Sociology in Modules 4th Edition T Schaefer Test Bank Download

Chapter 05 - Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure
Sociology in Modules 4th Edition T

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Chapter 05
Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Philip Zimbardo's study of a simulated prison environment, using college students as

prisoners and prison guards,
A. indicated that it is impossible to replicate a "real life" situation in a laboratory.
B. demonstrated that a social structure can influence the type of social interactions that occur.
C. indicated that social interactions are not influenced by social structure characteristics.
D. All of these answers are correct.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: Explain the relationship between social reality and social interaction.
Question Category: Information
Topic: Social interaction
5-1
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McGraw-Hill Education.
2. Social interaction is
A. the process of learning norms, values, beliefs, and other requirements for effective
participation in social groups.
B. the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships.
C. the ways in which people respond to one another.
D. a series of relationships linking a person directly to others and therefore indirectly to still
more people.

Blooms: Remember
Question Category: Definition
5-2
3. According to Herbert Blumer, a distinctive characteristic of human interaction is that

A. the reality of humans is shaped by our perceptions and evaluations.
B. humans respond to behavior based on the meaning we attach to the actions of others.
C. humans interpret or define each other's actions.

Blooms: Remember
4. Which of the following is true regarding marriage in Japan?

A. Most husbands do not call their wife by name.
B. Husbands say "I love you" more often than those of other nationalities.
C. Most married Japanese couples do not actually love one another.
D. Marriage is considered more a relationship than a social status.

Blooms: Remember
5. One crucial aspect of the relationship between dominant and subordinate groups is the
ability of the dominant group to
A. define a society's values.
B. define social reality.
C. mold the "definition of the situation."

Blooms: Understand
5-3
6. When observing that people respond not only to the objective features of a person or
situation but also to the meaning that person or situation has for them, William I. Thomas was
writing from which perspective?
A. functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. feminist perspective

Blooms: Remember
Question Category: Sociologists
Topic: Sociological perspectives
7. Which of the following terms refers to the way in which a society is organized into
predictable relationships?
A. socialization
B. social structure
C. social interaction
D. culture

Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: List and summarize the five elements of social structure.
Topic: Social structure
8. Which term is used by sociologists to refer to any of the full range of socially defined
positions within a large group or society?
A. status
B. culture
C. social structure
D. Gemeinschaft

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Status
5-4
9. Jan, Randy, and Terry are science majors, and when they graduate from college, they find
jobs as a nurse, a midwife, and a hospital administrator, respectively. These new positions are
examples of
A. statuses.
B. social roles.
C. groups.
D. social networks.

Blooms: Apply
Question Category: Application-Concept
Topic: Status
10. Which term is used by sociologists to refer to a set of expectations for people who occupy
a given social position or status?
A. social role
B. structural role
C. achieved role
D. ascribed role

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Social roles
11. Which of the following statements about social roles is correct?

A. The roles that belong to a social status are always performed in the same manner.
B. Social roles are always performed in the same manner by those holding ascribed, but not
achieved, statuses.
C. Actual performance of a role varies from individual to individual.
D. Role expectations and actual role performances never vary.

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Social roles
5-5
12. Which sociological perspective emphasizes that social roles contribute to a society's
stability by enabling members to anticipate the behavior of others and to pattern their own
actions accordingly?

Blooms: Remember
13. A social network is

A. a social structure that derives its existence from the social interactions through which
people define and redefine its character.
B. an attempt to reach agreement with others concerning some objective.
C. a series of social relationships that link a person directly to others and therefore indirectly
to still more people.
D. the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships.

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Social networks
14. Which of the following terms is used to refer to organized patterns of beliefs and behavior
centered on basic social needs?
A. social networks
B. social institutions
C. functional prerequisites
D. communities

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Social institutions
5-6
15. Which of the following is an example of a social institution?

A. the U.S. government
B. a group of passengers on an inner-city bus
C. the members of a stamp-collecting society
D. a children's playgroup

Blooms: Understand
16. Ray is an African American who is currently enrolled at a four-year university where he is
studying social work. Which of the following is his achieved status?
A. social worker
B. male
C. African American
D. college student

Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: Explain how ascribed status and master status can constrain achieved status.
Topic: Status
17. An ascribed status is a social position

A. attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts.
B. "assigned" to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or
characteristics.
C. that is earned.
D. that is reached as a result of negotiation.

