Sociology A Brief Introduction 11th Edition Schaefer Test Bank Download

Chapter 07 - Deviance, Crime, and Social Control
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Chapter 07
Deviance, Crime, and Social Control
Multiple Choice Questions
1. One of the major themes revealed from Cop in the Hood: My Year Policing Baltimore's
Eastern District was that
A. there is a clear line separating illegal activities and deviant behavior.
B. crime is functional in its subculture and helps to provide stability.
C. patrolling confirmed many of the stereotypes held about the neighborhood.
D. gang-related thefts was the neighborhood's major preoccupation.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Define and explain the elements of social control.
Topic: Crime
Question Category: Information
7-1
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
2. The term social control refers to

A. justifications for deviant behavior.
B. penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.
C. techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society.
D. behavior that violates the norms of a group.

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Social control
Question Category: Definition
7-2
3. Sanctions are defined as

A. penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.
B. justifications for deviant behavior.
C. rules made by a government.
D. a loss of direction when the social control of individual behavior has become ineffective.

Bloom's: Remember
4. Jennifer is attending a business luncheon with several corporate executives. At one point
during the meal, she reaches in front of another executive for a saltshaker and hits the
executive's arm as he is about to put a spoonful of soup in his mouth. The soup spills on his
shirt, and he glares at Jennifer. The glare is an example of a(n)
A. norm.
B. folkway.
C. formal sanction.
D. informal sanction.

Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast formal and informal social control.
Question Category: Application-Concept
5. An individual being imprisoned for murder is an example of a(n)

A. formal sanction.
B. value.
C. informal sanction.
D. norm.

Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Punishment
7-3
6. Clyde is imprisoned for "tagging," or "visual terrorism." The arrest is an example of a(n)
A. formal sanction.
B. value.
C. informal sanction.
D. norm.

Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Punishment
7. Historically, legal measures aimed at blocking discrimination based on race, religion,

gender, age, or sexual orientation have been difficult to implement because
A. many people tacitly encourage such violations.
B. minorities do not seek legal protection.
C. any type of law is difficult to pass and enforce.
D. All of these answers are correct.

Bloom's: Understand
8. Which sociological perspective emphasizes how societies literally could not operate if
massive numbers of people defied standards of appropriate conduct?
A. functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. labeling perspective

Bloom's: Understand
Question Category: Application-Perspectives
7-4
9. Which of the following terms refers to going along with one's peers, with peers defined as
individuals of a person's own status who have no special right to direct that person's
behavior?
A. labeling
B. conformity
C. deviance
D. obedience

Bloom's: Remember
10. Obedience refers to

A. going along with one's peers, who have no special right to direct one's behavior.
B. compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure.
C. penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.
D. going along with one's peers, who have no special right to direct that one's behavior, and
compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure.

Bloom's: Remember
11. According to a study by Stanley Milgram, individuals will

A. conform to the attitudes and behaviors of their peers even if such attitudes and behaviors
are racist.
B. obey the commands of people viewed as legitimate authority figures, even if the behavior
may harm another individual.
C. in most instances disobey the commands of people viewed as legitimate authority figures if
the behavior may harm another individual.
D. not conform to the attitudes and behavior of their peers if racism is expected.

Bloom's: Understand
7-5
12. What was the motivation behind Stanley Milgram's experimental study of obedience?
A. to better understand German involvement in the annihilation of Jews in World War II
B. to better understand the deterrence factor of the death penalty
C. self-esteem issues
D. a federal government grant

Bloom's: Remember
13. Social control carried out casually by people through such means as laughter, smiles, and
ridicule is known as
A. neutralization.
B. conformity.
C. informal social control.
D. formal social control.

Bloom's: Remember
14. What type of informal social control is supported by 59 percent of pediatricians in spite of
the risk of harmful effects to recipients?
A. capital punishment
B. institutionalization
C. corporal punishment
D. time-outs

Bloom's: Remember
7-6
15. Social control carried out by authorized agents—such as police officers, judges, school
administrators, and employers—is called
A. neutralization.
B. conformity.
C. informal social control.
D. formal social control.

Bloom's: Remember
16. A college student is caught cheating on an exam and is brought before a college-wide
disciplinary committee, which decides to expel the student from the school. The committee's
action is an example of
A. formal social control.
B. informal social control.
C. neutralization.
D. enforcement of regulatory law.

