IICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING EPARTMENT OF MECHIAN! [NORTHIERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELI DEPARTMI Experiment No: 1 MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH, HEIGHT AND DIAMETER BY VERNIER CALIPERS, VERNIER DEPTH GAUGE j ized 1.5 Diagraml.6 Observation table 1.7 \ 1:1 Objective 1.2 Theory 1.3 Procedure 1.4 Apparatus rea0h Result 1.8 Pre-Requisite 1.9 Post- Requisite - Vernier Caliper, 11 OBJECTIVE: To study and working of simple measuring instrument Vernier depth gauge. \ 12 THEORY: \ 1.2.1. VERNIER CALIPER: when two scales or divisions slightly different in size are used, the ‘The principle of vernier is that ment. The Vernier ulilized to enhance the accuracy of measure the details are Calliper essentially consists of two steel rules and these can slide along each other. The difference between them can be shown in fig. below Jaws for measuring inner dimensions stern for a ‘| rae screw slemp ST depths oe ee main scale ae scale VO jaws (for measuring outer dimensions) Fig 1.1: Vernier Calliper 1. Outside jaws: used to measure external diameter or width of an object. 2, Inside jaws: used to measure internal diameter of an object. 3. Depth probe: used to measure depths of an object or a hole. 4; Main scale: gives measurements of up to one decimal place. 5, Main scale: gives measurements in fraction (in inch)... 6. Vernier gives measurements up to two decimal places. 7. Vernier gives measurements in fraction (in inch). EXP No (1) (ETME - 355) Page | ofNORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELIIT DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL. & AUTOMATION ENGIERING 1.2.2 VERNIER DEPTH GAUGE 1) This is similar to vernier height gauge. ins fixed, emier scale is fixed to the main body of the depth gauge and is read in the same way as Vernier caliper, 5) In vernier depth gauge, graduated scale can slide through the base and vernier scale remains fixed, 6) The main scale provides the datum surface from which the measurements are taken. Vernier depth is used to measure depth of holes, distance from a plane surface to a projection and rece: 1.2.3 LEAST COUNTY MAIN SCALE DIVISION-VERNIER SCALE DIVISION. t count = value of Imsd/total no. of vsd 1 msd = lmm, total no, Vsd = Seherefore LC = 0.02mm Suppose 50 vernier scale division coincide with 49 divisions ‘on main scale, and !msd-1 mm. Then | VSD = 49/50 of MSD = 49/50MM. and LC = 1-49/50 0.02 tun. Alternatively, iti Just as easy to read the 13 on the main scale and 42 on the hundredths scale, ‘The correct meusurement being 13.42 mm. 1 cm ='10 mm. 13 PROCEDURE: Step 1+ Take the material (sample) for which the value must be measured ‘Step 2: Check the vernier and main scale must coincide at 0, Step 3: Afier checking the 0 mark put the sample piece and slowly leaves the measuring jaw, Step 4: Tight the serew and measure the main scale also vernier scale reading, Step 5: The line coincides with the main scale that the VSR. Step 6: By adding MSR with VSR*L, EXP No (1) (ETME - 355)(a nnugavT OF AIECHAMICAL-® AUTOMATION POINEEIING sina neciey FUR ENCE NI CONE LENE, AE EE Aa APPARATUS REQUIRED: Y - NamecfApparatus + Veer Caliper, ara i Vemier depth yuauge 1 { Measuring parts 1 1S DIAGRAM: 32 DIVISIONS 19 + 32 X 0.02 19 + 0.64 19.64mm (final answer) MUNOREOTHS OF mun cale of Vernier Figure 1. “Total Seale Vernier Seale | Reading Reading © Observation table for Vernier Depth EXP No) HIME +3399NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELMI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING 1.7 RESULT: The Diameter of job by Vernier Calliper: Inner Depth in the job by Vernier Depth Calliper: 1.8 PRE REQUISITE: QI. What is measurement? Give its type. Q2. Mention the two important requirements of measurements. Q3. Define the term standard. 19 POST REQUISITE: QU. How vernier calipers gauge is specified? Q2. What is the least count of Vernier Calliper? Q3. Discuss briefly the constructional requirements of different parts of a vernier depth gauge? EXP No (1) (ETME - 355) Page 4 of 4NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING Experiment No: 2 MEASUREMENT OF DIAMETER BY EXTERNAL MICROMETER 2.1 Objective 2.2 Theory 2.3 Procedure 2.4 Apparatus required 2.5 Diagram 2.6 Observation table 2.7 Result 2.8 Pre-Requisite 2.9 Post- Requisite er 2.1 OBJECTIVE: To Study and working of simple measuring instruments — external micrometer. 