 Introduction

 White collar crime in India

 Reasons for the growth of white collar crimes in India
o Greed
o Easy, swift and prolong effect
o Competition
o Lack of stringent laws
o Modern technology
o Lack of awareness
o Competition
o Necessity

Historical background
Edwin Sutherland’s Definition. It was in 1939 when for
the first time Edwin Sutherland, an American
sociologist, defined white collar crimes. He described it
to be crimes committed by a person of high social
status and respectability who commits such crimes
during the course of their occupation. 

Types of  white collar crime in India

Types of White-Collar Crime
The term “white-collar crime” refers to a broad range of
crimes, including the following:
1. Fraud
Fraud is a blanket phrase that covers a wide range of
techniques used to defraud people of their money. The offer
to transfer someone a large number of money (like ₹10,000
lakhs) in exchange for a small sum of money (like ₹3,000), which the con artist may pass off as
a processing or finder’s fee, is one of the most common and basic scams. Naturally, the con artist
gets the money transferred to him, but he never gives out the money he promised.
2. Insider trading
Insider trading is the practice of trading while having
access to important, confidential information that gives the
trader an advantage in the financial markets. An employee
of an investment bank, for instance, might be aware that
Company A is preparing to acquire Company B. The
employee can put money into Company B with the
anticipation that once the purchase is made public, the
company’s stock price will jump sharply.
3. Ponzi scheme
After Charles Ponzi, the first perpetrator of such a scam, a
Ponzi advert is a financial fraud that makes unusually high
returns to investors. It pays such rewards to the initial
investors using the newly deposited funds of new investors.
When the con artist is unable to bring in enough new clients to pay off the old ones, the scheme
falls apart like a house of cards, leaving many investors with large losses.
4. Identity theft and other cybercrimes
India’s worrying 63.5% surge in cybercrime cases in 2019
indicates that the nation has become a prime target for these
crooks. 60.4% of all reported cybercrime cases involved
fraud. Due to the pandemic, the majority of Indian
businesses saw a surge in cyberthreats or alerts of more
than 25% during the transition to working from home.
5. Embezzlement
Embezzlement, sometimes known as larceny, is a type of
theft that can take many different forms, from an employee
taking a few dollars from the cash register to a complex
strategy to move millions from the company’s accounts to
the embezzler’s accounts.
6. Counterfeiting
The issue of product counterfeiting is well-known and has
existed for a very long time. Ancient times saw the use of
trademarks, and when there are trademarks, counterfeiting
quickly follows. In recent times, the issue has received
increased attention. Finding out the extent of the market for
counterfeit goods would seem to be the reasonable first
step. 
However, determining the size of this illegal commerce is a
challenging undertaking. First, since counterfeit trade is by
definition unlawful, no direct measurement of it can be
done. It is impossible to draw any inferences from these
numbers because customs seizures make up such a small
portion of total trade.
7. Money laundering
Criminals require a service like money laundering when
working with significant sums of cash. It comprises moving
the funds through several accounts before finally depositing
them into genuine businesses, where they are combined
with the legitimate revenues and lose their initial capacity
to be linked to illicit activities.
Binod Kumar v. State of Jharkhand
& Others [9]
This case was filed against several ministers of the State of Jharkhand along
with the Chief Minister for having the possession of unaccountable money.
The High Court had requested the Central Government to transfer the case
from Enforcement Directorate to CBI by way of power given to it under
Section 45 (1A).

It was alleged that the ministers were in possession of hefty amounts of

money and though no evidence was found to charge them with money
laundering case, a strict investigation was proposed.

Conclusion
white collar crimes have two surprising features, first, that they
are non-violent crimes, though the criminals have the tendency
to gain control or have a sense of entitlement, and, second, that
they are committed by people in the higher profession.

However, these crimes are also committed by poorly paid

underlings, although the mastermind behind the commission of
such crime could be a rich person enjoying a higher social status
in his occupation. white collar crimes are often committed
because of peer pressure or are dependent on the culture of the
company.

As our society is growing towards modernity and the world is

experiencing new technological advancement, the rate of crime is
also increasing at a faster rate. Particularly the growth in white
collar crimes has been enormous. From the medical profession to
educational institutions, these crimes are being committed
everywhere.

The cases of online fraud are also increasing at an alarming rate.

India, as a developing nation, has faced difficulties in leading its
economy towards growth because of these crimes in general and
corruption in particular. 

The investigating officials are in need of training where they could

acquire the skill to trace these criminals, otherwise tracking of
whom is  difficult, complicated and tiresome job. The
investigating officials’s work should be scrutinized to ensure
transparency in the work as the white collar crimes are
committed by people enjoying higher social status in their
occupation.