Bloom's: Understand
17. Which sociological perspective would most likely be concerned with the association
between the use of surveillance techniques as a means of social control and the power of an
authoritarian government?
D. feminist perspective

Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast the understanding of deviance offered by the three major perspectives and by labeling theory and
the feminist perspective.
Topic: Sociological perspectives
7-7
18. Which of the following theories offers a view of conformity and deviance that suggests
that our connection to members of society leads us to conform systematically to society's
norms?
A. anomie theory of deviance
B. labeling theory
C. control theory
D. theory of differential association

Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Explain why sociologists see the creation of laws as a social process.
Topic: Law
19. Control theory states that we

A. are bonded to members of our subculture, and if they engage in deviant behavior, we use
them as role models and act in the same manner.
B. are bonded to our family members, friends, and peers in a way that leads us to follow the
mores and folkways of our society.
C. are "convinced" to act in a law-abiding manner because of the "control" that law
enforcement agencies have over our lives.
D. act in a conforming manner because of self-control.

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Law
20. Deviance is behavior that

A. always violates the laws of a society.
B. is always illegal.
C. violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society.
D. is always anomie.

Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Explain the ways in which deviance both challenges and reinforces social norms.
Topic: Deviance
7-8
21. Which sociological perspective would most likely be concerned with the stigmatizing
nature of formal social controls that require convicted sex offenders to register with police
agencies and have their pictures published in newspapers to make their identities publicly
known?
D. global perspective

Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Stigma
22. The contemporary study of possible genetic roots of criminality is but one aspect of the
larger debate over
A. biosociology.
B. sociobiology.
C. impression management.
D. Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft.

Bloom's: Remember
23. Which of the following connections to criminality is commonly rejected by sociologists?

A. environmental influences
B. genetic roots
C. social structure
D. Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft

Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Explain why deviant behavior is not always negative.
7-9
24. "Deviance defines the limits of proper behavior." This statement represents the view of
which sociological perspective?

Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Functionalist perspective on deviance
25. In Émile Durkheim's view,

A. the punishments established within a culture help to define acceptable behavior and thus
contribute to social stability.
B. labeling an individual is the most crucial stage in that person becoming a deviant.
C. people accept or reject the goals of a society and/or the socially approved means to fulfill
their aspirations.
D. the punishments established within a culture help define acceptable behavior, and people
accept or reject the goals of a society.

Bloom's: Understand
7-10
26. Which term is used in the sociological literature to describe a loss of direction felt in a
society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective?
A. anomie
B. neutralization
C. cultural transmission
D. disobedience

Bloom's: Remember
27. Which of the following would be an example of anomie?

A. A man loses his job, his fortune, and his family during the Great Depression of the 1930s.
B. An individual takes a shortcut to school and gets lost.
C. A woman wins a lottery and gives a considerable amount of her winnings to several
charities that are important to her.

Bloom's: Understand
28. The most common adaptation in Robert Merton's anomie theory of deviance is
A. ritualism.
B. conformity.
C. rebellion.
D. innovation.

Bloom's: Remember
7-11
29. In his anomie theory of deviance, Robert Merton

A. described five types of deviance.
B. created a typology to explain the basic types of adaptations people make to culture.
C. noted that people will always follow one of the five modes of adaptation and maintain that
mode for an extended period of time.
D. suggested that conformists tend to ignore societal goals.

Bloom's: Understand
30. According to Robert Merton, an innovator is an individual who has

A. abandoned the goal of material success and become compulsively committed to the
institutional means.
B. withdrawn from the goals and means of society.
C. accepted the goals of society, but pursues them with means regarded as improper.
D. None of these answers is correct.

Bloom's: Remember
31. In Robert Merton's terms, people who overzealously and cruelly enforce bureaucratic
regulations can be classified as
A. ritualists.
B. rebels.
C. innovators.
D. retreatists.

Bloom's: Remember
7-12
32. According to Robert Merton, a retreatist is an individual who has

A. abandoned the goal of material success and become compulsively committed to the
institutional means.
B. withdrawn from the goals and means of society.
C. accepted the goals of society, but pursues them with means regarded as improper.

Bloom's: Remember
33. An unemployed young adult wants a stereo, but he doesn't have the money or the means
of earning the money needed to buy it. His desire for the stereo overwhelms him, and he steals
one from a local store. This incident illustrates which theory of deviance?
A. conflict theory
B. labeling theory
C. anomie theory of deviance
D. cultural transmission theory

Bloom's: Understand
7-13
34. Arnold gets an "A" on his organic chemistry exam because he copies most of his answers
from Stanley, the "class brain" who is sitting next to him. According to Merton's anomie
theory of deviance, Arnold would be classified as a(n)
A. ritualist.
B. retreatist.
C. rebel.
D. innovator.

