2 
= 4 2 − − i
 2 2 

= −4 − 4i
( (
8
22. (3 − 2i ) =  13 cos −arctan
8
( 2 )) + i sin(−arctan( 2 ))
3 3
= (  )
13 cos −8 arctan ( ( 23)) + i sin(−8 arctan ( 23))
= −239 + 28,560i
16 3
  π 
3   5π 5π 
( ) ( )
10
23. 2 3 +i + i sin  24. 4 1 − 3i = 4 2 cos + i sin 
π
= 2 2 cos
  6 6    3 3 
  10π 
10π = 423 (cos 5π + i sin 5π )
= 2 210  cos + i sin 
  6 6 
= 32( −1)
5π 5π = −32
= 2048 cos + i sin 
 3 
 3
1 3  25. (3 − 2i ) ≈ 3.6056cos( −0.588) + i sin ( −0.588) 
5
= 2048 − i
 
2 2 

≈ (3.6056) cos( −2.94) + i sin ( −2.94)
5
= 1024 − 1024 3i
≈ −597 − 122i
6
( (
26. ( 2 + 5i ) =  29 cos arctan
6
( 5 )) + i sin(arctan ( 5 )))
2 2
= (  )
29 cos 6 arctan ( ( 52)) + i sin(6 arctan( 52))
= 15,939 + 18,460i
Sectio n 4.5 DeMoivre’s Theorem 381
27. ( 5 − 4i ) 3
≈  21(cos( −1.06106) + i sin ( −1.06106))
3
 
( ) (cos(3)(−1.06106) + i sin(3)(−1.06106) )
3
≈ 21
≈ −43 5 + 4i
4
        
4

28. ( 3 + 2i ) =  7  cos arctan 
2
  + i sin  arctan 
2
 
  3   3 
  
  
4   2    2 
= ( ) 7 cos 4 arctan 
 

 3 
 + i sin  4 arctan 

 
 3  
≈ −47 − 13.8564i
2
(1 + i) = cos 45° + i sin 45°
Imaginary
29. z = axis
2
z 2 = cos 90° + i sin 90° = 2

z2 = i
i 3 2 2
2 z = (−1 + i) z= (1 + i)
z 3 = cos 135° + i sin 135° = (−1 + i) 2 2
2 Real
z 4 = cos 180° + i sin 180° = −1
axis
−2 z 4 = −1 1
−1
The absolute value of each is 1, and consecutive powers of z are each 45° apart.
1
30. z = 1 + 3i
2
( ) Imaginary
axis
2 1
z = 2 ( −1 + 3i
z n = r n (cos nθ + i sin nθ ) z = 1 (1 + 3i
z 3 = −1 2
Real
2 axis
−2 −1
 3
2 1
 1
r =   + 
 2  2  z 4 = 21 ( −1 − 3i
=1 −2
tan θ = 3
π
θ =
3
π π 1 3
z = 1 cos + i sin  = + i
 
 3 3 2 2
 2π 2π  1 3
z 2 = 12 cos + i sin = − + i
 
 3 3  2 2
z 3 = 13 (cos π + i sin π ) = −1
 4π 4π  1 3
z 4 = 14 cos + i sin = − − i
 
 3 3  2 2
The absolute value of each is 1 and consecutive powers of z are each π 3 radians apart.
 π π  π π
31. 2i = 2 cos + i sin  32. 5i = 5 cos + i sin 
 2 2  2 2
Square roots: Square roots:
π π  π π
2  cos + i sin  =1+i
  + i sin  = 10 10
5  cos + i
 4 4  4 4 2 2
5π 5π 5π 5π 10 10
2  cos + i sin  = −1 − i + i sin
5 cos = − − i
   
 4 4   
4 4 2 2
 
 3π 3π   π π
33. −3i = 3 cos + i sin  36. 2 + 2i = 2 2  cos + i sin 
 2 2   4 4
3π 3π 6 6  π π
3  cos + i sin  = − + i 8 cos + i sin ≈ 1.554 + 0.644i
  14
 8 8
4 4 2 2
   
  9π 9π 
7π 7π  6 6 81 4 cos + i sin ≈ −1.554 − 0.644i
3  cos + i sin  = − i 
 4 4  2 2 
8 8
 
  π π
3π 3π  37. 1 + 3i = 2 cos + i sin 
34. −6i = 6 cos + i sin 
 2 2   3 3
  π π 6 2
2  cos + i sin  = + i
3π 3π  
6  cos + i sin  = − 3 + 3i
 4 4   6 6 2 2
7π 7π
6  cos + i sin  = 3 − 3i 2  cos + i sin  = − − i
   7π 7π  6 2
 4 4   6 6  2 2
7π 7π  5π 5π
35. 2 − 2i = 2 2  cos + i sin 38. 1 − 3i = 2 cos + i sin 
 
 4 4   3 3 
 7π 7π  5π 5π  3 1 
81 4 cos + i sin ≈ −1.554 + 0.644i 2  cos i sin  2 i
   +  = − + 
8 8
   6 6   2 2 
 15π 15π 
81 4 cos + i sin ≈ 1.554 − 0.644i 6 2
  = − + i
8 8
  2 2
11π 11π 6 2
2  cos + i sin  = − i
 6 
 6 2 2
39. (a) Square roots of 5(cos 120° + i sin

Imaginary
(c) axis
120°):
3
  °+ °  120° + 360°k 
120 360 k 
5 cos  + i sin   , k = 0, 1
  2   2  1
Real
k = 0: 5 (cos 60° + i sin 60°) −3 −1 1 3 axis
k = 1: 5 (cos 240° + i sin 240°)
−3
5 15 5 15
(b) + i, − − i
2 2 2 2
40. (a) Square roots of 16(cos 60° + i sin (c) Imaginary
axis
60°):
  °+
k 360   60 ° + k 360 ° 
° 6
60
16 cos  + i sin   , k = 0, 1
  2   2 
2
k = 0: 4(cos 30° + i sin 30°) Real

axis
−6 2 6
k = 1: 4(cos 210° + i sin 210°) −2
(b) 2 3 + 2i, − 2 3 − 2i −6
2π 2π
41. (a) Cube roots of 8 cos + i sin : (c) Imaginary
 3 
 3 axis
  ( 2π 3) + 2π k   ( 2π 3) + 2π k 
3
3
8 cos + i sin , k = 0, 1, 2
   
 3 3
    
1
Real
2π 2π −3 −1 1 3
k = 0: 2 cos + i sin 
  axis
−1
 9 9 
8π 8π −3
k = 1: 2 cos + i sin 
 
 9 9 
14π 14π
k = 2: 2 cos + i sin 
 9 
 9
(b) 1.5321 + 1.2856i, −1.8794 + 0.6840i, 0.3473 − 1.9696i
π π
42. (a) Cube roots of 64 cos + i sin :
Imaginary
(c)
 3 
 3 axis
6
  π + 2kπ   π + 2kπ 
    
3
64 cos 3  + i sin  3  , k = 0, 1, 2 2
  3   3  Real
−6 −2 2 axis
6
π π
k = 0: 4 cos + i sin 
 9 
−2
 9
−6
7π 7π
k = 1: 4 cos + i sin 
 
 9 9 
13π 13π
k = 2: 4 cos + i sin 
 
 9 9 
(b) 3.7588 + 1.3681i, −3.0642 + 2.5712i, −0.6946 − 3.9392i
π π
43. (a) Fifth roots of 243 cos + i sin  :
Imaginary
(c)
 6 
 6 axis
4
 π  π 
+ 2π k + 2π k
     2
5
243 cos 6  + i sin  6 , k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 1
  5   5  −4 −2
1 2 4 R
e
a
l
a
x
i
s
k = 0: 3cos
π + i sin π  −2

 30 30 
−4
13π 13π
k = 1: 3 cos + i sin 
 30 
 30
5π 5π
k = 2: 3 cos + i sin 
 6 
 6
37π 37π
k = 3: 3 cos + i sin 
 30 
 30
49π 49π
k = 4: 3 cos + i sin 
 
 
30 30
(b) 2.9836 + 0.3136i, 0.6237 + 2.9344i, − 2.5981 + 1.5i, − 2.2294 − 2.0074i, 1.2202 − 2.7406i
 5π 5π 
44. (a) Fifth roots of 32 cos + i sin : (c) Imaginary
  axis
 6 6 
3
  (5π 6) + 2kπ   (5π 6) + 2kπ 
5
32 cos + i sin , k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
   
5 5
   
Real
π π −3 3
k = 0: 2 cos + i sin 
 6 
axis
 6
17π 17π
k = 1: 2 cos + i sin 
 30  −3
 30
29π 29π
k = 2: 2 cos + i sin 
 30 
 30
41π 41π
k = 3: 2 cos + i sin 
 
 30 30 
53π 53π
k = 4: 2 cos + i sin 
 30 
 30
(b) 3 + i, −0.4158 + 1.9563i, −1.9890 + 0.2091i, −0.8135 − 1.8271i, 1.4863 − 1.3383i
π π
45. (a) Fourth roots of 81i = 81 cos + i sin : (c) Imaginary
 
 2 2 axis
4
 π π 
+ 2π k  + 2π k
   2 
4
81 cos 2  + i sin  , k = 0, 1, 2, 3
  4   4  Real
axis
−4 1 2 4
−1
π π
k = 0: 3 cos + i sin 
−2
 8 
 8
−4
5π 5π
k = 1: 3 cos + i sin 
 
 8 8 
9π 9π
k = 2: 3 cos + i sin 
 8 
 8
13π 13π
k = 3: 3 cos + i sin 
 8 
 8
(b) 2.7716 + 1.1481i, − 1.1481 + 2.7716i, − 2.7716 − 1.1481i, 1.1481 − 2.7716i
π π
46. (a) Fourth roots of 625i = 625 cos + i sin  : (c) Imaginary
 
 2 2 axis
6
 π   π + 2kπ 
+ 2kπ
 2   
4
625 cos  + i sin  2 , k = 0, 1, 2, 3
  4   2  Real
−6 2 4 6 axis
π π
k = 0: 5 cos + i sin 
  −2
 8 8 −4
5π 5π  −6
k = 1: 5 cos + i sin 
 8 8 
9π 9π
k = 2: 5 cos + i sin 
 
 8 8 
13π 13π
k = 3: 5 cos 8 + i sin 8 
 
 
(b) 4.6194 + 1.9134i, −1.9134 + 4.6194i, −4.6194 − 1.9134i, 1.9134 − 4.6194i
4π 4π
47. (a) Cube roots of −
125
(1 + )
3i = 125 cos + i sin : (c) Imaginary
 
