FEED AND BOILER WATER OM9210#99.

Feed and boiler water

1 General

Note: The recommended feed and boiler water characteristics are only valid
for boilers with a working pressure below 20 barg.

There is a number of ways to produce good quality feed water for boiler plants.
Methods such as e.g. reverse osmosis plants or ion exchange plants produce good
quality distillate. Also evaporators generally produce good distillate. The important
thing is that the distillate used should be clean and without foreign salt
contamination.
In practice most distillates used contain minor parts of various salt combinations
which can and must be chemically treated away. Furthermore, the distillate may
contain dissolved gases like for example oxygen (O 2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
which may lead to corrosion in the boiler, steam, and condensate system.

Important: Boiler and feed water must be chemically treated in order to avoid
corrosion and scaling in the boiler.

2 Layout of the treatment system

The condition of the feed and boiler water is an essential part of the boiler operation
and operation philosophy. The design and construction of the treatment system
should therefore be considered carefully during layout of the plant. Aalborg
Industries gives some general requirements and recommendations regarding the
conditions of the feed and boiler water. However, there is several ways to obtain this
results, or similar, by using different treatment systems. The following should
therefore be considered already at the layout stage:
 Choose the treatment system that should be used.
 Present the condensate and feed water system to the supplier of the treatment
system and inform about the operation philosophy of the plant.
 Let the supplier indicate where the injection points should be located and also
inform if special equipment is required.
 Let the supplier inform about which test facilities is needed.
 Purchase the recommended equipment and install it in the correct way.
 Use the treatment system as soon as the boiler is taken into operation.

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3 Feed and boiler water characteristics

The following text regarding feed and boiler water treatment is the normal
recommendations given by Aalborg Industries. These recommendations should be
followed strictly in order to have the best working conditions for the boiler plant and
to extend the working life of the plant. The requirements/recommendations of the
various values for feed and boiler water are listed in Table 1 below.

Requirements for feed and boiler water

Unit Feed water Boiler water
Appearance - Clear and free of mud Clear and free of mud
Hardness ppm CaCO3 0-5 -
Chloride content ppm Cl- 15 100
"P" alkalinity ppm CaCO3 - 100 - 150
Total (T) alkalinity ppm CaCO3 - 2 x "P" - Alkalinity
PH-value at 25C - 8.5 - 9.5 10.5 - 11.5
Hydrazine excess ppm N2H4 - 0.1 - 0.2
Phosphate excess ppm PO4 - 20 - 50
Specific density at 20C Kg/m3 - 1.003
Conductivity at 25C S/cm - 2000
Oil content - NIL NIL

Table 1
If hydrazine (N2H4) is not used, sodium sulphate (Na2SO3) can be used instead, and
the excess should be 30 - 60 ppm.
In cases where other kinds of oxygen binding agents are used, it is recommended
that an excess of oxygen binding agents can be measured and indicates that no
oxygen has been dissolved in the boiler water.
If it is requested to measure the content of dissolved oxygen directly, it is
recommended to keep the value  0.02 ppm.
In addition to the above values, the various water treatment companies will add
further demands, depending on the method used for treatment of feed and boiler
water.
However, the most important point is that the above values or their equivalents are
observed and that a regular (daily) test of feed and boiler water is carried out.

3.1 Units of measurement

Concentrations are usually expressed in "ppm" i.e. parts solute per million.
Concentrations for parts solution by weight are the same as "mg/litre".
3.1.1 Specific gravity
As guidance the following conversion can be used:
 1 Be = 10.000 mg/l total dissolved solids (TDS)
 1 mg/l total dissolved solids = 2 S/cm
 1 S/cm = 1 mho

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4 Feed and boiler water maintenance

The following are recommended water maintenance instructions. More exact details
concerning analyses and blow downs should be set up together with the supplier of
chemicals for water treatment.
4.1.1 Daily

Step A: Analyses of feed and boiler water.

