U S Foreign Policy The Paradox of World Power 5th Edition Hook Test Bank Download

U S Foreign Policy The Paradox of World Power 5th Edi-
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Chapter 06: The Foreign Policy Bureaucracy
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. “Foggy Bottom” is the popular nickname of which federal agency?

a. Department of State
b. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
c. Department of Defense
d. Department of Homeland Security
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Department of State
OBJ: 6.2 COG: Knowledge
2. In 2004, National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice testified about which one of the
following situations?
a. Illegal activities by the Central Intelligence Agency
b. The lack of power allotted to White House staff concerning foreign affairs
c. Intelligence and communication failures between and inside bureaucracies
d. The lack of coordination between Congress and the president
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: In Their Own Words
3. Which of the following public officials was a critic of eighteenth-century diplomacy “as the
workshop in which nearly all the wars in Europe are manufactured”?
a. James Madison
b. Thomas Jefferson
c. Alexander Hamilton
d. John Quincy Adams
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: The Diplomatic Complex
4. Which of the following statements best describes the role of the foreign policy bureaucracy
under President Obama?
a. Although the bureaucracy has expanded in the Obama administration, the president
depends on the advice of his cabinet and only monitors the bureaucracy’s
execution of his foreign policy agenda.
b. The president has worked to reduce the size of the foreign policy bureaucracy,
downplaying its role in critical foreign policy objectives.
c. The president treats the advice of bureaucratic leaders and cabinet secretaries with
the same weight, elevating the status of the foreign policy bureaucracy.
d. Although cabinet members play a vital role in the Obama administration, the
president seeks most of his day-to-day advice from bureaucrats, particularly
staffers with the National Security Administration.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: Chapter Introduction
OBJ: 6.1 COG: Comprehension
5. Which of the following is not an advantage of the foreign policy bureaucracy of democracies?
a. Constancy
b. Stability
c. Expediency
d. Continuity
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium
REF: Agency Dysfunctions and the Paradox of World Power OBJ: 6.1
COG: Comprehension
6. Which is the oldest agency in the foreign policy bureaucracy?

a. Federal Bureau of Investigation
b. Department of Defense
c. Department of Veterans Affairs
d. Department of State
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Department of State
7. Which of the following is not a chronic problem of the foreign policy bureaucracy?
a. Lack of budget coordination
b. Weak central leadership
c. Lack of resources for civilian agencies
d. Frequent congressional oversight
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
COG: Knowledge
8. Although the Department of State’s budget rose to over $45 billion in 2014, what percentage
of the national defense budget did that really represent?
a. About 2 percent
b. About 4 percent
c. About 6 percent
d. About 8 percent
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
REF: Criticism and Reform at Foggy Bottom OBJ: 6.2
COG: Knowledge
9. Which of the following is not a function of the State Department?

a. Negotiating directly with foreign governments
b. Signing international agreements with intergovernmental organizations such as the
UN
c. Gathering and sharing information about recent developments overseas
d. Providing representation to U.S. citizens abroad
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium
REF: The Diplomatic Complex: Department of State OBJ: 6.2
COG: Comprehension
10. Which of the following best describes interstate diplomacy?

a. The policy-related interactions among representatives of two or more states
b. The planning and conduct of everyday foreign policy decisions
c. The relationships between Congress, the president, and the bureaucracy regarding
foreign policy
d. The ways in which bureaucracies solve collective-action problems
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: The Diplomatic Complex
11. Which of the following is not a criticism of the State Department?

