BECOMING A

12 BALTAZAR (HUMSS)

MEMBER OF
SOCIETY
Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
 SOCIALIZATIO
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N AND
ENCULTURATIO
N
 A process by which people learn
the requirments of their
surrounding culture and acquire
the values and behaviors
appropriate and necessary in
that culture.
Enculturation
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 Refers to a lifelong experience
by which people developed their
human potential and learn
culture.
Socialization
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 GOALS OF
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SOCIALIZATION
It teaches impulse control and helps
individuals develop a conscience.

It helps people to prepare and

perform certain social role.

It cultivates shared sources of

meaning and value.
 MEAD AND THE

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DEVELOPMENT
OF SOCIAL MIND
(SELF)
 He is regarded as one of the
founders of social psychology and
of what has come to be referred to
as the Chicago sociological
traditi on.

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Sociologist George Herbert Mead
believed that people develop self-
images through interacti ons with
other people. He argued that the
self, which is the part of a person's
personality consisti ng of self-
awareness and self-image, is a
product of social experience.
 THE "SELF" IS A
SOCIOLOGICAL
CONCEPT.

SELF
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FERAL CHILD
FERAL CHILD

Often known as wild children, children who have grown up

with little human interaction by either accident or intentional
isolation. These children have always been seen as living in a
buffer zone between the life of humans and animals; for this
reason, the motif of the animal-reared child is a recurrent
theme in history.
 The "I" and "Me" Duality

reinforces the purely sociological

I
facets of the self.

"Me" is the social self

"I" is the response to the "me."

ME
 FOUR-STAGE

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PROCESS OF
SELF
DEVELOPMENT
Mimmicking Behavior

• Mimicry is defined as unconscious or automatic

imitation of gestures, behaviours, facial
expressions, speech and movements
The Play and Game

• The child takes different roles he/she observes

in “adult” society, and plays them out to gain
understanding of the different social roles.
• The child learns to become both subject and
object and begins to become able to build a self.
The Game Stage

• The child must take the role of everyone else

involved in the game.
• Organizations begins and definite personalities
start to emerge.
The Generalized Other

• The individual understands what kind of

behavior is expected or appropriate in different
social settings.
WHO ARE WE? Identity Formation

The development of an individual’s distinct

personality, which is regarded as a persisting
entity in a particular stage of life by which a
person is recognize or known Identity
 SELF CONCEPT

• The sum of being's knowledge

and understanding of

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his/herself.
• Components:
> Physical
> Psychological
> Social attributes
CULTUR One's feeling of identity or
AL affliation with a group or culture.
IDENTIT
Y
The Identification with a certain
ENTHNIC ethnicity, usually on the basis of a
IDENTIT presumed common genealogy or ancestry
Y
 An ethical and philosophical
NATION
concept whereby all humans
AL divided into groups called nation.
IDENTIT
Y
Is the set of beliefs and practices
RELIGIO
generally held by an individual involving
US adherence to codified beliefs and rituals
IDENTIT
Y
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NORMS AND
VALUES
A RULE THAT
GUIDES THE
BEHAVIOR OF
MEMBERS OF A
SOCIETY OR A
GROUP

Norms
 It is the act of abiding the
NORMA rules.
L
Refers to what we perceive as
normal, or what we think should be
NORMAT normal, regardless of whether it
IVE actually is
 The process of socialization is
guided by norms and taught to
us by those around us.
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 Social Proscriptive Prescriptive
Sanction
Stating what we Stating what we
A social reaction of should not do. should do.
approval or
Social Santion

disapproval in
response to
someone's actions.
STANDARDS THAT PEOPLE
USE TO DECIDE WHAT IS
DESIRABLE, GOOD, AND
BEAUTIFUL, AND THAT
SERVE AS BROAD
GUIDELINES FOR SOCIAL
LIVING.