2  3 3  axis
6

 4π + 2kπ   4π + 2kπ 
    
3
125 cos 3  + i sin  3 , k = 0, 1, 2 2
  3   3  Real
−6 4 6 axis
4π 4π
k = 0: 5 cos + i sin 
  −2
 9  9 −4
10π 10π  −6
k = 1: 5 cos + i sin 
 9  9
16π 16π
k = 2: 5 cos + i sin 
 9 
 9
(b) 0.8682 + 4.9240i, − 4.6985 − 1.7101i, 3.8302 − 3.2140i
7π 7π
48. (a) Cube roots of − 4 2 ( −1 + i ) = 8 cos + i sin : (c) Imaginary
 
 4  axis
4
3
  7π + 2π k   7π + 2π k 
    
3
8 cos 4  + i sin  4 , k = 0, 1, 2
  3   3  Real
axis
−3 −1 3
7π 7π
k = 0: 2 cos + i sin 
 12 
−1
 12
5π 5π  −3
k = 1: 2 cos + i sin 
 4  4
23π 23π
k = 2: 2 cos + i sin 
 
 12 12 
(b) −0.5176 + 1.9319i, − 2 − 2i, 1.9319 − 0.5176i
49. (a) Fourth roots of 16 = 16(cos 0 + i sin 0) : (c) Imaginary

axis
0 + 2π k 0 + 2π k
4
16 cos + i sin  , k = 0, 1, 2, 3
 4 4  3
k = 0: 2(cos 0 + i sin 0)
1
Real
axis
  −3 −1 1 3
π π
k = 1: 2 cos + i sin  −1
 2 2
k = 2: 2(cos π + i sin π ) −3
3π 3π
k = 3: 2 cos + i sin 
 2 
 2
(b) 2, 2i, − 2, − 2i
π π
50. (a) Fourth roots of i = cos + i sin : (c) Imaginary
axis
2 2
 π  π  2
+ 2kπ + 2kπ
    
4
1 cos 2  + i sin  2 , k = 0, 1, 2, 3
  4   4  Real
−2 2 axis
π π
k = 0: cos + i sin
8 8
5π 5π −2
k = 1: cos + i sin
8 8
9π 9π
k = 2: cos + i sin
8 8
13π 13π
k = 3: cos + i sin
8 8
(b) 0.9239 + 0.3827i, − 0.3827 + 0.9239i, − 0.9239 − 0.3827i, 0.3827 − 0.9239i
51. (a) Fifth roots of 1 = cos 0 + i sin 0: (c) Imaginary
axis
 2kπ   2kπ  = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
cos + i sin ,k 2
   
 5   5 
k = 0: cos 0 + i sin 0
Real
2π 2π −2 2 axis
k = 1: cos + i sin
5 5
4π 4π −2
k = 2: cos + i sin
5 5
6π 6π
k = 3: cos + i sin
5 5
8π 8π
k = 4: cos + i sin
5 5
(b) 1, 0.3090 + 0.9511i, − 0.8090 + 0.5878i, −0.8090 − 0.5878i, 0.3090 − 0.9511i
52. (a) Cube roots of 1000 = 1000(cos 0 + i sin 0): (c) Imaginary
axis
 2kπ 2kπ 
3
1000 cos + i sin , k = 0, 1, 2 8
 
 3 3  6
4
k = 0: 10(cos 0 + i sin 0) Real
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 axis
 
2π 2π
k = 1: 10 cos + i sin 
 3 3  −6
−8
4π 4π
k = 2: 10 cos + i sin 
 3 
 3
(b) 10, −5 + 5 3i, −5 − 5 3i
Section 4.5 DeMoivre’s Theorem 387
53. (a) Cube roots of −125 = 125(cos π + i sin π ): (c) Imaginary

axis
  π + 2π k   π + 2π k  6
 + i sin  , k = 0, 1, 2
3
125 cos
4
  3   3 
2
π π Real
k = 0: 5 cos + i sin 
 3 
 3 −6 −2
2 4 6
axis
k = 1: 5(cos π + i sin π ) −4
5π 5π  −6
k = 2: 5 cos + i sin 
 3 3 
5 5 3 5 5 3
(b) + i, −5, − i
2 2 2 2
54. (a) Fourth roots of −4 = 4(cos π + i sin π ): (c) Imaginary

axis
  π + 2 kπ  π + 2kπ 
 + i sin  , k = 0, 1, 2, 3
4 2
4 cos
  4  
4 
1
 π π
k = 0: 2 cos + i sin Real
  axis
4 4 −2 −1 1 2
 
−1
 3π 3π 
k = 1: 2 cos + i sin
 
 4 4  −2
 5π 5π 
 
 4 4 
 7π 7π 
 
 4 4 
(b) 1 + i, −1 + i, −1 − i, 1 − i
 7π 7π 
55. (a) Fifth roots of 4(1 − i ) = 4 2 cos + i sin : (c) Imaginary
  axis
 4 4 
2
  7π + 2π k   7π + 2π k 
     1
5
4 2 cos 4  + i sin  4 , k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
  5   5  Real
axis
−2 1 2
 7π 7π 
k = 0: 2 cos + i sin −1
 
 20 20 
−2
 3π 3π 
 
 4 4 
 23π 23π 
 
 20 20 
 31π 31π 
 
 20 20 
 39π 39π 
 
 20 20 
(b) 0.6420 + 1.2601i, −1 + 1i, −1.2601 − 0.6420i, 0.2212 − 1.3968i, 1.3968 − 0.2212i
π π
56. (a) Sixth roots of 64i = 64 cos + i sin  :
Imaginary
(c)
 
 2 2 axis
3
  (π 2) + 2kπ   (π 2) + 2kπ 
6
64 cos + i sin , k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
   
6 6
    1
Real
 π π −3 axis
k = 0: 2 cos + i sin  1 3
 12 12 
5π 5π
k = 1: 2 cos + i sin  −3
 
 12 12 
3π 3π
k = 2: 2 cos + i sin 
 4 
 4
13π 13π
k = 3: 2 cos + i sin 
 12 
 12
17π 17π
k = 4: 2 cos + i sin 
 12 
 12
7π 7π
k = 5: 2 cos + i sin 
 4 
 4
(b) 1.9319 + 0.5176i, 0.5176 + 1.9319i, − 2 + 2i, −1.9319 − 0.5176i, −0.5176 − 1.9319i, 2 − 2i
57. x 4 + i = 0
x 4 = −i
3π 3π
The solutions are the fourth roots of i = cos + i sin :
2 2
  3π   3π 
+ 2kπ + 2kπ
    
1 cos 2  + i sin  2
Imaginary
4
, k = 0, 1, 2, 3 axis
  4   4 
3π 3π
k = 0: cos + i sin ≈ 0.3827 + 0.9239i 1
8 8 2
7π 7π Real
k = 1: cos + i sin ≈ −0.9239 + 0.3827i 1 axis
−2
8 8
11π 11π
k = 2: cos + i sin ≈ −0.3827 − 0.9239i
8 8
15π 15π
k = 3: cos + i sin ≈ 0.9239 − 0.3827i
8 8
58. x3 − i = 0
x3 = i
π π
The solutions are the cube roots of i = cos + i sin :
2 2
Imaginary
π  π  axis
 + 2kπ   + 2kπ 
cos 2 + i sin 2 , k = 0, 1, 2
    2
 3   3 
π π 3 1
k = 0: cos + i sin = + i Real
6 6 2 2 −2 2
axis
5π 5π 3 1
k = 1: cos + i sin = − + i
6 6 2 2 −2
3π 3π
k = 2: cos + i sin = −i
2 2
59. x 6 + 1 = 0
x 6 = −1
The solutions are the sixth roots of −1 = cos π + i sin π : Imaginary
axis
  π + 2π k   π + 2π k 
 + i sin  , k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
6 2
1 cos
  6   6 
π π 3 1 Real
k = 0: cos + i sin = + i axis
−2 2
6 6 2 2
π π −2
k = 1: cos + i sin = i
2 2
5π 5π 3 1
k = 2: cos + i sin = − + i
6 6 2 2
7π 7π 3 1
k = 3: cos + i sin = − − i
6 6 2 2
3π 3π
k = 4: cos + i sin = −i
2 2
11π 11π 3 1
k = 5: cos + i sin = − i
6 6 2 2
60. x3 + 1 = 0
x3 = −1
The solutions are the cube roots of −1 = cos π + i sin π :
Imaginary
 π + 2kπ   π + 2kπ  axis
cos + i sin , k = 0, 1, 2
   
 3   3  2
π π 1 3
k = 0: cos + i sin = + i
3 3 2 2 Real
k = 1: cos π + i sin π = −1
axis
−2 2
5π 5π 1 3
k = 2: cos + i sin = − i −2
3 3 2 2
61. x + 32 = 0
5
x5 = −32
The solutions are the fifth roots of −32 = 32(cos π + i sin π ):
  π + 2kπ π + 2kπ  Imaginary

5
32 cos + i sin  , k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 axis
  5 5 
π π
k = 0: 2 cos
3
+ i sin  ≈ 1.6180 + 1.1756i
 5 5
Real
3π 3π
k = 1: 2 cos + i sin  ≈ − 0.6180 + 1.902i
  −3 3
axis
 5 5 
−3
k = 2: 2(cos π + i sin π ) = − 2
7π 7π
k = 3: 2 cos + i sin  ≈ − 0.6180 − 1.9021i
 
 5 5 
9π 9π
k = 4: 2 cos + i sin  ≈ 1.6180 − 1.1756i
 5 
 5
62. x 3 + 125 = 0
x 3 = −125
The solutions are the cube roots of −125 = 125(cos π + i sin π ):
 
Imaginary
 +   +
π 2kπ π 2kπ
 + i sin  , k = 0, 1, 2
3 axis
125 cos
  3   3  8
6
π π 5 5 3
k = 0: 5 cos + i sin  = + i
  4 Real
−8 −6 4 6 8 axis
2
 3 3 2 2
k = 1: 5(cos π + i sin π ) = −5
−2 2
−4
5π 5π 5 5 3
k = 2: 5 cos + i sin  = − i
  −6
−8
 3 3  2 2
63. x 3 − 27 = 0
x3 = 27
The solutions are the cube roots of 27 = 27(cos 0 + i sin 0):
Imaginary
 2kπ   2kπ  , k = 0, 1, 2
27 cos
axis
 + i sin 
3

  3   3  4
k = 0: 3(cos 0 + i sin 0) = 3 2
2π 2π 3 3 3
k = 1: 3 cos + i sin  = − + i axis
 3 
Real
 3 2 2 −4 −2 −1 1 2 4
−2
4π 4π 3 3 3
k = 2: 3 cos + i sin  = − − i
 3 
 3 2 2 −4
64. x − 243 = 0
5
x 5 = 243
The solutions are fifth roots of 243 = 243(cos 0 + i sin 0):
  +   + 
0 2kπ 0 2kπ
5
243 cos  + i sin  , k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
  5   5 
Imaginary
k = 0: 3(cos 0 + i sin 0) ≈ 3 axis
2π 2π
k = 1: 3 cos + i sin  ≈ 0.9271 + 2.8532i
 5 
4
 5 2
4π 4π
1
k = 2: 3 cos + i sin  ≈ − 2.4271 + 1.7634i
  Real
axis
−4
 5 5  −1 1 2 4
−2
6π 6π
k = 3: 3 cos + i sin  ≈ − 2.4271 − 1.7634i
 
