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CHAPTER 6—Interest Groups

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Annual spending of the State of Texas is approximately

a. $0.1735 billion.
b. $1.735 billion.
c. $17.35 billion.
d. $173.5 billion.
e. $1,735.0 billion.
ANS: D REF: 115 NOT: Factual

2. The population of Texas is approximately

a. 260,000.
b. 2,600,000.
c. 26,000,000.
d. 260,000,000.
e. 2,600,000,000.
ANS: C REF: 115 NOT: Factual

3. Direct contact between an interest group representative and an officer of the government is
a. advocacy.
b. lobbying.
c. bribery.
d. special interest.
e. pressure.
ANS: B REF: 115 NOT: Conceptual

4. Manufacturers wanting to sell their products in Texas sometimes modify those products because
a. Texas has such a huge market.
b. Texas legislators have a reputation for corruption.
c. lobbying is illegal in Texas.
d. regulators in Texas can limit entry into the state’s market.
e. environmental conditions in Texas require special product characteristics.
ANS: A REF: 115 NOT: Factual

5. Interest groups in Texas generally do not

a. rally the public to support their cause.
b. lobby members of the state legislature.
c. petition executive branch officials.
d. file lawsuits to accomplish their policy goals.
 e. introduce legislation to enforce their preferred policies
ANS: E REF: 115 NOT: Applied

6. Direct contact between an interest group representative and a legislative branch official or employee
for the purpose of influencing a specific policy outcome is
a. delegation.
b. implementation.
c. lobbying.
d. discretion.
e. co-optation.
ANS: C REF: 115 NOT: Conceptual

7. Organizations that pursue public policy goals on behalf of their members are
a. special interests.
b. legislatures.
c. interest groups.
d. advocates.
e. lobbyists.
ANS: C REF: 116 NOT: Conceptual

8. Reasons that individuals join interest groups include all but which of the following?
a. Satisfy professional requirement
b. Socialize with others who share interests
c. Network for job opportunities
d. Run for political office
e. Learn from others knowledgeable in your field
ANS: D REF: 116 NOT: Conceptual

9. The ultimate goal of joining an interest group is

a. electing group members to public office.
b. influencing government.
c. publishing attractive magazines.
d. obtaining professional benefits, such as insurance.
e. expanding ones social circle.
ANS: B REF: 116 NOT: Conceptual

10. Economic interest groups include all of the following except

a. agricultural groups.
b. labor groups.
c. local government groups.
d. education groups.
e. All of the above are types of economic interest groups.
ANS: E REF: 117 NOT: Conceptual

11. A business and professional group falls into which category of interest groups?
a. Noneconomic group
b. Government group
c. Political group
d. Economic group
e. Mixed group
 ANS: D REF: 117 NOT: Conceptual

12. A person who benefits from the work of an interest group but doesn’t participate in the work required
to accomplish the benefit is a(n)
a. free rider.
b. interest group member.
c. advocate.
d. activist.
e. citizen.
ANS: A REF: 117 NOT: Conceptual

13. All but which of the following is a category of interest group?

a. Noneconomic group
b. Government group
c. Professional group
d. Economic group
e. Mixed group
ANS: C REF: 117 | 118 NOT: Conceptual

14. Among the incentives to join noneconomic interest groups are all except which of the following?
a. Passion for the goals of the group
b. Chance to be elected to office
c. Social pressure from peers
d. Selective incentives
e. Threat of ostracism from the life of the community
ANS: B REF: 117 | 118 NOT: Applied

15. A group formed primarily to pursue both social equality and economic goals is a(n)
a. noneconomic group.
b. government group.
c. political group.
d. economic group.
e. mixed group.
ANS: E REF: 118 NOT: Conceptual

16. In recent years the hiring of lobbyists has

a. become common.
b. been prohibited by state legislation.
c. become controversial.
d. been mandated by the state.
e. given rise to lawsuits filed by the Texas Attorney General.
ANS: C REF: 118 NOT: Applied

17. The Texas Farm Bureau, The Texas Association of Business, and the Texas Trial Lawyers Association
are examples of
a. mixed interest groups.
b. citizen interest groups.
c. noneconomic interest groups.
d. economic interest groups.
e. legislative interest groups.
 ANS: D REF: 118 NOT: Factual

18. The American Legion, the Texas Christian Life Commission, and Common Cause Texas are examples
of
a. mixed interest groups.
b. citizen interest groups.
c. noneconomic interest groups.
d. economic interest groups.
e. legislative interest groups.
ANS: C REF: 118 NOT: Factual

19. The Texas State Teachers Association, the Texas Municipal League, and the NAACP are examples of
a. mixed interest groups.
b. citizen interest groups.
c. noneconomic interest groups.
d. economic interest groups.
e. legislative interest groups.
ANS: A REF: 118 NOT: Factual

20. Which of the following is not a criticism of interest groups?

a. Promotion of narrow, selfish interests
b. Groups working to elect candidates to public office
c. Potential corruption of public officials
d. Powerful groups demanding public policy reflect their views
e. Special interests prevailing over public interests
ANS: B REF: 119 NOT: Applied