2.2 THEORY: ‘The description of main parts of an outside micrometer is given below: (1) U Shaped Steel Frame: The outside micrometer has “U” shaped or “C” shaped frame. It holds all the micrometer parts together. The gap of the frame permits the maximum diameter or length of the job to be measured. Q) Anvil and Spindle: The micrometer has a fixed anvil protruding 3 mm from the left hand side of the frame, Another movable anvil is provided on the front side of the spindle. The anvils are accurately ground and lapped with its measuring faces flat and parallel to the spindle, These are also available with tungsten carbide faces. The spindle is the movable measuring face with the anvil on the front side. The spindle engages with the nut, It should run freely and smoothly throughout the length of its travel. (3) Locknut: A lock nut is provided on the micrometer spindle to lock it when the micrometer is at its correct reading. (4) Sleeve or Barrel: The sleeve is accurately divided and clearly marked in 0.5 mm division along its length, which serves as a main scale. It is chrome plated and adjustable zero setting, (5) Thimble: The thimble can be moved over the barrel. It has 50 equal circular divisions around its circumference. Each division have a value of 0.01 mm, © Ratchet: The ratchet is provided at the end of the thimble’ It is used to assure accurate measurement and top event too much pressure being applied to the micrometer, When the spindls reaches near the work surface to be measured the operator uses the ratchet screw to tighten the thimble. The ratchet automatically slips when the correct uniform pressure is applied and prevents the application of too EXP No (2) (ETME - 355) Page | of 4NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELHI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING much pressure. The micrometer usually has a maximum opening of 25mm. They are available in measuring ranges of 0 to 25mm, 25to 50mm, 125mm to 150mm up to 575 to 600mm. 2.2.1 Principle of Micrometer: Micrometers work on the principle of screw and nut. We know that when a screw is turned through one revolution, it advances by one pitch distance i.e, one rotation of screw corresponds to a linear movement of a distance equal to pitch of the thread. 2.2.2 Least count of Micrometer: Micrometer works on the principle of screw and nut, We know that when a screw is turned through nut by one revolution, it advances by one pitch distance ie. one rotation of screw corresponds to a linear movement of a distance equal to pitch of the thread. If the circumference of the screw is divided into number of equal parts say “n”, its rotation through one division will cause the screw to advance through (Pitcly/n) length L.C. = Pitch minimum length that can be measured. ‘Thus by reducing the pitch of the screw thread or by increasing ‘the number of divisions on the circumference of screw, the length value of one circumferential division (L.C.) can be reduced and accuracy of measurement can be increased considerably, e.g. micrometer has a screw of 0.50 mm pitch; with a thimble graduated in 50 divisions to provide a direct reading of L.C. of = Pitch of spindle screw Micrometer No of divisions on thimble Accuracy of the measurement increases as the value of least count decreases. This means that different Vernier Calipers having different value of least count will have different result and different accuracy of the same measurement. The barrel is graduated in unit of 0.5 mm whereas thimble has got 50 divisions around its periphery. One revolution of thimble moves 0.5 mm which is the lead of the screw and also the pitch. Least count = .5/50 =( .01 mm, 2.3. PROCEDURE: Step 1: Take the material (sample) for which the value must be measured Step 2: Check the micrometer and main scale must coincide at 0. Step 3: Step 4: ‘Step 5: The line coincides with the main scale that the VSR. fler checking the 0 mark put the sample piece and slowly leaves the measuring jaw. ‘ight the screw and measure the main scale also vernier scale reading. EXP No (2) (ETME - 355 Page 2 of 4veyvuuUvee [NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING Step 6: By adding MSR with VSR* L. 24° APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.No. ‘Name of Apparatus Quantity 1 Micrometer ' 2. Specimen (Job) 1 2.5 DIAGRAM: tharead saalator re 2.1 Micrometer 2.6 GBSERVATION TABLE: S.No. Range | Pitch of spindle | No.ofdivisions [Least Count | Total Scale | serew (MSR) _ | on thimble (VSR) | Reading EXP No (2) (ETME - 355) Page 3 of 4NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DEL DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION ENCANEERING 2.7 RESUL’ ‘The diameter of job by micrometer: 2.8 PRE REQUIS| QL. Define metrology. Q2. List the various linear measurements, Q3. WI the various types of linear measuring instruments used in metrology? 29 PO: REQUISE QU. What is the Least Count of the micrometer? Q2. Define backlash in micrometer, Q3. Define cumulative error and total error, EXP No (2) (ETME - 359) Page 4 of 4DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING NoTERy INDIA ENINEERING COLLEGE, NEW PEL Experiment No: 3 ANGLE MEASUREMENT. USING BEVEL Treo 33 Procedure 34 Apparatus required 3. eq Post- Requisite PROTRACTOR 5 Diagram 3.6 Observation table 3.7 T Objective Result 3.8 Pre 3.1. OBJECTIVE: To measure the angles of given specimen using bevel protractor. 32 THEORY: It is also called universal bevel of angular measuring instrument. The rang’ protractor, It is one of the simplest instruments for angular measurement. It is a direct typ ofthis instrument is 0t0 360 degrees i.e. it ean measure angles up 0 360 degree which any other angular metrological instrument cannot measure, It has two arms (Fixed blade and Adjustable Blade), which can be set along the faces and a circular scale to indicate the angle between them. Work piece is set in between and the difference of two scale (main these two arms (two blades, fixed blade and adjustable blade), scale and vernier scale) readings gives accurate measurement. Main parts of bevel protracior are. 1. Fixed Base blade and a circular body is attached to it v ~ Adjustable blade. 