Bloom's: Apply
35. An employee at a welfare office is so concerned with paperwork that he doesn't have time
to administer to the needs of the poor, hungry, and homeless individuals who seek assistance.
According to Merton's theory, this welfare worker would be a(n)
A. ritualist.
B. rebel.
C. innovator.
D. retreatist.

Bloom's: Apply
7-14
36. According to Robert Merton, members of revolutionary political organizations such as the
Irish Republican Army would typically be classified as
A. rebels.
B. ritualists.
C. conformists.
D. innovators.

Bloom's: Apply
37. Which sociological perspective's approach explains why rule violation continues to exist
in societies despite pressures to conform and obey, but fails to indicate how a given person
comes to commit a deviant act or why on some occasions crimes do or do not occur?

Bloom's: Understand
38. Which theory was used by Edwin Sutherland to emphasize that criminal behavior is
learned through social interactions with others?
A. labeling theory
B. cultural transmission
C. societal-reaction approach
D. techniques of neutralization

Bloom's: Remember
7-15
39. Which sociologist used the term differential association to describe the process by which
exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to violation of rules?
A. Richard Quinney
B. Erving Goffman
C. Robert Merton
D. Edwin Sutherland

Bloom's: Remember
40. Monica, a new student at Valley High School, becomes friends with a group of teenagers
who use marijuana and remain seated during the singing of the national anthem. Although
Monica had never used marijuana and used to sing the anthem, she begins to engage in the
same behavior as her new friends. This is an example of
A. differential association.
B. conformity.
C. labeling.
D. both differential association and conformity.

Bloom's: Understand
7-16
41. Bob works as a cashier in a supermarket. His boss instructs him to include the price of a
new broom—which Bob's boss has deceptively placed near the register—on everyone's bill.
Bob's boss also encourages him to change the dates on expired food items so the items can
continue to be sold. Eventually, Bob begins to develop his own deceptive sales practices. This
is an example of
A. labeling.
B. anomie.
C. differential association.
D. dramaturgy.

Bloom's: Understand
42. Which theory attributes increases in crime and deviance to the absence or breakdown of
communal relationships and social institutions?
A. cultural transmission theory
B. labeling theory
C. social disorganization theory
D. conflict theory

Bloom's: Remember
7-17
43. Which of the following is a criticism of social disorganization theory?

A. too much focus on larger forces
B. seems to "blame the victim"
C. that there are no viable organizations
D. that troubled areas are hopeless

Bloom's: Understand
44. In his study of the Saints and the Roughnecks, William Chambliss concluded that a key
factor in the varying fortunes of the two groups was their differing
A. ages.
B. social class standing.
C. political views.

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Labeling theory
45. The societal-reaction approach is also known as

A. the human relations approach.
B. the anomie theory of deviance.
C. labeling theory.
D. the dramaturgical approach.

Bloom's: Remember
7-18
46. A sociologist studies how a teacher's attitudes toward particular students affects students'
performance. Students of similar abilities who are "teacher's pets" perform at a high level, and
students who are viewed as "troublemakers" perform poorly. This illustrates which
explanation of deviance?
A. anomie theory
B. labeling theory
C. cultural transmission
D. differential association

Bloom's: Understand
47. Which of the following individuals would most likely be the focus of labeling theorists
who are researching the power of some individuals or groups to define labels?
A. sexual predators and prostitutes
B. gamblers and money
C. regulators of social control
D. sexual predators and prostitutes, and gamblers and money

Bloom's: Remember
7-19
48. Which sociologist created an interactionist/conflict explanation of deviance that

emphasizes that the response to an act—not the behavior—determines deviance?
A. William Chambliss
B. Harry King
C. Howard Becker
D. Edwin Sutherland

Bloom's: Remember
Question Category: Sociologists
49. The social constructionist perspective is most closely affiliated with which other
sociological explanation of deviance?
A. the theory of differential association
B. labeling theory
C. the anomie theory of deviance
D. social disorganization theory

Bloom's: Remember
50. Which conflict sociologist argues that the criminal justice system serves the interests of
the powerful and that lawmaking is often an attempt by the powerful to coerce others into
their own morality?
A. Elliot Currie
B. Richard Quinney
C. Mark Warr
D. Kai Erikson

Bloom's: Remember
7-20
51. A person convicted of a crime—even when prior arrest record and severity of the crime
are taken into account—is more likely to receive a shorter prison sentence if he or she is
A. White and non-Hispanic.
B. Black.
C. Hispanic.
D. Asian or Native American.