21. Positive activities of interest groups include all but which of the following?
a. Providing information to public officials
b. Educating members of interest groups
c. Mobilizing interest group members in constitutionally approved ways
d. “Astroturf” campaigning for desired goals
e. Lobbying government officials
ANS: D REF: 119 NOT: Conceptual

22. The executive branch carrying out policies made by the legislature is
a. delegation.
b. co-optation.
c. implementation.
d. discretion.
e. lobbying.
ANS: C REF: 120 NOT: Conceptual

23. Making decisions based on personal judgment rather than specific legal requirements is
a. delegation.
b. co-optation.
c. implementation.
d. discretion.
e. lobbying.
 ANS: D REF: 120 NOT: Conceptual

24. Legally transferring authority from one official or institution to another is

a. delegation.
b. co-optation.
c. implementation.
d. discretion.
e. lobbying.
ANS: A REF: 120 NOT: Factual

25. Carrying out legislative policy is known as

a. delegation.
b. lobbying.
c. co-optation.
d. implementation.
e. discretion.
ANS: D REF: 120 NOT: Factual

26. Which of the following is not a means of interest groups directly influencing the government?
a. Conflict of Interest
b. Lobbying
c. Filing a lawsuit
d. Demonstrating
e. Serving on state boards
ANS: A REF: 120 | 121 NOT: Conceptual

27. Capturing of a state institution by members of an interest group is

a. delegation.
b. co-optation.
c. implementation.
d. discretion.
e. lobbying.
ANS: B REF: 121 NOT: Factual

28. The situation that exists when a public official is in a position to make a decision that might result in
personal economic benefit is
a. co-optation.
b. astroturf lobbying.
c. delegation.
d. discretion.
e. conflict of interest.
ANS: E REF: 121 NOT: Conceptual

29. Electioneering, educating the public, and framing the issues are all means used by interest groups as
they attempt to
a. directly influence the government.
b. engage in astroturf lobbying.
c. practice co-optation.
d. implement policy.
e. indirectly influence the government.
 ANS: E REF: 121 NOT: Applied

30. If a lobbyist is establishing rapport with members of the legislature and learning which members of the
legislature would tend to support the cause, they are
a. co-opting legislators.
b. lobbying before the legislative session begins.
c. implementing policy.
d. delegating responsibility.
e. practicing astroturf lobbying.
ANS: B REF: 122 NOT: Conceptual

31. All of the following is a means used by effective interest groups to lobby the legislature, except
a. providing honest information.
b. wining and dining legislators.
c. gaining endorsements from key constituents of legislators.
d. electioneering on behalf of a legislator’s opponent.
e. lining up sponsors to introduce bills when the legislative session convenes.
ANS: D REF: 122 | 123 NOT: Conceptual

32. The chief reason for lobbying administrative agencies is to influence

a. which legislation is passed.
b. which members are elected to the legislature.
c. the rulemaking process.
d. the governor’s policy agenda.
e. which issues become the focus of interest group attention.
ANS: C REF: 123 NOT: Conceptual

33. For an administrative agency, notice of intent to make a rule must be

a. published in the Texas Register.
b. adopted by the legislature.
c. approved by affected interest groups.
d. signed by the governor.
e. directed by the head of the agency.
ANS: A REF: 123 NOT: Factual

34. All except which of the following is a reason a person or interest group may file a lawsuit challenging
a law, administrative rule, or other government action?
a. An agency failed to follow proper procedures in adoption of the rule.
b. An agency misinterpreted a law in drafting a rule.
c. A rule applies to all citizens of the state.
d. A law is interpreted to unfairly affect a citizen or group.
e. A rule is unfairly applied.
ANS: C REF: 124 NOT: Applied

35. In the 2008 election, incumbents and challengers for the Texas Supreme Court took approximately
__________ of their political funds from contributors who had business before the court.
a. none
b. one-tenth
c. one-half
d. two-thirds
 e. nine- tenths
ANS: D REF: 124 NOT: Factual

36. To implement tough restrictions on campaign contributions to judges from interested parties will
require
a. administrative rule-making.
b. an act of the legislature.
c. a ruling by the governor.
d. an agreement with interest groups.
e. implementation of the U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling in Caperton v. A.T. Massey
ANS: B REF: 124 NOT: Conceptual

37. The rights of citizens to seek “redress of grievances” from the government is protected
a. by the Texas Constitution.
b. by the U.S. Constitution.
c. by both the Texas and U.S. Constitutions.
d. by neither the Texan nor U.S. Constitutions.
e. Seeking redress of grievances is not an appropriate topic for inclusion in a
government’s constitution.
ANS: C REF: 125 NOT: Factual