 5 5  −4
8π 8π
k = 4: 3 cos + i sin  ≈ 0.9271 − 2.8532i
 5 
 5
65. x 4 + 16i = 0
x 4 = −16i
3π 3π
The solutions are the fourth roots of −16i = 16 cos + i sin :
 
 3π 3π 
+ 2π k + 2π k  2 2 
 
4
16 cos 2 + i sin 2  , k = 0, 1, 2, 3
 4 4  Imaginary
 
axis
3π 3π
k = 0: 2 cos + i sin  ≈ 0.7654 + 1.8478i
 8 8  3
7π 7π
k = 1: 2 cos + i sin  ≈ −1.8478 + 0.7654i
  1
Real
 8 8 
11π 11π −3 −1 3
k = 2: 2 cos + i sin  ≈ −0.7654 − 1.8478i
  axis
 8 8 
15π 15π
k = 3: 2 cos + i sin  ≈ 1.8478 − 0.7654i −3
 8 
 8
66. x 4 − 256i = 0
x 4 = 256i
π π
The solutions are the fourth roots of 256i = 256 cos + i sin  :
 
 π  π   2 2
+ 2π k + 2π k
    
4
256 cos  2  + i sin  2 , k = 0, 1, 2, 3
Imaginary
axis
 
4
 
4

    6
π π
k = 0: 4 cos + i sin 
 8 
 8 Real
axis
  −6 2 6
5π 5π
k = 1: 4 cos + i sin 
 8 8 
9π 9π
k = 2: 4 cos + i sin 
−6
 
 8 8 
13π 13π
k = 3: 4 cos + i sin 
 
 8 8 
67. x 4 − 16i = 0
x 4 = 16i
π π
The solutions are the fourth roots of 16i = 16 cos + i sin :
 2 
 2
 π  π 
+ 2π k + 2π k
     Imaginary
4
16 cos 2  + i sin 
2
, k = 0, 1, 2, 3 axis
  4   4 
3
π π
k = 0: 2 cos + i sin  ≈ 1.8478 + 0.7654i
  Real
 8 8
 
5π 5π
k = 1: 2 cos + i sin  ≈ −0.7654 + 1.8478i
−3 1 3
axis
−1
 8 8 
9π 9π
k = 2: 2 cos + i sin  ≈ −1.8478 − 0.7654i −3
 
 8 8 
13π 13π
k = 3: 2 cos + i sin  ≈ 0.7654 − 1.8478i
8 8
 
 
68. x 6 + 64i = 0
x 6 = −64i
3π 3π
The solutions are the sixth roots of −64i = 64 cos + i sin :
 
 2 2
  (3π 2) + 2π k   (3π 2) + 2π k 
 + i sin 
6
64 cos , k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Imaginary
axis
 6   6 
3
π π
k = 0: 2 cos + i sin  = 2 + 2i
 4 
 4 1
Real
7π 7π −3 −1
+ i sin  ≈ −0.5176 + 1.9319i
1 3
k = 1: 2 cos
  axis
−1
 12 12 
11π 11π
k = 2: 2 cos + i sin  ≈ −1.9319 + 0.5176i
−3
 12 
 12
5π 5π
k = 3: 2 cos + i sin  = − 2 − 2i
 
 4 4 
19π 19π
k = 4: 2 cos + i sin  = 0.5176 − 1.9319i
 
 12 12 
23π 23π
k = 5: 2 cos + i sin  = 1.9319 − 0.5176i
 
 12 12 
69. x3 − (1 − i ) = 0
 7π 7π 
x3 = 1 − i = 2 cos + i sin
 
 4 4 
The solutions are the cube roots of 1 − i:
  (7π 4) + 2π k   (7π 4) + 2π k 
3 2 cos  + i sin  , k = 0, 1, 2 Imaginary
axis
3 3
   
2
 7π 7π 
k = 0: 6
2 cos + i sin ≈ −0.2905 + 1.0842i
 
 12 12 
Real
 5π 5π  −2 axis
k = 1: 6
2 cos + i sin ≈ −0.7937 − 0.7937i
2
 
 4 4 
 23π 23π  −2
k = 2: 6
2 cos + i sin ≈ 1.0842 − 0.2905i
 
12 All Rights Reserved.
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 
70. x5 − (1 − i ) = 0
x5 = 1 − i
 7π 7π 
The solutions are the fifth roots of 1 − i = 2 cos + i sin :
 
 4 4 
  7π   7π 
+ 2kπ + 2kπ
5
2 cos 4  + i sin 
4
, k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 axis
  5   5 
2
 7π 7π 
k = 0: 10
2 cos + i sin ≈ 0.4866 + 0.9550i
 
 20 20 
Real
 3π 3π  −2 axis
k = 1: 10
2 cos + i sin ≈ −0.7579 + 0.7579i 2
 
 4 4 
 23π 23π  −2
k = 2: 10
2 cos + i sin ≈ −0.9550 − 0.4866i
 
 20 20 
 31π 31π 
k = 3: 10
2 cos + i sin ≈ 0.1677 − 1.0586i
 
 20 20 
 39π 39π 
k = 4: 10
2 cos + i sin ≈ 1.0586 − 0.1677i
 
20 20
 
71. x 6 + (1 + i ) = 0
x 6 = −(1 + i ) = −1 − i
 5π 5π 
The solutions are the sixth roots of −1 − i = 2 cos + i sin :
 
 4 4 
  5π   5π 
+ 2π k + 2π k
2 cos 4  + i sin  4 , k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

6
axis
  6   6 
2
 5π 5π 
k = 0: 12
2 cos + i sin ≈ 0.8405 + 0.6450i
 
 24 24 
Real
 13π 13π  −2 2 axis
k = 1: 12
2 cos + i sin ≈ −0.1383 + 1.0504i
 
 24 24 
 7π 7π  −2
k = 2: 12
2 cos + i sin ≈ −0.9788 + 0.4054i
 
 8 8 
 29π 29π 
k = 3: 12
2 cos + i sin ≈ −0.8405 − 0.6450i
 
 24 24 
 37π 37π 
k = 4: 12
2 cos + i sin ≈ 0.1383 − 1.0504i
 
24 24
 
 15π 15π 
k = 5: 12
2 cos + i sin ≈ 0.9788 − 0.4054i
 
8 All Rights Reserved.
© 2018 Cengage Learning. 8 May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 
72. x 4 + (1 + i ) = 0
x 4 = −1 − i = 2 (cos 225° + i sin 225°)
The solutions are the fourth roots of −1 − i:
  °+ °   ° + ° 
225 360 k 225 360 k
4
2 cos  + i sin  , k = 0, 1, 2, 3 Imaginary
  4   4  axis
2
 5π 5π 
k = 0: 8
2 cos + i sin ≈ 0.6059 + 0.9067i
 
 16 16 
 13π 13π  Real
k = 1: 8
2 cos + i sin ≈ −0.9067 + 0.6059i −2 2 axis
 
 16 16 
 21π 21π  −2
k = 2: 8
2 cos + i sin ≈ −0.6059 − 0.9067i
 
 16 16 
 29π 29π 
k = 3: 8
2 cos + i sin ≈ 0.9067 − 0.6059i
 
 16 16 
1
73. (a) z0 = (cos 0° + i sin 0°)
2
z1 = f ( z0 )
2
1 
=  (cos 0° + i sin 0°) − 1
2 
2
 1
=   cos( 2 ⋅ 0°) + i sin ( 2 ⋅ 0°) − 1
 2
1
= (cos 0° + i sin 0°) − 1
4
1
= −1
4
3
= −
4
2
 3 9 7
z2 = f ( z1 ) =  −  − 1 = −1 = −
 4 16 16
2
 7 49 207
z3 = f ( z2 ) =  −  − 1 = −1 = −
 16  256 256
2
 207 
z 4 = f ( z3 ) =  −  − 1 ≈ −0.35
 256 
The absolute values of the terms of the sequence are all less than 1. So, the sequence is bounded and
1
z0 = (cos 0° + i sin 0°) is in the prisoner set of f ( z ) = z 2 − 1.
2
Sectio n 4.5 DeMoivre’s Theo rem 395
(b) z0 = 2 ( cos 30° + i sin 30°)
z1 = f ( z0 )
2
=  2 (cos 30° + i sin 30°) − 1
= ( 2 ) cos(2 ⋅ 30°) + i sin(2 ⋅ 30°) − 1

2
= 2(cos 60° + i sin 60°) − 1

1 3 
= 2 + i − 1
2 2 
3
=1+ i −1
2
3
= i
2
2
 3  3 7
z2 = f ( z1 ) =  i − 1 = − − 1 = −
 2  4 4
2
 7 49 33
z3 = f ( z2 ) =  −  − 1 = −1 =
 4 16 16
2
 33 
z4 = f ( z3 ) =   − 1 ≈ 3.25
 16 
The absolute values of the terms are increasing. So, the sequence is unbounded and z0 = 2 ( cos 30° + i sin 30°)
is in the escape set of f ( z ) = z 2 − 1.
 π π
(c) z0 = 4
2  cos + i sin 
 8 8
z1 = f ( z0 )
2
 π 
= 4
2  cos + i sin −1
 8 8
 π 
 
 
2  π  π 
= ( 2 ) cos2 ⋅ 8  + i sin2 ⋅ 8  − 1
4
π π
= 2  cos + i sin  −1
 4 
 4
 2 2 
= 2 + i − 1
 2 2 
= 1+ i −1
= i
z2 = f ( z1 ) = (i ) − 1 = −1 − 1 = −2
2
z3 = f ( z2 ) = ( −2) − 1 = 4 − 1 = 3
2
z4 = f ( z3 ) = (3) − 1 = 9 − 1 = 8
2
 π π
The absolute values of the terms are increasing. So, the sequence is unbounded and z0 = 4
2  cos + i sin 
 8 8
is in the escape set of f ( z ) = z − 1.2
(d) z0 = 2 (cos π + i sin π )
z1 = f ( z0 )
2
=  2 (cos π + i sin π ) − 1
= ( 2 ) cos(2 ⋅ π ) + i sin(2 ⋅ π ) − 1

2
= 2(cos 2π + i sin 2π ) − 1
= 2 −1
=1
z2 = f ( z1 ) = (1) − 1 = 0
2
z3 = f ( z2 ) = (0) − 1 = −1
2
z4 = f ( z3 ) = ( −1) − 1 = 0
2
The absolute values of the terms alternate between 0 and 1. So, the sequence is bounded and z0 = 2 (cos π + i sin π )
is in the prisoner set of f ( z ) = z 2 − 1.
Imaginary
74. axis
z1 z0
1
30°
Real
−1 1 axis
z2 −1
z3
(a) Because one of the fourth roots is shown, there are three roots not shown.
(b) The other three roots also lie on the circle, with arguments of θ = 120°, 210°, and 300°.
75. False. They are equally spaced along the circle centered 77. True. (i ) = −i and ( −i) = i
3 3
n
at the origin with radius r.
78. False.
76. False. The complex number must be converted to
( )
2
trigonometric form before applying DeMoivre’s 3 +i = 2 + 2 3i ≠ 8i
Theorem.
The solutions are ± 2(1 + i ).
(4 + 6i ) 8
≈  22 (cos 0.55 + i sin 0.55)
8
 