a. Foreign service officers tend to be slow to change and are cautious in their
decision-making.
b. Foreign service officers develop relationships with governments and citizens
overseas, sometimes causing them to lose sight of the national interest.
c. The State Department lacks diversity, and many of the highest-ranking foreign
service officers are Ivy League, affluent, white males.
d. The State Department spends too much time dealing with bureaucratic issues, such
as processing visa requests and passports, to be effective at conducting diplomacy
abroad.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium
COG: Comprehension
12. Which of the following officials is not a statutory member of the National Security Council?
a. Vice president
b. Secretary of homeland security
c. Secretary of state
d. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: National Security Council
13. Who was President John F. Kennedy’s national security adviser and one of the first policy
advocates to hold the position?
a. Dean Acheson
b. Henry Kissinger
c. Allan Dulles
d. McGeorge Bundy
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: National Security Council
14. Which of the following is not a factor that provides power to bureaucrats in foreign policy
making?
a. Presidential limitations
b. Congressional deference
c. Organizational expertise
d. Electoral linkage
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Chapter Introduction
15. Which of the following is not true of the National Security Council?
a. The NSC’s rapid growth fosters increased interagency tensions between cabinet
members.
b. The NSC has been criticized for overstepping its authority by taking formal policy
positions and not remaining neutral.
c. The National Security Council staff is smaller than the Homeland Security Council
staff, leading to tensions between the two agencies.
d. Congress is not included in the NSC’s workings, in part because it does not
confirm the national security adviser.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard | Medium
REF: National Security Council OBJ: 6.2 COG: Application | Analysis
16. The Goldwater–Nichols Act did which of the following?

a. Put limits on presidential war power, requiring congressional oversight for military
interventions
b. Created the National Security Council and National Security Adviser position
c. Created the Homeland Security Department following the September 11 terrorist
attacks
d. Restructured the military command structure, granting increased power to the Joint
Chiefs of Staff, the president, and the defense secretary
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: Department of Defense
17. Which of the following best describes the concept of interservice rivalry?
a. Conflicts between branches of the armed services and congressional
representatives
b. Separate and often conflicting military cultures, leading to disunity in the armed
forces
c. Conflicts between branches of the armed services and the White House
bureaucracy
d. Conflicts between branches of the armed services and civilians
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard | Medium
COG: Application | Analysis
18. The U.S. trade representative is most likely to favor which of the following policies?
a. Free trade
b. Access to foreign markets for U.S. firms
c. Reducing U.S. trade protectionism
d. Free but fair trade
REF: Key Players in Economic Policy OBJ: 6.5 COG: Comprehension
19. Which of the following phrases best describes organizational culture?
a. The way bureaucracies adjust following elections
b. A lack of complete rationality in decision-making
c. Shared values, norms, goals, and functional priorities
d. Year-to-year changes in the makeup and mission of an organization or agency
COG: Comprehension
20. Which of the following is the best example of bureaucratic rivalry?

a. Conflicts between the secretary of defense and national security advisers
b. Failures to share intelligence between the CIA and FBI
c. Disagreements between army and navy officials over missions
d. Tension between the general public and the military
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard | Medium
21. Which of the following examples best describes public diplomacy?

a. At least two nations communicating through representatives or agencies
b. Bill Gates, the founder of Microsoft, undertaking a diplomatic mission on behalf of
the U.S. government
c. Providing foreign aid programs to developing countries
d. U.S. embassies and foreign service officers establishing overseas working
relationships with foreign governments and citizens
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard | Medium
REF: Department of State OBJ: 6.2 COG: Application | Analysis
22. What was the function of the “Church Committee”?

a. To ensure the continuing separation between church and state
b. To evaluate federally funded nonprofit organizations to ensure their missions had
secular aims
c. To identify and charge communist sympathizers
d. To investigate whether covert CIA operations were violating national and
international laws along with American values
REF: Growing Reliance on Covert Operations OBJ: 6.4
COG: Comprehension
23. Which of the following is an example of celebrity diplomacy?

a. The actor Ben Affleck’s visits to the Democratic Republic of the Congo to bring
attention to victims of the nation’s civil war
b. The action-movie star Arnold Schwarzenegger’s becoming the governor of
California
c. The Law and Order television star Fred Thompson’s serving as a U.S. senator on
the Committee for Governmental Affairs
d. Former governor of California Gray Davis’s appearance in daily sitcoms as a
comedian
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Hard | Medium
REF: Department of State OBJ: 6.2 COG: Application | Analysis
24. Which of the following is not a result of the Goldwater–Nichols Act (also known as the
Defense Reorganization Act of 1986)?
a. Greater power of the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
b. Greater role of the national security adviser
c. Increased power of regional commands around the globe
d. New links between agencies within the Defense Department
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: Department of Defense
25. An example of successful intelligence gathering occurred in which of the following events?
a. The Iranian hostage crisis
b. The Bay of Pigs invasion
c. The Gulf of Tonkin incident
d. The Cuban missile crisis
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy | Hard | Medium
REF: The Intelligence Complex OBJ: 6.4
COG: Knowledge | Application | Analysis
26. Which American secretary of state is famous for “shuttle diplomacy”?