4.1.2 Weekly

Step A: Skimming (surface blow down) according to analyses, but at least once per
week (2 minutes with fully open valve).

Step B: Blow down (bottom blow down) according to analyses, but at least once per
week (each blow down valve 1 minute in low load condition).

4.1.3 Monthly

Step A: Check the functions for salinity and oil detection systems.

4.1.4 Every six months

Step A: The boiler water side (interior) must be carefully inspected at least twice a
year.

4.1.5 Yearly

Step A: Check of the water side of the boiler and hotwell/deaerator for corrosion
and scaling.

Step B: Check the chemical pump unit.

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5 Treatment systems / injection points

In the following tables and illustrations a number of different feed and boiler water
treatment systems are shown together with the recommended location for the
injection point of the individual chemicals as stated by the manufacturer. The
general information regarding the injection point principle can be used as guidelines
for the most common systems. But should there be any doubt for a specific system
the manufacturer/supplier should be consulted in order to obtain the correct result.
Notes for tables/illustrations:
 Note No. 1: the preferred injection point of chemicals stated by the
manufacturer/supplier.
 Note No. 2: the alternate injection point of chemicals stated by the
manufacturer/supplier.
 Note No. 3: Valid for modulating feed water systems.
 Note No. 4: valid for on/off operating feed water systems. The chemical pump
starts/stops together with the feed water pump.
 Note No. 5: valid for two boiler installation. Control of the chemicals in
question work properly at an equal load condition (feed water flow) on the two
boilers.
How to use the tables:
The tables can be used in different ways but the main idea is to do following:
Step A: Discover which manufacturer and type of chemicals that should be used for
the actual boiler plant.

Step B: Use the name of the manufacturer and type of chemicals to select which
tables that can be used.

Step C: Check the flow diagrams (Figure 1, Figure 2, or Figure 3) to find a diagram
that matches the actual boiler plant.

Step D: Find in the selected tables the table which includes the matching diagram.

Step E: If more than one table is found to match the actual boiler plant in question it
is recommended to use the method/table which includes note No. 1.

Step F: If no table is found to match the actual boiler plant in question it is

recommended to seek assistance by the chemical manufacturer/supplier.

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Chemical injection points

Table No. 1
Manufacturer / supplier: Ashland Chemical / Drew Marine Division

Product name / method: Standard with Drewplex OX

Chemical name Injection point No. Continuous Batch Note No. Valid flow diagram No.
Adjunct B 3, 3a, 3b X 1
GC 3, 3a, 3b X 1
1, 2, 3
SLCC-A 3, 3a, 3b X 1
Drewplex OX 2, 2a, 2b X 1, 3, 4

Table No. 2
Manufacturer / supplier: Ashland Chemical / Drew Marine Division

Product name / method: Standard with Amerzine

Chemical name Injection point No. Continuous Batch Note No. Valid flow diagram No.
Adjunct B 3, 3a, 3b X 1
GC 3, 3a, 3b X 1
1, 2, 3
SLCC-A 3, 3a, 3b X 1
Amerzine 2, 2a, 2b X 1, 3, 4

Table No. 3
Manufacturer / supplier: Ashland Chemical / Drew Marine Division

Product name / method: Standard with Amerzine

Chemical name Injection point No. Continuous Batch Note No. Valid flow diagram No.
Adjunct B 3 X
GC 3 X
1
SLCC-A 3 X
Amerzine 1 X 2, 3, 4

Table No. 4
Manufacturer / supplier: Ashland Chemical / Drew Marine Division

Product name / method: Standard with Amerzine

Chemical name Injection point No. Continuous Batch Note No. Valid flow diagram No.
Adjunct B 3a, 3b X
GC 3a, 3b X
2, 3
SLCC-A 3a, 3b X
Amerzine 1 X 2, 3, 4, 5

Table No. 5
Manufacturer / supplier: Ashland Chemical / Drew Marine Division

Product name / method: Drewplex AT / OX

Chemical name Injection point No. Continuous Batch Note No. Valid flow diagram No.
Drewplex AT 3, 3a, 3b X 1
Drewplex OX 2, 2a, 2b X 1, 3, 4
1, 2, 3