Bloom's: Understand
52. Which sociological perspective would be particularly concerned about studies that show
that White criminal offenders receive shorter sentences than comparable Latino and African
American offenders?

Bloom's: Understand
Question Category: Social Policy
7-21
53. An important tenet of labeling theory is the recognition that some individuals or groups
have the power to define labels and apply them to others. This view shares the emphasis on
the social significance of power as purported by the
A. functionalist perspective.
B. conflict perspective.
C. interactionist perspective.
D. global perspective.

Bloom's: Understand
54. A bank president is found guilty of tax evasion. In addition to paying the government all
the money he owes with substantial interest, he is sentenced to three years' probation and a
$50,000 fine. At the same time, a female teller at the same bank is found guilty of stealing
$500. The teller is sentenced to a prison term of no less than four years. This differential
treatment would be of particular concern to sociologists using the
A. functionalist perspective.
B. conflict perspective.
C. interactionist perspective.
D. global perspective.

Bloom's: Understand
7-22
55. Crime is a violation of

A. criminal law for which formal penalties are applied by some governmental authority.
B. societal standards and is punished with informal sanctions.
C. informal norms that are sanctioned with stigmas.
D. normative behaviors that are considered by society to be proper conduct.

Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Differentiate between deviance and crime.
Topic: Crime
56. Dave, the president of a small corporation, has a wild weekend. He spends a night with a
prostitute, gambles illegally, drinks excessively, and uses drugs. Some would argue he has
committed various
A. organized crimes.
B. victimless crimes.
C. white-collar crimes.
D. corporate crimes.

Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Crime
57. A professional criminal is

A. an affluent individual who commits crimes in the course of daily business activities.
B. always a member of a highly structured criminal organization that is involved in
smuggling, drug trafficking, prostitution, and gambling.
C. a person who pursues crime as a daily occupation, developing skilled techniques and
enjoying a degree of status among other criminals.

Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Crime
7-23
58. An important aspect of a professional criminal's work is

A. studying crime statistics.
B. boundary maintenance.
C. developing skilled techniques.
D. goal multiplication.

Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Crime
59. The work of a group that regulates relations between various criminal enterprises involved
in the smuggling and sale of drugs, prostitution, gambling, and other illegal activities is
called
A. routine activities crime.
B. victimless crime.
C. organized crime.
D. white-collar crime.

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Crime
60. The term ethnic succession, as used by Daniel Bell, refers to

A. the migration of immigrant groups into communities previously occupied by other
immigrant groups.
B. the process during which the leadership of organized crime is passed from one ethnic
group to another.
C. the process during which the membership of law enforcement agencies is passed from one
ethnic group to another.
D. the migration of immigrant groups to suburbia.

Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Crime
7-24
61. In a city on the East Coast, organized crime was dominated by an Italian "family," but
they were eventually displaced by African Americans. This would be an example of
A. assimilation.
B. ethnic succession.
C. labeling.
D. differential association.

Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Crime
62. Independent analysis has revealed which of the following regarding white-collar crime in
the United States?
A. The Martha Stewart case increased the number of prosecutions.
B. The Enron case decreased the number of prosecutions.
C. The number of cases prosecuted increased only modestly between 2000 to 2009.
D. The mortgage crisis increased the number of prosecutions.

Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast white-collar crime and street crime.
Topic: White-collar crime
63. What term is used to refer to crimes committed by individuals in the course of their daily
business activities?
A. professional crime
B. organized crime
C. index crimes
D. white-collar crimes

Bloom's: Remember
7-25
64. A corporate vice president is convicted of attempting to bribe a presidential aide. This
type of crime is called
A. professional crime.
B. white-collar crime.
C. organized crime.
D. an index crime.

Bloom's: Understand
65. Which of the following is true of white-collar crime?

A. The offender is more likely to receive a prison sentence than a fine.
B. Conviction generally does not harm the person's reputation or career aspirations as much as
conviction for a street crime would.
C. Most cases are heard in municipal courts.

Bloom's: Understand
66. Crime that occurs across multiple national borders is known as

A. transnational crime.
B. white-collar crime.
C. organized crime.
D. global crime.

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Crime
7-26
67. Which type of crime is unlikely to be reported in victimization surveys?