5π 5π
79.
1
(1 − )
3i = cos + i sin
2 3 3
9 9
1 5π 5π
(1 − 3i ) 
= cos + i sin
2   
3 3
   
= cos 15π + i sin 15π
= −1
  7π 7π   7π 7π 
80. 2 −1 4 (1 − i ) = 2 −1 4 2 cos + i sin = 21 4 cos + i sin
    
4 4 4 4
    
4
  
( )( ) ( )
7π 7π 4 = 2 cos π + i sin π = −2
21 4 cos + i sin
= 21 4 cos 7π + i sin 7π
  4 
  4 
81. (a) x 2 − 4x + 8 = 0; x = 2 2 (cos 45° + i sin 45°) (b) 2 + 2i 1 −4 8

 2 2  2 + 2i –8
= 2 2 + i
  1 −2 + 2i 0
 2 2 
= 2 + 2i x − 2 + 2i = 0
?
x = 2 − 2i
(2 + 2i) − 4(2 + 2i ) + 8 = 0
2
? The other solution is
(4 + 8i − 4) − 8 − 8i + 8 = 0
x = 2 − 2i = 2 2 (cos 315° + i sin 315°).
0 = 0✓
(c) Used synthetic division with the given solution to find the other solution.
(d) x = 2 − 2i
?
2
(2 − 2i ) − 4( 2 − 2i ) + 8 = 0
?
(4 − 8i − 4) − 8 + 8i + 8 = 0
0=0
2π 2π
82. (a) x 2 + 2x + 4 = 0; x = 2 cos + i sin  (b) 1

 3 
 3
 1 3 
= 2 − + i  1
 2 2 
0
= −1 + 3i
(−1 + 3i ) 2
(
+ 2 −1 + )
3i + 4 = 0
?
(1 − 2 )
3i − 3 − 2 + 2 3i + 4 = 0
?
The other solution is
0 = 0✓
(c) Used synthetic division with the given solution (d) x = −1 − 3i
to find the other solution. 2 ?
(−1 − 3i ) + 2 −1 − ( )
3i + 4 = 0
(1 + 2 )
3i − 3 − 2 − 2 3i + 4 = 0
?
0 = 0✓
83. (a) x 2 + ix + 2 = 0 (c) x 2 + 2ix + 3i = 0
−i ± i 2 − 4(1)( 2)
( ) ( )( )
x =
2(1) −2i ± 2i
2
− 41 3i
x =
2(1)
−i ± −9 −2i ± −4 − 4 3i
= =
2 2
=
−i ± 3i
=
−2i ± ( 2 − 6i )
2
2
= −2i, i
2  6 2  6
= − + −1 + i, − 1+ i
(b) x 2 + 2ix + 1 = 0 2  2  2  2 
   
x =
−2i ± (2i)2 − 4(1)(1) Note: The square roots of −4 − 4 3i are
2(1) 2 − 6i and − 2 + 6i, by the formula on
−2i ± −8 page 362. Both of these roots yield the same two
= solutions to the equation.
2
−2i ± 2 2i
=
2
= −i ± 2i
(
= −1 ± 2 i )
5
  2π 
+ i sin  = 2 (cos 2π + i sin 2π ) = 32(1 + 0i ) = 32
5
84.
2π
2 cos
  5 5 
Fifth roots of 32 = 32( cos 0 + i sin 0) :
2π k 2π k 
 + i sin 
5
32 cos , k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
    

  5   5 
k = 0: 2(cos 0 + i sin 0)
2π 2π
k = 1: 2 cos + i sin 
 5 
 5
4π 4π
k = 2: 2 cos + i sin 
 
 5 5 
6π 6π
k = 3: 2 cos + i sin 
 
 5 5 
8π 8π
k = 4: 2 cos + i sin 
 5 
 5
4  3 1 
85.  2 (cos 7.5° + i sin 7.5°) = 4(cos 30° + i sin 30°) = 4 + i  = 2 3 + 2i
 2 2 
Fourth roots of 2 3 + 2i = 4(cos 30° + i sin

30°) :
  °+ °   ° + ° 
30 360 k 30 360 k
 + i sin   , k = 0, 1, 2, 3
4
4 cos
  4   4 
k = 0: 2 (cos 7.5° + i sin 7.5°)

k = 1: 2 (cos 97.5° + i sin 97.5°)
k = 2: 2 (cos 187.5° + i sin 187.5°)
k = 3: 2 (cos 277.5° + i sin 277.5°)
Review Exercises fo r Chapter 4 399
Review Exercises for Chapter 4

1. 6 + −4 = 6 + 2i 3. i 2 + 3i = −1 + 3i
2. 3 − −25 = 3 − 5i 4. −5i + i 2 = −1 − 5i
5. (6 − 4i ) + ( − 9 + i ) = (6 + ( −9 )) + ( − 4i + i ) = −3 −
3i
6. (7 − 2i) − (3 − 8i ) = (7 − 3) + ( − 2i + 8i ) = 4 + 6i
7. −3i( − 2 + 5i ) = 6i − 15i 2 14.

7i
=
7i
2 2
= 6i − 15( −1) (3 + 2i ) 9 + 12i + 4i

7i
= 15 + 6i =
9 + 12i + 4( −1)
8. (4 + i )(3 − 10i ) = 12 − 40i + 3i − 10i 2 =
7i
5 + 12i
= 12 − 37i − 10( −1)
7i 5 − 12i
= 22 − 37i = ⋅
5 + 12i 5 − 12i
9. (1 + 7i )(1 − 7i ) = 1 − 49i 2 35i − 84i 2

=
= 1 − 49( −1) 25 − 144i 2
35i − 84( −1)

= 1 + 49 =
25 + 144
= 50
84 + 35i
=
169
10. (5 − 9i) = 25 − 90i + 81i 2
2
84 35
= + i
= 25 − 90i + 81( −1) 169 169
= 25 − 81 − 90i
4 2 4 2 + 3i 2 1−i
= −56 − 90i 15. + = ⋅ + ⋅
2 − 3i 1+i 2 − 3i 2 + 3i 1+i 1−i
4 4 1 + 2i 8 + 12i 2 − 2i
11. = ⋅ = +
1 − 2i 1 − 2i 1 + 2i 4 +9 1+1
4 + 8i 8 12
= = + i +1−i
1 − 4i 2
13 13
4 + 8i 8   12 
= = + + i −i
   
5 13 1 13
   
4 8 21 1
= + i = − i
5 5 13 13
12.
6 − 5i
=
6 − 5i
⋅
−i
16.
1
−
5
=
(1 + 4i) − 5( 2 + i )
i i −i 2 +i 1 + 4i (2 + i )(1 + 4i )
− 6i + 5i 2 1 + 4i − 10 − 5i
= =
−i 2 2 + 8i + i + 4i 2
= −5 − 6i −9 − i ( −2 − 9i )
= ⋅
−2 + 9i ( −2 − 9i )
3 + 2i 3 + 2i 5−i
13. = ⋅ = 18 81i 2i 9i 2
5+i 5+ i 5−i + + +
2
4 − 81i
15 − 3i + 10i − 2i 2
= 9 + 83i 9 83
25 − i 2 = = + i
85 85 85
17 + 7i
=
26
17 7i
= +
26 26
17. x 2 − 2x + 10 = 0 19. 4x 2 + 4x + 7 = 0
x 2 − 2x + 1 = −10 + 1 −b ± b 2 − 4ac
x =
(x − 1) = −9
2
2a
2
x − 1 = ± −9 −4 ± (4) − 4(4)(7)
=
2(4)
x = 1 ± 3i
−4 ± −96
=
18. x 2 + 6x + 34 = 0 8
−b ± b 2 − 4ac − 4 ± 4 6i
x = =
2a 8
( 6) − 4(1)(34) 1 6
2
−6 ± = − ± i
= 2 2
2(1)
−6 ± −100 20. 6x 2 + 3x + 27 = 0
=
2
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
− 6 ± 10i x =
= 2a
2
= −3 ± 5i −3 ± 32 − 4(6)( 27 )
=
2(6)
−3 ± −639
=
12
−3 ± 3i 71 1 71
= = − ± i
12 4 4
21. 10i 2 − i 3 = 10i 2 − i 2i = 10( −1) − ( −1)i = −10 + i
22. −8i 6 + i 2 = −8i 2i 2i 2 + i 2 = −8( −1)( −1)( −1) + ( −1) = 7
1 1 1 1 i −i −i
23. = = = − ⋅ = = = i
i7 i 2i 2i 2i (−1)(−1)(−1)i i i i2 −i
1 1 1 1 1 i −i −i 1
24. = = = = − ⋅ = = = i
(4i )
3
64i 3 64i 2i 64( −1)i 64i i 64i 2 64( −1) 64
25. −2x 6 + 7x3 + x 2 + 4x − 19 = 0 29. 0.13x 2 − 0.45x + 0.65 = 0
b 2 − 4ac = ( −0.45) − 4(0.13)(0.65) = −0.1355 < 0

Six solutions 2
3 3 1 2 Two imaginary solutions

26. 4
x + 2
x + 3x
2 + 2 = 0
Three solutions 30. 4x 2 + 4x

3
+ 1
9
= 0
27. 6x 2 + x − 2 = 0 36x 2 + 12x + 1 = 0
a = 36, b = 12, c = 1
b 2 − 4ac = 12 − 4(6)( −2) = 49 > 0
Two real solutions

b 2 − 4ac = 12 2 − 4(36)(1) = 0
One repeated real solution

28. 9x 2 − 12x + 4 = 0
a = 9, b = −12, c = 4 31. x 2 − 2x = 0
x ( x − 2) = 0
b 2 − 4ac = ( −12) − 4(9)( 4) = 0
2
x = 0, x = 2
One repeated real solution
32. f ( x ) = 6x − x 2 36. 4x 2 − x + 10 = 0
6x − x 2 = 0
−( −1) ± (−1) − ( 4)( 4)(10)
2
1± −159
x( 6 − x ) = 0 x = =
(2)(4) 8
Zeros: x = 0, 6
1 159
x = ± i
8 8
33. x − 3x + 5 = 0
2
−( −3) ± (−3)2 − 4(1)(5) 37. x 4 + 8x 2 + 7 = 0

x =
2(1) (x 2
)(
+ 7 x2 + 1 = 0 )
3± −11
= x2 + 7 = 0  x = ± 7 i
2
x2 + 1 = 0  x = ± i
3 11
= ± i
2 2 Zeros: x = ±i, ± 7i
34. x 2 − 4x + 9 = 0 38. 21 + 4x 2 − x 4 = 0
4 2
−( −4) ± (−4)2 − 4(1)(9) x − 4x − 21 = 0

x =
(2)(1) (x2 )(
− 7 x2 + 3 = 0 )
4± −20 x2 − 7 = 0  x = ± 7
=
2
x2 + 3 = 0  x = ± 3 i
4 ± 2 5i
= Zeros: x = ± 7, ± 3i
2
x = 2± 5i
39. 150 = 0.45x 2 − 1.65x + 50.75

