Differentiation

1. Differentiation:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
𝑓 (𝑥) = lim = lim
→ →

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
𝑓 (𝑥) = lim = lim
→ →

2. Differentiation Formulae (trigonometric):

(i) sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
(ii) cos 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥
(iii) tan 𝑥 = sec 𝑥
(iv) cot 𝑥 = − cosec 𝑥
(v) sec 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
(vi) cosec 𝑥 = − cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥
(vii) sin 𝑥=
√
(viii) cos 𝑥=
√
(ix) tan 𝑥=
(x) cot 𝑥=
(xi) sec 𝑥=
| |√

(xii) cosec 𝑥=
| |√

3. Differentiation Formulae (General):

(i) 𝑒 = 𝑒
(ii) 𝑎 = 𝑎 ln 𝑎
(iii) ln 𝑥 =
(iv) log 𝑥 = log 𝑒
(v) |𝑥| = 𝑠𝑔𝑛(𝑥) 𝑥≠0

4. Product Rule:
𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑣
5. Quotient Rule:

6. Chain Rule:
(sin(log(cos 𝑥)) = cos(𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥)) . . (− sin 𝑥)

7. Important Expansions (trigonometric):

(i) sin 𝑥 = 𝑥 − !
+ !
− !
…

(ii) cos 𝑥 = 1 − !
+ !
− !
… = sin 𝑥

(iii) tan 𝑥 = 𝑥 + + + …

(iv) cot 𝑥 = − − − …

(v) sec 𝑥 = 1 + !
+ !
+ !
…

(vi) cosec 𝑥 = + + + …

(vii) sin 𝑥=𝑥+ + + …

(viii) cos 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥= − 𝑥+ + + …

. 𝑥− + − … |𝑥| < 1
(ix) tan 𝑥=
± − + − + … + if 𝑥 ≥ 1, − if 𝑥 ≤ 1

(x) cot 𝑥 = − tan 𝑥

8. Important Expansions (General):

(i) 𝑒 = 1+𝑥+ !
+ !
+ !
+ !
…
( ) ( )
(ii) 𝑎 =𝑒 = 1 + 𝑥 ln 𝑎 + !
+ !
…

(iii) ln(1 + 𝑥) = 𝑥 − + − + … −1 < 𝑥 ≤ 1

(iv) ln(1 − 𝑥) = −𝑥 − − − − … −1 < 𝑥 ≤ 1

(v) ln = 𝑥+ + + … −1 < 𝑥 ≤ 1

(vi) (1 + 𝑥) = 𝑒(1 − + − … 0<𝑥<1