A. fraud
B. burglary
C. motor vehicle theft
D. aggravated assault

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Crime
68. What type of crime is motivated by characteristics such as race, religion, sexual
orientation or disability?
A. white-collar crime
B. professional crime
C. hate crime
D. victimless crime

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Crime
69. According to crime statistics, hate crime focus most frequently on which of the
following?
A. sexual orientation
B. disability
C. religion
D. race

Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Crime
7-27
70. Of incidents reported in 2012, the most frequently reported hate crimes were
A. physical abuse and intimidation.
B. vandalism and intimidation.
C. rape and murder.
D. murder and vandalism.

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Crime
71. Which perspective would look to the disproportionate economic and lobbying power
wielded by groups such as the National Rifle Association in the debate over gun violence in
U.S. society?
A. functionalist
B. conflict
C. interactionist
D. feminist

Bloom's: Understand
True / False Questions
72. Control theory reminds us that while the media may focus on crime and disorder, most
members of most societies conform to and obey basic norms.
TRUE

Bloom's: Understand
7-28
73. According to journalist Naomi Wolf, women in the U.S. who do not conform to the
beauty myth are viewed as deviant.
TRUE

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Deviance
74. Both men and women in the U.S. may be stigmatized when they fail to conform to
standards of attractiveness.
TRUE

Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Stigma
75. The high degree of anonymity allowing for uncivil behavior when using the Internet has
resulted in calls for the establishment of formal rules for online behavior.
TRUE

Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Deviance
76. Recent sociological research supports the position that some forms of crime and deviance
have genetic roots.
FALSE

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Deviance
7-29
77. According to the research of Kai Erikson, the Puritans' persecution of Quakers and the
execution of women suspected of being witches represented continuing attempts to define and
redefine the boundaries of their community.
TRUE

Bloom's: Remember
78. According to Howard Becker, labeling theory was conceived as a sole explanation for
deviance.
FALSE

Bloom's: Remember
79. Within the last ten years, the proportion of major crimes committed by women has
increased, but violent crimes committed by women have declined.
TRUE

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Crime
80. Owning a gun is considered a deviant act in the United States.

FALSE

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Deviance
7-30
81. Although medical marijuana is legal in the state of California, you can still be prosecuted
for possession of the drug under federal law.
TRUE

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Law
82. Martha Stewart's criminal activity was considered a professional crime, as she committed
her crimes during the course of her regular business.
FALSE

Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Crime
83. The death penalty is active in all fifty states.

FALSE

Bloom's: Remember
Topic: Punishment
84. Hate crimes are distinguished in large part by motivation.

TRUE

Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Crime
Essay Questions
7-31
85. Discuss the various components of social control. Identify and describe how sanctions
may be used to control the expectations of society regarding people's actions and behaviors.
Answers will vary
Bloom's: Analyze
86. Describe the similarities in and differences between conformity and obedience, according
to Stanley Milgram. Give examples to support both concepts.
Answers will vary
Bloom's: Analyze
87. Discuss why the definitions of deviance and social stigma are dependent on cultural
variations and socially accepted norms. Give examples of how people are stigmatized for
behaviors they may no longer engage in.
Answers will vary
Bloom's: Analyze
Topic: Deviance
7-32
88. Discuss the relationship between cultural transmission and differential association in
explaining deviance or criminal acts. Give an illustration of how a person would likely
become criminal using the differential association process.
Answers will vary
Bloom's: Analyze
Bloom's: Create
89. Describe the controversy surrounding gun ownership/violence/control in the U.S. and
elsewhere.
Answers will vary
Bloom's: Understand
Topic: Norms
90. How is binge drinking both a deviance and a conformity?
Answers will vary
Bloom's: Analyze
Topic: Deviance
7-33

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Chapter 07 - Deviance, Crime, and Social Control

Solution Manual for Sociology A Brief Introduction 11th

Multiple Choice Questions

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2. The term social control refers to

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3. Sanctions are defined as

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5. An individual being imprisoned for murder is an example of a(n)

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7. Historically, legal measures aimed at blocking discrimination based on race, religion,

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10. Obedience refers to

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11. According to a study by Stanley Milgram, individuals will

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19. Control theory states that we

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20. Deviance is behavior that

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23. Which of the following connections to criminality is commonly rejected by sociologists?

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25. In Émile Durkheim's view,

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27. Which of the following would be an example of anomie?

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29. In his anomie theory of deviance, Robert Merton

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30. According to Robert Merton, an innovator is an individual who has

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32. According to Robert Merton, a retreatist is an individual who has

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43. Which of the following is a criticism of social disorganization theory?

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45. The societal-reaction approach is also known as