35. 2x 2 + 3x + 6 = 0 0 = 0.45x 2 − 1.65x − 99.25
(−1.65) − 4(0.45)(− 99.25)

2
(3) − 4(2)(6) 1.65 ±
2
−3 ±
x = x =
2( 2) 2(0.45)
−3 ± −39 3 39 ≈ −13.1, 16.8

= = − ± i
4 4 4 Because 10 ≤ x ≤ 25, choose 16.8°C.
x = 10: 0.45(10) − 1.65(10) + 50.75 = 79.25

2
40. P = xp − C
9,000,000 = x(140 − 0.0001x) − (75x + 100,000)
9,000,000 = 140x − 0.0001x 2 − 75x − 100,000
0.0001x 2 − 65x + 9,100,000 = 0
b 2 − 4ac = ( −65) − 4(0.0001)(9,100,000) = 585 > 0
2
There are two real solutions. By the Quadratic Formula we have:

x ≈ 445,934 units or x ≈ 204,066 units
p ≈ $95.41 p ≈ $119.59
So, either a price of $95.41 or $119.59 will yield a profit of approximately 9 million.
41. 2x 2 + 2x + 3 = 0 45. 4x 4 + 3x 2 − 10 = 0
x =
−2 ± 2 2 − 4( 2)(3) (4x 2 )(
− 5 x2 + 2 = 0 )
2( 2) 5
4x 2 − 5 = 0  x = ±
−2 ± −20 2
=
4 x2 + 2 = 0  x = ± 2i
2 2 5
± i
= − 5
4 4 Zeros: ± ,± 2i
2
1 5
= − ±
2 2
i (
f ( x ) = 2x − )(
5 2x + )(
5 x − )(
2i x + 2i )
1 5
Zeros: − ± i 46. f ( x) = 5x 4 + 126x 2 + 25
2 2

 1 5   1 5  5x 4 + 126x 2 + 25 = 0
r ( x) = 2 x − − + i x− − − i
 
   (5x 2 )(
+ 1 x 2 + 25 = 0 )
 2 2   2 2 
 1 5  1 5  5
= 2 x + − i  x + + i 5x 2 + 1 = 0  x = ± i
 2 2  2 2  5
  
x 2 + 25 = 0  x = ±5i
42. s( x ) = 2x 2 + 5x + 4 5
Zeros: x = ± i, ± 5i
By the Quadratic Formula, the zeros of s( x) are 5
−5 ± 52 − 4( 2)( 4) −5 ± −7 −5 ± 7i  5  5 
x = = = . f ( x) = 5 x − i x + i ( x − 5i )( x + 5i)
  
2( 2) 4 4  5  5 
  5 7   5 7 
47. f ( x ) = x 3 + 3x 2 − 24x + 28
s( x) = 2 x − − + i x− − − i
    
 4 4   4 4 
Zeros: 2  x − 2 is a factor of f ( x).
 5 7  5 7 
= 2 x + − i  x + + i
 4 4  4 4  x 2 + 5x − 14
  
x − 2 x 3 + 3x 2 − 24x + 28
43. 2x3 − 3x 2 + 50x − 75 = 0
x3 − 2 x2
x 2 ( 2x − 3) + 25( 2x − 3) = 0
5x 2 − 24x
(x 2
)
+ 25 ( 2x − 3) = 0
5x 2 − 10x
x 2 + 25 = 0  x = ±5i −14x + 28
2x − 3 = 0  x = 3 −14 x + 28
2
0
Zeros: ±5i, 32
(
Thus, f ( x) = ( x − 2) x 2 + 5x − 14 )
f ( x) = ( 2x − 3)( x − 5i )( x + 5i )
= ( x − 2)( x − 2)( x + 7)
44. f ( x) = 4x − x + 128x − 32
3 2
= ( x − 2) ( x + 7).
2
= x 2 ( 4x − 1) + 32( 4x − 1) The zeros of f ( x) are x = 2 and x = −7.

(
= x 2 + 32 ( 4x − 1))
x 2 + 32 = 0  x = ±4 2i
4x − 1 = 0  x = 1
4
The zeros of f ( x) are x = ±4 2i and x = 14.
( )
f x = 4 x − ( 1
)( x − 4 )(
2i x + 4 2i
)
4
(
= ( 4x − 1) x − 4 2i x + 4 2i )( )
48. f ( x ) = x 3 + 3x 2 − 5x + 50. f ( x ) = 5x 3 − 4x 2 + 20x − 16

25
Zero: −5  x + 5 is a factor of f ( x). Since 2i is a zero, so is −2i.
x 2 − 2x + 5 2i 5 −4 20 −16
x + 5 x 3 + 3x 2 − 5x + 25 10i −20 − 8i 16
x 3 + 5x 2 5 − 4 + 10i −8i 0
−2x 2 − 5x −2i 5 − 4 + 10i −8i

−2x 2 − 10x −10i 8i
5x + 25 5 −4 0
5x + 25 5x − 4 = 0
4
0 x = 5
(
Thus, f ( x) = ( x + 5) x 2 − 2x + 5 and by the ) Zeros: x = ± 2i, 4
5
Quadratic Formula, the zeros of x 2 − 2x + 5 are f ( x) = (5x − 4)( x − 2i )( x + 2i )

1 ± 2i.
The zeros of f ( x) are x = −5 and x = 1 ± 2i. 51. g ( x) = 2x4 − 3x3 − 13x2 + 37x − 15, Zero: 2 + i
f ( x ) = ( x + 5) x
 − (1 + 2i )  x − (1 − 2i ) Because 2 + i is a zero, so is 2 − i.
= ( x + 5)( x − 1 − 2i )( x − 1 + 2i )
2 + i 2 −3 −13 37 –15
4 + 2i −31 − 3i
h( x) = −x3 + 2x2 − 16x + 32 5i 15
49. 2 1 + 2i −13 + 5i 6 − 3i 0
Because −4i is a zero, so is 4i.
− 4i –1 2 −16 32 2 − i 2 1 + 2i −13 + 5i 6 − 3i
4i 16 − 8i –32 4 − 2i 10 − 5i − 6 + 3i
–1 2 + 4i − 8i 0 2 5 −3 0
4i –1 2 + 4i − 8i (
g ( x ) =  x − ( 2 + i )  x − ( 2 − i) 2x 2 + 5x − 3 )
− 4i 8i = ( x − 2 − i )( x − 2 + i )( 2x − 1)( x + 3)
–1 2 0
Zeros: x = 2 ± i, 12, −3
h( x) = ( x + 4i)( x − 4i )( −x + 2)
Zeros: x = ±4i, 2
52. f ( x ) = x 4 + 5x 3 + 2x 2 − 50x − 84
Zero: −3 + 5i  −3 − (
5i is also a zero and x + 3 − )(
5i x + 3 + )
5i = x 2 + 6x + 14 is a factor of f ( x).
x2 − x − 6
x 2 + 6x + 14 x 4 + 5x3 + 2x 2 − 50x − 84
x 4 + 6 x3 + 14 x 2
−x3 − 12x 2 − 50x
6x 2 − 14x
−x3 −
−6x 2 − 36x − 84
−6x 2 − 36x − 84
0
( )( )
Thus, f ( x ) = x 2 − x − 6 x 2 + 6x + 14 = ( x + 2)( x − 3) x + 3 − ( )(
5i x + 3 + )
5i .
The zeros of f ( x) are x = −2, x = 3, and x = −3 ± 5i.
53. Zeros: 23, 4, 3i 55. Zeros: 2i, −5i
Because 3 i is a zero, so is − 3 i. Because 2 i and −5i are zeros, so are − 2 i and 5i.
f ( x) = (3x − 2)( x − 4) x − ( )(
3i x + 3i ) (
f ( x) = x + )(
2i x − )
2i ( x + 5i )( x − 5i )
(
= 3x 2 − 14x + 8 x 2 + 3 )( ) ( )( )
= x 2 + 2 x 2 + 25 = x 4 + 27x 2 + 50
= 3x 4 − 14x3 + 17x 2 − 42x + 24 Note: Any nonzero multiple of f ( x) has the given zeros.
Note: Any nonzero multiple of f ( x) has the given zeros.

56. Zeros: x = −2i, − 4i
54. Zeros: x = 2, −3, 1 − 2i Because − 2i and −4i are zeros, so are 2i and 4i.
Because 1 − 2i is a zero, so is 1 + 2i. f ( x) = ( x + 2i )( x − 2i)( x + 4i )( x − 4i )

f ( x ) = ( x − 2)( x + 3)( x − 1 + 2i )( x − 1 − 2i ) = x 4 + 20x 2 + 64
= x 4 − x 3 − 3x 2 + 17x − 30 Note: Any nonzero multiple of f ( x) has the given zeros.
Note: Any nonzero multiple of f ( x) has the given zeros.
57. Zeros: 5, 1 − i
Because 1 − i is a zero, so is 1 + i.
f ( x) = a ( x − 5)  x − (1 − i )  x − (1 + i )
= a ( x − 5) ( x − 1) + i ( x − 1) − i
= a ( x − 5) ( x − 1) + 1
2
 
= a ( x − 5) x 2 − 2x + 2( )
(
= a x3 − 7x 2 + 12x − 10 )
f (1) = −8  − 4a = −8  a = 2
(
f ( x) = 2 x 3 − 7x 2 + 12x − 10 = 2x 3 − 14x 2 + 24x − 20 )
58. Zeros: −, 0, 2i
Because 2 i is a zero, so is − 2 i.
f ( x) = ax( x + 3) x − ( )(
2i x + 2i )
= ax( x + 3) x 2 + 2 ( )
(
= ax x3 + 3x 2 + 2x + 6 )
(
= a x 4 + 3x3 + 2x 2 + 6x )
f ( − 2) = 24  a ( − 2) + 3( − 2) + 2(− 2) + 6(− 2) = 24
4 3 2
 
−12a = 24
a = −2
(
f ( x ) = − 2 x 4 + 3x 3 + 2x 2 + 6x )
= − 2x − 6x − 4x − 12x
4 3 2
59. 7i = 02 + 72 = 7 63. (2 + 3i ) + (1 − 2i) = 3 + i

