Iit Kota Class 8 Chemistry

CONTENT
TOPIC NAME PAGE NO.
1. SYNTHETIC FIBRES AND PLASTICS
1.1 INTRODUCTION (POLYMERS) ................................................................................................... 01

1.2 FIBERS ...................................................................................................................................... 01
1.3 PLASTIC .................................................................................................................................... 07
1.4 RUBBER .................................................................................................................................... 12
1.5 ADHESIVES AND LUBRICANTS ................................................................................................ 12
1.6 SOME IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF SYNTHETIC MATERIAL ................................................... 14
KEY WORDS ...................................................................................................................................... 14
POINTS TO REMEMBER ....................................................................................................................... 15
CONCEPT APPLICATION- I (NCERT QUESTIONS) ................................................................................ 17
CONCEPT APPLICATION - II ................................................................................................................. 19
CONCEPT APPLICATION - III ................................................................................................................ 28
ANSWER KEY ...................................................................................................................................... 32
2. METALS & NON-METALS

2.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 33
2.2 ELEMENTS ................................................................................................................................ 33
2.3 CLASSIFICATION ....................................................................................................................... 33
2.4 OCCURRENCE OF METALS AND NON-METALS ........................................................................ 34
2.5 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS ........................................................ 34
2.6 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON METALS ........................................................ 38
KEY WORDS ...................................................................................................................................... 43
ANSWER KEY ...................................................................................................................................... 64
TOPIC NAME PAGE NO.
3. COAL AND PETROLEUM

3.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 65
3.2 FOSSILS ..................................................................................................................................... 65
3.3 COAL .......................................................................................................................................... 66
3.4 PETROLEUM .............................................................................................................................. 70
3.5 NATURAL GAS........................................................................................................................... 73
3.6 PETROCHEMICALS .................................................................................................................... 74
3.7 BIO GAS ..................................................................................................................................... 75
KEY WORDS ......................................................................................................................................... 76
ANSWER KEY ....................................................................................................................................... 94

TOPIC NAME PAGE NO.
4. COMBUSTION AND FLAME
4.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................95
4.2 COMBUSTION ......................................................................................................................................95

4.2.1 Combustible and Non-combustible Substances ......................................................................95
4.2.2 Conditions necessary for combustion ......................................................................................95
4.3 TYPES OF COMBUSTION ......................................................................................................................96
4.4 COMPLETE AND INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION .....................................................................................97
4.5 HOW DO WE CONTROL FIRE ................................................................................................................97

4.5.1 Principles of Extinguishing Fire ................................................................................................98
4.5.2 Fire Extinguishers ....................................................................................................................98
4.6 FLAME ..................................................................................................................................................100

4.6.1 Structure of a Candle Flame ....................................................................................................100
4.7 FUELS ...................................................................................................................................................102

4.7.1 Classification of Fuels ..............................................................................................................102
4.7.2 Fuel Efficiency..........................................................................................................................103
4.8 COMPOSITION OF PROCESSED GASEOUS FUELS .................................................................................104
KEY WORDS ...................................................................................................................................................106
POINTS TO REMEMBER .................................................................................................................................107
CONCEPT APPLICATION- I (NCERT QUESTIONS) ........................................................................................... 1 0 8
CONCEPT APPLICATION - II ........................................................................................................................... 1 1 2
CONCEPT APPLICATION - III ..........................................................................................................................120
ANSWER KEY ................................................................................................................................................124

TOPIC NAME PAGE NO.
5. CHEMICAL EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT & MAGNETISM

5.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................125
5.2 ELECTRICITY ....................................................................................................................................126
5.2.1 Electric Charge........................................................................................................................126
5.2.2 Type of Charge ........................................................................................................................126
5.2.3 Properties of Charge ...............................................................................................................126
5.2.4 Unit of Charge .........................................................................................................................127
5.2.5 Flow of Charge ........................................................................................................................127
5.3 ELECTRIC CURRENT .........................................................................................................................127
5.4 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT ...........................................................................................................................128
5.5 ELECTRIC TESTER.............................................................................................................................130
5.5.1 Checking an Electric Tester .....................................................................................................130
5.5.2 Modifications in Electric Tester ...............................................................................................130
5.6 CLASSIFICATION OF LIQUIDS AS CONDUCTORS AND POOR CONDUCTORS / INSULATORS ...........131
5.7 CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT ..................................................................................133
5.8 GENERAL TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PASSAGE OF CURRENT THROUGH SOLUTIONS.............134
5.9 ELECTROPLATING.............................................................................................................................135
5.9.1 Uses of Electrolysis .................................................................................................................136
5.9.2 Conductors and Insulators ......................................................................................................137
5.10 FUSE.................................................................................................................................................137
5.11 MAGNETISM ....................................................................................................................................138
5.11.1 Basic Properties of Magnet .................................................................................................138
5.11.2 Danger of Electricity ..............................................................................................................138
5.11.3 Safety Measures in using Electricity .....................................................................................138
5.11.4 Magnetic Field and Magnetic Field Lines ..............................................................................138
5.11.5 Magnetic field lines of force ..................................................................................................139
5.12 ELECTROMAGNET ............................................................................................................................140
5.12.1 Properties of Electromagnets ................................................................................................140
5.12.2 Practical applications of electromagnets ..............................................................................140
5.13 ELECTROMAGNET INDUCTION ........................................................................................................140
5.14 ELECTRIC BELL ................................................................................................................................141
LET US RECAPITULATE .................................................................................................................................142
CONCEPT APPLICATION- I (NCERT QUESTIONS) .........................................................................................143
CONCEPT APPLICATION - II .........................................................................................................................146
CONCEPT APPLICATION - III ........................................................................................................................156
ANSWER KEY...............................................................................................................................................160
CH-1: SYNTHETIC FIBRES AND PLASTICS CHEMISTRY / CLASS-VIII
SYNTHETIC FIBRES
AND
PLASTICS
1.1 INTRODUCTION (POLYMERS)

A polymer is a large molecule composed of many repeated subunits, known as monomers.
In Greek, polloi means 'many' and meros means 'part'.
The process by which monomers combine end-to-end to form a polymer is called polymerisation.
Polymerisation
Polymerisation
n (monomer )    
 (monomer ) n
Polymer
Many of the substances in living organisms are polymers. For example, cellulose is a polymer of glucose,
while haemoglobin is formed by amino acids, the building blocks of all proteins.
In order to fulfill his needs, man has been able to develop new materials from the materials already
existing. This has become possible through the scientific knowledge and development of technology that
has been achieved over the years. Scarcity and drawbacks of traditional natural materials has spurred
development of new man made materials.
In this chapter, we will study synthetic fibres and plastics which, are polymers.
1.2 FIBRES
A fibre is a kind of thread which is strong and flexible enough to make clothes, nets, ropes, shirts,
sarees, curtains, bedcover, towels, bags, etc. All these clothing materials are called fabrics and are
woven out of fibres. Fibres are used for making a large variety of household articles.
Here is a quick glance at some of the terms and steps associated with fabrics.
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1.2.1 Types of Fibres