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Chemical injection points (continued)

Table No. 6
Manufacturer / supplier: Ashland Chemical / Drew Marine Division

Product name / method: Drewplex AT / OX

Chemical name Injection point No. Continuous Batch Note No. Valid flow diagram No.
Drewplex AT 2, 2a, 2b X 2, 3, 4
Drewplex OX 2, 2a, 2b X 3, 4
1, 2, 3

Table No. 7
Manufacturer / supplier: Ashland Chemical / Drew Marine Division

Product name / method: Drewplex AT with Amerzine

Chemical name Injection point No. Continuous Batch Note No. Valid flow diagram No.
Drewplex AT 3, 3a, 3b X 1, 3, 4
Amerzine 2, 2a, 2b X 1, 3, 4
1, 2, 3

Table No. 8
Manufacturer / supplier: Ashland Chemical / Drew Marine Division

Product name / method: Drewplex AT with Amerzine

Chemical name Injection point No. Continuous Batch Note No. Valid flow diagram No.
Drewplex AT 2, 2a, 2b X 2, 3, 4
Amerzine 2, 2a, 2b X 3, 4
1, 2, 3

Table No. 9
Manufacturer / supplier: Ashland Chemical / Drew Marine Division

Product name / method: Drewplex AT with Amerzine

Chemical name Injection point No. Continuous Batch Note No. Valid flow diagram No.
Drewplex AT 2, 2a, 2b X 2, 3, 4
Amerzine 1 X 2, 3, 4, 5
1, 2, 3

Table No. 10
Manufacturer / supplier: Ashland Chemical / Drew Marine Division

Product name / method: AGK-100 with Amerzine

Chemical name Injection point No. Continuous Batch Note No. Valid flow diagram No.
AGK-100 2, 2a, 2b X 1, 3, 4 1, 2, 3
Amerzine 2, 2a, 2b X 1, 3, 4

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Chemical injection points (continued)

Table No. 11
Manufacturer / supplier: Ashland Chemical / Drew Marine Division

Product name / method: AGK-100 with Amerzine

Chemical name Injection point No. Continuous Batch Note No. Valid flow diagram No.
AGK-100 2, 2a, 2b X 3, 4
Amerzine 1 X 2, 3, 4, 5
1, 2, 3

Table No. 12
Manufacturer / supplier: Ashland Chemical / Drew Marine Division

Product name / method: AGK-100 with Amerzine

Chemical name Injection point No. Continuous Batch Note No. Valid flow diagram No.
AGK-100 1 X 2, 3, 4, 5
Amerzine 1 X 2, 3, 4, 5
1, 2, 3

Table No. 13
Manufacturer / supplier: Marichem

Product name / method: Standard

Chemical name Injection point No. Continuous Batch Note No. Valid flow diagram No.
Alkalinity control 3, 3a, 3b X 1, 3, 4
Phosphate 3, 3a, 3b X 1, 3, 4
1, 2, 3
Oxycontrol 2, 2a, 2b X 1, 3, 4
Marichem CCI 2, 2a, 2b X 1, 3, 4

Table No. 14
Manufacturer / supplier: Marichem

Product name / method: Standard

Chemical name Injection point No. Continuous Batch Note No. Valid flow diagram No.
Alkalinity control 1 X 2, 3, 4
Phosphate 1 X 2, 3, 4
1
Oxycontrol 2 X 3, 4
Marichem CCI 2 X 3, 4

Table No. 15
Manufacturer / supplier: Marichem

Product name / method: BWT new formula

Chemical name Injection point No. Continuous Batch Note No. Valid flow diagram No.
B.W.T. new formula 2, 2a, 2b X 1, 3, 4 1, 2, 3
Marichem CCI 2, 2a, 2b X 1, 3, 4

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Chemical injection points (continued)