Imaginary
axis 64. ( − 4 + 2i ) + ( 2 + i ) = − 2 + 3i
10
8
65. (1 + 2i ) − (3 + i ) = − 2 + i
(0, 7)
6
4 66. ( − 2 + i ) − (1 + 4i ) = −3 − 3i
2
Real 67. The complex conjugate of 3 + i is 3 − i
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 axis
−2 Imaginary
axis
60. −6i = 6 2
1 (3, 1)
Imaginary
axis Real
axis
−1 1 2 3 4 5
−1 (3, −1)
8
6 −2
4 −3
2
Real
axis
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 68. The complex conjugate of 2 − 5i is 2 + 5i
−4 Imaginary
−6 (0, −6) axis

−8
6
(2, 5)
4
2
61. 5 + 3i = 52 + 32 Real
−4 −2 2 4 6 8 axis
= 34 −2
−4
Imaginary (2, −5)
axis −6
5
4
(2 − 3) + ( −1 − 2)
(5, 3) 2 2
3 69. d =
2
= 10
1
Real
axis
(−1 − 1)2 + (3 − 5)
2
−1
−1
1 2 3 4 5
70. d =
= 8 = 2 2
(−10)2 + ( −4)
2
62. −10 − 4i =
1 + 4 1 + 3 
= 2 29 71. Midpoint =  , i
2 2
 
Imaginary
5
axis
= + 2i
6
2
5 
4
= ,2
 
2 2 
Real
− 12 − 10 − 8 − 6 axis
−2
 2 + 1 −1 + 4 
72. Midpoint = i
 2 , 
(−10, −4)
−4
 2 
−6
3 3
= + i
2 2
 3 3
=  , 
 2 2
73. z = 4i 76. z = 5 + 12i
r = 02 + 42 = 16 = 4 z = 52 + 12 2 = 13
4 π 12
 θ ≈ 1.176
tan θ = , undefined  θ = tan θ =
0 2 5
 π π z ≈ 13(cos 1.176 + i sin 1.176)

 2 2
Imaginary
axis
Imaginary
axis 12 5 + 12i
5 10
8
4 4i
6
3
4
2
2
1 Real
Real −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10 axis
axis −2
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1
Imaginary
77. axis
74. z = −7 Real
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 axis
z = 7
0 −6
tan θ = = 0  θ = π
−7 −8
− 10
z = 7(cos π + i sin π ) − 12 5 − 12i

− 14
Imaginary
axis
z = 5 − 12i
4
52 + ( −12)
3 2
2 r =
−7 1
Real
axis
= 169 = 13
− 8 −7 − 6 − 5 − 4 − 3 − 2 − 1
−1
−12
−2 tan θ =  θ ≈ 5.107
−3 5
−4
z ≈ 13(cos 5.107 + i sin 5.107 )
75. z = 7 − 7i
78. −3 3 + 3i
(7 ) 2 + ( −7)
2
r = = 98 = 7 2
(−3 3 )
2
r = + 32 = 36 = 6
−7 7π
tan θ = = −1  θ = because the complex
3 1 5π
7 4 tan θ = = − θ = because the
number lies in Quadrant IV. −3 3 3 6
7π 7π  complex number is in Quadrant II.


7 − 7i = 7 2 cos + i sin
 4  5π 5π 
−3 3 + 3i = 6 cos
 4
+ i sin 
− - 6 6
Imaginary −1 4 6
axis − −
−2 7
−3 5
1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 
I
m
Real axis a
g
i
n
−3 a
3+ r
3i y
a
x
i
s
6
5
4
3
2
1
R
e
a
l
7 − 7i −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 axis
−8 1
−1
79. 2(cos 30° + i sin 30°) 3 + i 82. 8 (cos 315° + i sin 315°) = 2 − 2i
=
Imaginary Imaginary
axis axis
Real
2 axis
1 2 3
−1
1 3+i
−2 2 − 2i
Real
1 2 axis −3
80. 4(cos 210° + i sin 210°) = −2 3 − 5π 5π 

83. 2 cos + i sin = − 3 +i
2i 

Imaginary  6 6
axis
Imaginary
axis
1
Real
axis 2
−4 −3 −2 1
−1
− 3 +i
1
−2
−2 3 − 2i
−3
Real
axis
−2 −1
81. 2 cos( − 45°) + i sin ( − 45°) = 1 −

4π 4π
i 84. 4 cos + i sin  = −2 − 2 3i

Imaginary
 3 
axis  3
Imaginary
Real axis
axis
1 2
1
Real
−1 1−i −3 −2 −1 1 axis
−2 −2
−3
−2 − 2 3i −4
  π π   π π   π π π π 
85. 2 cos + i sin 2 cos + i sin  = ( 2)( 2) cos +  + i sin  + 
  4 4   3 3   4 3 4 3 
7π 7π
= 4 cos + i sin 

12 12 
  π π   5π 5π   π 5π  π 5π 
86. 4 cos + i sin 3 cos + i sin  = ( 4)(3) cos +  + i sin  + 
  3 3   6 6   3 6  3 6 
7π
= 12 cos 7π
+ i sin 
 6 
 6
2[cos 60° +i sin 60°] 2
87. = (cos (60° − 15°) + i sin (60° − 15°))
3[cos 15° + i sin 15°] 3
2
= (cos 45° + i sin 45°)
3
cos 150° +i sin 150°

88. =
1
(cos (150° − 50°) + i sin (150° − 50°))
2[cos 50° + i sin 50°] 2
1
= (cos 100° + i sin 100°)
2
  2π 2π    5π 5π    2π 5π   2π 5π 
89. 4 cos + i sin  2 cos + i sin  = ( 4)( 2) cos +  + i sin  + 
  3 3    6 6    3 6   3 6 
3π 3π
= 8 cos + i sin 
 
 2 2 
= 80 + i( −1) = −8i
  7π 7π     7π  7π
 (cos π + i sin π )3 cos
90. 3 + i sin  = (3)(3) cosπ +  + i sin π + 
  6 6    6   6 
13π 13π
= 9 cos + i sin 
 6 
 6
π π
= 9 cos + i sin 
 6 
 6
 3  1  9 3 9
= 9 +i  = + i
2  2 
   2 2
4 7
   4π 4π    3π 3π 
4
7
91. = 5  cos + i sin  95. ( −1 + i ) =  2  cos + i sin 
π π
5 cos + i sin 
  12 12   12 12    4 4 
π π
= 625 cos + i sin  = ( 2 )  cos + i sin 
  7 21π 21π 
 3 3  4 4 
  5π 5π
= 8 2 cos + 4π  + i sin  + 4π 
1 3     
i
= 625 +
2 2    4   4 
 
 5π 5π 
625 625 3 = 8 2 cos + i sin
= + i  
2 2  4 4 
 2 2 
= 8 2− − i
2 
5
  4π   4π 4π 2
92. + i sin  = 25  cos + i sin   
4π
2 cos
  15 15   3 3  = −8 − 8i
 1 3 
= 32 − − i 4
  11π 
( )
4
 2 2 
96. 3 −i + i sin 
11π
= 2 cos
  6 6 
= −16 − 16 3i
 44π 44π 
= 2 4 cos + i sin
 
93. ( 2 + 3i ) ≈  13 (cos 56.3° + i sin 56.3°)
6 6  6 6 
 
 22π 22π 
= 13 (cos 337.9° + i sin 337.9°)
3 = 16 cos + i sin 
3 3
 
≈ 133 (0.9263 − 0.3769i )   4π   4π 
= 16 cos + 6π  + i sin  + 6π 
≈ 2035 − 828i   3   3 
4π 4π
8
8
= 16 cos + i sin 
94. (1 − i ) =   
2 (cos 315° + i sin 315°)
   3 3 
= 16(cos 2520° + i sin 2520°)  1 3 
= 16 − − i
= 16(cos 0° + i sin 0°)  2 2 
= 16 = −8 − 8 3i
Review Exercises fo r Cha pter 4 409
97. (a) and (b)

3π 3π
Sixth roots of −729i = 729 cos + i sin :
 2 
 2
  3π   3π 
+ 2kπ + 2kπ
    
6
729 cos 2  + i sin  2 , k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (c) Imaginary
  6   6  axis
4
π π 3 2 3 2
k = 0: 3 cos + i sin  = + i
 4 
 4 2 2
7π 7π 
k = 1: 3 cos
Real
+ i sin  = −0.776 + 2.898i −4 −2 4 axis
 12 12  −2
11π 11π
k = 2: 3 cos + i sin  = −2.898 + 0.776i
 
−4
 12 12 
5π 5π −3 2 3 2
k = 3: 3 cos + i sin  = − i
 4 
 4 2 2
19π 19π
k = 4: 3 cos + i sin  = 0.776 − 2.898i
 
 12 12 
23π 23π
k = 5: 3 cos + i sin  = 2.898 − 0.776i
 12 
 12
π π
98. (a) 256i = 256 cos + i sin  (b) 3.696 + 1.531i
  −1.531 + 3.696i
 2 2 −3.696 − 1.531i
Fourth roots of 256i:
 π π 
 + 2π k + 2π k  1.531 − 3.696i
4
256 cos 2 + i sin 2 , k = 0, 1, 2, 3
 
4 4
 
 
π π
k = 0: 4 cos + i sin 
 8 
 8
5π 5π
k = 1: 4 cos + i sin 
 8 
 8
9π 9π
k = 2: 4 cos + i sin 
 
 8 8 
13π k = 3: 4 cos
13π 
+ i sin   8 8 
Imaginary
(c) axis
1
Real
−3 −1 5 axis
1 2 3
−2
−3
−5
99. Cube roots of 8 = 8(cos 0 + i sin 0), k = 0, 1, 2
  +   + 
0 2π k 0 2π k
(a) 3
8 cos  + i sin   (b) 2
  3   3 
−1 + 3i
k = 0: 2(cos 0 + i sin 0)
−1 − 3i
2π 2π
k = 1: 2 cos + i sin 
 
 3 
3
4π 4π
k = 2: 2 cos + i sin 
 3 
 3
Imaginary
(c) axis
Real
−3 −1 1 3 axis
−3
100. (a) −1024 = 1024(cos π + i sin π ) (b) 3.236 + 2.351i

Fifth roots of −1024: −1.236 + 3.804i
−4
+  + 
 π 2π k π 2π k , k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
5
1024 cos + i sin
   −1.236 − 3.804i
5 5
  
3.236 − 2.351i
π π
k = 0: 4 cos + i sin 
 5 
 5
3π 3π
k = 1: 4 cos + i sin 
 5 
 5
k = 2: 4(cos π + i sin π )
7π 7π
k = 3: 4 cos + i sin 
 