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Status
5-7
18. Ascribed statuses may be based on an individual's

A. race.
B. gender.
C. age.

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Status
19. Which of the following is an achieved status?

A. race
B. gender
C. occupation
D. age

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Status
20. Which sociological perspective is especially interested in ascribed statuses because they
often confer privileges or reflect a person's membership in a subordinate group?
D. global perspective

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Status
5-8
21. You walk into your women's studies class, and you look at the person sitting to your left.
He is the only male in the class; he is about 20 years old, wears a wedding ring, and carries a
bag with a tennis racquet. Which of his characteristics is most likely his master status in the
context of this class?
A. his age
B. his marital status
C. his gender
D. his interest in tennis

Blooms: Apply
Topic: Status
22. Which of the following statements about an ascribed status is correct?

A. It is easy to change when an individual becomes older.
B. It has the same social meaning in every society.
C. It is based on an individual's skills.
D. It is generally biological in origin, but it is significant mainly because of the social
meanings attached to it within a given culture.

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Status
23. An achieved status is a social position

A. attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts.
B. "assigned" to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or
characteristics.
C. that is assigned to an individual at birth.
D. that is given to an individual based upon his or her age, race, or gender.

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Status
5-9
24. An individual can acquire an achieved status by

A. attending school.
B. establishing a friendship.
C. inventing a new product.

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Status
25. A master status is a

A. category used by sociologists for any of the full range of socially defined positions within a
large group or society.
B. social position attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts.
C. status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position within
society.
D. series of social relationships linking a person directly to others and therefore indirectly to
still more people.

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Status
26. When Malcolm X's eighth grade teacher ignored Malcolm's academic and social
successes, dismissed his desired career goal of lawyer, and instead suggested he become a
carpenter, the teacher was viewing Malcolm's race as a(n)
A. achieved status.
B. master status.
C. ascribed status.
D. assigned status.

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Status
5-10
27. Which term is used to refer to incompatible expectations that arise when the same person
holds two or more social positions?
A. role strain
B. role conflict
C. role ambiguity
D. role exit

Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Give examples of role conflict, role strain, and role exit.
Topic: Role conflict
28. Elaine is a clinical sociologist who practices marriage and family therapy. She is also a
college professor. One of her current students asks her if she can make an appointment for a
therapy session. Elaine tells the student that she will refer her to a colleague because she feels
that holding therapy sessions with a student might create
A. role strain.
B. role conflict.
C. role exit.
D. status displacement.

Blooms: Apply
Topic: Role conflict
29. The difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and
expectations is known as
A. role conflict.
B. role strain.
C. role exit.
D. resocialization.

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Role strain
5-11
30. Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh studied

A. role conflict among internal affairs officers in police departments.
B. role exit.
C. social networking among Black businesswomen.
D. sociocultural evolution.

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Role exit
31. Role exit is defined as

A. the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to
establish a new role and identity.
B. a difficulty that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social
positions held by the same person.
C. a difficulty that occurs when incompatible expectations arise within one social position
occupied by an individual.
D. a set of expectations of people who occupy a given social position.

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Role exit
32. In Ebaugh's four stages of the process of role exit, which of the following is a core
element of the first stage?
A. searching for alternatives
B. identity creation
C. doubt
D. action

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Role exit
5-12
33. A(n) ________ is any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who
regularly and consciously interact.
A. group
B. negotiation team
C. organic solidarity
D. aggregate

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Groups
34. Which of the following statements about social networks is true?

A. Even network connections that are weak may be useful.
B. Social networks consist exclusively of direct ties to others.
C. Networking in the workplace pays off more for women than for men.
D. Social networks do not benefit those who are unemployed.

Blooms: Understand
35. Studies have shown that which of the following is true in terms of the use of social
networks for job searching and career advancement?
A. Networking pays off more for white men.
B. Men are more likely to rely on classified advertisements.
C. Networking pays off more for women.
D. More female executives use networking than male executives.