Table No. 16
Manufacturer / supplier: Marichem

Product name / method: BWT new formula

Chemical name Injection point No. Continuous Batch Note No. Valid flow diagram No.
B.W.T. new formula 1 X 2, 3, 4, 5
Marichem CCI 2, 2a, 2b X 3, 4
1, 2, 3

Table No. 17
Manufacturer / supplier: Marichem

Product name / method: BWT

Chemical name Injection point No. Continuous Batch Note No. Valid flow diagram No.
B.W.T. powder 2, 2a, 2b X 1, 3, 4
Marichem CCI 2, 2a, 2b X 1, 3, 4
1, 2, 3

Table No. 18
Manufacturer / supplier: Marichem

Product name / method: BWT

Chemical name Injection point No. Continuous Batch Note No. Valid flow diagram No.
B.W.T. powder 1 X 2, 3, 4, 5
Marichem CCI 2, 2a, 2b X 3, 4
1, 2, 3

Table No. 19
Manufacturer / supplier: Unitor Chemicals

Product name / method: I

Chemical name Injection point No. Continuous Batch Note No. Valid flow diagram No.
Hardness control 3, 3a, 3b X 1
Alkalinity control 3, 3a, 3b X 1
1, 2, 3
Oxygen control 2, 2a, 2b X 1, 3, 4
Condensate control 2, 2a, 2b X 1, 3, 4

Table No. 20
Manufacturer / supplier: Unitor Chemicals

Product name / method: I

Chemical name Injection point No. Continuous Batch Note No. Valid flow diagram No.
Hardness control 1 X 2 1
Alkalinity control 1 X 2
Oxygen control 2 X 3, 4
Condensate control 2 X 3, 4

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Chemical injection points (continued)

Table No. 21
Manufacturer / supplier: Unitor Chemicals

Product name / method: II

Chemical name Injection point No. Continuous Batch Note No. Valid flow diagram No.
Hardness control 3, 3a, 3b X 1
Alkalinity control 3, 3a, 3b X 1
1, 2, 3
Cat sulphite L (CSL) 2, 2a, 2b X 1, 3, 4
Condensate control 2, 2a, 2b X 1, 3, 4

Table No. 22
Manufacturer / supplier: Unitor Chemicals

Product name / method: II

Chemical name Injection point No. Continuous Batch Note No. Valid flow diagram No.
Hardness control 1 X 2
Alkalinity control 1 X 2
1
Cat sulphite L (CSL) 2 X 3, 4
Condensate control 2 X 3, 4

Table No. 23
Manufacturer / supplier: Unitor Chemicals

Product name / method: Liquitreat

Chemical name Injection point No. Continuous Batch Note No. Valid flow diagram No.
Liquitreat 3, 3a, 3b X 1
Condensate control 2, 2a, 2b X 1, 3, 4
1, 2, 3
(Oxygen control) 2, 2a, 2b X 1, 3, 4

Table No. 24
Manufacturer / supplier: Unitor Chemicals

Product name / method: Liquitreat

Chemical name Injection point No. Continuous Batch Note No. Valid flow diagram No.
Liquitreat 1 X 2
Condensate control 2, 2a, 2b X 3, 4
1
(Oxygen control) 2, 2a, 2b X 3, 4

Table No. 25
Manufacturer / supplier: Unitor Chemicals

Product name / method: Combitreat

Chemical name Injection point No. Continuous Batch Note No. Valid flow diagram No.
Combitreat 3, 3a, 3b X 1 1, 2, 3
Condensate control 2, 2a, 2b X 1, 3, 4
Oxygen control 2, 2a, 2b X 1, 3, 4

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Chemical injection points (continued)

Table No. 26
Manufacturer / supplier: Unitor Chemicals

Product name / method: Combitreat

Chemical name Injection point No. Continuous Batch Note No. Valid flow diagram No.
Combitreat 1 X 2
Condensate control 2 X 3, 4
1
Oxygen control 2 X 3, 4