 5 5 
9π 9π
k = 4: 4 cos + i sin 
 
(c)  5 5 
Imaginary
axis
1
Real
axis
−3 −2 −1 2 3 5
−5
101. x 4 + 81 = 0
x 4 = −81 Solve by finding the fourth roots of −81. Imaginary

axis
−81 = 81(cos π + i sin π ) 4
  +   +  2
π 2π k π 2π k
4
−81 = 4
81 cos  + i sin   , k = 0, 1, 2, 3
  4   4  Real
axis
−4 −2 2 4
π π 3 2 3 2
k = 0: 3 cos + i sin  = + −2
i
 4 
 4 2 2
−4
3π 3π 3 2 3 2
k = 1: 3 cos + i sin  = − + i
 4 
 4 2 2
5π 5π 3 2 3 2
k = 2: 3 cos + i sin  = − − i
 4 
 4 2 2
7π 7π 3 2 3 2
k = 3: 3 cos + i sin  = − i
 4 
 4 2 2
102. x5 − 32 = 0 Imaginary
axis
x5 = 32 3
32 = 32(cos 0 + i sin 0)
1
     Real
2π k 2π k
3
32 = 5
32 cos 0 +  + i sin  0 + , k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 −3 1 3 axis
  5   5  −1
k = 0: 2(cos 0 + i sin 0) = 2
−3
2π 2π
k = 1: 2 cos + i sin  = 0.6180 + 1.9021i
 5 
 5
4π 4π
k = 2: 2 cos + i sin  = −1.6180 + 1.1756i
 5 
 5
6π 6π
k = 3: 2 cos + i sin  = −1.6180 − 1.1756i
 
 5 5 
8π 8π
k = 4: 2 cos + i sin  = 0.6180 − 1.9021i
 5 
 5
Imaginary
103. x3 + 8i = 0 axis
x3 = −8i Solve by finding the cube roots of −8i. 3
3π 3π
−8i = 8 cos + i sin  1
 2 
 2 Real
−3 3 axis
  3π + 2π k   3π + 2π k  −1
    
3
−8i = 3
8 cos 2  + i sin  2 , k = 0, 1, 2
−3
 
3
 
3

    
π π
k = 0: 2 cos + i sin  = 2i
 2 
 2
7π 7π
k = 1: 2 cos + i sin  = − 3 −i
 6 
 6
11π 11π
k = 2: 2 cos + i sin  = 3 −i
 6 
 6
Imaginary
104. x − 64i = 0
4 axis
x 4 = 64i Solve by finding the fourth roots of 64i. 4
π π
64i = 64 cos + i sin 
 2 
2
 2 Real
axis
−4 1 2 4
−1
  π + 2π k   π + 2π k  −2
    
4
64i = 4
64 cos 2  + i sin  2 , k = 0, 1, 2, 3
 
4
 
4

−4
    
 π π
k = 0: 2 2 cos + i sin ≈ 2.6131 + 1.0824i
 
 8 8
 5π 5π 
k = 1: 2 2 cos + i sin ≈ −1.0824 + 2.6131i
 
 8 8 
 9π 9π 
k = 2: 2 2 cos + i sin ≈ −2.6131 − 1.0824i
 
 8 8 
 13π 13π 
k = 3: 2 2 cos + i sin ≈ 1.0824 − 2.6131i
 
 8 8 
105. False. (c) No real solutions  b 2 − 4ac < 0
−18 (
−2 = 3 2i )( )
2i = 6i 2 = −6, whereas x 2 + 5x + 14 = 0
2
(−18)(−2) = 36 = 6. 6x − 3x + 11 = 0
109. (a) From the graph, the three roots are:

106. False. The equation 325x 2 − 717 x + 398 = 0 has no
real solution. By the Quadratic Formula, the complex 4( cos 60° + i sin 60°)
solutions are: 4( cos 180° + i sin 180°)
717 3311 4( cos 300° + i sin 300°)

x = ± i.
650 650
(b) Since there are three evenly spaced roots on the
107. False. A fourth-degree polynomial with real coefficients circle of a radius 4, they are cube roots of a complex
has four zeros, and complex zeros occur in conjugate number of modulus 43 = 64. Cubing them yields
pairs. –64.
3
4(cos 60° + i sin 60°) = −64
108. Answers will vary.
4(cos 180° + i sin 180°) = −64
3
(a) Two distinct real solutions  b 2 − 4ac > 0
3
x − 5x + 6 = 0 4(cos 300° + i sin 300°) = −64

2
3x 2 + 8x − 40 = 0 By using a calculator, show that each of the roots

(b) Two complex solutions. All quadratic equations have raised to the fourth power yields –64.
two complex solutions since the degree of any
quadratic equation is 2.
Problem Solving for Chapter 4 413
110. (a) There are four roots shown and they each have an absolute value of 4.
4( cos 60° + i sin 60°)
4( cos 150° + i sin 150°)
4( cos 240° + i sin 240°)
4( cos 330° + i sin 330°)
4
(b) 4(cos 60° + i sin 60°) = 256(cos 240° + i sin 240°)
 1 3 
= 256 − − i 
 2 2 
= −128 − 128 3i
By using a calculator, show that each of the roots raised to the fourth power yields −128 − 128 3i.
111. From the graph,
z1 = 2(cos θ + i sin θ ) and z 2 = 2(cos(π − θ ) + i sin (π − θ )).
z1z2 = 2 ⋅ 2(cos(θ + π − θ ) + i sin (θ + π − θ ))
= 4(cos π + i sin π ) = −4
( )
2
cos(θ − (π − θ )) + i sin (θ − (π − θ ))
z1
=
z2 2
= cos( 2θ − π ) + i sin ( 2θ − π )
= cos 2θ cos π + sin 2θ sin π + i(sin 2θ cos π − cos 2θ sin π )
= −cos 2θ − i sin 2θ
112. (a) There are six sixth roots of z in the complex number system, so five roots are not shown.
(b) The five roots are located on the circle at θ = 45° + 60°k, k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. The five roots not shown are 105°,
165°, 225°, 285°, and 345°.
Problem Solving for Chapter 4

3 3
 −2 + 2 3i   −3 + 3 3i 
= 27
1. (a)   = 8 (b) 

(c) The cube roots of a positive real number “a” are:
2
 2    3
3 3
(i) a
 −2 − 2 3i   −3 − 3 3i 
 = 8  = 27 −3 a + 3
  a 3i
 2   2  (ii)
2
(2)3 = 8 (3)3 = 27
− 3
a − 3
a 3i
(iii)
2
1 1 1 1− i 1− i 1 1
2. (a) z = = = ⋅ = = − i
m
z 1+ i 1+ i 1− i 2 2 2
1 1 1 3 + i 3 + i 3 1
(b) z = = = ⋅ = = + i
m
z 3 − i 3 − i 3 + i 10 10 10
1 1 1 −2 − 8i −2 − 8i 1 2
(c) z = = = ⋅ = = − − i
m
z −2 + 8i −2 + 8i −2 − 8i 68 34 17
3. ( a + bi )( a − bi ) = a 2 − abi + abi − = a2 + b2
b 2i 2
Since a and b are real numbers, a 2 + b 2 is also a real number.
4. z = a + bi, z = a − bi, w = c + di, and w = c − di
(a) z + w = ( a + bi ) + (c + di ) (b) z − w = ( a + bi ) − (c + di ) (c) zw = ( a + bi)(c + di )
= ( a + c) + (b + d )i = ( a − c) + (b − d )i = ( ac − bd ) + ( ad + bc)i
= ( a + c) − (b + d )i = ( a − c) − (b − d )i = ( ac − bd ) − ( ad + bc)i
= ( a − bi ) + (c − di) = ( a − bi ) + ( −c + di ) = ( a − bi ) − (c − di )
= z + w = ( a − bi ) + (c − di ) = zw
= z − w
 z   a + bi 
(d)   =  ( z )2 = ( a − bi ) (f ) z = ( a + bi )
2
 (e)
 w   c + di 
2 2
= a − 2abi − b = (a − bi )
(a + bi)(c − di )
=
c2 + d 2 ( )
= a 2 − b 2 − 2abi = a + bi
(ac
+ bd ) + (bc − ad )i = z
= = (a2 − b 2 ) + 2abi
c2 + d2
= ( a + bi)
2
=
(ac + bd ) − (bc − ad )i
c2 + d2
= z2
=
(ac + bd ) + ( ad − bc)i
c2 + d2
=
(a − bi )(c + di )
(c − di )(c + di )
a − bi
=
c − di
z
=
w
(g) If z is real, then z = a + 0i = a and z = a − 0i = a. Thus, z = z.
5. x 2 − 2kx + k = 0
x 2 − 2kx = −k
x 2 − 2kx + k 2 = k 2 − k
(x − k ) = k ( k − 1)
2
x = k ± k ( k − 1)
(a) If the equation has two real solutions, then k ( k − 1) > 0. This means that k < 0 or k > 1.
(b) If the equation has two complex solutions, then k ( k − 1) < 0. This means that 0 < k < 1.
6. f ( x) = x 4 − 4x 2 + k
−( −4) ± (−4)2 − 4(1)( k ) 4± 2 4− k

x =
2
=
2(1) 2
= 2± 4− k
x = ± 2 ± 4 − k
(a) For there to be four distinct real roots, both 4 − k and 2 ± 4 − k must be positive. This occurs
1
when 0 < k < 4. Thus, some possible k-values are k = 1, k = 2, k = 3, k = ,k = 2, etc.
2
(b) For there to be two real roots, each of multiplicity 2, 4 − k must equal zero. Thus, k = 4.
(c) For there to be four complex zeros, 2 ± 4 − k must be nonreal. This occurs when k > 4.
Some possible k-values are k = 5, k = 6, k = 7.4, etc.
7. (a) g ( x) = f ( x − 2)
No. This function is a horizontal shift of f ( x). Note that x is a zero of g if and only if x − 2 is a zero of f ; the number of
real and complex zeros is not affected by a horizontal shift.

