Materials Science

Review of SDM I

Easeng SIV

Institute of Technology of Cambodia

Department of Industrial and Mechanical Eng.
Russian Federation Blvd, P.O. Box. 86, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
 Crystalline materials
Atomics arrangement in crystalline materials

Figure 4.13 Cross-section of a

cylindrical copper ingot.
FIG. 3.3 Schematic view of crystal assembly. The crystal structure is represented by a grid lattice: (a) single
crystal; (b) polycrystalline structure (assembly of crystal grains) with, in black lines, the grains boundaries.
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 The Structure of Magnesium

(a) X-ray diffraction photograph (b) Schematic diagram illustrating how

[or Laue photograph (Section the spots (i.e., the diffraction pattern)
3.16)] for a single crystal of in (a) are produced.
magnesium. (d) Photograph of a single crystal of
magnesium that was cleaved (or
The large spot in the center of (a) is from
split) along a (0001) plane—the flat
the incident beam, which is parallel to a
surface is a (0001) plane. Also, the
[0001] crystallographic direction. It should
direction perpendicular to this plane
be noted that the hexagonal symmetry of
is a [0001] direction.
magnesium’s hexagonal close packed
crystal structure [shown in (c)] is indicated
by the diffraction spot pattern that was
generated.
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Magnesium applications and uses

(e) Photograph of a mag wheel—a

lightweight automobile wheel made
of magnesium.

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 Crystal Structures
Fundamental Concepts
 Crystal : a solid composed of atoms, ions, or molecules
arranged in a pattern that is repeated in three dimensions.
 Crystal structure: a regular three-dimensional pattern of
atoms or ions in space.
 Lattice is used in the context of crystal structures; in this
sense lattice means a three-dimensional array of points
coinciding with atom positions (or sphere centers).
Unit cell

 Unit cell: a convenient repeating unit of a space lattice.

The axial lengths and axial angles are the lattice
constants of the unit cell.
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 Face-Centered Cubic Crystal Structure

The crystal structure found for many metals has a unit cell of
cubic geometry, with atoms located at each of the corners and
the centers of all the cube faces.

Figure 3.1 For the face-centered cubic crystal structure, (a) a hard sphere unit cell representation, (b) a reduced
sphere unit cell, and (c) an aggregate of many atoms.

Figure 3.1(a) shows a hard-sphere model for the FCC unit cell, whereas in Figure 3.1(b) the atom centers are represented by small
circles to provide a better perspective on atom positions. The aggregate of atoms in Figure 3.1(c) represents a section of crystal
consisting of many FCC unit cells.
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 Body-centered cubic crystal structure
Another common metallic crystal structure also has a cubic
unit cell with atoms located at all eight corners and a single
atom at the cube center.

Figure 3.2 For the body-centered cubic crystal structure, (a) a hard-sphere unit cell representation, (b)
a reduced sphere unit cell, and (c) an aggregate of many atoms.

A collection of spheres depicting this crystal structure is shown in Figure 3.2c, whereas Figures 3.2a and 3.2b are diagrams of BCC
unit cells with the atoms represented by hard-sphere and reduced-sphere models, respectively.
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 Simple Cubic Crystal Structure

It is also possible to have a unit cell that consists of atoms

situated only at the corners of a cube. This is called the simple
cubic (SC) crystal structure; hard-sphere and reduced-sphere
models are shown, respectively, in Figures 3.3a and 3.3b.

Figure 3.3 For the simple cubic crystal structure, (a) a hard-sphere unit cell, and (b) a reduced-sphere unit cell.

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 Hexagonal close-packed (HCP)
Hexagonal close-packed (HCP) unit cell: a unit cell with an
atomic packing arrangement in which 12 atoms surround a
central identical atom. The stacking sequence of layers of
close-packed planes in the HCP crystal structure is
ABABAB....

Figure 3.4 For the hexagonal close-packed crystal structure, (a) a reduced-sphere unit cell (a and c
represent the short and long edge lengths, respectively), and (b) an aggregate of many atoms.
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Atomic Radii and Crystal Structures of
Metals

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Crystal systems

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Crystal systems

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 Imperfections of a Catalytic Converter

(a) Schematic diagram showing

the location of the catalytic
converter in an automobile’s
exhaust system.