Fibres may be of three types
(1) Natural Fibres (2) Synthetic fibres (3) Semi synthetic fibres
1. Natural fibres: Fibres obtained from plants and animals are known as natural fibres. Natural
fibres are usually short fibres.
Example: Wool, cotton, silk (it can be obtained up to 1 km length), jute.
Table : Natural Fibres and their Sources

S.No. Natural Sources
1 Cotton From the fruit of cotton plant
2 Linen From the stem of flax plant
3 Hemp From the stems of the marijuana plant
4 Jute From the stem of the jute plant
5 Wool From the soft hair of sheep, goat, rabbit and camel
6 Silk From the cocoon of the silkworm
2. Synthetic fibres / Man made fibres : Fibres synthesized by human being are known as
synthetic fibres. Synthetic fibres are continuous filament fibres.
Example : Nylon, Polyester,Acrylic, Spandex, etc.
All synthetic fibres are prepared from raw materials of petroleum origin called
'petrochemicals'.
3. Semi synthetic fibres: Modified natural fibres are known as semi-synthetic fibres.
Example: Rayon or Viscose.
Synthetic fibres are used for making clothes and many other useful things. They maybe entirelysynthetic
or semisynthetic. Semisynthetic fibres, like rayons, are made by using natural polymers as the starting
material. On the other hand, purely synthetic fibres are made from chemicals. Polyesters, nylons and
acrylics are purely synthetic fibres.
(A) RAYON ORARTIFICIAL SILK

Rayon is the first man-made (semi-synthetic) fibre. It is composed of regenerated cellulose, a
component of green plants.
The artificial silk prepared from cellulose is called rayon. Rayon resembles silk in appearance,
texture, shine and hence also called artificial silk. There are several varieties of rayon. Rayon
is obtained from a natural source like wood pulp.
The process of making it in Europe is known as viscose process. The rayon thus obtained is
known as viscose in Europe.
They are available in three different varieties Viscose, cuprammonium (or cupro) and acetate
rayons.
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Preparation of Rayon:
1. Viscose Rayon : The raw material for the preparation of rayon is wood. Wood is
changed into wood pulp. The wood pulp is changed into a viscous solution, known as
viscose, with the help of chemicals.
Cellulose + Sodium 
 Alkali cellulose
hydroxide
Alkali + Carbon 
 Orange  coloured suspension
Cellulose disulphide like small fragment of beads
Orange + Sodium 
 Viscose solution
coloured hydroxide
suspension
The viscose solution is then passed through the fine holes of a shower head of a spinneret
into an acid bath. Finally, these cellulose filaments are spun into rayon yarn .
Viscose + Sulphuric 
 Cellulose 
 Yarn
solution acid filament
2. Cuprammonium rayon (or cupro) : Acopper sulphate solution (blue), on treatment

with an excess of an ammonia solution, gives a deep blue solution of a compound,
cuprammonium hydroxide. Cellulose is dissolved in this solution. The resulting solution
is forced through spinnerets into an acid bath to give the filaments of cuprammonium
rayon.
CuSO4  NH3 
 Cu ( NH3 ) 4 (OH) 2
(Blue) (excess)
Cu(NH3 ) 4 (OH) 2  Cellulose 

 Cuprammonium rayon
3. Acetate rayon : In this case, cellulose is dissolved in a mixture of acetic acid, sulphuric
acid and someother chemicals.Thesolutionis forcedthroughspinnerets to obtainfilaments
of acetate rayon.
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 Properties :
 The fibres of rayon are long, smooth and shiny.
 It sheds dirt easily.
 It is a good conductor of heat and cool to wear. It does not melt.
 It has tendency to absorb moisture. Because of its tendency to absorb moisture,
rayon can absorb sweat. Therefore, it is generally preferred over other synthetic
fabrics in summer.
 It is shiny and lustrous and resembles to silk in appearance. So, it is also called
artificial silk.
 It wrinkles easily and may stretch or shrink when washed.
 Uses :
 It is used in the manufacturing of fabrics for sarees.
 It is used for making dresses, aprons and caps, when mixed with cotton (50% –
50%)
 It is used in medical field for making gauze (for making bandages) and lint (for
dressing wounds).
 It is used for making tyre cord.
 It is used for making carpets, when mixed with wool.
(B) NYLON (POLYAMIDE)

 Nylon is a fully synthetic polymer developed simultaneously in 1931 in New York and
London. (Name is derived from the names of these two cities.) It was prepared from
coal, water and air.
 Nylon 6 and nylon 6, 6 are the most important fibres of this class. Nylon 6 is made of an
organic compound which contains six carbon atoms. Nylon 6, 6 is made of a more
complicated monomer.
 Properties :
 Chemically nylon is a polyamide like that of natural silk but these fibres are
strong, tough, hard and water resistant.
 It is elastic and so does not lose strength even after repeated use.
 It is light synthetic fabrics. It is lustrous and easy to wash.
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 Uses :
 It is used in making sarees, socks, stockings etc.
 It is blended with wool to increase the strength of wool.
 It is used for making tents, umbrellas, parachutes and tarpaulins.
 It's fibers are used for making tooth brush bristles.
 Due to their high strength and elasticity, nylon threads are used to make fishing
nets, climbing ropes, seat belts, sleeping bags and strings in badminton and
tennis racquets.
(C) POLYESTERS
It is made of repeating units of a chemical called ester, which has fruit like smell. Polyester made
from petroleum products.
 Properties :
 It is strong and wrinkle resistant.
 It retains creases.
 It is not attacked by moths and moulds.
 It absorbs very little water, so clothes dry out quickly.
 It is not so elastic and is, therefore, unsuitable for stockings.
 It is quite resistant to the action of chemicals.
 Uses :
 It is widely used for making fabrics for suits, jackets, shirts, trousers, sarees and
other dress materials.
 It is used for making sails for boats.
 It is used for making protective clothing for the workers in chemical industries.
 It is used for making fire hoses and conveyor belts.
 PET is used for making bottles, utensils, films, wires, etc.
BLENDED FIBRE : Mixing of two different fibres results in the formation of blended
fibres. More often, a synthetic fibre is mixed with a natural fibre. Two similar fibres, for
example, both natural fibres, may also be mixed to form blended fibre.
Table : Examples of blended fibres:
Fibres Blended firbes
Polyester and cotton Polycot
Polyester and wool Terry wool
Cotton and wool Cotswool
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These blends :
 are less lustrous than pure synthetic fibres,
 are more comfortable as they absorb sweat,
 have heat-setting properties,
 develop less electrical charge on them (so cause less irritation of skin) than synthetic
fibres do, and
 are more durable than natural fibres.
(D) TERRYWOOL& TERRYCOT