The government must make laws that are strict enough to reduce
the commission of such crimes. And the system should be such
that not only there exist laws giving strict punishment to the
accused but also dispose off maximum cases in a short while. If
not done so then people will soon lose complete faith in the
system, as these crimes are committed by people who should act
as a role model for the society. 

The media has a key role to play in reducing the rate of

increasing white collar crimes. It has been noted that most of the
white collar crimes go unreported. So, if the media becomes more
active towards publishing frauds and scams at higher levels and
revealing how do the people at higher position in a company use
their powers arbitrarily, and also make efforts in making people
aware about the white collar crimes, and avoid corrupt practices,
then this would definitely help in reducing the rate at which the
white collar crimes are being committed.
In keeping with the goal of establishing a
comprehensive, participative and meaningful process of
land acquisition that the Land Acquisition Act, 2013
espouses, the Central Government issued the Right to
Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land
Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Social
Impact Assessment and Consent) Rules, 2014 on 8th
August. The rules have been designed to serve 3
principal objectives. First, they seek to put in place a
robust framework for conducting a comprehensive
analysis of the social impact of the proposed acquisition
along with obtaining the consent of land owners.
Second, they aim to put in place adequate safeguards
as well as checks and balances to ensure that the social
impact assessment is free and fair and that the consent
is not acquired by any coercive method. Finally, they
clearly delineate the time period within which the
acquisition has to be completed in order to make the
entire process more expeditious. Notably, they require
the Appropriate Government to maintain a web-based
work flow and information management system to track
every step of the acquisition process. Against this
backdrop, it would be apposite to succinctly analyze
some salient features of the Rules.

Social Impact Assessment Unit

In order to lend credibility to the acquisition process,
the Rules impose an obligation on the central or state
government to appoint an independent organization as
the Social Impact Assessment Unit that has to oversee
the Social Impact Assessment. The Unit has to maintain
a database of qualified independent practitioners and
social activists, regularly conduct studies to add to its
database and formulate strategies for improving the
quality, efficacy and transparency of the assessment
process. It must consistently strive to take capacity
building measures to improve the quality of social
impact assessment teams in particular and the entire
process in general. It has to formulate the terms of
reference of Social Impact Assessment for any
acquisition proposal and determine the estimated cost
of the assessment with a clear break-up of the amount
required for every activity or item. Thereafter, the body
requiring the land has to pay the assessment fee to the
Unit which is to be used for conducting the assessment.