Blooms: Remember
5-13
36. Sociological research that maps sexual relationships among high school students is an
example of research on
A. ascribed statuses.
B. role exit.
C. social networks.
D. social institutions.

Blooms: Understand
37. A group of businesswomen meet on a monthly basis to assist one another in advancing
their careers. They give each other job leads and advice, and they invite business leaders to
attend their sessions to provide further assistance. This group is an example of
A. role connection.
B. impression management.
C. status assistance.
D. social networking.

Blooms: Understand
38. Which of the following is true of obesity in regards to social ties?

A. The obese are most frequently in social groups with the non-obese.
B. Weight gain in one person is often related to weight gain of that person's friends and
family.
C. Obese people have few social ties.

Blooms: Remember
5-14
39. Which sociological perspective suggests that a society or a relatively permanent group
must accomplish certain major tasks if it is to survive?

Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: Analyze the functionalist, interactionist, and conflict views of social institutions.
40. Functional prerequisites are

A. tasks that a society or relatively permanent group must accomplish if it is to survive.
B. organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs.
C. social relationships that link a person directly to others and therefore indirectly to still more
people.
D. attempts to reach agreement with others concerning some objective.

Blooms: Understand
41. Which of the following functional prerequisites was NOT fulfilled by the religious sect
known as the Shakers?
A. replacing personnel
B. teaching new recruits
C. producing and distributing goods and services
D. preserving order

Blooms: Remember
5-15
42. The patriotic behavior of U.S. citizens on January 20, 2009, in coming to witness the
Inauguration of President Barack Obama represents what kind of functionalist prerequisite?
A. teaching new recruits
B. preserving order
C. replacing personnel
D. providing and maintaining a sense of purpose

Blooms: Apply
43. The conflict perspective holds that social institutions

A. maintain the privileges of the powerful individuals and groups within a society.
B. preserve order and equality.
C. train personnel equitably.
D. provide and maintain a sense of basic fairness.

Blooms: Understand
44. Mitchell Duneier studied the social network and social behavior of whom, as a method of
researching the effects of social institutions on them?
A. street corner preachers
B. female word processors
C. warehouse workers
D. tollbooth operators

Blooms: Remember
5-16
45. Mitchell Duneier's work regarding social networks operates from which sociological
perspective?

Blooms: Understand
46. Which sociological perspective might observe the division of labor among the staff
members in a hospital emergency room and focus on how the allocation of responsibilities
affects their social behavior?

Blooms: Apply
Question Category: Application-Perspectives
47. In a society organized around mechanical solidarity, which of the following tasks would
you likely engage in?
A. preparing food
B. building homes
C. making clothing

Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: Describe Durkheim's, Tönnies's, and Lenski's approaches to classifying forms of social structure.
5-17
48. Émile Durkheim suggested that as a society becomes more complex, the nature of
solidarity becomes more
A. mechanical.
B. organic.
C. preservationist.
D. institutionalized.

Blooms: Remember
49. Ferdinand Tönnies used the term ________ to refer to communities that are large,
impersonal, and often urban, with little consensus concerning values or commitment to the
group.
A. Gemeinschaft
B. Gesellschaft
C. mechanical solidarity
D. organic solidarity

Blooms: Remember
50. In a small town in the Midwest, all of the children attend the same school and most of the
community members attend the same church. Everyone in this community knows everyone
else, and they have shared numerous experiences with one another. This community would be
characterized by Ferdinand Tönnies with the term
A. Gesellschaft.
B. organic solidarity.
C. mechanical solidarity.
D. Gemeinschaft.

Blooms: Apply
5-18
51. Ferdinand Tönnies would view hunting-and-gathering societies as examples of a

A. Gemeinschaft.
B. Gesellschaft.
C. Gesundheit.
D. Glockenspiel.

Blooms: Understand
52. Today, Steve went into a grocery store where a stranger checked out his purchases and
another stranger bagged his groceries. Then he went to a fast-food restaurant and purchased a
hamburger from another stranger, and on his way home he stopped at an intersection, where
an unknown police officer raised her hand. These experiences are all characteristic of
A. Gesellschaft relationships.
B. organic solidarity.
C. mechanical solidarity.
D. Gemeinschaft relationships.