 Terrywool, a blend of Terylene (a type of polyester) and wool is used for making suits.
 Terrycot, a blend of Terylene and cotton is commonly used for making skirts, shirts and
other dress materials.
 It is light weight and strong. This propertymakes it suitable for making light weight sails.
 Terylene is used for making conveyor belts as it is very elastic.
 Polyester films (commonlyknown as mylar) are also used for making magnetic recording
tapes in audio cassettes, video cassettes and floppy discs.
 Terylene is also called Dacron or Mylar.
(E) ACRYLICS / ORLON / ACRILAN

Acrylic fibres are a substitute for natural wool. These polymers decompose without melting. So,
they are dissolved in a suitable solvent and the solution is forced through spinnerets to obtain
filaments. The filaments can be cut into staples and the staples spun into yarns.
Acrylic fibre is obtained by the polymerisation of acrylonitrite monomer. The clothes made
from this fibre are relatively cheap and are available in a variety of colours. It resembles closely
with wool in its properties.
Some of the well-known acrylic fibres are orlon, acrilon and cashmilon.
 Properties :
 Acrylic fibres are crimpy (i.e., wavy) and not straight like polyester or nylon
fibres. So acrylic yarns appear to be bulky and compete with wool.
 It is warm, soft, light and flexible fibre.Acrylic yarn can be easily knitted. It is
cheaper than natural wool.
 Acrylic fibres are not easily acted upon by moisture, chemicals or bacteria.
 Uses :
 Acrylic fabric is used for making sweaters, socks and shawls.
 It is used for making carpets and blankets.
(F) SPANDEX / LYCRA

These fabrics have excellent elasticity. The high elasticityof these fabrics make them suitable for
use in clothes that require snug fitting, for example swimming costumes, T-shirts and caps.
PAGE# 6
1.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of synthetic fabrics

 Advantages :
Synthetic fibres have many advantages over natural fibres.
1. Synthetic fibres do not depend either on an agricultural crop as cotton, flax and jute do,
or on animal farming as silk and wool do.
2. The fabrics made of synthetic fibres like polyester and nylon are easily heat-set, i.e.,
they retain the fold or pleat made on them by ironing even after washing. Thus it is easier
to maintain clothes made of synthetic fibres than those made of natural fibres.
3. Synthetic fibres are much stronger, and hence more durable than natural fibres. They dry
easily and have faster colours.
4. Synthetic fibres are not easily acted upon by moisture, chemicals or bacteria.
5. They are generally cheaper than natural fibres .
6. Can handle heavy loads without breaking (high tensile strength).
 Disadvantages :
Synthetic fibres suffer from the following disadvantages.
1. Clothes made of pure synthetic fibres are garishly lustrous.
2. Synthetic fibres melt before burning. So clothes made of such fibres stick to the skin
when in contact with a flame, causing burns. Therefore, they should not be worn in the
kitchen or while setting off fireworks.
3. Synthetic fibres are generally hydrophobic, i.e., they repel moisture (e.g., sweat) and
do not absorb it. They alsodo not allow enough circulation of air . So clothes made of
synthetic fibres are not comfortable to wear as they do not allow sweat to evaporate
easily. Natural fibres are hydrophilic, i.e., they absorb moisture. They also allow the
circulation of air. Therefore, clothes made of natural fibres are comfortable to wear as
they allow sweat to evaporate.
4. Some electrical charge accumulates on synthetic fibres due to which they cling together
as well as to the skin. The electrical charge irritates the skin.
1.3 PLASTIC
Plastics are synthetic materials that can be moulded into a permanent shape.
They can be moulded into different shapes, this property is known as plasticity. They are not generally
attacked by chemicals.
1.3.1 Types of Plastic

(A) ON BASIS OF STRUCTURE THEYARE CLASSIFIED AS :
(i) Linear plastics : The monomer units are joined together to form long straight chains of
polymer molecules. These chains are stacked over one another to give a well packed
structure. e.g. HDPE, PVC, polythene ,etc.
(ii) Branched chain plastics : The monomer units not only combine to produce the linear
chain but also form branches of different length along the main chain. e.g . LDPE, etc.
PAGE# 7
(iii) Cross-linked or three dimensional network plastics : The initially formed linear
polymer chains are joined together to form a three -dimensional network structure.
These polymers are hard and rigid. e.g. Bakelite, melamine-formaldehyde etc.
(B) ON THE BASIS OF THEIR BEHAVIOUR TO HEAT :

Plastics
Thermoplastics Thermosetting Plastics

(i) Thermoplastics retain their plasticity even after repeated heating and cooling. So they
can be moulded over and over again.
 Plastics which get deformed easily on heating and can be bent easily are known
as Thermoplastics. Polythene and PVC are some examples of thermoplastics.
These are used for manufacturing toys, combs and various types of containers
 Polythene (poly + ethene) is a plastic which is used for making commonly used
polythene bags.
(ii) Thermosetting plastics, once set after being melted, cannot be moulded again.
 Plastics which when moulded once cannot be softened by heating are called
Thermosetting plastics. Bakelite and Melanine are the examples of
Thermosetting plastics.
1.3.2 Some Common Thermoplastics and their Uses

(A) Polythene (or Polyethylene) : Polythene is obtained by the polymerisation of ethylene
monomers. It is a thermoplastic polymer. It is unbreakable, corrosion resistant, tough and flexible.
It is resistant to chemical actions by acids, alkalis and other organic solvents. It is an insulator.
 Uses :
(i) It is used as a waterproofing material.
(ii) It is used for making containers and pipes for storing and transporting water, oil and
other materials.
(iii) It is used for making bags and for wrapping food and other eatables.
PAGE# 8
(B) Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) : It is also a thermoplastic. It is obtained by the polymerisation of

vinyl chloride. It is tougher than polythene.
 Uses :
(i) It is used as insulating covering for electrical wires
(ii) It is rolled between rollers to produce PVC sheets.
(iii) It is used for making hand bags, rain coats and floor covering materials and covering for
suitcases.
(iv) It is used to cover motor car seats and furniture.

(v) It is used for making gramophone records and refrigerator linings.
(vi) It is also used for making shoes and shoe soles.
(C) Polystyr ene: It is a thermoplastic and is obtained by the polymerisation of styrene monomers. It
is one of the cheapest plastics and is lighter than polythene. It is hard and brittle. It can be blown-
up into a verylarge foam containing air bubbles. In this form, it is called styrofoamor thermocole.
 Uses :
(i) It is used as packing material for expensive items such as refrigerators, TVs, cellphones
and other fragile objects.
(ii) It is used as a thermal insulator in the hollow walls of refrigerators and coolers.
(iii) It is used for making toys, lamp shades and thermos flasks.
(D) Perspex : Perspex is a substitute for glass. It is transparent and unbreakable.