Values
Aspects of Sociological Concept of Value

Values exist at Values are

Values tend to Values often
different explicit and
be are in conflict
levels of implicit in
hierarchically with one
generality of varying
arranged. another.
abstraction. degrees.
STATUS
AND Are important concepts in socialization because

ROLES the behavior of young members of society are

controlled by assigning them certain status which
they will enact.

“we can deal with anyone, we need to know

who the person is”
IS A SOCIALLY DEFINED
POSITION IN SOCIETY
CHARACTERIZED BY
CERTAIN EXPECTATIONS,
RIGHTS AND DUTIES.

Status
 TYPES OF STATUS
Ascribed Achieved Master Symbol
• Given to • Positions • The most • Are material
individual at that are significant signs that
birth and achieved by status inform
from which individuals someone others of a
they cannot for occupies (as person’s
escape; themselves ; perceived by specific
• these • these status others) status.
statuses are can change
fixed.
ARE SETS OF NORMS
THAT SPECIFY THE
RIGHTS AND
OBLIGATIONS OF EACH
STATUS.

Roles
 ROLE is when a person is expected to fulfill
the duties of two contradictory
CONFLI positions.
CT
ROLE occurs when inappropriate role
demands develop within a single
STRAIN status.
 CONFORMITY
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AND DEVIANCE
 • Tendency for an individual to align
CONFORMITY? their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors
with those of the people around
WHAT IS

them.

• Can take the form of overt social

pressure or subtler, unconscious
influence. Regardless of its form, it
can be a powerful force—able to
change how large groups behave, to
start or end conflicts, and much more.
ANY SYSTEMATIC MEANS AND
PRACTICES USED TO
MAINTAIN NORMS, RULES,
AND LAWS; REGULATE
CONFLICT; AND DISCOURAGE
DEVIANT BEHAVIOR.

Social Control
 SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY

Social contr ol theory describes internal means of social control. It argues that relationships, commitments, values, and beliefs encourage conformity—if moral codes are internalized and individuals are tied into

broader communities, individuals will voluntarily limit deviant acts. This interpretation suggests the power of internal means of control, such as one’s own conscious, ego, and sensibilities about right and wrong, are powerful in mitigating

the likelihood that one will deviate from social norms.

 • Most members of society follow
SANCTIONS? norms without conscious thought.
WHAT ARE

However, not everyone internalizes all

of society’s norms.

• Some people must be motivated by

sanctions. These are rewards or
punishments used to enforce
conformity to norms.
 FORMAL SANCTIONS

• A formal sanction is a reward or punishment given by a formal organization or

regulatory agency, such as a school, business, or government. Negative formal
sanctions include low grades, suspension from school, termination from a job,
fines, and imprisonment. Graduation certificates, pay raises, promotions,
awards, and medals are examples of positive formal sanctions.

• Are those provided for by laws and other regulations in society. Laws formally
designate certain deviant behaviors as crimes, and prescribe sanctions for such
acts. Each society has its own set of definitions regarding crime and the
appropriate sanctions to be applied.
 INFORMAL SANCTIONS

• A spontaneous expression of approval is a positive informal sanction or

disapproval is a negative informal sanction given by an individual or a group.

• Are most commonly imposed by smaller societies, communities, or groups.

There are no set laws or regulations that define the nature of these sanctions,
and these are often arbitrarily agreed upon by members of the group or society.
ANOTHER WAY OF
IMPOSING INFORMAL
SANCTIONS.

Gossip
A STIGMATIZED PERSON STILL
REMAINS WITHIN SOCIETY
BUT IS SUBJECT TO ISOLATION
AND REJECTION BY OTHER
MEMBERS OF SOCIETY.

Social Ostracism
 • Is a violation of established
DEVIANCE? contextual, cultural, or social norms,
whether folkways, mores, or codified
WHAT IS

law (1906).

• Describes actions or behaviors that

violate informal social norms or
formally-enacted rules.
 2 Types of Deviance Activities
• It is the violation of formally enacted laws.

