CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL PHYSICS: COURSEBOOK

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Coursebook answers
Chapter 19
Self-assessment questions 6 Temperature Resistance Temperature
/ °C /Ω /K
1 B
 onds are still relatively strong (stronger than
gas but weaker than a solid) and the molecules 10 3120 283
are free to move through the body of the liquid. 50 3600 323
2 a 
Energy has to be supplied to convert the 75 3900 348
liquid into vapour: this takes time.
100 4200 373
b W
 hen ice is converted to liquid water,
150 4800 423
only a few intermolecular bonds are
broken, whereas when liquid is converted 220 5640 493
to vapour all the molecules are totally 260 6120 533
separated. This requires more energy.
7000
change in internal energy = energy
3 a 
supplied by heating + energy supplied by 6000
doing work = 250 + 500 = +750 kJ 5000
Resistance / Ω

4000
b c hange in internal energy = energy
supplied by heating + energy supplied by 3000
doing work = energy supplied by heating − 2000
work done by the gas on its surroundings 1000
= 250 − 200 = +50 kJ
0
4 work done, W = p∆v = 1.0 × 105 × 0.002 = 200 J 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
–1000
T (K) = θ (°C) + 273.15, so
5 a  Temperature / K

0 °C ≈ 273 K  bsolute zero is the temperature at which all

A
20 °C ≈ 293 K substances have the minimum internal energy;
the kinetic energy of the atoms of copper is
120 °C ≈ 393 K zero and their electrical potential energy is at
500 °C ≈ 773 K a minimum. Therefore, we would expect the
−23 °C ≈ 250 K resistance to be zero.
−200 °C ≈ 73 K
b θ (°C) = T (K) − 273.15, so
0 K ≈ −273 °C
20 K ≈ −253 °C
100 K ≈ −173 °C
300 K ≈ +27 °C
373 K ≈ +100 °C
500 K ≈ +227 °C

Cambridge International AS & A Level Physics – Sang, Jones, Chadha & Woodside
1 © Cambridge University Press 2020
 CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL PHYSICS: COURSEBOOK

7 a 
Calibration s o, from this experiment, the heat capacity of
water is
b Range E 34 700
c = = ÷ 11.7 = 5680 ≈
c Linearity m∆θ 0.522
d Sensitivity 5700 J kg−1 K−1
The biggest source of error will be energy loss
8 energy, E = mc∆θ = 5.0 × 4180 × (100 − 20)
due to poor insulation. There will also be an
= 1.67 MJ ≈ 1.7 MJ
error because we have ignored the specific heat
9 e nergy required for lead, Elead = mc∆θ = 2.0 × capacity of the beaker.
126 × 30 = 7.56 kJ 14 a  AB: solid; BC: solid + liquid; CD: liquid
e nergy required for copper, Ecopper = mc∆θ =
4.0 × 380 × 5.0 = 7.60 kJ b I nternal energy increases in all three
sections.
so, the copper block requires more energy
10 energy supplied in the time is E = power × time c  he specific heat capacity is greater when
T
= 50 × 4.0 × 60 = 12 kJ it is a solid. The gradient is greater when
it is a liquid, so it takes less time to raise
Rearrange energy E = mc∆θ to give specific the temperature by the same amount, and
heat capacity therefore less energy.
E 12 000
c = = 15 E
 nergy needed to change ice into water is
m∆θ 1.2 × ( 45 − 22 )
E = mL = 0.0020 × 330 000 = 660 J. When a
= 435 J kg−1 K−1 ≈ 440 J kg−1 K−1 solid melts, only about one bond per atom
11 At higher temperatures, the rate of energy loss or molecule is broken. On boiling, several
to the surroundings is greater, therefore the remaining bonds are broken, requiring more
temperature rise is slower. energy. The change in volume on boiling is
12 S
 ystematic: it can (theoretically) be removed much larger than on melting so the increase
by perfect insulation and always causes a in potential energy is larger and work is also
deviation in the same direction done pushing back the atmosphere.
 ass of water used, m = mass of (beaker +
13 m 16 r ate of loss of mass = 2.25 g per minute =
water) − mass of beaker = 0.672 − 0.150 = 0.002 25
= 3.75 × 10−5 kg s−1
0.522 kg 60
rate of supply of energy to alcohol =
 ower of heater, P = VI = 11.4 × 3.9 = 44.5 W
p
40 × 80% = 32 W
so, in 13.0 min, energy supplied by heater =
so, specific latent heat of vaporisation =
P × t = 44.5 × 13.0 × 60 = 34.7 kJ
rate of supply of energy 32
temperature rise, ∆θ = 30.2 − 18.5 = 11.7 K =
rate of loss of mass 3.75 × 10 −5
= 853 000 J kg−1 ≈ 850 kJ kg−1

Cambridge International AS & A Level Physics – Sang, Jones, Chadha & Woodside
2 © Cambridge University Press 2020