a. Colin Powell
b. Henry Kissinger
c. Condoleezza Rice
d. Hillary Rodham Clinton
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Table 6.1
27. The intelligence failures uncovered by the 9/11 Commission were attributable to all of the
following except ______.
a. presidential limitations
b. interservice rivalries
c. organizational culture
d. congressional activism
REF: Intelligence Failures and Scandals OBJ: 6.4 COG: Comprehension
28. Which of the following is not true of the NATO alliance?

a. The United States and its European allies have been discussing the dissolution of
NATO and the Europeanization of Western security.
b. NATO has undergone several rounds of enlargement since the end of the Cold
War, extending membership to former rivals.
c. The NATO alliance played a pivotal role in the war in Afghanistan through its
command of the International Security Assistance Force.
d. NATO established a rapid-reaction force in response to Russia’s increasing
hostility.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Hard | Medium
REF: U.S. Military Alliances OBJ: 6.3 COG: Application | Analysis
29. Which of the following is not a core responsibility of the Department of Homeland Security?
a. Managing immigration
b. Securing U.S. borders
c. Responding to natural disasters
d. Preventing domestic crime
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
REF: Department of Homeland Security OBJ: 6.3 COG: Knowledge
30. All of the following are sources of “raw” intelligence except ______.
a. image intelligence
b. human intelligence
c. signals intelligence
d. radar intelligence
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: The Intelligence Complex
31. The primary economic group responsible for advising the president on foreign economic
matters is the ______.
a. United States Agency for International Development
b. National Security Council
c. National Economic Council
d. Office of the United States Trade Representative
REF: Key Players in Economic Policy OBJ: 6.5 COG: Comprehension
32. Which of the following statements is not true of foreign policy bureaucrats?
a. Bureaucrats frequently compete with one another for resources and influence.
b. Bureaucrats tend to be accepting of change and prefer to work in a dynamic
environment that responds quickly to ongoing foreign policy crises.
c. Bureaucrats often experience little oversight from elected officials as their years of
experience and specialization in their functional areas make them better equipped
to implement the foreign policy agenda.
d. Bureaucrats are often given substantial freedom from the White House because of
the sheer volume of issues the president must face on a daily basis.
COG: Comprehension
33. The U.S. government did not create a full-scale foreign service until after which of the
following events?
a. World War I
b. World War II
c. Cold War
d. Vietnam War
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: The Diplomatic Complex
34. Which of the following statements is not true of the secretary of state?
a. The secretary of state is the ranking member of the president’s cabinet and fourth
in line of presidential succession.
b. Although the secretary of state is assigned formal duties, the importance of the
position has been declining since the end of World War II.
c. The reorganization of USAID during the Clinton administration diminished the
authority of the State Department and the secretary of state.
d. At times, competition over resources and attention lead the secretary of state to
personal conflict with other members of the president’s cabinet, such as the
Secretary of Defense.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: Department of State
35. Which of the following statements best applies to the role of an ambassador?
a. An ambassador is a political appointment and is largely symbolic of good relations
with other countries.
b. An ambassador serves as the president’s official representative within a country
and is responsible for protecting and promoting U.S. interests abroad.
c. An ambassador is similar in status to a cabinet member and is frequently consulted
by the president and members of the National Security Council.
d. An ambassador’s primary objective is to engage outside actors—such as scholars,
celebrities, and other recognizable figures—to promote U.S. interests abroad.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: Department of State
36. Which of the following statements most accurately reflects U.S. alliance relationships?
a. The United States maintains its alliance relationships to advance regional
integration in places such as Western Europe.
b. The United States is overextended in its alliance relationships, frequently
sacrificing its own security to provide its alliance commitments.
c. U.S. alliance relationships are growing rapidly with the expansion of globalization.
d. U.S. alliance relationships and informal security agreements reflect its past
commitments while foreshadowing potential future military interventions.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: U.S. Military Alliances
37. Which of the following is not an ongoing problem experienced by the Department of
Homeland Security?
a. Low levels of morale
b. Coordination with state and local agencies to respond to domestic disasters
c. Significant overlap of missions within different agencies of the bureaucracy
d. Continuous demands for reports from congressional committees
REF: Department of Homeland Security OBJ: 6.3 COG: Comprehension
38. Which of the following statements best describes the intelligence cycle?
a. The intelligence cycle transforms raw intelligence into finished, actionable
intelligence.
b. The intelligence cycle determines the accuracy of HUMINT, SIGINT, and other
types of intelligence.
c. The intelligence cycle determines the national threat level.
d. The intelligence cycle identifies better collection techniques for human
intelligence.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: The Intelligence Complex
39. Why is federalism a major factor in foreign economic policy?