Table No. 27
Manufacturer / supplier: Uniservice Group

Product name / method: I

Chemical name Injection point No. Continuous Batch Note No. Valid flow diagram No.
Hardness control 3, 3a, 3b X 1
Alkalinity control 3, 3a, 3b X 1
1, 2, 3
Hydrazine 2, 2a, 2b X 1, 3, 4
Condensate control 2, 2a, 2b X 1, 3, 4

Table No. 28
Manufacturer / supplier: Uniservice Group

Product name / method: I

Chemical name Injection point No. Continuous Batch Note No. Valid flow diagram No.
Hardness control 1 X 2
Alkalinity control 1 X 2
1
Hydrazine 2 X 3, 4
Condensate control 2 X 3, 4

Table No. 29
Manufacturer / supplier: Uniservice Group

Product name / method: II

Chemical name Injection point No. Continuous Batch Note No. Valid flow diagram No.
Hardness control 3, 3a, 3b X 1
Alkalinity control 3, 3a, 3b X 1
1, 2, 3
Oxygen control 2, 2a, 2b X 1, 3, 4
Condensate control 2, 2a, 2b X 1, 3, 4

Table No. 30
Manufacturer / supplier: Uniservice Group

Product name / method: II

Chemical name Injection point No. Continuous Batch Note No. Valid flow diagram No.
Hardness control 1 X 2 1
Alkalinity control 1 X 2
Oxygen control 2 X 3, 4
Condensate control 2 X 3, 4

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Chemical injection points (continued)

Table No. 31
Manufacturer / supplier: Uniservice Group

Product name / method: One Shot

Chemical name Injection point No. Continuous Batch Note No. Valid flow diagram No.
BWT One Shot 3, 3a, 3b X 1
Alkalinity control 3, 3a, 3b X 1, 3, 4
1, 2, 3
(Hydrazine) 2, 2a, 2b X 1, 3, 4

Table No. 32
Manufacturer / supplier: Uniservice Group

Product name / method: One Shot

Chemical name Injection point No. Continuous Batch Note No. Valid flow diagram No.
BWT One Shot 1 X 2
Alkalinity control 2, 2a, 2b X 3, 4
1
(Hydrazine) 2, 2a, 2b X 3, 4

Table No. 33
Manufacturer / supplier: Uniservice Group

Product name / method: Organic Treatment

Chemical name Injection point No. Continuous Batch Note No. Valid flow diagram No.
OBWT 3 3, 3a, 3b X 1
OBWT 4 2, 2a, 2b X 1, 3, 4
1, 2, 3

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 FEED AND BOILER WATER OM9210#99.2

Flow diagram No.: 1

Service
steam
3 PT

Steam
dum p
valve

Cooling
Condenser
water

Condensate

M ake-up
B o ile r
Overflow
Hot well
Drain

2
PI PI

PS

Feed water
pum ps
Single boiler operation with or w ithout PI PI
forced circulation exhaust gas boiler
Figure 1 flowdiag_1.cdr

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Flow diagram No.: 2

Service
steam
3b 3a PT

Steam
dum p
valve

C ooling
Condenser
w ater

C ondensate

M ake-up
B oile r B o ile r
O verflow
Hot w ell
D rain

1
2a
PI PI

PS

Feed water
2b PI PI PI PI
pum ps

PS

Feed w ater
pum ps
Double boiler operation with separate feed w ater pum ps PI PI

with or without forced circulation exhaust gas boiler

Figure 2 flowdiag_2.cdr

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Flow diagram No.: 3

Service
steam
3b 3a PT

Steam
dum p
valve

C ooling
Condenser
w ater

C ondensate

M ake-up
B oile r B o ile r
O verflow
Hot w ell
D rain

1
2a

PS P I PI
Feed w ater
pum ps

2b PS P I PI

PS P I PI

Double boiler operation with com m on feed water pum ps

with or without forced circulation exhaust gas boiler
Figure 3 flowdiag_3.cdr

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