Blooms: Apply
53. In Gerhard Lenski's view, societal organization is highly dependent on its level of
A. farming.
B. education.
C. technology.
D. banking.

Blooms: Remember
5-19
54. An analysis of sociocultural evolution that distinguishes between preindustrial and

industrial societies was developed by
A. Ferdinand Tönnies.
B. Gerhard Lenski.
C. Jonathan Kozol.
D. William I. Thomas.

Blooms: Remember
55. Which of the following can be defined as the long-term trends in societies resulting from
the interplay of continuity, innovation, and selection?
A. postmodernism
B. negotiated order
C. industrialization
D. sociocultural evolution

Blooms: Remember
56. A preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily
available in order to live is called a(n)
A. agrarian society.
B. hunting-and-gathering society.
C. horticultural society.
D. slash-and-burn farming society.

Blooms: Remember
5-20
57. The Yanomamö, a South American culture, live in a village and spend most of their time
searching for food and tending small gardens. Their primary tool is a stone ax, which they use
for cutting down trees to expand their gardens. The Yanomamö are an example of a(n)
A. agrarian society.
B. horticultural society.
C. hunting-and-gathering society.
D. postmodern society.

Blooms: Apply
58. In the most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society, members are engaged
primarily in food production. They increase their crop yields through such innovations as the
plow. This type of society is called a(n)
A. hunting-and-gathering society.
B. agrarian society.
C. horticultural society.

Blooms: Remember
59. The Industrial Revolution, which took place largely in England, pushing societies from
agrarian-based economies to those dependent on mechanization, first appeared when?
A. 1910-1940
B. 1870-1905
C. 1835-1870
D. 1760-1830

Blooms: Remember
5-21
60. A society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services is called a(n)
A. industrial society.
B. postindustrial society.
C. postmodern society.
D. preindustrial society.

Blooms: Remember
61. Which of the following was characteristic of the emergence of industrial societies?
A. Workplaces moved from the family cottage to centralized locations.
B. Individuals, villages, and regions began to exchange goods and services and become
interdependent.
C. Formal educational institutions developed.

Blooms: Understand
62. A society whose economic system is engaged in the processing and control of information
is called a(n)
A. industrial society.
B. postmodern society.
C. postindustrial society.
D. agrarian society.

Blooms: Remember
5-22
63. A society that is primarily concerned with providing services rather than manufacturing
goods is a(n)
A. preindustrial society.
B. postindustrial society.
C. industrial society.

Blooms: Remember
64. Daniel Bell views postindustrial societies as consensual, because he believes that
postindustrial societies are characterized by interest groups concerned with such national
issues as health, education, and the environment working for the common good. Bell's view
represents which sociological perspective?

Blooms: Understand
5-23
65. Which functionalist theorist views the transition from industrial to postindustrial societies
as a positive development because he sees a general decline in organized working-class
groups and a rise in interest groups concerned with such national issues as health, education,
and the environment?
A. Everett Hughes
B. William I. Thomas
C. Daniel Bell
D. Karl Marx

Blooms: Remember
66. A technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and
media images is called a(n)
B. industrial society.

Blooms: Remember
67. In the United States, we listen to music imported from Jamaica, eat sushi and other
Japanese foods, and watch movies produced in Italy. These are all features of a(n)
B. industrial society.

Blooms: Understand
5-24
68. A primary group is a small group that is

A. characterized by impersonality, with little intimacy or mutual understanding.
B. characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation.
C. used as a standard for evaluating oneself and one's behavior.
D. characterized by impersonality and face-to-face associations.

Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: Differentiate among the five different types of groups.
Topic: Groups
69. Which type of group plays a pivotal role in the socialization process and the development
of roles and statuses?
A. secondary groups
B. primary groups
C. aggregates
D. formal organizations

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Groups
70. Which of the following is likely to be a primary group?

A. all of the players in the National Hockey League
B. the American Civil Liberties Union
C. the members of a neighborhood softball team

Blooms: Apply
Topic: Groups
5-25
71. Which type of group is most important for socialization?