(b) g ( x) = f ( 2x)
No. Since x is a zero of g if and only if 2x is a zero of f, the number of real and complex zeros of g is the same as the
number of real and complex zeros of f.
8. Zeros: −2, 12, 3 9. (a) No. The graph is not of f ( x ) = x 2 ( x + 2)( x − 3.5)
because this function has (0, 0) as an intercept and

(a) f ( x) = −( x + 2)( 2x − 1)( x − 3)
the given graph does not go through (0, 0).
= −2x3 + 3x 2 + 11x − 6
(b) y
(b) No. The graph is not of g ( x) = ( x + 2)( x − 3.5)
because this function’s graph is a parabola and the
8 graph given is not. The function shown in the graph
4
( 1
2
,0
must be at least a fourth-degree polynomial.
(−2, 0) (3, 0)
x (c) Yes. The function shown in the graph is
−8 −4 4 8 12
(
h( x) = ( x + 2)( x − 3.5) x 2 + 1 .)
(d) The graph is not of k ( x) = ( x + 1)( x + 2)( x − 3.5)
because this function has ( −1, 0) as an intercept and
(c) Any nonzero scalar multiple of f would have the
the given graph does not.
same three zeros. Let g ( x) = af ( x), a > 0. There
are infinitely many possible functions for f.
10. (a) x 2 − ( 4 + 2i ) x + 2 + 4i = 0
4 + 2i ± (−4 − 2i ) − 4( 2 + 4i)
2
x =
2
4 + 2i ± 12 + 16i − 8 − 16i
=
2
4 + 2i ± 2
=
2
= 2 +i ±1
x = 3 + i or x = 1 + i
(b) x 2 − (3 + 2i ) x + 5 + i = 0
3 + 2i ± (−3 − 2i ) − 4(5 + i )
2
x =
2
3 + 2i ± 5 + 12i − 20 − 4i
=
2
3 + 2i ± −15 + 8i
=
2
3 + 2i ± (1 + 4i)
=
2
x = 2 + 3i or x = 1 − i
Note: The square roots of −15 + 8i are 1 + 4i and −1 − 4i, by DeMoivre’s Theorem.
Both of these roots yield the same two solutions to the equation.
(c) 2x 2 + (5 − 8i ) x − 13 − i = 0
−(5 − 8i ) ± (5 − 8i )2 + 8(13 + i )
x =
4
−5 + 8i ± −39 − 80i + 104 + 8i
=
4
−5 + 8i ± 65 − 72i
=
4
−5 + 8i ± (9 − 4i )
=
4
7
x = 1 + i or x = − + 3i
2
Note: The square roots of 65 − 72i are 9 − 4i and −9 + 4i, by DeMoivre’s Theorem.
(d) 3x 2 − (11 + 14i ) x + 1 − 9i = 0
x =
11 + 14i ± (−11 − 14i )2 − 12(1 − 9i )
6
11 + 14i ± −75 + 308i − 12 + 108i
=
6
11 + 14i ± −87 + 416i
=
6
11 + 14i ± (13 + 16i )
=
6
1 1
x = 4 + 5i or x = − − i
3 3
Note: The square roots of −87 + 416i are 13 + 16i and −13 − 16i, by DeMoivre’s Theorem.
11. Interval: (−∞, − 2), (−2, 1), (1, 4), ( 4, ∞)

Value of f ( x) : Positive Negative Negative Positive
(a) Zeros of f ( x): x = −2, x = 1, x = 4
(b) The graph touches the x-axis at x = 1.

(c) The least possible degree of the function is 4 because there are at least four real zeros (1 is repeated) and a function can
have at most the number of real zeros equal to the degree of the function. The degree cannot be odd by the definition of
multiplicity.
(d) The leading coefficient of f is positive. From the information in the table, you can conclude that the graph will eventually
rise to the left and to the right.
(e) f ( x) = ( x + 2)( x − 1) ( x − 4) = x 4 − 4x3 − 3x 2 + 14x − 8
2
(This answer is not unique.)

y
(f ) (−2, 0)
2 (1, 0) (4, 0)
x
−3 −1 2 3 5
−4
−6
−8
− 10
12. (a)
Function Zeros Sum of Zeros Product of Zeros
f1 ( x ) = x 2 − 5x + 6 2, 3 5 6
f 2 ( x ) = x − 7x + 6
3
−3, 1, 2 0 –6
f 3 ( x ) = x 4 + 2x 3 + x 2 + 8x − 12 −3, 1, ± 2i –2 –12
f 4 ( x ) = x − 3x − 9x + 25x − 6x
5 4 3 2
−3, 0, 2, 2 ± 3 3 0
(b) Conjecture: Sum of Zeros = −an −1

a , if n is even
(c) Conjecture: Product of Zeros =  0
−a0 , if n is odd
13. Let z = a + bi and z = a − bi. 14. (a) c = i
z2 − z 2 = 0 The terms are:
i, −1 + i, −i, −1 + i, −i, −1 + i, −i, −1 + i, −i,
(a + bi ) − ( a − bi ) = 0
2 2
The sequence is bounded so c = i is in the

4abi = 0  b = 0
Mandelbrot Set.
z = a, a pure real number
(b) c = 1 + i
z2 + z 2 = 0 The terms are:

1 + i, 1 + 3i, − 7 + 7i, 1 − 97i, − 9407 − 193i,
(a + bi ) + ( a − bi ) = 0
2 2
The sequence is unbounded so c = 1 + i is not in

2a 2 − 2b 2 = 0  b = ±a
the Mandelbrot Set.
z = a + ai or z = a − ai, both are complex
(c) c = −2
solutions.
The terms are: −2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
The sequence is bounded so c = −2 is in the
Mandelbrot Set.
15. Let z = x + yi and z = x − yi.
z −1 ⋅ z −1 = 1
(x − 1) + y 2 (x − 1) + ( − y )
2 2 2
= 1
(x − 1) + y 2 = 1
2
The graph of the solution set is a circle centered at (1, 0) of radius 1.

I
4
3
2
1
R
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 3 4
−1
−2
−3
−4
Practice Test for Chapter 4
1. Write 4 + −81 − 3i 2 in standard form.
3 + i
2. Write the result in standard form:
5 − 4i
3. Use the Quadratic Formula to solve x 2 − 4x + 7 = 0.

4. True or false: −6 −6 = 36 = 6
5. Use the discriminant to determine the type of solutions of 3x 2 − 8x + 7 = 0.

6. Find all the zeros of f ( x ) = x 4 + 13x 2 + 36.
7. Find a polynomial function that has the following zeros: 3, −1 ± 4i

8. Use the zero x = 4 + i to find all the zeros of f ( x ) = x 3 − 10x 2 + 33x − 34.
9. Give the trigonometric form of z = 5 − 5i.
10. Give the standard form of z = 6(cos 225° + i sin 225°).
11. Multiply 7(cos 23° + i sin 23°) 4(cos 7° + i sin 7°).

5π 5π
9 cos + i sin 
 
12. Divide  4 4 
.
3(cos π + i sin π )
13. Find ( 2 + 2i ) .
8
π π
14. Find the cube roots of 8 cos + i sin .
 3 
 3
15. Find all the solutions to x 4 + i = 0.

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Section 4.1 Complex Numbers..............................................................................348

Section 4.2 Complex Solutions of Equations .......................................................354

Section 4.3 The Complex Plane ............................................................................366

Section 4.4 Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number .....................................369

Section 4.5 DeMoivre’s Theorem .........................................................................379

Review Exercises ........................................................................................................399

Problem Solving .........................................................................................................413

Practice Test .............................................................................................................418

6. complex conjugates 17. 23

a = 9 19. −6i + i 2 = −6i + ( −1)

9. ( a − 2) + (b + 1)i = 6 + 5i 21. − 0.04 = 0.04 i

10. ( a + 2) + (b − 3)i = 4 + 7i = 0.05i

26. (3 + 2i) − (6 + 13i ) = 3 + 2i − 6 − 13i

45. The complex conjugate of 6 is 6.

37. (6 + 7i ) = 36 + 84i + 49i 2

= 25 − 40i − 16 5+i (5 + i ) 25 + 10i + i 2

(8 − 10i )(8 + 10i ) = 64 − 100i 2

8 + 16i − 2i −16i − 32i 2

42. The complex conjugate of −3 + 2i is −3 − − 27i + 120i −120 − 27i

1+ i 1−i (1 + i)(1 − i ) i 4−i i( 4 − i )

68. x 2 + 6x + 10 = 0; a = 1, b = 6, c = 10 72. 16t 2 − 4t + 3 = 0; a = 16, b = − 4, c = 3

8 − ( −12) ± (−12) − 4(3)(18)

71. 4x 2 + 16x + 21 = 0; a = 4, b = 16, c = 21 12 ± −136

76. 4.5x 2 − 3x + 12 = 0; a = 4.5, b = −3, c = 12 78. 4i 2 − 2i 3 = 4i 2 − 2i 2i = 4( −1) − 2(−1)i = − 4 + 2i

− ( −3) ± (−3) − 4(4.5)(12)

3± − 207 80. ( − i ) = ( −1)(i 3 ) = ( −1)i 2i = ( −1)( −1)i = i

85. (3i ) = 81i = 81i i = 81( −1)( −1) = 81

86. ( −i ) = i 6 = i 2i 2i 2 = ( −1)( −1)( −1) = −1

87. (a) z1 = 9 + 16i, z2 = 20 − 10i

z z1 z2 9 + 16i 20 − 10i (9 + 16i )( 20 − 10i ) 340 + 230i

 340 + 230i  29 − 6i  11,240 + 4630i 11,240 4630

88. (a) (−1 + 3i )

= (−1) + ( −1) − (−1) − (−1) i + (−1) i

i 9 = i 4i 4i = i 96. ( a1 + b1i )( a2 + b2i ) = a1a2 + a1b2i + a2b1i + b b i 2

i10 = i 4i 4i 2 = −1 = ( a1a2 − b1b2 ) + ( a1b2 + a2b1 )i

i11 = i 4i 4i 3 = −i The complex conjugate of this product is

i12 = i 4i 4i 4 = 1 (a1a2 − b1b2 ) − ( a1b2 + a2b1 )i.

The pattern i, −1, −i, 1 repeats. Divide the exponent

97. ( a1 + b1i) + ( a2 + b2i ) = ( a1 + a2 ) + (b1 + b2 )i

Section 4.2 Complex Solutions of Equations

2. Linear Factorization Theorem a = 1, b = 6

4. discriminant There are two real solutions.

5. 2x3 + 3x + 1 = 0 has degree 3 so there are three 14. −2x 2 + 11x − 2 = 0

6. x 6 + 4x 2 + 12 = 0 b 2 − 4ac = 112 − 4( −2)( −2) = 105 > 0

7. 50 − 2x 4 = 0 has degree 4, so there are four solutions x2 = 5

in the complex number system.

There is one repeated real solution. x = −1 ± 3

11. 4x 2 + 12x + 9 = 0 18. x 2 + 10 + 8x = 0

2(1) x = − 6, x = 6, x = i, and x = −i.

−( −4) ± (−4)2 − 4(4)(5)

= ( x + 2)( x − 2)( x − 4) (c) The zeros are x = −2, x = 2, x = −i, and x = i.

The zeros of f ( x) are x = ±6i.

The zeros of f (t ) are x = 0, ± 5i.

(c) The graph has no x-intercepts and the function has (

real solution of the equation f ( x) = 0. The zeros of f ( x) are x = ±3 and x = ±3i.

By the Quadratic Formula, the zeros of h( x) are:

−( −2) ± (−2)2 − 4(1)(17 ) 2 ± −64 2 ± 8i

By the Quadratic Formula, the zeros of g ( x) are:

−10 ± 10 2 − 4(1)(17 ) −10 ± 32 −10 ± 4 2

45. g ( x) = x 4 − 6x3 + 16x 2 − 96x 47. f ( x) = x 4 + 10x 2 + 9

( x3 + 16x)( x − 6) = 0 The zeros of f ( x) are x = ±i and x = ±3i.

g ( x) = x( x − 6)( x + 4i )( x − 4i) x 2 + 25 = 0  x = ± −25 = ±5i