Social Impact Assessment Team

The Rules explicitly state that a new Social Impact
Assessment Team (“the Team”) has to be constituted in
order to conduct a thorough social impact assessment
for every project. The criteria for the appointment of
members to such a team has to be in accordance with
the terms of reference that is prepared by the Unit
which sets out the intricacies of the tasks that the Team
has to perform. Ideally, the Team should include
independent practitioners, qualified social activists,
academics and technical experts and must necessarily
include 1 female member. One team leader has to be
appointed to act as a connecting link between the Unit
and the Team. A bare perusal of these provisions brings
to light 2 interesting features. First, the Rules
repeatedly assert that the organization which wishes to
acquire the land must not be involved in any way in the
appointment of the Social Impact Assessment Team. In
fact, every member is required to sign a written
undertaking stating that they do not have any
relationship with the body wishing to acquire the land
and any conflict of interest shall result in immediate
disqualification. Second, it is heartening to note that
the Rules emphasize the importance of ensuring that
only those who have a considerable amount of
experience in the area of land acquisition are appointed
to conduct the Social Impact Assessment. At a time
when most quasi-judicial and administrative bodies are
unable to fulfill their goals and perform their
assignments due to excessive governmental
interference and incompetent members, it is hoped that
this framework will go a long way in increasing the
public’s faith in the process of land acquisition.
Process of conducting Social
Impact Assessment
The Rules impose an obligation on the Team to
assiduously analyze the relevant quantitative and
qualitative data, undertake frequent site visits and
employ other strategies such as focused group
discussions, detailed rural appraisals, informant
interviews, etc to fully appreciate the nuances that
would shape and influence the views of land owners
whose land is sought to be acquired. Furthermore, the
Team is obligated to scrutinize relevant land records
and data, to conduct field verifications and to compare
the proposed project with existing projects that are of a
similar nature. All local authorities have been mandated
to provide relevant information that would allow the
Team to formulate a more informed view about the
effect of acquisition within 10 days of receiving the
request for such information. The investigation of the
Team should focus on the following cardinal areas:
A. The areas that would be most adversely affected by
the project, especially from an environmental and social
standpoint;
B. The quantum of land that is sought for the project
and whether it is more than what is necessary;
C. The feasibility of executing the project on other
alternative sites;
D. In the case of scheduled areas, whether the
acquiring body is able to prove that the land that they
wish to acquire is a demonstrable last resort;
E. Whether any land has already been acquired and the
utility of every plot of land that is sought to be
acquired;
F. Whether any public unutilized or waste/barren land
can be used for the project;
G. A detailed analysis of the type, structure and
location of the land. In case of an agricultural land, the
irrigation coverage and cropping pattern must be
analyzed.
H. Whether the acquisition would be in accordance with
food security laws or not; and
I. The ownership pattern, holding size and details of
land owners, with special reference to change in
ownership in the preceding three years.
In order to make the process more participative, the
Rules impose an obligation on the Team to conduct a
public hearing in all Gram Sabhas where members of
such Gram Sabhas would be affected by the proposed
acquisition. A public notification should be issued three
weeks prior to the public hearing to inform all
stakeholders about the meeting. All members should be
given a copy of the draft Social Impact Assessment
Report and Social Impact Assessment Plan before the
hearing in order to allow them to contribute more
meaningfully and substantively to the hearing. The
proceedings of the hearing must be video recorded and
the meeting must be conducted in the local language of
the area in question. The entity intending to acquire the
land must send its representatives to the hearing in
order to assuage the unease of land owners about the
acquisition and to address their legitimate concerns.
Social Impact Assessment Report
A Social Impact Assessment Report has to be prepared
within six months of the commencement of the
assessment process. The report should describe in
detail the findings of the Team with regard to all the
key areas of investigation mentioned earlier. More
specifically, it must encompass details about the
number of affected/displaced families, specific areas of
concern raised by affected families and a socio-
economic profile of the affected area. The report must
indicate whether the advantages of the project would
clearly outweigh its socially pernicious effects. It must
examine the efficacy of the measures that would be
undertaken for mitigating the rigours of acquisition
from the perspective of affected families and grapple
with ways of ensuring that affected families do not end
up enduring more social and economic hardship than
what they had to endure before the acquisition. The
report must be in the local language so as to make it
accessible to affected families and local authorities and
must be clear and concise. It has to be submitted to an
expert group which must scrupulously examine all its
facets. The expert group has to give its report within a
period of two months from the date of its constitution.
The Appropriate Government has to assiduously
analyze the report along with recommendations of the
expert panel and formulate a strategy to minimize the
ecological impact, harm to affected families and
adverse consequences of the acquisition. The views of
the appropriate government must be framed in the
local language and must be widely disseminated among
all stakeholders.

Social Impact Management Plan

The Team has to prepare a Social Impact Management
Plan which should address, inter alia, the following 5
fundamental areas:
1. Strategies for avoiding, mitigating or compensating
the adverse impact of the project;
2. Steps for rehabilitation and resettlement of affected
families that the Act mandates;
3. A brief explanation of the measures that the body
requiring the land intends to take for the benefit of
affected families;
4. Additional claims made by the body requiring the
land during the Social Impact Assessment Process; and
5. Details of key personnel responsible for overseeing
every aspect of the mitigation measures along with
timelines and expected costs.
In sum, the Social Impact Assessment Plan serves as a
useful source of reference for developing the most
efficacious strategies to reconcile the interests of land
owners as well as the requiring body.
Provisions pertaining to consent
The second part of the Rules deals with the modalities
for obtaining the consent of land owners whose land is
sought to be acquired. At this juncture, it would be
apposite to remember that the new law makes it
mandatory to obtain the consent of at least 70% of
land owners when the land is to be acquired for a
project in the public-private partnership mode and 80%
of land owners when the land is to be acquired for a
private company. The Appropriate Government, via the
District Collector, has been tasked with the
responsibility of obtaining the consent of land owners.
In order to make the consent process smoother, the
Appropriate Government is required to maintain a
record of all land owners, land rights and names of
occupants at all times. The District Collector must notify
the members of the Gram Sabha about the special
Gram Sabha meeting for acquiring consent at least
three weeks in advance. The quorum of the Gram
Sabha must be at least 50% and one-third female
members of the Gram Sabha must be present. The
body requiring the land must also send its
representatives who are competent to negotiate with
members of the Gram Sabha and to address their
concerns in the meeting. The proceedings of the
meeting must be video recorded and made available in
all local Panchayat offices and uploaded on the website
of the Appropriate Government to make the entire
process more transparent. If the members of the Gram
Sabha are satisfied with the assurances given to them
by the body requiring the land, then they must pass a
majority resolution certifying their consent and
containing the terms and conditions of rehabilitation,
resettlement and other mitigation measures. Such a
resolution must contain the signature of Gram Sabha
members and representatives of requiring body and
must be countersigned by the District Collector.
Similarly, for acquiring the consent of the concerned
land owners, a meeting of affected land owners must
be held. The itinerary of such meetings shall closely
mirror the itinerary of Gram Sabha meetings, but 3
features of the process of acquiring consent of land
owners stand out. First, in addition to a copy of the
draft Social Impact Assessment report and plan, they
must explicitly be informed about their rights under all
revenue laws, in particular the Forest Rights Act.
Second, all land owners must be given a written
declaration from the Collector stating that refusal to
give consent shall not result in any adverse
consequences. Land owners would be given contact
details of officers whom they can contact in case they
are coerced or intimidated to give consent. Finally, the
consent of land owners has to be recorded in writing
and details of the consent process have to be made
available on the website of the Appropriate
Government.
Conclusion
The emphasis of the Rules on e-governance, strict
adherence to the prescribed timeline and making every
aspect of the acquisition process accessible to the last
man in the line are indeed commendable. If
implemented correctly, these Rules could go a long way
in righting the wrongs of the last 120 years and in
bridging the wide chasm between the interests of land
owners and private companies. It would not be unfair
to assert that the Rules are in accordance with the
central idea of minimum government, maximum
government that undergirds most of the initiatives that
the NDA Government has taken thus far. However,
there is only so much that the Rules can do; it is
essential to make substantive changes to the law to
transform it from a charter of de-industrialization to a
catalyst for ushering in transparency and efficiency in
the process of land acquisition.
• ಪರಿಚಯ

• ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ವೈಟ್ ಕಾಲರ್ ಅಪರಾಧ

• ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ವೈಟ್ ಕಾಲರ್ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆಗೆ ಕಾರಣಗಳು

ದುರಾಶೆ

ಸುಲಭ, ತ್ವರಿತ ಮತ್ತು ದೀರ್ಘ ಪರಿಣಾಮ

ಸ್ಪರ್ಧೆ

ಕಠಿಣ ಕಾನೂನುಗಳ ಕೊರತೆ

ಆಧುನಿಕ ತಂತ್ರಜ್ಞಾನ

ಅರಿವಿನ ಕೊರತೆ

ಸ್ಪರ್ಧೆ

ಅಗತ್ಯ

ಐತಿಹಾಸಿಕ ಹಿನ್ನೆಲೆ

ಎಡ್ವಿನ್ ಸದರ್ಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್ನ ವ್ಯಾಖ್ಯಾನ. ಇದು 1939 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಮೊದಲ ಬಾರಿಗೆ ಅಮೆರಿಕನ್

ಸಮಾಜಶಾಸ್ತ್ರಜ್ಞ ಎಡ್ವಿನ್ ಸದರ್ಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್ ವೈಟ್ ಕಾಲರ್ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳನ್ನು ವ್ಯಾಖ್ಯಾನಿಸಿದಾಗ.
ಉನ್ನತ ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ಸ್ಥಾನಮಾನ ಮತ್ತು ಗೌರವಾನ್ವಿತ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಯೊಬ್ಬ ತಮ್ಮ ವೃತ್ತಿಯ ಅವಧಿಯಲ್ಲಿ
ಇಂತಹ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳನ್ನು ಮಾಡುವ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳು ಎಂದು ಅವರು ವಿವರಿಸಿದರು.
ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ವೈಟ್ ಕಾಲರ್ ಅಪರಾಧ

ಭ್ರಷ್ಟಾಚಾರ, ವಂಚನೆ, ಲಂಚಗುಳಿತನಗಳು ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ಮಾತ್ರವಲ್ಲದೆ ಜಗತ್ತಿನಾದ್ಯಂತ

ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಕಂಡುಬರುವ ವೈಟ್ ಕಾಲರ್ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳಾಗಿವೆ. 22-11-2016 ರಂದು
ಬಿಸಿನೆಸ್ ಸ್ಟ್ಯಾಂಡರ್ಡ್ 'ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ವೈಟ್ ಕಾಲರ್ ಅಪರಾಧದ ಬದಲಾಗುತ್ತಿರುವ ಡೈನಾಮಿಕ್ಸ್'
ಎಂಬ ಶೀರ್ಷಿಕೆಯ ವರದಿಯನ್ನು ಪ್ರಕಟಿಸಿತು, 6 ರಷ್ಟನ್ನು ಕೇಂದ್ರ ತನಿಖಾ ದಳ ಪತ್ತೆ ಹಚ್ಚಿದೆ,533
ಭ್ರಷ್ಟಾಚಾರ ಪ್ರಕರಣಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕಳೆದ ಎರಡು ವರ್ಷಗಳಲ್ಲಿ 517 ಪ್ರಕರಣಗಳು ದಾಖಲಾಗಿವೆ.