3. Blade clamp. 4, Scale magnifier lens. 5. Acute angle attachment. Note the reading, magnifying lens has been provided for easy reading of the instrument. Main scale is circular and is graduated in degrees on the circular body. Main scale graduations are all around the ircular body which is attached to fixed base blade. Fixed base blade also called as stock is attached to circular body of bevel protractor as shown in figure. Once the reading is fixed, blade clamp fixes the reading, Blades are about 150 mm Jong or 300mm long, 13mm wide and 2mm thick. Its ends are beveled at angles of 45 degree and 60 degree. Vernier scale is also marked on turret which can rotate all over the fixed body. Adjustable blade can pass through the slot provided in turret. So as the turret rotates, adjustable blade also rotates full 360 degrees. There are 12 graduations of Vernier scale starting from 0 to 60 on both sides of zero of Vernier scale as shown in fig below. Least count of Vernier bevel protractor Page | of 3 EXP No (3) (ETME - 35.NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING ETT" sions on Vernier scale) = (smallest division on main scale) / (Total no of divi =I (equal t0 60") ic, 60/2 = § minutes (written as 3) 3.3 PROCEDUR) ments. Stop 1: Initially bevel prot ced between the blades. actor is adjusted as per require! specimen is pla Step ‘Step 3: Reading noted directly from main scale and Vernier scale. fixed to height gauge. taper angle of sine bar, protractor is For measuring, Steps ‘Step $: The protractor is corresponding adjusted. Step 6 Noted reading is tabulated. 4.4 APPARATUS REQUIRED: [S.No | Name of Apparatus Quantity 1. Surface Plate, 1 2. Dial Gauge, 1 3 Slip Gauge, 1 4, Bevel protractor, 1 5 specimen 1 3.5 DIAGRAM: ‘Soi Botton Device Blaby ows Figure Bevel Proteactor Figure3.1__ Bevel Protractor EXP No (3) (ETME - 355) Page 2 of 3DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING [NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELI 3.6 OBSERVATION TABL S.No. % Error’ ‘Aetual Angle Measured Angle 3.7. RESULT: The angle of given specimen i 38 PRE REQUISITE: QI. List out the instruments used for angle measurement. Q2. What do you mean by angle gauge? Q3. Distinguish between accuracy and precision with example. 3.9 — POST REQUIS: Q1. Write down the applications of bevel protractor. Q2. Write down the important steps in measurement. Q3. Discuss briefly with the neat sketch of optical bevel protractor.ION ENGINEERING NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELHI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGI ‘ Experiment No: 4 MEASUREMENT OF TAPER ANGLE BY USING SINE BAR, fagram 4.6 Observation table ‘Apparatus required 4.5 .2 Theory 4.3 Procedure Result 4.8 Pre-Requisite 4.9 Post- Requisite 4.1 OBJECTIVE: To measure taper angle of given work piece by sine bar. 42 THEORY: Sine bar isa precision instrument used along with slip gauges for accurate angle measurements or angle setting, Sine bar consists of an accurate straight bar in which two accurately lapped cylindrical plugs or rollers are located with extreme position. The straight bar are made of high carbon, high chromium, corrosion resistant steel and the surfaces are hardened, grounded and lapped. Ends of the Straight bar are stepped so that the plugs can be screwed at each step. Plugs are the two rollers of same diameter fixed at a distance L between them and are called as length of the bar. This distance is the center to center distance of plugs is which are generally 100, 200, and 300 mm and so on. Figure 4.1 Sine bar Use of Sine bar: ‘The work piece whose angle is to be measured is placed on sine bar. Below one roller of sine bat, slip Bauges are placed. Slip gauges are added till the work piece surface is straight. Dial indicator is moved from one end of work piece till another end. Slip gauges are added till dial pointer does not move from zero position. 42.1 PRINCPLE: The use of sine bar is based on the laws of trigonometry, When sine bar set up is made for the purpose of angle measurement as shown below, sine bar itself forms hypotenuse of right angle triangle and slip gauges form the side opposite to the required angle. Sin 0= (h/L) Therefore EXP No (4) (ETME - 355) Page 1 of 4NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING Angle 0 is determined by an indirect method as a function of sine so this device is called as sine bar, Sine bar is always used in conjunction with slip gauge and dial indicator for the measurement of angle. 4.3 PROCEDURE: 1. Note the length of sine bar L= 300 mm 2; id the approximate angle of the component by using bevel protractor or any other suitable device. Let this angle be 6. 3. Calculate height of slip gauges (h) required from relation Sin 0= h/L, where L is the length of sine bar. h=L sin 0. 4. Select & wring together the required slip gauges for dimension ‘h’ mm.5. Place the work piece on sine bar & clamp to the angle plate if necessary as shown. 6. Dial indicator is clamped firmly in dial indicator stand and slight pressure applied so that plunger Just touches one end of work piece. 7. To check the parallelism of upper surface of work piece, a dial indicator along with the stand is moved from one end of the work and moved to other end. 8. Note the deviation *h’, This deviation may be noticed by taking two readings of dial indicator at two ends of work piece top edge. 9. Add / subtract the slip gauges of height ‘dh’. Where dh = h *L/I ‘I is length of work piece. 10. Adjust the slip gauges so that deviation of dial indicator is zero from one end to other end. ms a alee es 9 9 Sy 5 > Ls aay oy 9 3 5 Ss “a 11. Calculate the height of slip gauges. Unknown angle = sin’(-12(Height of slip gauges/Length of sine bar) = sin(-1) (WL) = 44 APPARATUS REQUIRED: ‘S.No. ‘Name of Apparatus Quantity E Surface plate, T 2: Dial gauge with stand, 1 3. Sine bar, 1 4. Slip gauge, 1 5. Bevel protractor & 1 6. Specimen, 1 EXP No (4) (ETME - 355) Page 2 of 4 fe .NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING 45 DIAGRAM: Q \ aa. Dial indicator ino deviation wanted) =x x japan sino, 1g, inns vas Gage blocks c aL ‘Surface plate 1 Figure4.2. Experi al setup of sine bar 4.6 OBSERVATION TABLI S.No. Length of sine | Height of Slip Gauge (mm) | Difference in Height (mm) Angle (Deg.) bar (mm) HI H2 4.7 RESULT: ‘The angle measurement is. 4.8 PRE REQUISITE: QU. Define precision and accuracy. Q2. Define systematic error, Q3. List the various parts of sine bar. 49 POST REQUISITE: EXP No (4) (ETME - 355) Page 3 of 4MOTHER SOAK ENRNEERSG COLLEGE, NEW DELI DEPAKIMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINE LIANG QU. What are the sources of errors in sine bars? Q2. Discuss briefly with the neat sketch of Sine bar. (Q3. What is the important applications of the sine bar? EXP No (4) (ETME - 355) Page 4 of 4NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING Experiment No: 5 ‘TOOL-MAKER’S MICROSCOPE. 5.1 Objective 5.2 Theory 5.3 Procedure 5.4 Apparatus required 5.5 Diagram 5.6 Observation table 5.7 Result 5.8 Pre-Requisite 5.9 Post- Requisite 5.1 OBJECTIVE: To measure the threads parameters of screw using tool maker's microscope. 52 THEORY: Tool makers microscope is based on the Principle of optics. The microscope consists of a heavy-duty hallow-duty hallow base, which accommodates the illuminating unit underneath, and above this on the top surface of the base, the work table carriage is supported on ball and controlled by micrometer screws. Projecting up from the rear of the base is a column, which carries the microscope unit and various interchangeable eyepieces. ‘The chief applications of the tool room microscope are as follows - The determination of relative position of various points on work. v - Measurement of angle by using a protractor eyepiece. 3. Comparison of thread forms with master profiles engraved in the eyepiece, measurement of pitch and effective diameter. 5.2.1 SPECIFICATION: MAGNIFICATION : 30X (Standard) OBJECTIVE : 2X EYEPIECE : W.F.15X with cross rectile FIELD OF VIEW : 8mm. (approx) WORKING DISTANCE : 80mm OBSERVATION TUBE : monocular inclined at 30 degree STAND : large and heavy base provide extra overall rigid MEASUREMENT STAGE : 150X150. Size travel up to 50mm in each direction, least count 6 minutes, 5.2.2 CONSTRUCITON OF MICROSCOPE BASE: The study base rest on three support two of which are adjustable for levelit y to the instrument the instrument. The base has built in all electrical transformers and their control panel and transmitted illuminator with green filter. EXP No (5) (ETME - 355) Page Lof4‘NORTHERN INDLA ENOINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELIMT DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING ARM. ‘The arm has a groove guide on which the microscope tube is vertically adjusted by rack and pinion system. FOCUSSING MECHANISM: The course focusing movement provided in the microscope tube separately. The coarse motion is Knurled knob on both side of the tube and ha as the total travel of 200mm. It's also lock any position by lever, this movement is characterized by its exceptionally smooth and accurate precision. The Vertical travel or measurement up to 10mm, thickness can be read by the depth dial gauge. ‘The thickness is being measured with the difference of two different focusing of object. The least count of Gauge is 0.01. EYEPIECE PROTRACTOR This unique protractor head graduated 0 to 360 degree with adjustable vernier reading to 6 minutes ross line incorporated in the protractor head rotating in the optical axis of the microscope the cross line graticule is replaceable with many other measuring graticules. MEASURING STAGE The stage plate is of 150 X 150 mm having very smooth and precise movements in both axis with special ball racers arrangements. The travel of the stage is 25mm. in direction with precise imported micrometer head, least count 0.01 of 0.005mm. Th and V-block ete ROTARY STAGE A rotating stage is fixed in T-slots of square plate having 360 degree stage has two T-slots for mounting accessories like rotary stage, center holding device attachment raduations on its periphery with vernier reading 106 minute, and lock screw. All types of horizontal angular measurements can be done with this stage. ILLUMINATING SYSTEM Two possible range of illuminating system are provided with standard equipment to meet every pplication, operated through 6 volts solid staie variable light control builtin transformer. 1. Sub-stage transmitted light from a bottom source providing collimated green filter halogen light for viewing contours and transparent objects. 2. Surface incident illuminator for shadow free lighting, for high power examination of opaque objects EXP No (5) (ETME - 355) Page 2 of 4NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING 5.3 PROCEDURE: ‘Step 1: The image of the thread profile is set so that some of the profile coincides with the cross hair as seen on the ground-glass screen. Step 2: The reading on thimble of the longitudinal micrometer screw is noted down. Step 3: Then the part is traversed by the micrometer screw until a corresponding point on the Profile of the next thread coincides with the cross hairs, Step 4: The reading on thimble is again noted and the difference in two readings gives the actual pitch of the screw. 5.4 APPARATUS REQUIRED: Name of Apparatus Quantity ie Tool makers microscope 1 2 screw thread specimen 1 5.5 DIAGRAM: pees Clamping screw ‘Supporting column FigureS.1 Tool maker microscope 5.6 OBSERVATION TABLE: S.No. | Initial micrometer readings | Final micrometer readings | Pitch of the thread I-A on thread pitch A(mm) | on thread pitch B (mm) (mm) EXP No (5) (ETME - 355) Page 3 of 4NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING 5.7 RESULT: The pitch of the given object is measured with toolmakers microscope are tabulated, 5.8 PRE REQUISITE: QL. Describe the different types of errors in measurement and their causes. Q2. Differentiate between systematic error and random error. Q3. Define the effective diameter of thread, 5.9 POST REQUISITE: QI. Give the names ofthe various methods of measuring the minor diameter. Q2. What are the types of pitch errors found in screws? Q3. What is the effect of flank angle error? (Q4. What are the applications of toolmaker’s microscope? s EXP No (5) (ETME - 355) Page 4 of 4NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELHI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING Experiment No: 6 STUDY OF SLIP GAUGE’S 6.1 Objective 6.2 Theory 6.3 Procedure 6.4 Observation table 6.5 Result 6.6 Pre-Requisite 6.7 Post Requisite 61° OBJECTIVE: To study slip gauge and micrometer calibration by slip gauge. 62 | THEORY: Slip gauges are end standards used in linear measurements. They are used in workshop for work where a tolerance’ as low as 0.001mm is needed. Slip gauges were invented by Swedish engineer, C.E. Johnson, so they are also called Johnson gauges. Slip gauges are rectangular blocks, made of high grade steel, having cross section about 30mm X10mm. These blocks are made into required sizes and hardened to resist wear and allowed to stabilize so as to relieve internal stresses. This prevents Occurrence of size and shape variations. After hardening the blocks, measuring faces are carefully finished to fine degree of surface finish, flatness and accuracy. This high grade surface finish is obtained by super finishing process known as lapping. RECTANQULAR OAUGE BLOCK Figure 6.1 Rectangular gauge block 6.2.1 Wringing of slip gauges: The measuring face of the gauges is flat and it possesses high surface finish. If two slip gauges are forced against each other on measuring faces, because of contact pressure, gauges stick together and considerable force is required to separate tliese blocks. This is known as wringing of slip gauges. Thus, wringing refers to condition of intimate and complete contact and of permanent adhesion between measuring faces. Slip gauges are wrung to build desired dimension. Slip gauges are wrung together by hand and no EXP No (6) (ETME - 355) Page | of S‘NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING other external means. Figure shows 1) Parallel wringing of slip gauges and 2) Cross wringing of slip gauges. In cross wringing ~ the two slip gauges are first cleaned to remove dirt, then they are placed together at right angles in the form of cross and then rotated through 90°, while being pressed together. This method causes less rubbing of surfaces. Almost any dimension may be built by suitable combination of gauges. Wringing phenomenon is purely due to surface contact and molecular adhesion of metal of blocks. Hence, “wringingis defined as the property of measuring Taces of gauge blocks of adhering, by sliding or Pressing thegauge against measuring faces of other gauge blocks of reference faces or datum surfaces without the use of external means.” RINGING OF SUP GAUGES. ; KS = & Figure 6.2 Wringing of slip gauge 6.2.2 Uses of slip gauges. 1, Asa reference standard. 2. For verification and calibration of measuring apparatus. 3. For adjustment of indicating devices, 4, For direct measurement. 5. For setting of various types of comparators. 6.2.3 Particulars of M87 and M45 slip gauge set. M87 is a special set of slip gauges. Range (mm) Steps Pieces 1.001 to 1.009 0.001 9 101 to 1.49 oor o 051095 05 19 1010 90 10 9 EXP No (6) (ETME - 355) Page 2 of 5NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION EuGIEEg 1.005 - 1 M45 isa normal set of slip gaug Range (mm) Steps Pieces 1.001 to 1.009 0.001 9 1.01 to 1,09 0.01 9 LT to 19 Ol 9 1to9 1 9 101090, 10 9 Total 45 62.4 Determining the dimension of 29.758mm by M45 slip gauge set: Rule 1:-Minimum number of slip gauges should be used to build dimension, Rule 2:- Always start with the last decimal place. | Procedure inal | Caleation #) Write the required dimension 20.758 'b) Starting with last decimal place Le.0.008 oe | Dutwecanuee 1000 ectofolow le ae | © Alter sabcton the vl remain 22.75, tas Hare tear dence Sos ta see ce . | TSaip gage setanosislononcseT =a | 6) Value remaining s 27,7 Le last decimal place ts 0.7 70 tare canuse Item lo gauge soastofalannce I. | | 26.0 | e1 Now te value remsining 26 mm nde hove Gem ee Onsnobiod atte: | final vate: 20m and ths yooge svat, | cr shoud syste sere Figure 6.3 Slip gauge arrangement Hence to build the dimension of 29.758 we need slip gauges of 20mm, 1.008mm. 6mm, 1.7mm, 1.05mm and EXP No (6) (ETME - 355) Page 3 of 5"NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELHI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING 63 PROCEDURE: (1) Clean the fixed vice and micrometer (2) Clamp the micrometer in vice putting cushioning material between micrometer and jaws of vice to protect the micrometer from probable damage due to clamping force. (3) Make pile of guage blocks and insert between two anvils of the micrometer and take reading. (A) Increase the value of gauge blocks pile and take next few readings. (5) Then decrease the value of gauge blocks pile and take same readings in decreasing order. (6) Tabulate the readings (7) After cleaning the place the gauge blocks should be placed in their respective places. 6.4 OBSERVATION: Range: Least count: Ma Slip gauges in Micrometer reading inmm | Correction S.No] combination | Increasing} Decreasing] Average | Error I 2 3 q 3 6 7 8 9 10 65 RESULT & GRAPHS: Following graphs are to be drawn: (1) Slip gauges combination - Micrometer average (2) Slip gauges combination — Error (3) Micrometer average reading — correction EXP No (6) (ETME - 355) Page 4 of 5NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELHI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING 6.6 PRE-REQUISITE: QU. What are the various types of linear measuring instruments used in metrology? Q2.Differentiate between systematic error and random error. Q3.Define cumulative error and total error. __ 6.7 POST-REQUISITE: QI. What are the slip gauge accessories? Q2.What is Wringing? Q3. Explain the procedure for wringing of slip gauges. EXP No (6) (RTMR - 350,[NORTHERN INDIA ENOINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELIM DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING Experiment No: 7 UDY LINEAR MEASUREMENT USING DIAL GAUGE 7.1 Objective 7.2 Apparatus required 7.3 Theory 7.4 Procedure 7.6 Observation table 7.7 Result 7.8 Pre~ Requisite 7.9 Post- Requisite 7.1 OBL ECT inear Measurement Using Dial Gauge, Slip and Calibration of Dial Gauge. 7.2 APPARAT! ial Gauge, Slip Gauge, Dial Gauge Indicator. 7.3 THEORY: The different component of dial gauge indicator is shown in fig. It consist of plunger, removable contact point stem a transparent glass cover, calibrated dial pointer, bezel camp or bezel Jocking nut. Revolution counter in order to counter in order to count the no of revolution of a pointer, dust proof cap ete. 1K consists of a plunger which slides in bearing and carries a rack with it. ‘The rack is meshed with pinion (P1) again pinion (P2) and gear (G2) are on same spindle [because’of which magnification is taking place}. The gear (G1) is meshed with (P1) again pinion (P2) and gear (G2) are on spindle basically gear (G2) is meshed with pinion (P3) on whose spindle pointer is attached. The pinion (P3) is meshed with Bear (G3) on which a light is here spring is attached in order to guide the movement of plunger a rack Buide is provided and to bring the plunger to its initial position a light coil spring is attached to plunger. Any linear displacement given causes rack to move upward during this upward movement as rack is meshed with ion (PI) and gear (G1) rotate by some amount but as the no of teeth on gear (GI) is ‘more compared to that of pinion (P2) which is meshed with it rotate more time, Let us say if there is 100 teeth on gear GI and 10 teeth on pinion P2 the Ist stage of magnification is 100/10=10 times again, Therefore overall magnification can be calculated, (G1XG2)/ (P2XP3) EG : (100x100/10x10) = 100 In this way dial indicator works you can take diff readings by keeping standard and object. Then comparison can be made. ‘The magnification is about 250-1000. gauge: Dial gauges divided in two categories, ypel &type2for general engineering purpose depending upon the EXP No (7) (ETME - 355) Page | of 4{ANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING NORTE INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELIT DEPARTMENT OF MECH ey and grade b, with total plunger movement of the plunger. These are ‘manufactured in two grades grade a and grads : movement parallel tip the plane of movement or lit of 3 and 10mm, Typel dial gauge has the plunger movement perpendicular to the plane of dial dial und type 2.has the plunger 1.3.2 Indicator ga Dial indicator has been used with several auxiliary devices for a wide tor can be used for carrying the needed complimen variety of length measurement. i ial indi y ji ting i Obviously dial indica tary function, resulting in a single tool, it is known as indicator gauge. It must be remembered that indicator gauge are always comparator tyPe measuring instrument and require the use of a setting gauges for establishing the basic measuring position Slip gauges with three basic forms are commonly found. These are rectangular square with center hole, and square without center hole. Rectangular forms is the more widely used because rectangular block are less expensive to c space is restricted or excess weight is to be provided. are preferred. Duc to their large surface manufacture, and adopt themselves better to application wh For certain application squarely gauges, through expe1 area, they wear longer and adhere better to each other when touch to high stack. * c . —— Figure7.1 Experimental setup of dial gauge EXP No (7) (ETME - 35) Page 2 of 4[NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELL DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING Rotatable Back tug Plunger Removable contact point Figure 7.2 Dial gauge 7.4 PROCEDURE: For calibration checking: |The slip gauge is used for the purpose of checking the calibration. 2.A known slip gauge is taken and placed on the surface, the ator gauge which has the least count of instrument is calculated. 3. The deflection of the pointer is noted and the final readi jven sample , a known slip gauge is matched with the given sample the 4.For measuring the dimension of a gi surface without disturbing the reference setting comparator is put on the the pointer shows deflection which is measured and reading is S.1f the sample is greater than reference one, calculated. 75 OBSERVATIO! Slip gauge For linear measurement least count = (0.2/200)=0.001 mm/div For standard dimension For specimen Main scale reading (MSR) = =~ EXP No (7) (ETME - 355)NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELHI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING Circular seale reading (CSR)===— Total reading (TR) = MSR + (CSR * LC Total Height of specimen = Calculation of Dial Gauge:- Slip Gauge Reading Dial Gauge Reading =50F eee = 02 te = 51.001 mm 02 = 51.003 mm = 02 F eres Difference for the both should be equal 7.7 RESULT: Thus we have coimpleted the linear measurement using dial gauge and calibration of dial gauge. 7.8 PRE REQUISITE: QU. Explain Scale and Range. Q2. Q3. IS: 2092-1962 covers dial gauges of Q3. What is contact point? types. 7.9POST REQUISITE: QU. What is Magnification of dial indicator? Q2. What are indicator gauges? Q3. What are the parameters of indicator gauges? EXP No (7) (ETME - 355) i" Page 4 of 4peRRYeHLUVUYUUYVVY Terr ere ww © ING COLLEGE, NEW DELI DEPARTMENT OF MUCIIANIC) [4c AUTOMATION UNH ING Experiment No: 8 STUDY OF SPRIT LEVEL, 8.1 Objective 8.2 Apparatus required 8.3 ‘Theory 8.4Procedure 8.5Pre-Requisite 8.6 Post- Requisite 8.1 OBJECTIVE: To study ws ofsprit level and chick fainessofa surface 82 APPARATUS REQUIRED: Sprit level,specimen, 83° THEORY: 83.1 it Level: A Spirit level has a tbe with accurately ground bore, circular cross. Jongitudinalaxis. When partly filled with liquid, a bubble is formed, wi Position. When the tube istilted, the bubble ion and barrel shaped along its ‘hich always lies at the highest isplaced along the tube to mainta its position at the highest level. The amount of movement I= R 60 Where B is the radius of eurvature ofthe tube bore and80 isthe angle of tt The ultimate continuity of thelevel further depends upon the length of the bore to which the tube is mounted. Specifications:Make: Helios-Preisser level with V-slot in baseLength = 160 mmResolution: 0,02 m/min Figure 8.1 Spritlevel EXP No (8) (ETME - 355) Page 1 of |NICAL & AUTOMATION ENGi o NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING 84 PROCEDURE: 84.1 Measurement of flatness of surface plate: ‘ing may be taken 1. Draw the measurement grid on the surface plate as shown in figure. The grid s as 150mm on a 1000 x 1000 mm surface plate such the total distance between the end points in NY direction is900mm. 2. Place the spirit level in the identified Grid positions and notedown the readings along the X and Y directions, 3.Calculate the flatness of the surface plate, 8.5 PRE REQUISITE: QI. What do you mean by zero alignment? Q2. What are the mea uring tools for Flatness? Q3. What do you mean by flatness and stra ightness? 8.6 POST REQU TE QL. What is sprit level measurement? Q2. How can we measure the flatness with sprit level? Q3. What are the various components of sprit level? EXP No (8) (ETME - 355) Page 2 of 2NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLFGE, NEW DELI DEPARTMENT OP MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING periment No: 9 Ce STUDY OF FILLER GAUGE 9.1 Objective 9.2 Apparatus required 9.3 Theory 9.4 Procedure 9.5 Pre-Requisite 9.6 Post- Requisite 9-1 OBJECTIVE: To study feeler gauges and measure the clearance of the gap between two Parallel flat faces. 92 APPARATUS REQUIRED: Apparatus required: a set of feeler gauges,.work pie 93 THEORY: Feeler gauge are used to measure the gap between two flat surfaces like piston and cylinder, spark thickness, They are of plug ete. A feller gauge consists of a narrow strip of sheet steel made to a different thicknesses and assembled together in a bunch, They are generally available .03 mm to | mm thickness. 94 PROCEDURE: 1. Make suitability of work piece whose gap is to be measured. ait the blade should not be forced and not loose While inserting the gauge it is essential between the gap of work piece. 3. Select the proper leaf of the gauge to insert in the gap properly. 4. Record the reading carefully. EXP No (9) Page 1 of |NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING Figure9.1 Feeler gauges 95 PRE REQUISITE: QI. What are the sources of errors? Q2. Define the term repeatability. Q3. Define the term calibration. 9.6 POST REQUISITE: QI. What is the importance of Feeler gauge? Q2. Explain the range of feeler gauge. Q3. What do you mean by Engineer's parallels? EXP No (9) (ETME - 355) Page 2 of 2NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELIII DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING Experiment No: 10 STUDY OF LIMIT GAUGES 10.1 Objective 10.2 Apparatus required 10.3 Theory 10.3:Pre-Requisite 10.4 Post- Requisite 10.1 OBJECTIVE: To study different types of limit gauges i.e. plug gauge, Thread ring gauge, Thread plug gauge, snap gauge etc. 10.2. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Plug gauge,Thread, ring gauge,Thread plug gauge, Snap gauge and specimen. 10.3 THEORY: 10.3.1 Plug gauge Figure 10.1 Hardened and ground plug gauge, Replaceable thread and plug These gauges are referred to as plug gauges; they are used in the manner of a plug, They are generally assembled from standard parts where the gauge portion is interchangeable with other gauge pieces (obtained from a set of pin type gauge block) and a body that uses the collet principle to hold the gauges firmly. To use this style of gauge, one end is inserted into the part first and depending on the result of that test, the other end is tried. ‘The top image is a plain plug gauge used to check the size of a hole, the green end is the GO, and red is the NO GO. The tolerance of the part this gauge checks is 0.30mm where the lower size of the hole is 12.60mm and the upper size is 12.90mm; every size outside this Tange is out of tolerance. This may be initially expressed on the parts drawing in a number of styles, three possibilities may be: * 12.75mm 4/-0.15mm EXP No (10) (ETME - 35) Page 1 of 4NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELIII DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING + 12,60mm +0.30 -0.00 + 12.90mm +0.00-0,30 10.3.2 Snap gauge Figure 10.3 Thread snap gauge Snap gauges (or snap gage) are often used when a large quantity of work pieces must be inspected. The snap gauge has four anvils orjaws, the first one or pair (outermost) are set-using the upper limit (tolerance) of the part and the inner set adjusted to the lower limit of the Part. A correctly machined part will pass the first set of jaws and stop at the second end of test. In this manner a part may be checked in one action, unlike the plug gauge that needs to be used twice and flipped to access the second gauge. The first go-no-go snap gage for checking thread rolls was invented in 1943 to speed production of parts during World War Two,NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING 7 ae if} Figure 10.4 Thread plug gauge and Thread ring gauge read pl auge A Thread Plug Gauge is used to cheek acceptance of a “nut” ~ i.e. an internally threaded par (Fig. For small threaded parts, the gauge will be double ended, with one end carrying the GO gaugeand the other end, the NO-GO. For large de: 8, the (wo may be separate pieces. A thread plug gaugeis ned to check the correctness ofthe pteh diameter (to the given pitch / TPH) For acceptance of the Part, the GO gauge should pass through the entire length of the nut, withouttoo much of wringing force, The NO-GO Huge can at the best enter into the nut, checked at bothends, over not more than 2 {urns and NOT beyond as shown in figure below.Fig. ‘Thread Plug Gauge and Ring Gaugea solid thread ring gauge is used to check aeceptance of a “screw” ~ ie, externally threaded part.The GO and NO-GO rin, are normally separate pieces. A thread ring gauge is designed to checkthe correctness of the pitch diameter (to the given pitch / TP).For acceptance of the part, the GO ring gauge should pass through the entire length of the screw,without too much of wringing force. The NO-GO ring gauge can at the best enter into the screwover not more than 2 rotations and NOT beyond. 10.3.4 TI ad ring gauge Figure 10.5 Thread ring gauge EXP No (10) (ETME - 355) Page 3 of 4NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELHI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & A’ 10.7. RESULT: Go Gauge is successfully passes through specimen dimensions. 10.8 PRE REQUISITE: What do you mean by following terms? 1. Limits 2. Tolerance 10.9 POST REQUISITE: QI. What is Taylor's Principle of gauge design? Q2. Explain ‘Go’ and *No-Go’ plug gauge. Q3. What do you mean by Gauge maker's Tolerance?