a. Because of federalism, states and cities are not able to negotiate directly with
foreign-owned firms.
b. Because of federalism, states compete for the attention of foreign-owned firms and
seek to sell goods produced in their cities and states on foreign markets.
c. Because of federalism, states and cities are not permitted to sell certain proprietary
goods on foreign markets.
d. Because of federalism, states are allowed to negotiate treaties on behalf of the
federal government.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: The Economic Complex
40. Which of the following represents the most important structural change in the economic
complex after World War II?
a. Marshall Plan
b. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
c. The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund
d. World Trade Organization
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: The Economic Complex
41. Which of the following statements best represents the role of the Office of Management and
Budget (OMB) in the conduct of foreign policy?
a. The OMB manages day-to-day economic relations with other countries.
b. The OMB approves salaries for all foreign service officers and military personnel.
c. The OMB makes decisions about the money supply and interest rates.
d. The OMB manages fiscal policy and develops the president’s budget proposals.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: Table 6.4
42. Which of the following statements best represents the role of the Commerce Department in
the conduct of foreign policy?
a. The Commerce Department makes decisions about the money supply and interest
rates.
b. The Commerce Department promotes and manages interests of firms doing
business overseas.
c. The Commerce Department negotiates treaties on behalf of the president.
d. The Commerce Department manages day-to-day economic relations with foreign
countries.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: Table 6.4
43. Which of the following is not a function of the International Monetary Fund?
a. Lending money at concessional rates to members in financial distress
b. Monitoring the fiscal and monetary policies of member states
c. Providing technical assistance or advice on matters such as national accounting
and tax policies
d. Establishing the value of states’ currencies based on the value of the U.S. dollar
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: The Economic Complex
COMPLETION
44. The 1947 restructuring of the foreign policy bureaucracy under the National Security Act
increased the likelihood of past structural choices pushing future policy directions, also known
as ____________.
ANS: path dependency
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: Chapter Introduction

45. The idea that as specialists in their functional areas bureaucrats become more expert in their
policy responsibilities and thus experience little interference from elected officials while
implementing foreign policy goals is also known as ________________________.
ANS: organizational expertise

46. The deployment of U.S. naval forces to the coast of Japan to compel the opening of trade
relations with the United States is an example of ___________________.
ANS: gunboat diplomacy
PTS: 1 DIF: Hard | Medium REF: Table 6.1

OBJ: 6.2 COG: Application | Analysis
47. The State Department’s Facebook account, which yielded more than one million “likes”
during the Obama administration, is an example of ___________ diplomacy.
ANS: digital
48. Direct mediation by U.S. leaders to foster agreements between warring parties is also known
as__________.
ANS: shuttle diplomacy
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: Table 6.1 OBJ: 6.2

COG: Comprehension
49. The __________ plays a coordinating role with the White House to align policies of all of the
agencies in the economic complex.
ANS: National Economic Council

COG: Comprehension
50. The primary responsibility of the U.S. ________is to negotiate bilateral and multilateral trade
agreements to gain access to foreign markets.
ANS: Trade Representative (or Office of Trade Representative)

COG: Comprehension
51. State Department officials are often accused of ____________, or the process by which
foreign service officers form close relationships with their host country and dismiss U.S.
national interests, concerns, and priorities.
ANS: clientitis
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: Criticism and Reform at Foggy Bottom

52. Al Qaeda’s attacks on September 11, 2001, were attributed in part to an ________ between
open and closed societies.
ANS: intelligence gap
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: The Intelligence Complex

53. Secretary Colin Powell’s efforts to increase the number of women and minorities working in
the State Department was an attempt to combat the department’s reputation of ____________.
ANS: elitism
PTS: 1 DIF: Hard | Medium

54. The most important structural change in the economic complex occurred after World War II
with the creation of the _____________ and the ______________.
ANS: World Bank; International Monetary Fund
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: The Economic Complex

SHORT ANSWER
55. What are three ways that the U.S. political system is fragmented with regard to the foreign
policy process?
ANS:
Answers should identify the three types of fragmentation as vertical (among local, state, and
federal agencies), horizontal (across the three main branches of government), and internal
(within the bureaucracies themselves).

56. What are at least three institutional obstacles that the FBI faced prior to the 9/11 attacks?
ANS:
Answers could discuss FBI agents’ lack of experience in dealing with counterterrorism and
the FBI’s pattern of dealing with crimes and criminals after incidents have occurred rather
than beforehand. Students could go on to discuss the role of civil liberties in the United States,
which prevented large-scale and extended investigations. An answer to this question might
also touch on the small portion of the FBI’s budget and training dedicated to counterterrorism.
PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: The Intelligence Complex

57. Define and describe the significance of the concept of diplomacy.
ANS:
Answers should identify diplomacy as the process by which countries discuss matters of
mutual interest or concern through representatives, institutions, or agencies. Diplomacy
should be shown to be important as the manner in which long-term relationships and
international policies are created. Answers could also touch on the historic difficulty that the
United States has had conducting diplomacy because of bureaucratic issues.
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: Department of State

58. Define and describe the significance of the concept of clientitis.
ANS:
Answers should identify clientitis as the process by which foreign service officers form close
relationships with their host country and dismiss U.S. national interests, concerns, and
priorities. Answers could also discuss how clientitis functions as a constraint on effective
diplomacy as well as on rationality.

59. Identify the National Security Council (NSC), and describe its three functions.
ANS:
Answers should identify the NSC as the agency headed by the president and composed of
members who have expertise on foreign affairs and crisis situations. Answers could also
discuss the ad hoc and changing nature of the NSC. Answers should describe the NSC’s three
primary functions: policy coordination, policy guidance and advice, and a forum for
discussion and debate regarding foreign policy options.
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: National Security Council

60. Identify at least three of the U.S. Department of Defense’s regional command organizations,
and indicate where they are stationed.
ANS:
Answers could include any combination of the following regional commands: NORTHCOM
(North America), SOUTHCOM (South America), PACOM (Southeast Asia), CENTCOM
(eastern Africa and southwestern Asia), and EUCOM (western Africa through Europe and
Russia).
PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Map 6.1 OBJ: 6.3

COG: Knowledge
61. What were some of the problems that faced the Department of Homeland Security at the time
it was created?
ANS:
Answers should discuss the ambiguity of the agency’s mission and mention the members of
the Homeland Security Council. Answers should also discuss the difficulty of reorganizing
other agencies under the umbrella of a new department and the department’s difficulty
relating to the general public.

REF: Department of Homeland Security OBJ: 6.3 COG: Application | Analysis
62. Define and explain the significance of geoeconomics.
ANS:
Answers should describe geoeconomics as the interaction of national economic markets in a
large-scale global economy. The significance of geoeconomics is the idea that market-based
economies grew considerably after the Cold War and influenced U.S. foreign policy decisions
concerning whom to trade with and give foreign aid to.
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: The Economic Complex
63. Define and explain the significance of elitism.
ANS:
Answers should identify the concept of elitism as the concentration of political power in the
hands of a few government officials and wealthy citizens and discuss elitism in the context of
the State Department, which has traditionally employed a majority of Ivy League-educated
white males. Answers may also identify the efforts of Colin Powell to increase the proportion
of women and minorities at the State Department, and Hillary Clinton, Condoleezza Rice, and
Madeline Albright as former Secretaries of State.