ನಕಲಿ ಅಥವಾ ನಕಲಿ ಪ್ಯಾನ್ ಕಾರ್ಡ್ ಬಳಸಿ 4,000 ಕೋಟಿ ರೂಪಾಯಿ ಮೌಲ್ಯದ ವಹಿವಾಟು
ನಡೆದಿದೆ ಎಂದು ಅಂಕಿಅಂಶಗಳು ಹೇಳಿವೆ. ಮಹಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ 999 ಆನ್ಲೈನ್ ಪ್ರಕರಣಗಳು
ದಾಖಲಾಗಿವೆ. ಹಿಟಾಚಿ ಪೇಮೆಂಟ್ ಸರ್ವಿಸಸ್ ನಿರ್ವಹಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ಯೆಸ್ ಬ್ಯಾಂಕ್ ATMs ನಿಂದ
ಸುಮಾರು 3.2 ಮಿಲಿಯನ್ ಜನರು ತಮ್ಮ ಕಾರ್ಡ್ ವಿವರಗಳನ್ನು ಕದಿಯುವುದರಿಂದ ನಷ್ಟ
ಅನುಭವಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ ಎಂದು ವರದಿ ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಿಸಿದೆ.

ವಾಣಿಜ್ಯ ಮತ್ತು ತಂತ್ರಜ್ಞಾನದ ಪ್ರಗತಿಯು, ಸೈಬರ್
ಅಪರಾಧಗಳ ಒಂದು ವಿಧದಲ್ಲಿ ಅಭೂತಪೂರ್ವ
ಅಪರಾಧಗಳು ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗುತ್ತಿವೆ ಏಕೆಂದರೆ ಸಿಕ್ಕಿಬೀಳುವ
ಇದೆ. ಟ್ರಾನ್ಸ್ಪರೆನ್ಸಿ ಇಂಟರ್ನ್ಯಾಷನಲ್ನ ಭ್ರಷ್ಟಾಚಾರ
ಶ್ರೇಯಾಂಕವು ವರ್ಷಗಳಿಂದ ಸುಧಾರಿಸಿದೆ.
ಕ್ರೈಂ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡುವ ವೈಟ್ ಕಾಲರ್
ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆಯನ್ನು ಆಹ್ವಾನಿಸಿದೆ. ಸೈಬರ್
ಅಥವಾ ಬಂಧಿಸುವ ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ಅಪಾಯ ಮಾತ್ರ
ಗ್ರಹಿಕೆ ಸೂಚ್ಯಂಕದಲ್ಲಿ (ಸಿಪಿಐ) ಭಾರತದ

2014 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಭಾರತ 85 ನೇ ಸ್ಥಾನದಲ್ಲಿತ್ತು, ನಂತರ 2015 ರಲ್ಲಿ 76 ನೇ ಸ್ಥಾನಕ್ಕೆ ಏರಿದೆ.

2018 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಎಕನಾಮಿಕ್ ಟೈಮ್ಸ್ ವರದಿಯಂತೆ ಭಾರತ 78 ನೇ ಸ್ಥಾನದಲ್ಲಿದ್ದು, 180 ದೇಶಗಳ
ಪಟ್ಟಿಯಲ್ಲಿ 2017 ರಿಂದ ಮೂರು ಅಂಕಗಳ ಸುಧಾರಣೆ ಕಂಡಿದೆ.

ಭಾರತವು ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿ ಹೊಂದುತ್ತಿರುವ ದೇಶವಾಗಿದ್ದು, ಬಡತನ, ಆರೋಗ್ಯ ಇತ್ಯಾದಿಗಳ ಜೊತೆಗೆ

ವೈಟ್ ಕಾಲರ್ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳು ಅದರ ಕೆಳಮಟ್ಟದ ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿಗೆ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಕಾರಣವಾಗಿದೆ. ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ
ವೈಟ್ ಕಾಲರ್ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳ ಪ್ರವೃತ್ತಿಯು ದೇಶದ ಆರ್ಥಿಕ ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿಗೆ
ಅಪಾಯವನ್ನುಂಟುಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ. ಈ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳಿಗೆ ಕಟ್ಟುನಿಟ್ಟಿನ ಕಾನೂನುಗಳನ್ನು ರೂಪಿಸುವುದರ
ಜೊತೆಗೆ ಅದರ ಸಮರ್ಪಕ ಅನುಷ್ಠಾನವನ್ನು ಖಾತರಿಪಡಿಸುವ ಮೂಲಕ ಸರ್ಕಾರದ ತಕ್ಷಣದ
ಹಸ್ತಕ್ಷೇಪದ ಅಗತ್ಯವಿದೆ.

ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ವೈಟ್ ಕಾಲರ್ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆಗೆ ಕಾರಣಗಳು

ದುರಾಶೆ, ಸ್ಪರ್ಧೆ ಮತ್ತು ಇಂತಹ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳನ್ನು ತಡೆಯಲು ಸೂಕ್ತ ಕಾನೂನುಗಳಿಲ್ಲದಿರುವುದು

ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ವೈಟ್ ಕಾಲರ್ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆಗೆ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಕಾರಣವಾಗಿದೆ.

ಬಿಳಿ ಕಾಲರ್ ಅಪರಾಧ ಮತ್ತು ನೀಲಿ-ಕಾಲರ್ ಅಪರಾಧದ ನಡುವಿನ ವ್ಯತ್ಯಾಸ

'ನೀಲಿ ಕಾಲರ್ ಅಪರಾಧ' ಎಂಬ ಪದವು 1920 ರ ದಶಕದಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ಸಮಯದವರೆಗೆ ಬಂದಿತು.
ನಂತರ ಈ ಪದವನ್ನು ಹಸ್ತಚಾಲಿತ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರನ್ನು ನಿರ್ವಹಿಸುವ ಅಮೆರಿಕನ್ನರನ್ನು ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಿಸಲು
ಬಳಸಲಾಯಿತು. ಅವರು ಆಗಾಗ್ಗೆ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಗೋಚರ ಕಲ್ಮಶಗಳನ್ನು ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ ಗಾಢ ನೆರಳಿನ
ಬಟ್ಟೆಗಳನ್ನು ಆದ್ಯತೆ. ಕೆಲವರು ನೀಲಿ ಕಾಲರ್ ಇರುವ ಬಟ್ಟೆ ಧರಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು. ಇವುಗಳು ಗಂಟೆಗಳ
ಆಧಾರದ ಮೇಲೆ ಕಡಿಮೆ ವೇತನಕ್ಕೆ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದವು. ವೈಟ್ ಕಾಲರ್ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳು
ಶತಮಾನಗಳಿಂದ ಚಾಲ್ತಿಯಲ್ಲಿವೆ ಮತ್ತು ಇದು ಎಲ್ಲಾ ರೀತಿಯ ವ್ಯವಹಾರಗಳಿಗೆ, ವೃತ್ತಿಗಳಿಗೆ ಮತ್ತು
ಉದ್ಯಮಗಳಿಗೆ ಹೊಸದೇನಲ್ಲ.

'ನೀಲಿ ಕಾಲರ್ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳು' ಮತ್ತು 'ಬಿಳಿ ಕಾಲರ್ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳು' ನಡುವಿನ ವ್ಯತ್ಯಾಸವನ್ನು

ಭಾರತದ ಸರ್ವೋಚ್ಚ ನ್ಯಾಯಾಲಯವು 'ಸ್ಟೇಟ್ ಆಫ್ ಗುಜರಾತ್ ವರ್ಸಸ್ ಮೋಹನ್ಲಾಲ್'
ಪ್ರಕರಣದಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಧಿಸಿತು ಜಿತಾಮಾಲ್ಜಿ ಪೊರ್ವಾಲ್ ಮತ್ತು ಅನ್ [2]. ಒಬ್ಬ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಯು ಕ್ಷಣದ ಶಾಖದಲ್ಲಿ
ಇನ್ನೊಬ್ಬ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ಕೊಲ್ಲಬಹುದು, ಆದರೆ ಹಣಕಾಸಿನ ನಷ್ಟವನ್ನು ಉಂಟುಮಾಡಬಹುದು ಅಥವಾ
ಆರ್ಥಿಕ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳನ್ನು ಮಾಡುವುದನ್ನು ಹೇಳುವುದಾದರೆ ಯೋಜನೆ ಅಗತ್ಯವಿದೆ ಎಂದು
ನ್ಯಾಯಮೂರ್ತಿ ಠಕ್ಕರ್ ಸ್ಪಷ್ಟಪಡಿಸಿದರು. ಇದು ವೈಯಕ್ತಿಕ ಲಾಭ ಪಡೆಯಲು ಲೆಕ್ಕಾಚಾರಗಳು ಮತ್ತು
ತಂತ್ರ ಮೇಕಿಂಗ್ ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿರುತ್ತದೆ.

ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಪ್ರಕೃತಿಯ ಇತರ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳಿಂದ ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕಿಸುವ ಬಿಳಿ ಕಾಲರ್ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳ

ಗುಣಲಕ್ಷಣಗಳು ಇಲ್ಲಿವೆ:

ಅರ್ಥ
ನೀಲಿ-ಕಾಲರ್ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳು ದೈಹಿಕವಾಗಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುವ ಜನರನ್ನು ತಮ್ಮ ಕೈಗಳನ್ನು
ಬಳಸುತ್ತವೆ, ಆದರೆ ಬಿಳಿ ಕಾಲರ್ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳು ಜ್ಞಾನಪೂರ್ಣ ಕೃತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಿಸುತ್ತವೆ, ಅವರು
ಅಪರಾಧಗಳನ್ನು ಮಾಡಲು ತಮ್ಮ ಜ್ಞಾನವನ್ನು ಬಳಸುತ್ತಾರೆ.

ತೀರ್ಮಾನ

ವೈಟ್ ಕಾಲರ್ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳು ಎರಡು ಆಶ್ಚರ್ಯಕರ ಲಕ್ಷಣಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿವೆ, ಮೊದಲು, ಅವರು

ಅಹಿಂಸಾತ್ಮಕ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳು ಎಂದು, ಅಪರಾಧಿಗಳು ನಿಯಂತ್ರಣವನ್ನು ಪಡೆಯುವ ಪ್ರವೃತ್ತಿಯನ್ನು
ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದರೂ ಅಥವಾ ಅರ್ಹತೆಯ ಪ್ರಜ್ಞೆಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದರೂ, ಮತ್ತು, ಎರಡನೆಯ, ಅವರು ಉನ್ನತ
ವೃತ್ತಿಯ ಜನರು ಬದ್ಧವಾಗಿದೆ ಎಂದು.

ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ, ಈ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳು ಕಳಪೆ ಸಂಬಳದ ಅಂಡರ್ಲಿಂಗ್ಗಳಿಂದ ಕೂಡ ಮಾಡಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿವೆ, ಆದರೂ

ಅಂತಹ ಅಪರಾಧದ ಆಯೋಗದ ಹಿಂದಿನ ಮಾಸ್ಟರ್ಮೈಂಡ್ ತನ್ನ ವೃತ್ತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಉನ್ನತ ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ
ಸ್ಥಾನಮಾನವನ್ನು ಅನುಭವಿಸುವ ಶ್ರೀಮಂತ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಯಾಗಬಹುದು. ವೈಟ್ ಕಾಲರ್ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳು
ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಪೀರ್ ಒತ್ತಡದಿಂದಾಗಿ ಅಥವಾ ಕಂಪನಿಯ ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಯ ಮೇಲೆ ಅವಲಂಬಿತವಾಗಿವೆ.

ನಮ್ಮ ಸಮಾಜವು ಆಧುನಿಕತೆಯತ್ತ ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತಿರುವುದರಿಂದ ಮತ್ತು ಜಗತ್ತು ಹೊಸ ಹೊಸ ತಾಂತ್ರಿಕ

ಪ್ರಗತಿಯನ್ನು ಅನುಭವಿಸುತ್ತಿರುವುದರಿಂದ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳ ಪ್ರಮಾಣವೂ ವೇಗವಾಗಿ ಹೆಚ್ಚುತ್ತಿದೆ.
ವಿಶೇಷವಾಗಿ ವೈಟ್ ಕಾಲರ್ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆ ಅಗಾಧವಾಗಿದೆ. ವೈದ್ಯಕೀಯ ವೃತ್ತಿಯಿಂದ
ಹಿಡಿದು ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳವರೆಗೆ ಈ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳು ಎಲ್ಲೆಡೆ ನಡೆಯುತ್ತಿವೆ.

ಆನ್ಲೈನ್ ವಂಚನೆ ಪ್ರಕರಣಗಳು ಕೂಡ ದಿನೇ ದಿನೇ ಹೆಚ್ಚುತ್ತಿವೆ. ಒಂದು ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿಶೀಲ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರವಾಗಿ
ಭಾರತವು ತನ್ನ ಆರ್ಥಿಕತೆಯನ್ನು ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆಯ ಕಡೆಗೆ ಮುನ್ನಡೆಸುವಲ್ಲಿ ತೊಂದರೆಗಳನ್ನು ಎದುರಿಸಿದೆ
ಏಕೆಂದರೆ ಈ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಮತ್ತು ವಿಶೇಷವಾಗಿ ಭ್ರಷ್ಟಾಚಾರ.