38. The registration form completed by lobbyists requires reporting all but which of the following?
a. Policy areas of concern to the lobbyist
b. Identity of anyone who assists the principal lobbyist through direct contact with public
officials
c. Expenditures on members of the state legislature of more than $50 per day
d. Expenditures for broadcast or print advertisements designed to support or oppose
legislation or administrative rules
e. Results of meetings with members of the state legislature
ANS: E REF: 125 NOT: Applied

39. Which of the following is not part of the library of information retained by the Texas
Ethics Commission?
a. Records of rules adopted by administrative agencies
b. Lists of registered lobbyists
c. Records of campaign expenditures
d. Campaign financial statements
e. Records of campaign expenditures
ANS: A REF: 126 NOT: Factual

40. How many lobbyists were registered with the Texas Ethics Commission in 2011?
a. 183
b. 1,836
c. 18,360
d. 183,600
e. 1,836,000
ANS: B REF: 126 NOT: Factual

41. The total number of contracts signed by selected lobby industry groups in 2011 totaled 8,517. What
was the combined approximate value of these contracts?
 a. $344,674
b. $3,446,740
c. $34,467,400
d. $344,674,000
e. $3,446,740,000
ANS: D REF: 126 NOT: Factual

42. Which characteristics of government make it difficult for any one interest group to dominate
government?
a. Separation of powers
b. Checks and balances
c. Appointed officials with fixed terms
d. Elected officials responsible to different constituencies
e. All of the above are true.
ANS: E REF: 127 NOT: Conceptual

43. All but which of the following factors make Texas government particularly susceptible to interest
group influence?
a. A part-time legislature
b. Strong political party competition
c. Culture of nonparticipation
d. Limited legislative support staff
e. The plural executive
ANS: B REF: 128 | 129 NOT: Applied

44. Interchange of employees between government agencies and private businesses with which they have
dealings is known as a(n)
a. iron triangle.
b. fragmentation.
c. revolving door.
d. issue network.
e. political movement.
ANS: C REF: 129 NOT: Conceptual

45. Contributions to winning candidates in the time between the election and the legal cutoff for
contributions before the legislative session are known as __________ contributions.
a. night bus
b. PAC
c. interest group
d. late-train
e. campaign
ANS: D REF: 133 NOT: Factual

46. Conservative groups opposed Governor Perry’s executive order adding Gardasil to the list of
vaccinations required for public school attendance because
a. it appeared to encourage young girls to have sex.
b. it appeared to represent a conflict of interest.
c. Merck didn’t invite the conservative groups to education sessions about the vaccine.
d. they thought all vaccines are harmful.
e. they don’t think HPV causes cervical cancer.
 ANS: A REF: 133 NOT: Applied

47. The industry group that cumulatively spent the most on lobbying the Texas legislature in 2011 was
a. health.
b. communications.
c. energy and natural resources.
d. finance.
e. agriculture.
ANS: C REF: 134 NOT: Applied

48. The number one factor determining the power of an interest group is
a. how much money they contribute to legislators.
b. how much public officials need the expertise of the group.
c. how much time they spend with employees of administrative agencies.
d. how many former legislators they employ.
e. how effective their radio and television advertising is.
ANS: B REF: 134 | 135 NOT: Conceptual

49. A temporary or permanent organization created by interest groups to promote common political goals
is called a(n)
a. iron triangle.
b. administrative agency.
c. umbrella organization.
d. issue network.
e. interest group.
ANS: C REF: 135 NOT: Conceptual

50. Long-term alliances among interest groups, legislators, and bureaucrats held together by mutual
interest and often concerned with a narrow range of decisions are
a. iron triangles.
b. administrative agencies.
c. lobbyists.
d. issue networks.
e. political movements.
ANS: A REF: 135 | 136 NOT: Conceptual

51. Coalitions of interest groups, community activists, bureaucrats, and think tanks, among others, that are
interested in broad public issues such as health care are known as
a. iron triangles.
b. administrative agencies.
c. lobbyists.
d. issue networks.
e. committees.
ANS: D REF: 136 NOT: Conceptual

52. Fluid alliances of individuals and organizations that are interested in a particular policy area and join
together when policymaking topics affect their interests are
a. iron triangles.
b. fragmentations.
c. revolving doors.
 d. issue networks.
e. political movements.
ANS: D REF: 136 NOT: Conceptual

ESSAY

1. Describe the different categories of interest groups and provide examples of each.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

2. Explain the various reasons citizens have for joining interest groups.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

3. Describe the free rider problem and its relevance to interest groups.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

4. Identify and explain the advantages of interest group involvement in Texas government.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

5. Describe the ways interest groups influence the government both directly and indirectly.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

6. Identify and explain the different ways interest groups lobby legislators before the session begins.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

7. Identify interest groups and explain how they impact government policy and rule-making through the
courts?

ANS:
Answers may vary.

8. Describe the registration and reporting requirements for lobbyists.

ANS:
Answers may vary.

9. Describe the structural characteristics of the Texas government that make it particularly susceptible to
interest group influence.

ANS:
Answers may vary.
10. Identify and explain the differences between iron triangles and issue networks.

ANS:
Answers may vary.