A. primary groups
B. coalitions
C. out-groups
D. All of these groups are critical for socialization.

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Groups
72. Which term is used to refer to a formal, impersonal group in which there is little social
intimacy or mutual understanding?
A. primary group
B. secondary group
C. tertiary group
D. reference group

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Groups
73. Which of the following is most likely to be a secondary group?

A. the members of a small weekly seminar class in cultural diversity
B. the members of a small commune in Idaho
C. the members of the United Nations General Assembly
D. the members of a family

Blooms: Apply
Topic: Groups
5-26
74. The distinction between "in-groups" and "out-groups" was first made by
A. Erving Goffman.
B. Philip Zimbardo.
C. William Graham Sumner.
D. Charles Horton Cooley.

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Groups
75. Any group or category to which people feel they belong is called a(n)
A. dyad.
B. triad.
C. in-group.
D. out-group.

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Groups
76. A group to which people feel they do not belong is called a(n)
A. social network.
B. primary group.
C. reference group.
D. out-group.

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Groups
5-27
77. Proper behavior for the in-group is often viewed as unacceptable behavior for the out-
group. Sociologist Robert Merton describes this process as the conversion of "in-group
virtues" into
A. "in-group vices."
B. "out-group virtues."
C. "out-group vices."
D. goal displacement.

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Groups
78. The destructive consequences of tensions between in-groups and out-groups would
probably be stressed by which sociological perspective?

Blooms: Apply
Topic: Groups
79. A woman who has not attended school in 13 years enrolls for classes at the local
community college. She is afraid that her younger classmates might not accept her. On the
first day of class, she observes the clothing styles of her classmates, and after school she goes
shopping and purchases similar clothes. Her classmates could be considered
A. a reference group.
B. a secondary group.
C. a focus group.
D. a status group.

Blooms: Apply
Topic: Groups
5-28
80. Which sociological perspective would emphasize the role of reference groups in setting
and enforcing standards of conduct and belief?

Blooms: Apply
Topic: Groups
81. Which term is used by sociologists when speaking of any group that individuals use as a
standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior?
A. primary group
B. secondary group
C. tertiary group
D. reference group

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Groups
82. A college law enforcement major watches the behavior of television police detectives with
great admiration. These detectives could be considered
A. an out-group.
B. a focus group.
C. a triad.
D. a reference group.

Blooms: Apply
Topic: Groups
5-29
83. Special-purpose groups designed and structured in the interests of maximum efficiency
are known as
A. informal organizations.
B. formal organizations.
C. coalitions.
D. primary groups.

Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: List and describe the five basic characteristics of an ideal bureaucracy according to Weber.
84. Formal organizations may vary in

A. size.
B. degree of efficiency.
C. specificity of goals.

Blooms: Remember
85. Which of the following is an example of a formal organization?

A. a community college basketball team
B. the people in a New York City subway car
C. the General Motors Corporation

Blooms: Understand
5-30
86. Which one of the following is a typical ascribed status that influences people's self-images
within formal organizations?
A. gender
B. college education
C. job title

Blooms: Remember
87. A bureaucracy is a(n)

A. two-member group.
B. small group in which there is little intimacy or mutual understanding and in which
relationships are impersonal.
C. organization established on the basis of common interest whose members volunteer or
even pay to participate.
D. component of formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve
efficiency.

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Bureaucracies
88. Which sociologist emphasized the basic similarity of structure and process found in the
otherwise dissimilar enterprises of religion, government, education, and business?
A. Max Weber
B. Suzanne Staggenborg
C. David Sills
D. Norman Denzin

Blooms: Remember
5-31
89. A construct or model that serves as a measuring rod against which specific cases can be
evaluated is called a(n)
A. coalition.
B. ideal type.
C. metaphor.
D. questionnaire.

Blooms: Remember
90. By working at a specific task, people are more likely to become highly skilled and carry
out a job with maximum efficiency. This is the rationale for the bureaucratic characteristic of
A. employment based on technical qualifications.
B. hierarchy of authority.
C. division of labor.
D. written rules and regulations.

Blooms: Understand
91. In The Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels charged that the capitalist
system reduces workers to a mere "appendage of the machine," which leads to extreme
A. motion sickness.
B. alienation.
C. anomie.
D. goal displacement.

Blooms: Remember
5-32
92. Which of the following does Marx and conflict theorists believe is weakened by
restricting workers to very small tasks?
A. job security
B. family values
C. economic positions
D. hierarchy of control

Blooms: Remember
93. The tendency of workers in a bureaucracy to become so specialized that they develop
blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems is known as
A. goal displacement.
B. oligarchy.
C. manifest destiny.
D. trained incapacity.

Blooms: Remember
94. The failure of various government intelligence-gathering organizations to detect the

terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, illustrates which poorly functioning aspect of
government bureaucracy?
A. division of labor
B. hierarchy of authority
C. impersonality
D. employment based on technical qualifications

Blooms: Understand
5-33
95. A college is run by a board of trustees, which hires a president, who in turn selects vice
presidents, deans, and other administrators. This is an example of the bureaucratic
characteristic of
A. written rules and regulations.
B. division of labor.
C. impersonality.
D. hierarchy of authority.

Blooms: Understand
96. Goal displacement is

A. the tendency for workers in a bureaucracy to become so specialized that they develop blind
spots and fail to notice obvious problems.
B. a principle of organizational life according to which each individual within a hierarchy
tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence.
C. overzealous conformity to official regulations within a bureaucracy.
D. the process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly
bureaucratic.

Blooms: Remember
97. A domestic abuse counselor fails to listen to an injured woman because the woman has no
valid proof of U.S. citizenship. This is an example of
B. goal multiplication.
C. trained incapacity.
D. hierarchy of authority.

Blooms: Apply
5-34
98. Which of these comments about a bureaucracy is correct?

A. The division of labor has the positive consequence of producing efficiency in large-scale
organizations.
B. The hierarchy of authority has the negative consequence for the individual of depriving
employees a voice in decision making.
C. An organization's written rules and regulations have the negative consequence of leading to
goal displacement.

Blooms: Understand
99. Which of the following is an example of a negative consequence of bureaucratization?

A. the Peter principle
B. employees deprived of a voice in decision making
C. the stifling of initiative and imagination

Blooms: Understand
100. The untested hypothesis that every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her
level of incompetence is referred to as
B. the Peter principle.
C. trained incapacity.
D. bureaucracy.

Blooms: Remember
5-35
101. Bureaucratization is
A. an element or process of society that may disrupt a social system or lead to a decrease in
stability.
B. organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs.
C. the process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly
bureaucratic.
D. the process through which an organization identifies an entirely new objective because its
traditional goals have been either realized or denied.

Blooms: Remember
102. The "iron law of oligarchy" is a principle

A. of organizational life according to which even democratic organizations will become
bureaucracies ruled by a few individuals.
B. under which organizations are established on the basis of common interests.
C. of organizational life according to which each individual in a hierarchy tends to rise to his
or her level of incompetence.
D. None of these answers is correct.

Blooms: Understand
5-36
103. Oligarchies emerge because

A. people in leadership roles have skills, knowledge, or charismatic appeal.
B. the most capable people always rise to the top of a bureaucracy, and they are respected by
their followers, who permit them to rule unhindered.
C. the rank and file of a movement or organization look to leaders for direction and thereby
reinforce the process of rule by a few.
D. people in leadership roles have skills, knowledge, or charismatic appeal; and the rank and
file of a movement or organization look to leaders for direction and thereby reinforce the
process of rule by a few.

Blooms: Understand
104. Activists in a large city join forces to create a new organization with the goal of
preserving landmark buildings that have historical importance. At first, the organization
functions democratically, but over time it is taken over by three people. These leaders
establish a bureaucratic structure that helps them to maintain control of the organization.
These developments can be best explained by
A. Parkinson's law.
B. the Peter principle.
C. the iron law of oligarchy.
D. the scientific management approach.

Blooms: Apply
5-37
105. According to the classical theory of formal organizations, workers are motivated almost
entirely by
A. economic rewards.
B. fear of their superiors.
C. norms of conformity to the group.
D. the need for job satisfaction.

Blooms: Remember
106. Planning based on the human relations approach focuses on

A. the dangers of collective bargaining.
B. the role of people, communication, and participation among company executives.
C. the conflict perspective's critique of capitalism.
D. workers' feelings, frustrations, and emotional needs for job satisfaction in bureaucracies.