ತನಿಖಾ ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಗಳು ಈ ಅಪರಾಧಿಗಳನ್ನು ಪತ್ತೆಹಚ್ಚಲು ಕೌಶಲ್ಯವನ್ನು ಪಡೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳಬಹುದಾದ

ತರಬೇತಿಯ ಅಗತ್ಯವಿರುತ್ತದೆ, ಇಲ್ಲದಿದ್ದರೆ ಯಾರನ್ನು ಪತ್ತೆಹಚ್ಚುವುದು ಕಷ್ಟಕರ, ಸಂಕೀರ್ಣ ಮತ್ತು
ದಣಿದ ಕೆಲಸ. ವೈಟ್ ಕಾಲರ್ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳು ತಮ್ಮ ವೃತ್ತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ
ಸ್ಥಾನಮಾನವನ್ನು ಅನುಭವಿಸುವ ಜನರಿಂದ ಮಾಡಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿರುವುದರಿಂದ ಕೆಲಸದಲ್ಲಿ
ಪಾರದರ್ಶಕತೆಯನ್ನು ಖಚಿತಪಡಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ತನಿಖಾ ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಗಳ ಕೆಲಸವನ್ನು ಪರಿಶೀಲಿಸಬೇಕು.

ಇಂತಹ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳನ್ನು ತಡೆಯಲು ಸರ್ಕಾರ ಕಠಿಣ ಕಾನೂನುಗಳನ್ನು ರೂಪಿಸಬೇಕು. ಮತ್ತು ಈ

ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ ಹೇಗಿರಬೇಕೆಂದರೆ, ಆರೋಪಿಗಳಿಗೆ ಕಠಿಣ ಶಿಕ್ಷೆ ನೀಡುವ ಕಾನೂನುಗಳು ಅಸ್ತಿತ್ವದಲ್ಲಿವೆ
ಮಾತ್ರವಲ್ಲ, ಗರಿಷ್ಠ ಪ್ರಕರಣಗಳನ್ನು ಶೀಘ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಇತ್ಯರ್ಥಪಡಿಸಬೇಕು. ಹಾಗೆ ಮಾಡದಿದ್ದರೆ ಜನರು
ಶೀಘ್ರದಲ್ಲೇ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆಯ ಮೇಲೆ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣ ನಂಬಿಕೆಯನ್ನು ಕಳೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತಾರೆ, ಏಕೆಂದರೆ ಈ
ಅಪರಾಧಗಳು ಸಮಾಜಕ್ಕೆ ಮಾದರಿಯಾಗಿ ಕಾರ್ಯನಿರ್ವಹಿಸಬೇಕಾದ ಜನರಿಂದ ಮಾಡಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿವೆ.

ಹೆಚ್ಚುತ್ತಿರುವ ವೈಟ್ ಕಾಲರ್ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳ ಪ್ರಮಾಣವನ್ನು ಕಡಿಮೆ ಮಾಡುವಲ್ಲಿ ಮಾಧ್ಯಮಗಳ ಪಾತ್ರ

ಪ್ರಮುಖವಾಗಿದೆ. ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ವೈಟ್ ಕಾಲರ್ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳು ವರದಿಯಾಗದೆ ಹೋಗುತ್ತವೆ ಎಂದು
ಗಮನಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ, ಮಾಧ್ಯಮಗಳು ಉನ್ನತ ಮಟ್ಟದಲ್ಲಿ ವಂಚನೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು
ಹಗರಣಗಳನ್ನು ಪ್ರಕಟಿಸುವ ಕಡೆಗೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಸಕ್ರಿಯವಾದರೆ ಮತ್ತು ಒಂದು ಕಂಪನಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಉನ್ನತ
ಸ್ಥಾನದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಜನರು ತಮ್ಮ ಅಧಿಕಾರವನ್ನು ಹೇಗೆ ನಿರಂಕುಶವಾಗಿ ಬಳಸುತ್ತಾರೆ ಎಂಬುದನ್ನು
ಬಹಿರಂಗಪಡಿಸಿದರೆ, ಮತ್ತು ವೈಟ್ ಕಾಲರ್ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಜನರಿಗೆ ಅರಿವು ಮೂಡಿಸುವ
ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಗಳನ್ನು ಮಾಡಿ, ಮತ್ತು ಭ್ರಷ್ಟ ಆಚರಣೆಗಳನ್ನು ತಪ್ಪಿಸಿ, ಆಗ ಇದು ಖಂಡಿತವಾಗಿಯೂ ವೈಟ್
ಕಾಲರ್ ಅಪರಾಧಗಳ ಪ್ರಮಾಣವನ್ನು ಕಡಿಮೆ ಮಾಡಲು ಸಹಾಯ ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ.