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Mud Program ~ before drilling commence, drilling engineer
have tv come Up with the (hud program program,
bared on the expected geology
consi sk
Fuad frees oF
once drillin diff dey
Started. 3 | me
ai < Vv :
Drilling Fivid vy commoniy contracted +0 service companies
Operations miswaco Ss
miswaco |
Boker SW
Hughes Weatherford
Mud Engineev: ensure mud specs follow he mud program
<< A
x ~4e correct any changes 4 the properties of provides
4.F during Avilling operation
“tesponsible im modifying the AF properties
ae when necessary.
input
+o
Mud Logger: report on progress through
geological zones
+ teed physical n chemical properties
Sra Party of a
Cudlogging, ex Pp Marsh. finel Cviscosity tes} )
Companies: . mud bolance (density test)
vinspect cuttinas brought “up +o
OLSenV eo!’ surface a 9 J
aSgynis ~ Monitor gas levels
> Present in the form of graphic tog, Drilling Fluid, — liq /gac/miture tnt r circulated during
(af) rotary drilling process to:-
# temove drill
cutting 5
at prevent flow of formation fluicl cre)
4 Hole Stabilization
— chemical
Vv neh cal into wellbore (kick )
l > drilling usually r to be
alance cond.
Cient borehole failure
due to done “in ovev
> unbalance of in situ =
Siresces @ borehole Pag -(Pyg AP > O
> tan walls Ro Normal P,, Grp = 0-433 psi /#t
rosion :
> Chemical ren between Abnormal P, Gree > 0-485 pri/ ft
at > formation Subnormal-P, Grpp< 0-483 pitt
Type ot failures <—
+ Hole Enlargement - erosion due 40 fricton with drill strin
¥ encountev with high P shal
+ Hole Fracturing ~ Pat > Prracture
<
* Hole Collapse
L Pap +0 low to maintain
Hructaral integrity of borehole
+ cools bit 7 wring
® rangmit hydraulic” h.p to. bit
4 formation evaluation
+ reduction in weight of casing,
Shing dvilling string
[ituatton 40 avoid
= Wear on
= Loss of circulation
= ye ot ROP Pump
~ Borehole Sweting ~ Retention of
= Borehole Erosion amcsiee Solids
nd.
= Pre Sticking if Pap tore [ reqyive sation rmation
AF, Tr cost
Formation
luid
would
enter the
borehole ,
displacing the d.F
Leausing a kick]
Lorhe ugh flowrate leads to
mereasin
Pore pre vcure
of fli may then —> Stuck pipe
0 cause Sine walls bs
ot the borehole +o fishing Tr cock
collapse .* detaching
more prevdlent in
poorly. cohwlidated
formation Classification of d.F
-o| guide aes Mites
Figure 3.3 Classification of diferent drilling aids
[Gases] (Pneumatic)
1Dey Gir ield highest ROP, ‘aeed
ci
S costly
cant handle: W-0 producin,
formation
= Mechani ‘call
wellboi
‘Cesning
il. Foam! water + surfactants + air
Factors in Selection
® minimum overall well
cost
@ formation +ype
tange_of formation
@ 10096 ef
@ Problem formations
@ FE procedure
@) Water quatity
available
@) Production, exp ,enut,
Safety concern
Gi) Logistics
3
Yy unstable
applied m : loss civculation > Suppress dust
zones & cant be
economically sealed | > combat mall
water inflow
ill, Mich: water + aiv > remove Stick
: Clay, wet fond,
used mM minov water 4n€ Gravels
ethene zones.
2 cant handle : unstable wellbore » Clearwatev Cfeshwater /seawater )
e oil -based
Synthetic -based (inhibited mud)
Ce as the cominuous phase
(wBM) Adv.L5 most economical > longev bit
Te
> High RoP: Y less loss circulation
? Good borehole
Stapiltty
Limitations
> Increase nm AP due to friction
? may cause Clay swelling
Water-Based Mud Water-base Mud
saree
~ Bentonite (0 to 50)
Barite (0 to 500)
~ Caustic Soda (0 to 5)
~ Soda Ash (0 to 3)
= Sodium bicarbonate (0 to 3)
— Seawater (any portion)
~ Freshwater (any portion)
Drill solids (0 to 100)
nvevt emulsion Fas 3
; we = ie ail is the cénfinuous
pseudo oil phase, water is <2-5y
(eam) full oil
uted =: high T (72,000 F )
when deep (21,0001) walls
alt /unconsolidated formation/
Jott Phale Adv. hs able +0 withstand high T Cup + 500°F)
7 More inhibitive
? effective against corrasion
7 Superior lubricating chavoicteristics
> Limitations
- more costly - a ee
7 FT of logging tools
more pouting - difficult detection
of gas Kick
Coolulole in cit)
itbased Mud
~ Barite (60.8%)
Clay, sand limestone chert,
~ Base oil (31.3%) a oe cccoces
= CaCl, (3.3%)
Solids for
- Emulsifier (2.2 %) cH cayenne
~ Filtrate control/
wetting agent (1.8%) (CaCl, or NaCl 46
= Lime (0.2%)
| Yaconliee (286) Figure 35 Ditierent compositions of eibase mud
Function Physical/Chemical Property
Transport cuttings from the Wellbore | Yield Point, Apparent Viscosity,
Velocity, Gel Strength
Prevent Formation Fluids Flowing into | Density
the Wellbore
Maintain Wellbore Stability Density, Reactivity with Clay
Cool and Lubricate the Bit Density, velocity
Transmit Hydraulic Horsepower to Bit | Velocity, Density, Viscosity aka mud weight (ow )
Mua Density a 179 (ts pev gallon ) or Os [# or pai/ft o Sq
L ideal: 1S.G 2 uate density = nninihe
3.33 ppg vacluring
but Ly wually ngt enough 40 contain F,
an field,
"img balance * ued 40
determine the .W) ‘
» rer wean
Pressure due 4p — = Support weight
|__| 2 0. € fom Ae
ee overburden a
ete as depth 77 ‘ rail
i inctease, oryersi6n faclby.
= =— Palio inceares
: Pay» 0.052. tu) D
a
+ ah \s | 4 a |
Ei
= = “aepth =
L~ the _premuve exerted by the Fin the is
column—of mud if--deemed ay the mud hydrostatic
pressure
Mw contro] « Solid removals ,> Shale shake ji
é
G derander A Ai: cued
desilter
ECD (equivalent cireulating density )
Ls te small holes, Alp can couse tt Mw
0%") atnulus J
thls, ECD defines the actual Mw) during the
thud circulation in the hale
cds MW + By 7 etl ose pai)
1 0.052)
at turface XS depth
na) Mud Rheotog y: Study of the deformation of fluids
Shear Stress, Fe force +o
— > defoym the
14 dt
aage in velocity ofa
fluid moving, along the
X- OKS
4F can be classified into 2%
Newtonian + shear rate x shear stress
wits flow behaviour can fully
be described by the
Newtonian Viscosity ,
ex: water , light “oil
«4.79 Cbs Apo FE
n.Non-newtonian - viscous property r
Complex
— approtimation using
‘Bingham? model —_u. Power Law
Ter ‘ctky
‘Pig 3-2 Sear me-stear svesretistio oon Newton ids
viscosity , cp
—> i) using (harsh _Finn Finnel @ field
SS 4 recorded in
= gives indication of =
viscosity #not-true-Vvalue \
seconds—ef-a-quart u. Using Viscosimeter
oe Plastic Viscosity, Mp—- Flow resistance which
IS caused bi
affected by interaction Between
Solid i liquid
® Sie, concentration ,Shape particles of the dF
oF solids
QP @) Fleccutants
or deflocutant
Jy.
<> Solid
oS I®@ Contaminants paracles
\E liq, particles
Procedure +
> Set roto 00
ef rotor speed @ 600 rpm Map? 300 On torque
> record reading after ¢tabilized N veadin.
a+ for 200, 200,100,4 43 L Gen
> vey », 200,100 , q
peat toy 6 RS pm volor speed
if sheav rate % sheaw stress ;
. ; Calculate:
ie / +#—— PV = D600 - D300
: / Yield
in 4 Teint 2 D300 - py Ceb/ivori®)
i a (675)
i") - e
a Leetastic limit
pore once exceeded
deformation is pevmaneb+
Gel Strength —> properties of Ake mud during Htatic condition
force/pessure required +0 jnitiate flow atter the 4.F
has” been Static for some time
how well solider able +o be suspended —_fiocedure ;
m he mud after initial operation,
i pasion
—— leh the oF
r remained static fov - operate rotor at Sipm
—— 1050+ lOmin L
take note of
deflection Alkatinity Important in controlling calcium
[ Le igi -pst = good for ailing in
min 4.5 should be covbonates’
maintained +o prevent ail
On Corrosion of 4-P, aang, tend 40 erode
etc. n occur dissolution
in acidic conditions
Oe evties : Solid content — if too high , JL ROP + bit life
cv a Oe tontrols tre, MU 4 re
Fluid Loss ability to form controled Fitter cake.
L on Sidewalls of bore hole
a
Tested using Filter press %
Chloride , - salt contamination from formaton
conte
Electvica\_— mud_resistivity — effects
properties formation evaluation
[- calculation
R Von Tem
myersely propertional +o
Salt™ concentration
Diag
ves maybe ropa into sere caters
1 sear
2 ete
nije
Lies
Liaoatentes
sire
Pogmers