64. How do individual agencies or complexes in the foreign policy bureaucracy reflect an
organizational culture? Provide at least two examples.
ANS:
Answers should identify how each complex is associated with a particular culture and that
different cultures inevitably lead to clashes between complexes. Examples may include the
State Department and the tendency of diplomats to favor negotiated settlements over military
coercion contributes to their reputation for excessive caution and timidity, the inherent secrecy
of the intelligence complex and how it creates a highly insular organizational culture within
the CIA and other intelligence agencies, and the distinct cultures of each branch of the armed
services in the defense complex and how it leads to competition between the branches.
PTS: 1 DIF: Hard | Medium REF: Multiple sections

65. In what ways did the Goldwater–Nichols Act alter the balance of power within the Pentagon?
What were the long-term consequences of this legislation?
ANS:
Answers should identify how the act strengthened the power of the Chairman of the Joint
Chiefs of Staff to make the position the primary military adviser to the defense secretary and
the president. Answers should also identify the increase in power of the regional commanders
in chief who manage forces across the armed services. Answers should also posit how the
legislation, under the direction of JCS Chairman General Colin Powell, led to major
reductions in the number of military personnel and installations.
PTS: 1 DIF: Hard | Medium REF: Department of Defense

66. Identify and explain at least two types of diplomacy. Why does the U.S. employ so many
different types of diplomacy?
ANS:
Answers may identify any of the following types of diplomacy: celebrity, conference, digital,
gunboat, public, shuttle, special mission, summit, and two-track. Answers should also identify
how difficult and imposing the task of diplomacy is, thus leading the United States to employ
many different actors to engage in these different types of diplomacy and enhance U.S. “soft
power.”

ESSAY
67. Discuss the advantages and powers (formal and informal) of the foreign policy bureaucracy in
the U.S. system. In your discussion, be sure to reference other institutions, such as Congress
and the presidency.
ANS:
Answers should discuss congressional deference, presidential limitations, and organizational
expertise as the main factors that give bureaucracies power and provide advantages over other
institutions. Answers should also discuss historical precedents and the National Security Act
of 1947, which solidified and enlarged the bureaucracy to better deal with foreign policy.

68. What are the general tasks of the U.S. Department of State? What are the main critiques
regarding its completion and handling of these tasks?
ANS:
Answers should identify at least some of the following tasks of the Department of State:
advise presidents and White House staffers regarding foreign policy issues and
implementation; gather and share information regarding countries and global issues; provide
representation and other services to U.S. citizens at home and abroad; regulate and manage
foreign travel to the United States; and investigate and develop plans for long-term, large-
scale transnational problems. The discussion of critiques should include elitism related to the
perception of diplomats’ backgrounds and behavior. Answers should also identify
conservatism and extreme caution as a critique of the long-term planning efforts by the State
Department. Finally, students should identify the critique of clientitis, or overly close
relationships with the host country that blur national interest connections.

69. Discuss the mission and functions of the National Security Council (NSC). What are some of
the critiques of how the NSC performs its mission?
ANS:
Answers should identify the NSC as the agency headed by the president and made up of
members who have expertise on foreign affairs and crisis situations. Answers could also
discuss the ad hoc and changing nature of the NSC. Answers should discuss the three primary
functions of the NSC: policy coordination, policy guidance and advice, and a forum for
discussion and debate regarding foreign policy options. Some of the critiques that could be
discussed are the rivalries that exist between NSC missions and members and those of other
federal agencies such as the State Department, the overlapping nature of membership in the
NSC and other federal agencies, the lack of oversight and the involvement of congressional
representatives and officials representing public concerns, and the NSC’s secrecy and
concentration in the White House.
PTS: 1 DIF: Hard | Medium REF: National Security Council

70. How does the intelligence cycle work in U.S. foreign policy? What agencies and actions are
involved? Use examples where appropriate.
ANS:
Answers should include five stages: planning and direction, collection, processing, analysis,
and dissemination. Agencies include the Central Intelligence Agency, the National Security
Council and Advisor, departments inside defense agencies, and others discussed in Chapter 6.
Answers should discuss the often uncooperative nature of agencies that collect intelligence
and the institutional challenges associated with implementing policies.
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: The Intelligence Complex

71. What is the National Economic Council (NEC)? Identify the relevant actors on the council as
well as its primary responsibilities. How does the NEC reflect U.S. foreign policy interests in
the post–Cold War period?
ANS:
Answers should identify the NEC as an 18-member council established by the Clinton
administration tasked with four objectives: (1) coordinating policy making on economic
issues, (2) coordinating the flow of economic policy advice to the president, (3) ensuring that
economic policies are consistent with the president’s goals, and (4) monitoring
implementation of economic policies. The NEC reflects U.S. foreign policy interests in that it
includes several new foreign policy actors, including the Commerce and Treasury
Departments and the U.S. Trade Representative. Answers should identify the roles these
actors play in foreign policy making. Answers should also identify how the NEC represented
Clinton’s understanding of the growing importance of geoeconomics in the post–Cold War
period.

REF: Key Players in Economic Policy OBJ: 6.5 COG: Application | Analysis
72. Describe the responsibilities of the secretary of state. Beyond the formal duties assigned to
this position, why does the role of the secretary change from administration to administration?
How have post–World War II changes affected the ability of the secretary to conduct effective
diplomacy?
ANS:
Answers should identify the secretary of state as the chief diplomat and the ranking member
of the cabinet. The secretary’s responsibilities should include advising the president and
overseeing the State Department, in addition to being the chief diplomat. Answers should
identify how the preferences of each president, communication skills, and management style
all impact the ability of the secretary to influence the decision-making process. Answers
should detail how the end of WWII and the National Security Act of 1947 paved the way for
the rise of the Defense Department and have led to a gradual decline in the State Department’s
influence and prestige. Answers may also address the chronic problems and ongoing
controversies of the State Department as factors that affect the secretary’s ability to conduct
effective diplomacy.
PTS: 1 DIF: Hard | Medium REF: Department of State

73. Describe U.S. major military alliance relationships as identified in the text. How have these
alliances—specifically, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)—played a role in
shaping the post–Cold War environment and recent conflict engagements?
ANS:
Answers should identify and describe NATO, the Rio Treaty with Latin American states, the
alliance with Australia and New Zealand, formal alliances with individual states such as Japan
and South Korea, and other informal security arrangements. Answers should discuss how
these alliances reflect past U.S. commitments while foreshadowing potential future military
interventions. Answers should also detail NATO’s leadership role in the ISAF mission in
Afghanistan, as well as its membership expansion to include formerly adversarial Soviet states
and the establishment of the rapid reaction force to respond to contemporary threats such as
Russian aggression.
PTS: 1 DIF: Hard | Medium REF: U.S. Military Alliances

74. Identify the structure and functions of the Department of Homeland Security. What did
journalist Michael Crowley mean in his quote, “DHS is a bureaucratic Frankenstein, with
clumsily stitched together limbs and an inadequate, misfiring brain”?
ANS:
Answers should identify DHS as an organization designed to bridge together the twenty-two
different organizations involved in domestic security-related tasks to prevent acts of terrorism
against the United States. Answers should also identify securing U.S. borders, managing
immigration, responding to natural disasters, and safeguarding cyberspace as missions of the
DHS. Answers describing the meaning of the quote will vary but should acknowledge the
difficulties associated with coordinating these different organizations, each with a slightly
different mission and ongoing organizational culture clashes.

REF: Department of Homeland Security OBJ: 6.3 COG: Application | Analysis
75. Identify and describe at the five major problems within the intelligence complex. According
to its supporters, why do these problems so easily overshadow the intelligence community’s
successes?
ANS:
Answers should identify and describe the five major problems within the intelligence
complex: strategic surprises, operational failures, internal security, politicized intelligence,
and domestic surveillance. Answers should also identify how supporters of the intelligence
complex argue that it has been successful in preventing many attacks both at home and
abroad. Answers may also reference how, given its preference to keep information
compartmentalized, many of the intelligence complex’s successes are not publicized.
PTS: 1 DIF: Hard | Medium REF: The Intelligence Complex

76. Why are international financial institutions identified as critical actors in the U.S. foreign
policy bureaucracy? What role does the United States play in these institutions? Provide
specific examples in your answer.
ANS:
Answers regarding the importance of international financial institutions as critical actors
should address how many of these institutions were established in part by the United States,
have U.S. officials in leadership positions, and are based in the States. Answers may also
acknowledge the U.S. leadership role in these organizations, in both manpower and financial
contributions. The importance of geoeconomics may also be discussed. Examples include the
World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.
PTS: 1 DIF: Hard | Medium REF: The Economic Complex

77. Why is the use of aerial drones so controversial? How do drones challenge the balance of
power and create tension within the foreign policy bureaucracy?
ANS:
Answers should identify and describe the four major ongoing controversies regarding the use
of aerial drones, including that they violate domestic law, that aerial drones violate
international law, that they cause unnecessary civilian casualties, and that they set a dangerous
precedent for future “blowback” against American actions. Aerial drones also raise several
questions regarding the ethics and morality of drone strikes. Answers should address how the
use of drones challenges the law regarding the use of force and, despite being used heavily by
presidents, are not clearly subjected to congressional oversight. Answers should also
acknowledge how drones, which can be used for covert missions but are always operated by
the military, can cause tension between the intelligence and defense complex.

REF: Growing Reliance on Covert Operations OBJ: 6.3

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U S Foreign Policy The Paradox of World Power 5th Edi-

tion Hook Test Bank

Chapter 06: The Foreign Policy Bureaucracy

1. “Foggy Bottom” is the popular nickname of which federal agency?

6. Which is the oldest agency in the foreign policy bureaucracy?

9. Which of the following is not a function of the State Department?

10. Which of the following best describes interstate diplomacy?

11. Which of the following is not a criticism of the State Department?

16. The Goldwater–Nichols Act did which of the following?

20. Which of the following is the best example of bureaucratic rivalry?

21. Which of the following examples best describes public diplomacy?

22. What was the function of the “Church Committee”?

23. Which of the following is an example of celebrity diplomacy?

26. Which American secretary of state is famous for “shuttle diplomacy”?

28. Which of the following is not true of the NATO alliance?

39. Why is federalism a major factor in foreign economic policy?

ANS: path dependency

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: Chapter Introduction

ANS: organizational expertise

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: Chapter Introduction

ANS: gunboat diplomacy

PTS: 1 DIF: Hard | Medium REF: Table 6.1

ANS: shuttle diplomacy

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: Table 6.1 OBJ: 6.2

ANS: National Economic Council

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: Table 6.4 OBJ: 6.5

ANS: Trade Representative (or Office of Trade Representative)

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: Table 6.4 OBJ: 6.5

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: Criticism and Reform at Foggy Bottom

ANS: intelligence gap

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: The Intelligence Complex

PTS: 1 DIF: Hard | Medium

ANS: World Bank; International Monetary Fund

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: The Economic Complex

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: Chapter Introduction

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: The Intelligence Complex

57. Define and describe the significance of the concept of diplomacy.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: Department of State

58. Define and describe the significance of the concept of clientitis.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: Criticism and Reform at Foggy Bottom

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: National Security Council

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Map 6.1 OBJ: 6.3

PTS: 1 DIF: Hard | Medium

62. Define and explain the significance of geoeconomics.

63. Define and explain the significance of elitism.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: Criticism and Reform at Foggy Bottom

PTS: 1 DIF: Hard | Medium REF: Multiple sections

PTS: 1 DIF: Hard | Medium REF: Department of Defense

PTS: 1 DIF: Hard | Medium REF: Table 6.1

PTS: 1 DIF: Hard | Medium REF: Multiple sections

PTS: 1 DIF: Hard | Medium REF: Multiple sections

PTS: 1 DIF: Hard | Medium REF: National Security Council

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: The Intelligence Complex

PTS: 1 DIF: Hard | Medium

PTS: 1 DIF: Hard | Medium REF: Department of State

PTS: 1 DIF: Hard | Medium REF: U.S. Military Alliances

PTS: 1 DIF: Hard | Medium

PTS: 1 DIF: Hard | Medium REF: The Intelligence Complex

PTS: 1 DIF: Hard | Medium REF: The Economic Complex

PTS: 1 DIF: Hard | Medium

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