 Uses
(i) It is used for making the windscreens of cars and windows in aircrafts.
(ii) It is also used in street light fittings and telephones.
PAGE# 9
(E) Polypropylene : It is a thermoplastic and is obtained bythe polymerisation of propene monomer.

It is a rigid and tough plastic.
 Uses
(i) It is used for making gloves used by surgeons, while they perform operations.
(ii) It is used for making fishing nets.
(iii) It is used for making different kinds of brushes.
(F) Teflon or Polytetrafluoroethylene : It is a thermoplastic and is a polymer of tetrafluoroethylene.

It is one of the best plastic polymers. It has a much higher melting point, very low friction (non-
stick) and is quite inert. It monomer unit is CF2 = CF2
 Uses
(i) It is used for making non-stick cookwares.
(ii) It is used as lubricants in ball-bearings, chains, brakes, etc. in bicycles and motor vehicles.
(iii) It is used as a fabric protector as any liquid spilled on the fabric roll off its surface and
stains are easily released during cleaning.
(iv) It is also used as a lens coating.
(v) It is used for coating industrial parts to increase their durability.
1.3.3 Some Common Thermosetting Plastics and their Uses

(A) Bakelite : It is a thermosetting polymer. It is made by reacting phenol with formaldehyde in the
presence of a catalyst. It is hard, stiff and a good electrical insulator.
 Uses :
(i) It is used for making plugs, switches, telephone cases and other electrical fittings.
(ii) It is used for making radio and television casings.
(iii) It is used for making handles of tea-kettles, sauce pans and pressure cookers.
(iv) It is used for making artificial leather.
Note : Bakelite, the first completes synthesis substance. It was created by Leo Baekeland in
1907 in Yonkers, New York.
PAGE# 10
(B) Melamine : It is also a thermosetting polymer. It is hard. It resists fire and can tolerate heat
better than other plastics.
 Uses :
(i) It is used for making unbreakable dinner ware and decoration pieces.
(ii) It is used for making floor tiles.
(iii) It is used for making fire proof fabrics, flame resistant.
 Properties of Plastics
 They are cheap, light and available in different colours.
 They are strong, durable and resistant to corrosion.
 They can be moulded to any shape when hot.
 They are sensitive towards heat and melt quickly on heating.
 They are bad conductors of heat and electricity.
 They may be transparent, translucent or opaque.
1.3.4 Plastic and the Environment

 Biodegradable is a material which gets decomposed through natural processes such as
action by bacteria and other microbes like fungi.
 Non-biodegradable is a material which is not easily decomposed by natural processes.
 Hazard Related to Plastic : The problems associated with the excessive use of plastics are
given below.
1. Plastic materials when thrown out destroy the natural beauty of a place and provide
homes for many pathogens.
2. Plastic bags choke the drains which results in overflowing of waste water. This provides
a good breeding place for mosquitoes.
3. Plastic bags sometimes eaten by stray animals along with leftover food results in their
death (Figure).
4. Use of recycled plastic bags to keep food items is harmful for health.
5. Burning of plastic releases poisonous gases into the atmosphere causing air pollution.
6. It reduces thepercolation of water intothe soil and prevents replenishment of groundwater.
7. Dumping of plastic goods in waterbodies poses a threat to aquatic life.
8. It causes soil pollution.
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 Measures to Tackle Plastic Pollution : The environmental problem caused by plastic has
become so alarming that people are advised to use following methods to prevent health hazards.
1. Reduce your dependence on plastic bags and other items made of plastics.
2. Carry your own cloth bag or jute bag for shopping.
3. Never burn plastic bags and other plastic items in the open.
4. Don' t throw plastic articles here and there after use.
5. Say 'No' to plastics to save the future generation.
6. Keep plastic bags clean and dry for reusing.
7. Keep separate garbage bins in your home for biodegradable (green bins) and non-
biodegradable wastes (blue bins).
8. Recycle thermoplastic goods for reuse.
9. Avoid the use of plastic as far as possible.
10. Use biodegradable plastic instead of non-biodegradable plastic.
11. Follow and practice the 4-R principle of reduce, reuse, recycle and recover to minimise
environmental pollution.
Monomer Plastic (Polymers) Uses

PET (Poly Ethylene Containers for microwave cooking,
Ethylene glycol
terephthalate) carbonated beverage bottles and other
and terephthalic acid
food containers.
Ethylene or Ethene HDPE (High Density For packaging strong and corrosive
PolyEthylene) household and industrial chemicals like
(C 2 H4 )
bleaches, acids and liquid detergents.
Vinyl Chloride PVC (PolyVinyl PVC pipes for sanitary fittings (such as
(CH2 = CH – Cl) Chloride) water pipes).
Ethylene or LDPE (Low Density Polybags, grocery bags and packages of
Ethene (C 2 H4 ) PolyEthylene) frozen foods and bread.
Propylene or Propene PP (PolyPropylene) Ketchup bottles, yogurt containers,
medicine bottles, automobile battery asings
(CH2 = CH – CH3 )
.
Styrene or Vinyl PS (Polystyrene) Thermocol, a form of PS , is used for
benzene making disposable cups and packaging
material for fragile items like computers
(CH2 = CH – C 6 H5 )
and televisions.
1.4 RUBBER
Natural rubber is obtained from the latex of the rubber plant. However, rubbers like neoprene, vinyl
rubber and poly(butadiene-styrene) are synthesised.
1.5 ADHESIVES AND LUBRICANTS

Previously, we used some plant and animal extracts as adhesives (glue) and lubricants. But now we
use synthetic polymers like silicones and epoxy resins for the purpose. Silicones are also used as
shoe-shines.
PAGE# 12
Table : Some common synthetic polymers not used as textiles

Polymer Used to make
Polythene Packaging material, carrybags, bottles
Polypropene Bottles, crates
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Pipes, insulation
Teflon Nonstick kitchenware
Polystyrene Foam, Thermocol
Bakelite Electrical insulation, buttons
Lexan Bulletproof glass
Melamine Crockery
Perspex Windows for cars, trains and aircraft
Vinyl rubber Rubber, erasers
Neoprene Rubber
Poly styrene-butadiene Rubber, bubblegums
Raw materials for synthetic polymers
PAGE# 13
1.6 SOME IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF SYNTHETIC MATERIAL

1. Chemical resistance: Synthetic plastics are hardly affected by strong chemicals such as acids
and alkalis. Contrary to it, all natural fibres such as cotton, wool, jute, silk, wood cellulose, etc.
are affected by acids and alkalis.
2. Weather resistance : Synthetic plastics are non biodegradable, i.e., they do not get affected
by weather unlike natural fibres, such as cotton, wool, etc.
3. Light weight: Synthetic plastic materials weigh far less as compared to natural fibres materials,
such as wool, jute, etc.
4. Toughness or Tensile strength: Synthetic plastics can withstand lot of force without getting
broken. For example, a thread of synthetic plastic can withstand a lot of weight as compared to
a thread of cotton of same thickness.
5. Insulation: Synthetic plastic materials are far better for heat and electrical insulation. It is for the
same reason that electric wires are covered with plastic insulation rather than cotton or silk
insulation.
6. Appearance: Synthetic plastic material can be made as transparent as glass. Furthermore, they
can be used for making large variety of household products.
 Synthetic materials : man-made or manufactured materials.