• Examples of formal deviance include

robbery, theft, rape, murder, and
assault.
FORMAL DEVIANCE

• Norms that have not been codified

into law , social rules of behavior,
results in social sanction, or stigma.
• Examples of informal deviance
include picking of one’s nose, belching
INFORMAL DEVIANCE loudly, or standing unnecessarily close
to another person.
 SOCIAL STRAIN THEORY

It is developed by famed American sociologist Robert K. Merton. The theory states that social structures may pressure citizens

to commit crimes. Strain may be structural, which refers to the processes at the societal level that filter down and affect how the individual perceives his or her needs. Strain may also be individual, which refers to the frictions and pains

experienced by an individual as he or she looks for ways to satisfy individual needs. These types of strain can insinuate social structures within society that then pressure citizens to become criminals.
 FORMS OF DEVIANCE
ACCORDING TO MERTON’S
STRAIN
theory

He describes 5 types of deviance in terms of acceptance or rejection of social goals and the institutionalized means of achieving them.
 Innovation

DEVIANCE - is a response due to the strain generated by our culture's

FORMS OF
emphasis on wealth and the lack of opportunities to get rich,
which causes people to be "innovators" by engaging in stealing
and selling drugs. Innovators accept society's goals, but reject
socially acceptable means of achieving them.

- Merton claims that innovators are mostly those who have been
socialized with similar world views to conformists, but who have
been denied the opportunities they need to be able
to legitimately achieve society's goals.
 Conformists

DEVIANCE - accept society's goals and the socially acceptable means of

FORMS OF
achieving them (e.g.: monetary success is gained through hard
work).

- Merton claims that conformists are mostly middle-class people

in middle class jobs who have been able to access the
opportunities in society such as a better education to achieve
monetary success through hard work.
 Ritualism

DEVIANCE - refers to the inability to reach a cultural goal thus embracing

FORMS OF
the rules to the point where the people in question lose sight of
their larger goals in order to feel respectable.

-Ritualists reject society's goals, but accept society's

institutionalized means. Ritualists are most commonly found in
dead-end, repetitive jobs, where they are unable to achieve
 Retreatism

DEVIANCE - is the rejection of both cultural goals and means, letting the
FORMS OF
person in question "drop out". Retreatists reject the society's
goals and the legitimate means to achieve them.

- Merton sees them as true deviants, as they commit acts of

deviance to achieve things that do not always go along with
society's values.
 Rebellion

DEVIANCE -is somewhat similar to retreatism, because the people in

FORMS OF
question also reject both the cultural goals and means, but they
go one step further to a "counterculture" that supports other
social orders that already exist (rule breaking).

-Rebels reject society's goals and legitimate means to achieve

them, and instead creates new goals and means to replace those
of society, creating not only new goals to achieve but also new
ways to achieve these goals that other rebels will find
acceptable.
 HUMAN
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DIGNITY,
RIGHTS, AND
THE COMMON
GOOD
 HUMAN DIGNITY

An individual or group's sense of self-respect and self-worth, physical and psychological integrity and empowerment. A

person has an innate right to be valued, respected, and treated well.

 HUMAN RIGHTS

It is the legal, social, and ethical principles that consider the human person as deserving of liberties and protection by

the virtue of human dignity.

 COMMON GOOD

It refers to the social condition that stimulates and upholds the dignity of people, permitting them to attain maximum

potential and obtain the rights and privileges essential for a favorable living.
 HOW SOCIETY
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IS ORGANIZED
Groups within society
Primary and
Secondary
Primary- People who are
emotionally close

Secondary- Impersonal
relationship that exists on
specific purpose
In groups and
Out groups
in- The group that the person
belongs to

out- Any group that the

person does not belong to or
identity with
Reference
groups
- group where we compare
ourselves

- we use it to guide our

behavior and attitudes
Networks

- Society whose social

structure is made of network
powered by microelectronics-
based informations and
communication technology
THANK YOU!