Blooms: Understand
107. The phrase "bureaucracy's other face," which refers to the unofficial activities and
interactions that are a basic part of daily organizational life, was coined by
A. Peter Blau.
B. James Tucker.
C. Alvin Gouldner.
D. Charles Page.

Blooms: Remember
True / False Questions
5-38
108. The 2004 Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse scandal brought new relevance to the 1970s prison
experiments conducted with college students at Stanford University.
TRUE

Blooms: Remember
109. Reality is shaped by our definitions—but not our perceptions and evaluations.
FALSE

Blooms: Understand
110. Positive age-seniority language distinctions are uncommon in the United States.
TRUE

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Status
111. Age is an achieved status.

FALSE

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Status
5-39
112. Gender is an ascribed status.

TRUE

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Status
113. In the U.S., the ascribed statuses of race and gender can function as master statuses that
have an important impact on one's potential to achieve a desired professional and social
status.
TRUE

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Status
114. The last stage of role exit is the departure or disengagement from a role that has been
central to one's identity.
FALSE

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Role exit
115. Friends and family are examples of social networks.

TRUE

Blooms: Understand
5-40
116. Social networks influence the way in which people behave.

TRUE

Blooms: Understand
117. The mass media are an example of a social institution.

TRUE

Blooms: Understand
118. Émile Durkheim argued that mechanical solidarity is characteristic of the

interdependence of people in a complex society.
FALSE

Blooms: Understand
119. The sociocultural evolutionary approach emphasizes a developmental perspective and

pictures different types of social structures coexisting within the same society.
FALSE

Blooms: Understand
5-41
120. A postmodern society is a technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with

consumer goods and information on a mass scale.
TRUE

Blooms: Understand
121. One defining characteristic of groups, in sociological terms, is that members of a group
share some sense of belonging to that group.
TRUE

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Groups
122. Formal organizations are designed for special purposes but are, unlike bureaucracies,
structured for members' personal goal satisfaction rather than for organizational efficiency.
FALSE

Blooms: Understand
Essay Questions
123. Explain the difference between ascribed and achieved statuses, and give examples to
support your answer.
Answer may vary.
Blooms: Analyze
Topic: Status
5-42
124. Discuss how the three major sociological perspectives of functionalism, conflict theory,
and interactionism view the role of social institutions in society.
Answer may vary.
Blooms: Analyze
125. Explain the ways in which a social network can either help or hinder a person.
Answer may vary.
Blooms: Apply
126. Describe sociologist Gerhard Lenski's stages of sociocultural evolution and explain how
his view differs from that of Émile Durkheim's mechanical and organic solidarity and
Ferdinand Tönnies's Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft.
Answer may vary.
Blooms: Analyze
5-43
127. Using the sociological study of group participation following the Virginia Tech
shootings of April 2007 as an example, discuss the value of social groups in the face of
tragedy. Which appears more valuable at such times: continued participation in established
group membership, or participation in groups formed specifically to address a precipitating
event such as the shootings? Why might this be the case?
Answer may vary.
Blooms: Analyze
Topic: Groups
128. Describe some of the potential negative consequences of the process of

bureaucratization.
Answer may vary.
Blooms: Analyze
5-44

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Chapter 05 - Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure

Sociology in Modules 4th Edition T

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Philip Zimbardo's study of a simulated prison environment, using college students as

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3. According to Herbert Blumer, a distinctive characteristic of human interaction is that

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4. Which of the following is true regarding marriage in Japan?

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11. Which of the following statements about social roles is correct?

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13. A social network is

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15. Which of the following is an example of a social institution?

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17. An ascribed status is a social position

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18. Ascribed statuses may be based on an individual's

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19. Which of the following is an achieved status?

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22. Which of the following statements about an ascribed status is correct?

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23. An achieved status is a social position

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24. An individual can acquire an achieved status by

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25. A master status is a

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30. Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh studied

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31. Role exit is defined as

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34. Which of the following statements about social networks is true?

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38. Which of the following is true of obesity in regards to social ties?

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40. Functional prerequisites are

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43. The conflict perspective holds that social institutions