ASSIGNMENT 1

MICRO-
PROCESSOR
BSCPE-3A

AERON L. ALMOSARA
 EVOLUTION/HISTORY OF
MICROPROCESSORS
The evolution of microprocessors can be traced
back to the mid-20th century when the first
electronic digital computer was invented. Here are
some of the significant milestones in the history of
microprocessors:

First Microprocessor: Intel 4004 - In 1971, Intel

released the first microprocessor, the Intel
4004. It had a clock speed of 740 kHz, 2,300
transistors, and was primarily used for
calculators.
Intel 8008 - Released in 1972, the Intel 8008
was the first 8-bit microprocessor. It had a clock
speed of 200 kHz and was used in early
personal computers.
Intel 8080 - The Intel 8080, released in 1974,
was the first widely-used microprocessor. It had
a clock speed of 2 MHz and was used in many
early personal computers and game consoles.
 EVOLUTION/HISTORY
OF MICROPROCESSORS

Motorola 6800 - The Motorola 6800, released

in 1974, was also an 8-bit microprocessor. It had
a clock speed of 1 MHz and was used in many
early personal computers and game consoles.
Intel 8086 - The Intel 8086, released in 1978,
was the first 16-bit microprocessor. It had a
clock speed of 5 MHz and was used in early
IBM personal computers.
Intel 80286 - Released in 1982, the Intel 80286
was an improved version of the 8086. It had a
clock speed of 6-25 MHz and was used in many
early personal computers.
Intel 80386 - The Intel 80386, released in 1985,
was the first 32-bit microprocessor. It had a
clock speed of 16-33 MHz and was used in
many personal computers and workstations.
 EVOLUTION/HISTORY
OF MICROPROCESSORS
Intel Pentium - The Intel Pentium, released in
1993, was the first superscalar microprocessor.
It had a clock speed of 60-233 MHz and was
used in many personal computers.
AMD Athlon - The AMD Athlon, released in
1999, was the first processor to reach 1 GHz
clock speed. It was used in many personal
computers and workstations.
Intel Core i7 - The Intel Core i7, released in
2008, is the latest in Intel's line of
microprocessors. It has clock speeds of up to 4
GHz and is used in many personal computers
and servers.
 BASIC MICROPROCESSOR
SYSTEM
2.1 The Address Bus: The address bus is a group of
wires that carries memory addresses from the
microprocessor to memory and other input/output
(I/O) devices. It is unidirectional, meaning that
data can only be sent in one direction, from the
microprocessor to the memory or I/O devices. The
number of wires in the address bus determines the
maximum amount of memory that can be
addressed by the microprocessor. For example, a
16-bit address bus can address up to 2^16 (64K)
memory locations.
2.2 The Data Bus: The data bus is a group of wires
that carries data between the microprocessor and
memory and other I/O devices. It is bidirectional,
meaning that data can be sent in both directions,
from the microprocessor to the memory or I/O
devices and vice versa.
 BASIC MICROPROCESSOR
SYSTEM
The number of wires in the data bus determines
the width of the data path, which affects the
maximum amount of data that can be transferred
in a single bus cycle. For example, a 16-bit data bus
can transfer up to 2 bytes (16 bits) of data in a
single bus cycle.
2.3 The Control Bus: The control bus is a group of
wires that carries control signals between the
microprocessor and memory and other I/O devices.
It is also bidirectional. The control signals include
various timing and control signals that are used to
manage the transfer of data and addresses
between the microprocessor and memory or I/O
devices.
 BASIC MICROPROCESSOR
SYSTEM
Some examples of control signals are the read and
write signals, which indicate whether the
microprocessor is reading data from or writing
data to memory or I/O devices, and the interrupt
signals, which indicate that an external device
needs the attention of the microprocessor. The
control signals are essential to ensure that data is
transferred correctly between the microprocessor
and memory or I/O devices.
 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF
8-BIT MICROPROCESSOR
8080A
The 8080A is an 8-bit
microprocessor that was
introduced by Intel in 1974.
It was one of the earliest
and most popular microprocessors

of its time and
was used in a wide range of applications such as

personal computers, arcade games, and industrial

control systems. The 8080A is an improved version
of its predecessor, the 8008 microprocessor, and was
designed to be more powerful and easier to use.
The 8080A has a 16-bit address bus and an 8-bit
data bus, which means it can address up to 64KB of
memory. It also has 8 general-purpose registers,
including the Accumulator (A), which is used for
arithmetic and logic operations, and the Program
Counter (PC), which keeps track of the address of
the next instruction to be executed. The 8080A also
has several specialized registers, such as the Stack
Pointer (SP) and the Flag Register, which is used to
store the status of the previous operation.
 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF
8-BIT MICROPROCESSOR
8080A
The 8080A operates at a
clock speed of up to 2
MHz and can execute up to
5 million instructions per
second. It uses a simple instruction

set that includes
arithmetic, logical, and data transfer operations. It

also has support for interrupts, which allows external

devices to interrupt the microprocessor's normal
program flow.
 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, a microprocessor is a central
processing unit (CPU) that contains all the functions
of a computer's central processing unit on a single
integrated circuit. The microprocessor is the heart of
the computer and is responsible for executing
instructions and controlling the flow of data
between different components of the computer
system.

The evolution of microprocessors started in the 1970s

with the development of the first commercially
available microprocessors, such as the Intel 4004
and 8008. These early microprocessors were limited
in their capabilities but paved the way for the
development of more powerful and sophisticated
microprocessors, such as the 8080A, the 8086, and
the 80386.
 CONCLUSION
The basic microprocessor system consists of three
buses: the address bus, the data bus, and the control
bus. The address bus carries memory addresses from
the microprocessor to memory and other I/O
devices. The data bus carries data between the
microprocessor and memory and other I/O devices.
The control bus carries control signals between the
microprocessor and memory and other I/O devices,
such as read and write signals and interrupt signals.
The 8080A microprocessor is an 8-bit microprocessor
that was introduced by Intel in 1974. It has a 16-bit
address bus and an 8-bit data bus and can address
up to 64KB of memory. The 8080A has a simple
instruction set and operates at a clock speed of up
to 2 MHz. It was a popular choice for many
applications and helped establish Intel as a leader
in the microprocessor industry.