 Monomer : a single unit in a chain of polymer.
 Polymer : the product formed by the combination of large number of monomers.
 Polymerisation : the process of linking large number of monomers to form polymers.
 Plastics : a material which can be easily moulded into various shapes and sizes.
 Thermoplastic : plastic that can be moulded upon reheating again and again.
 Thermosetting : plastic that can be moulded only once.
 Nylon : a polyamide fibre which is strong, elastic and light.
 Acrylic : a synthetic fibre obtained by polymerisation of acrylonitrite.
 Polyethene : a plastic material obtained by the polymersation of ethylene.
 Rayon : artificial silk man made fiber made from wood pulp.
 Terylene : can be drawn into very fine fibres that can be woven like any other yarn.
PAGE# 14
 Fibre :Afibre is a kind of thread which is strong and flexible enough to woven into fabrics. Fibres are of
two types -natural fibres and man-made fibres.
 We get natural fibres either by plants or by animals. Synthetic or man-made fibres are made by various
chemical process. These fibres are obtained from coal, petroleum and natural gases.
 Synthetic fibre is a polymer made from the molecules of a monomer joined together to form very long
chains. There are four types of synthetic fibres. These are Rayon, Nylon, Polyester andAcrylic.
 Rayon orArtificial Silk
(i) It is a man-made fibre obtained from a natural source wood pulp.
(ii) It can be dyed in a wide variety of colours.
(iii) Rayon is mixed with cotton to make bedsheets or mixed with wool to make carpets.
 Nylon
(i ) It was the first fully synthetic fibre. It was prepared from coal water and air.
(ii ) Nylon fibres are strong elastic and light, lusturous and easy to wash.
(iii) It is used to make many items like socks, ropes, tents, toothbrushes, car seat belts, sleeping
bags, curtains etc.
(iv) Nylon is also used for making parachutes and ropes for rock climbing.
 Polyester
(i) It remains crisp, wrinkle free and easyto wash, so it is quite suitable for making dressing material.
(ii) Terylene, can be drawn into very fine fibres that can be woven like any other yarn.
(iii) PET, is used for making bottles, utensils, films, wires and manyother useful products.
 Acrylic is an artificial wool.
 Characteristics of Synthetic Fibres : They dry up soon, are durable, less expensive, readily available
and easy to maintain.
 Plastics are polymers having large number of monomers units repeated into long chain.
(i) Plastics can be easily moulded into any shape.
(ii) Plastics can be recycles, reused, coloured melted, rolled into sheets or made into wires.
(iii) Some of the plastic has linear arrangement while some has crosslinked.
(iv) Thermoplastic is a plastic which gets deformed easily on heating and can be bent easily e.g.,
Polythene and PVC. These are used for manufacturing toys, combs, cargrills and various types
of containers.
PAGE# 15
(v) Thermosetting Plastics: There are some plastics which when moulded once cannot be softened
by heating. These are called thermosetting plastics e.g., bakelite and melamine. Bakelite is used
for making electrical switches, handles of various utensils etc. Melamine is used for making floor
tiles, kitchenware etc.
 Plastics are very useful to us but excessive use of plastic has led to certain environmental hazards.
 Polythene, PVC, polystyrene, bakelite, perspex and celluloid are some commonly used plastics.
 Petrochemicals: All the synthetic fibres are prepared by a number of processes using raw materials of
petroleum origin, called petrochemicals.
 Biodegradable: Materials which get decomposed through natural processes are called biodegradable.
 Non-biodegradable: Those materials which are not easily decomposed by natural process are called
non-biodegradable.
 Follow the 4-R principle of 'Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recover' to prevent plastic pollution.
PAGE# 16
[NCERT Questions]
Q.1 Explain why some fibres are called synthetic.
Ans. Some fibres are called synthetic because they are made by human beings.
Q.2 Mark () the correct answer.

Rayon is different from synthetic fibres because
(a) it has a silk like appearance
(b) it is obtained from wood pulp
(c) its fibres can also be woven like those of natural fibres
Ans. (b), It is obtained from wood pulp.
Q.3 Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

(a) Synthetic fibres are also called __________ or __________ fibres.
(b) Synthetic fibres are synthesised from raw material called __________ .
(c) Like synthetic fibres, plastic is also a __________ .
Ans. (a) artificial, man-made.
(b) petrochemicals
(c) artificial sources.
Q.4 Give examples which indicate that nylon fibres are very strong.
Ans. Nylon fibres are used for making parachutes and ropes for rock climbing.
Q.5 Explain why plastic containers are favoured for storing food.
Ans. Three main advantages of using plastic containers for storing food are:
(i) They do not react with food items.
(ii) They do not get rusted.
(iii) They are light, strong and durable.
Q.6 Explain the difference between thermoplastic and thermosetting plastics.

Ans. Thermoplastics can be softened on heating and can be bent easily whereas thermosetting plastics cannot
be softened on heating and it breaks when forced to bend.
Q.7 Explain why the following are made of thermosetting plastics.

(a) Saucepan handles
(b) Electric plugs / switches / plug boards.
Ans. Above articles are made up of bakelite (a thermosetting plastic) because it is
(i) poor conductor of electricity
(ii) heat resistant.
Q.8 Categorise the materials of the following products into 'can be recycled' and 'cannot be recycled':
Telephone instruments, plastic toys, cooker handles, carry bags, ball point pens, plastic bowls,
plastic covering on electrical wires, plastic chairs, electrical switches.
Ans. Can be recycled Cannot be recycled
Toys, carry bags, plastic bowls, electric Telephone instruments, cooker handles,
wire covering, plastic chairs. ball point pens, electrical switches.
PAGE# 17
Q.9 Rana wants to buy shirts for summer. Should he buy cotton shirts or shirts made from synthetic
material? Advise Rana, giving your reason.
Ans. The absorbing capacity of synthetic fibres is less than cotton fibres, so the synthetic fabric soaks less
water than cotton fabric. In summers we have extensive sweating which must be soaked up by our
clothings. Since synthetic fabric is poor in this property we prefer cotton clothes in summers.
Q.10 Give examples to show that plastics are noncorrosive in nature.