(d) High-resolution transmission

electron micrograph that shows
surface defects on single crystals of
one material that is used in catalytic
converters.
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 Point Defects
Vacancy: a point imperfection in a crystal lattice where an
atom is missing from an atomic site.
Self-interstitial: a point imperfection in a crystal lattice where
an atom of the same kind as those of the matrix lattice is
positioned in an interstitial site between the matrix atoms.

Scanning probe micrograph that shows a Figure 4.1 Two-dimensional representations

vacancy on a (111)-type surface plane for of a vacancy and a self-interstitial.
silicon. Approximately 7,000,000X. 14
 Point Defects
Impurities in solids
Impurity point defects are found in solid solutions, of which
there are two types:
- Substitutional
- Interstitial.
Substitutional atom: Foreign atom
replacing a host atom in the crystal
structure. Substitutional atoms
relate to point defects.
Interstitial atom: Solute atom Figure 4.2 Two-dimensional schematic
representations of substitutional and
occupying an interstice in a host interstitial impurity atoms.
lattice.
For interstitial solid solutions, impurity atoms fill the voids or interstices among the host atoms (see Figure 4.2).
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 Dislocations- Linear Defects
A dislocation is a linear or one-dimensional defect around
which some of the atoms are misaligned.

There are three types of dislocation:

Edge dislocation: dislocation whose Burgers vector is
perpendicular to its line.

Figure 4.4 The atom positions around an edge

dislocation; extra half-plane of atoms shown in
perspective.

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 Screw dislocation
Screw dislocation: Dislocation whose Burgers vector is
parallel to its line.

Figure 4.5 (a) A screw dislocation within a crystal. (b) The screw dislocation in (a) as viewed from above. The
dislocation line extends along line AB. Atom positions above the slip plane are designated by open circles,
those below by solid circles.

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 Mixed dislocation
Mixed dislocation: Dislocation whose Burgers vector is
neither perpendicular nor parallel to its line. Mixed dislocation is
usually considered consisting of edge and screw components.

Figure 4.6 (a) Schematic representation of a dislocation that has edge, screw, and mixed character. (b) Top
view, where open circles denote atom positions above the slip plane, and solid circles, atom positions below.
At point A, the dislocation is pure screw, while at point B, it is pure edge. For regions in between where there
is curvature in the dislocation line, the character is mixed edge and screw. 18
 High and small angle grain boundary

Figure 4.8 Schematic diagram showing

small and high-angle grain boundaries and
the adjacent atom positions.
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 Interfacial defects

Figure 4.10 Schematic diagram showing a twin

plane or boundary and the adjacent atom positions
(colored circles).

Figure 4.9 Demonstration of how a tilt boundary having an angle of

misorientation 𝜃 results from an alignment of edge dislocations.
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 Optical microscopy

Figure 4.14 (a) Polished and etched grains as they might appear when viewed with an optical microscope.
(b) Section taken through these grains showing how the etching characteristics and resulting surface
texture vary from grain to grain because of differences in crystallographic orientation. (c) Photomicrograph
of a polycrystalline brass specimen, 60X.
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 Optical microscopy

Figure 4.15 (a) Section of a grain boundary and its surface groove produced by etching; the light
reflection characteristics in the vicinity of the groove are also shown. (b) Photomicrograph of the surface
of a polished and etched polycrystalline specimen of an iron–chromium alloy in which the grain
boundaries appear dark, 100X.

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Diffusion

- A steel gear has been case hardened and Its outer

surface layer was selectively hardened by a high-
temperature heat treatment (carbon from the surrounding
atmosphere diffused into the surface).
- The case appears as the dark outer rim
- This increase in the carbon content rises the surface
hardness, which in turn leads to an improvement of wear
resistance of the gear.
- The residual compressive stresses are introduced with in
the case region, this give rise to an enhancement of the
gear’s resistance to failure by fatigue while service.

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 AFM : Copper polycristalline

[Thèse de E. SIV, 2019]

Les 12 systèmes de glissement du réseau CFC [Schmid and Boas, 1935].

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 Slip band in copper

Slip band pattern on surface of copper single Polycrystalline copper that has been plastically
crystal after 0.9 percent deformation. deformed. Note that the slipbands are parallel within a
(Magnification 100×.) grain but are discontinuous across the grain boundaries.
(Magnification 60×.)

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 EBSD: Copper polycristalline

Scanning
electron
microscopy

[Thèse de E. SIV, 2019]

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EBSD: Copper polycristalline

[Thèse de E. SIV, 2019]

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EBSD: Copper polycristalline

[Thèse de E. SIV, 2019]

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Tensile specimen

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