Ans. (i) It does not react with the chemical or other items stored in the containers made of it.
(ii) It does not get rusted when exposed to moisture and air.
(iii) It does not decompose when left in open for a long period.
Q.11 Should the handle and bristles of a toothbrush be made of the same material? Explain your
answer.
Ans. The bristles of the toothbrush is more flexible than the handle.As per the use of toothbrush, both must
made up of different materials.
Q.12 'Avoid plastics as far as possible.' Comment on this advice.

Ans. Since plastic takes several years to decompose, it is not environment friendly. It causes environmental
pollution. Besides, when the synthetic material is burnt it takes a long time to get completelyburnt. In the
process it releases a lot of poisonous fumes into the atmosphere causing air pollution.
Q.13 Match the terms of Column A correctly with the phrases given in Column B.
Column A Column B
(i) Polyester (a) Prepared by using wood pulp
(ii) Teflon (b) Used for making parachutes and stockings
(iii) Rayon (c) Used to make non-stick cookwares
(iv) Nylon (d) Fabrics do not wrinkle easily
Ans. (i)-d; (ii)-c; (iii)-a; (iv)-b
Q.14 'Manufacturing synthetic fibres is actually helping conservation of forests.' Comment.

Ans. In the manufacturing of synthetic fibres we use no material from natural sources thus in turn we conserve
forests which may otherwise been destroyed. When we use articles made of plastics we also save
thousands of trees which otherwise have to be cut if we used articles made of wood or natural fibres.
Q.15 Describe an activity to show that thermoplastic is a poor conductor of electricity.

Ans. Athermoplastic (or plastic) is poor conductor of electricity. It can be shown by using a plastic wire as a
connecting wire in a circuit. In this condition the bulb will not glow.
PAGE# 18
SECTION–A
Q.1 What is polymer? What do you mean by polymerisation?
Ans. A polymer is a large molecule composed of many repeated subunits, known as monomers.
In Greek, polloi means 'many' and meros means 'part'.
The process by which monomers combine end-to-end to form a polymer is called polymerisation.
Polymerisation
n ( monomer )    
 ( monomer ) n
Polymer
Q.2 What are fibers? Explain different type of fibers?

Ans. A fibre is a kind of thread which is strong and flexible enough to make clothes, nets, ropes, shirts,
sarees, curtains, bedcover, towels, bags, etc. All these clothing materials are called fabrics and are
woven out of fibres. Fibres are used for making a large variety of household articles.
Fibres may be of three types
(1) Natural Fibres (2) Synthetic fibres (3) Semi synthetic fibres
1. Natural fibres: Fibres obtained from plants and animals are known as natural fibres. Natural
fibres are usually short fibres.
Example: Wool, cotton, silk (it can be obtained up to 1 km length), jute.
2. Synthetic fibres / Man made fibres : Fibres synthesized by human being are known as
synthetic fibres. Synthetic fibres are continuous filament fibres.
Example : Nylon, Polyester,Acrylic, Spandex, etc.
3. Semi synthetic fibres: Modified natural fibres are known as semi-synthetic fibres.
Example: Rayon or Viscose.
Q.3 What is rayon? Why is it called an artificial silk?

Ans. Rayon is the first man-made (semi-synthetic) fibre. It is composed of regenerated cellulose, a component
of green plants.
The artificial silk prepared from cellulose is called rayon. Rayon resembles silk in appearance, texture,
shine and hence the name artificial silk. There are several varieties of rayon. Rayon is obtained from a
natural source like wood pulp.
They are available in three different varieties Viscose, cuprammonium (or cupro) and acetate rayons.
Q.4 Describe Preparation of Viscose Rayon.

Ans. Preparation Viscose Rayon : The raw material for the preparation of rayon is wood. Wood is changed
into wood pulp. The wood pulp is changed into a viscous solution, known as viscose, with the help of
chemicals.
Cellulose + Sodium 
 Alkali cellulose
hydroxide
Alkali + Carbon 
 Orange  coloured suspension
Cellulose disulphide like small fragment of beads
Orange + Sodium 
 Viscose solution
coloured hydroxide
suspension
PAGE# 19
The viscose solution is then passed through the fine holes of a shower head of a spinneret into an acid
bath. Finally, these cellulose filaments are spun into rayon yarn .
Viscose + Sulphuric  Cellulose  Yarn
solution acid filament
Q.5 Give two properties and two uses of Rayon?

Ans. Properties :
 It is a good conductor of heat and cool to wear. It does not melt.
 It has tendency to absorb moisture. Because of its tendency to absorb moisture, rayon can
absorb sweat. Therefore, it is generally preferred over other synthetic fabrics in summer.
Uses :
 It is used in the manufacturing of fabrics for sarees.
 It is used for making dresses, aprons and caps, when mixed with cotton (50% – 50%)
Q.6 Write properties and uses of Nylon?

Ans. Properties :
 It is very strong and fairly elastic.
 It absorbs very little water, hence dries up rapidly.
 It resists wrinkles and keeps permanent creases.
 It is fine, light and durable.
Uses :
 Because of its high tensile strength, it is used for making fishing nets, tyre cords, climbing ropes,
parachute fabrics, bristles for tooth brushes and paints brushes.
 It is used in the production of textiles like sarees, shirts, neck-ties, socks and other garments.
Q.7 Explain with the help of an activity that nylon thread is stronger than cotton, wool, silk.
Ans. Take an iron stand with a clamp. Take a cotton thread of about 60 cm length. Tie it to the clamp so that
it hangs freely from it as shown in figure.At the free end suspend a pan so that weight can be placed in
it. Add weight one by one till the thread breaks. Note the total weight required to break the thread.
Repeat the same activity with threads of wool, silk and nylon. We observe that more weight is required
to break the nylon thread in comparison to other threads. So we can say that nylon is much stronger than
other threads.
PAGE# 20
Q.8 Why polyester is quite suitable for making dress materials? Name any two types of polyesters
and their uses.
Ans. Fabric made from polyester does not get wrinkled easily. It remains crisp and is easy to wash. So, it is
quite suitable for making dress material. You must have seen people wearing nice polyester shirts and
other dresses. Terylene is a type of popular polyester. It can be drawn into very fine fibres that can be
woven like any other yarn.
PET is a very familiar form of polyester. It is used for making bottles, utensils, films, wires and many
other useful products.
Q.9 What are polysters and write their properties?

Ans. It is made of repeating units of a chemical called ester which has fruit like smell. Polyester made from
petroleum products.
Properties :
 It is strong and wrinkle resistant.
 It retains creases.
 It absorbs very little water, so clothes dry out quickly.
 It is not so elastic and is, therefore, unsuitable for stockings.
 It is quite resistant to the action of chemicals.
Q.10 Define Blended fibers.

Ans. Mixing of two different fibres results in the formation of blended fibres. More often, a synthetic fibre is
mixed with a natural fibre. Two similar fibres, for example, both natural fibres, mayalso be mixed to form
blended fabric.
Table : Examples of blended fibres:
Fibres Blended firbes
Polyester and cotton Polycot
Polyester and wool Terry wool
Cotton and wool Cotswool
PAGE# 21
These blends :
 are less lustrous than pure synthetic fibres,
 are more comfortable as they absorb sweat,
 have heat-setting properties,
 develop less electrical charge on them (so cause less irritation of the skin) than synthetic
fibres do, and
 are more durable than natural fibres.
Q.11 By which material artificial wool is formed? Why artificial wool has become more popular than
natural wool?
Ans. Artificial wool is prepared from another type of synthetic fibre called acrylic. The wool obtained from
natural sources is quite expensive whereas materials made from acrylic are relatively cheap. They are
available in a variety of colours. Synthetic fibres are more durable and affordable which makes them
more popular than natural fibres.
Q.12 Give properties and uses of Acrylic fibre?
Ans. Acrylic fibres are a substitute for natural wool. These polymers decompose without melting. So, they
are dissolved in a suitable solvent and the solution is forced through spinnerets to obtain filaments. The
filaments can be cut into staples and the staples spun into yarns.
Acrylic fibre is obtained by the polymerisation of acrylonitrite monomer. The clothes made from this
fibre are relatively cheap and are available in a variety of colours. It resembles closely with wool in its
properties.
Some of the well-known acrylic fibres are orlon, acrilon and cashmilon.
Properties :
 Acrylic fibres are crimpy (i.e., wavy) and not straight like polyester or nylon fibres. So acrylic
yarns appear to be bulky and compete with wool.
 It is warm, soft, light and flexible fibre. Acrylic yarn can be easily knitted. It is cheaper than
natural wool.
 Acrylic fibres are not easily acted upon by moisture, chemicals or bacteria.
Uses :
 Acrylic fabric is used for making sweaters, socks and shawls.
 It is used for making carpets and blankets.
Q.13 What are advantage and disadvantage of Synthetic Fibres?

Ans. Advantages of Synthetic Fibres
1. They are strong and cheaper.
2. They are crease resistant.
3. They are not attacked by moths and moulds.
4. They are easy to wash and maintain.
5. They dry up quickly.
6. They can be dyed in attractive colours and shapes.
7. They are light, durable and easy to maintain.
Disadvantages of Synthetic Fibres

1. They do not allow air to pass freely through them and hence are not good for summer.
2. They do not absorb sweat as well as natural fibres do.
3. They get damaged by high temperature when ironed.
4. They catch fire more easily than cotton or wool.
PAGE# 22
Q.14 Write some characteristics of synthetic fibres which make them popular dress materials.
Ans. Synthetic fibres possess unique characteristics which make them popular dress materials. They dry up
soon, are durable, less expensive, readily available and easy to maintain.
Q.15 Why is it advised not to wear synthetic clothes when working in a laboratory or working with
fire in the kitchen?
Ans. The synthetic fibres melt on heating. This is actually a disadvantage with synthetic fibres. If the cloth
catches fire it can be very disastrous. The fabric melts and sticks to the body of the person wearing it. It
is therefore advised not to wear synthetic clothes while working in a laboratoryor working with fire in the
kitchen.
Q.16 What is plastic? Why is it used in a variety?
Ans. Plastic is a polymer. The plastic can be moulded in any shape. It can be shaped in any form. Plastic can
be recycled, reused, coloured, melted, rolled into sheets or made into wires. That is why it finds such a
variety of uses.
Q.17 Why is it convenient to store plastic containers than metals?

Ans. Plastic containers seem most convenient than metal containers. This is because of their light weight,
lower price, good strength and easy handling. Being lighter as compared to metals, plastics are used in
cars, aircrafts and spacecrafts also.
Q.18 Why are plastics used widely in the industries and household articles?
Ans. Plastic is very light, strong, durable and can be moulded into different shapes and sizes. It is used in
various purposes. Plastics are generally cheaper than metals. This is because they are widely used in
industries and household articles.
Q.19 Write the uses of plastics in health care industry.

Ans. Plastics find extensive uses in health care industry. Some examples of their uses are the packaging of
tablets, threads used for stitching wounds, syringes, doctor's gloves and a number of medical instruments.
Q.20 Write some uses of plastics based on the poor conductivity of heat and electricity.
Ans. Plastics are poor conductors of heat and electricity. That is why electrical wires have plastic covering,
and handles of screw drivers are made of plastics. Handles of frying pans are also made of plastics.
Q.21 Describe different type of plastics on the basis of structure.

Ans. On basis of structure they are classified as :
(i) Linear plastics : The monomer units are joined together to form long straight chains of polymer
molecules. These chains are stacked over one another to give a well packed structure. e.g.
HDPE, PVC, polythene ,etc.
(ii) Branched chain plastics : The monomer units not only combine to produce the linear chain but
also form branches of different length along the main chain. e.g . LDPE, etc.
PAGE# 23
(iii) Cross-linked or three dimensional network plastics : The initially formed linear polymer
chains are joined together to form a three -dimensional network structure. These polymers are
hard and rigid. e.g. Bakelite, melamine-formaldehyde etc.
Q.22 What are the different properties of plastics?

Ans. Properties of Plastics
 They are cheap, light and available in different colours.
 They are strong, durable and resistant to corrosion.
 They can be moulded to any shape when hot.
 They are sensitive towards heat and melt quickly on heating.
 They are bad conductors of heat and electricity.
 They may be transparent, translucent or opaque.
Q.23 State two uses of PVC.

Ans. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) : It is also a thermoplastic. It is obtained by the polymerisation of vinyl
chloride. It is tougher than polythene.
Uses :
(i) It is used as insulating covering for electrical wiring.
(ii) It is rolled between rollers to produce PVC sheets.
(iii) It is used for making hand bags, rain coats and floor covering materials and covering for suitcases.
(iv) It is used to cover motor car seats and furniture.
(v) It is used for making gramophone records and refrigerator linings.
(vi) It is also used for making shoes and shoe soles.
Q.24 What are thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics? Give two uses and examples of each.
Ans. Thermoplastics retain their plasticity even after repeated heating and cooling. So they can be moulded
over and over again.
 Plastics which get deformed easilyon heating and can be bent easilyare known as Thermoplastics.
Polythene and PVC are some examples of thermoplastics. These are used for manufacturing
toys, combs and various types of containers
 Polythene (poly + ethene) is a plastic which is used for making commonly used polythene bags.
Thermosetting plastics, once set after being melted, cannot be moulded again.
 Plastics which when moulded once cannot be softened by heating are called Thermosetting
plastics. Bakelite and Melanine are the examples of Thermosetting plastics.
Q.25 Why are plastics considered as environmental hazards?

Ans. Hazard Related to Plastic : The problems associated with the excessive use of plastics are given below.
1. Plastic materials when thrown out destroy the natural beauty of a place and provide homes for
many pathogens.
2. Plastic bags choke the drains which results in overflowing of waste water. This provides a good
breeding place for mosquitoes.
PAGE# 24
3. Plastic bags sometimes eaten by stray animals along with leftover food results in their death.
4. Use of recycled plastic bags to keep food items is harmful for health.
5. Burning of plastic releases poisonous gases into the atmosphere causing air pollution.
6. It reduces the percolation of water into the soil and prevents replenishment of groundwater.
7. Dumping of plastic goods in waterbodies poses a threat to aquatic life.
8. It causes soil pollution.
Q.26 List five steps you would take to reduce the danger of plastic pollution.
Ans. Measures to Tackle Plastic Pollution : The environmental problem caused by plastic has become so
alarming that people are advised to use following methods to prevent health hazards.
1. Reduce your dependence on plastic bags and other items made of plastics.
2. Carry your own cloth bag or jute bag for shopping.
3. Never burn plastic bags and other plastic items in the open.
4. Don't throw plastic articles here and there after use.
5. Say 'No' to plastics to save the future generation.
6. Keep plastic bags clean and dry for reusing.
7. Keep separate garbage bins in your home for biodegradable (green bins) and non-biodegradable
wastes (blue bins).
8. Recycle thermoplastic goods for reuse.
9. Avoid the use of plastic as far as possible.
10. Use biodegradable plastic instead of non-biodegradable plastic.
11. Follow and practice the 4-R principle of reduce, reuse, recycle and recover to minimise
environmental pollution.
Q.27 What are biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials? Explain with examples.
Ans. Biodegradable material: Amaterial which gets decomposed through natural process, such as action
by microorganisms, is called a biodegradable. For examples: paper, leaves, vegetable, fruits, etc.
Non-biodegradable material: Amaterial which is not easily decomposed by natural processes, such
as action of microorganisms is called a non-biodegradable material. For examples: Glass, copper, plastics
and synthetic fibres, etc.
Q.28 Give two uses of

(i) Polyesterene (ii) Polythene (iii) Teflon
Ans. (i) Use of Polyesterene :
(a) It is used as packing material for expensive items such as refrigerators, TVs, cellphones
and other fragile objects.
(b) It is used as a thermal insulator in the hollow walls of refrigerators and coolers.
(ii) Use of Polythene :

(a) It is used as a waterproofing material.
(b) It is used for making containers and pipes for storing and transporting water, oil and
other materials.
(iii) Use of Teflon :

(i) It is used for making non-stick cookwares.
(ii) It is used as lubricants in ball-bearings, chains, brakes, etc. in bicycles and motor vehicles.
PAGE# 25
Q.29 Give some important properties and uses of Bakelite.

Ans. Bakelite : It is a thermosetting polymer. It is made byreacting phenol with formaldehyde in the presence
of a catalyst. It is hard, stiff and a good electrical insulator.
Uses :
(i) It is used for making plugs, switches, telephone cases and other electrical fittings.
(ii) It is used for making radio and television casings.
(iii) It is used for making handles of tea-kettles, sauce pans and pressure cookers.
(iv) It is used for making artificial leather.
Q.30 What are the different properties and uses of Melamine?

Ans. Melamine : It is also a thermosetting polymer. It is hard. It resists fire and can tolerate heat better than
other plastics.
Uses :
(i) It is used for making unbreakable dinner ware and decoration pieces.
(ii) It is used for making floor tiles.
(iii) It is used for making fire proof fabrics, flame resistant.
Properties of Plastics
(i) They are cheap, light and available in different colours.
(ii) They are strong, durable and resistant to corrosion.
(iii) They can be moulded to any shape when hot.
(iv) They are sensitive towards heat and melt quickly on heating.
(v) They are bad conductors of heat and electricity.
(vi) They may be transparent, translucent or opaque.
Q.31 Make a table to show various types of wastes, time taken to degenerate and their nature.
Ans. Types of Waste Approximate Time Nature of Material
taken to Degenerate
Peels of vegetable and fruit, leftover 1 to 2 weeks Biodegraclable
foodstuff etc.
Paper 10 to 30 days Biodegraclable
Cotton cloth 2 to 5 months Biodegraclable
Wood 10 to 15 years Biodegraclable
Woollen clothes About a year Biodegraclable
Tin, aluminium, and other metal cans. 100 to 500 years Non-biodegraclable
Plastic bags Several years Non-biodegraclable
Q.32 What is 4R principle?

Ans. 4R stands for:
(i) Reduce the use of non-biodegradable things.
(ii) We should use the thing again and again (Reuse).
(iii) We should use the things which can be recycled (Recycle).
(iv) Recover the lacking substances.
PAGE# 26
SECTION–B
FILL IN THE BLANKS :
Q.1 Cotton is the polymer of __________.
Q.2 We should avoid using __________ carry bags.
Q.3 Say no to __________ and say yes to __________ bags.
Q.4 Switch boards and electric plugs are made of __________ .
Q.5 Nylon is prepared firstly in __________ .
Q.6 Raw material used in making rayon is __________ .
Q.7 A nylon wire is __________ than steel wire of same dimension
Q.8 All the synthetic fibres are prepared using raw materials of petroleum origin called __________.
MATCH THE COLUMN :

Q.9 ColumnA Column B
(i) Polythene (a) Natural polymer
(ii) Polymers (b) Small units for making fibre
(iii) Cotton (c) Bad conductor of heat and electricity
(iv) Plastics (d) Fibre obtained from moth
(v) Silk (e) Choke respiratory system
Q.10 ColumnA Column B

(i) Cotton (a) Synthetic fibre
(ii) 1931 (b) Fibres
(iii) Rayon (c) Thermoplastic
(iv) Fabrics (d) Natural fibre
(v) PVC (e) Nylon
TRUE OR FALSE :
Q.11 Acrylic is an artificial wool.
Q.12 Plastics are light, strong and durable.
Q.13 It is not advised to store food items in plastic containers as it may react with the walls of container.
Q.14 Bakelite is poor conductor of electricity.
Q.15 Plastics have low tensile strength.
Q.16 Bakelite is a good conductor of heat.
Q.17 Left over food, cotton, wood are biodegradable.
Q.18 Plastics, if burnt, produce harmful gases.
Q.19 It is comfortable to wear synthetic clothes during rainy season.
Q.20 Terylene is highlydurable and moth resistant.
PAGE# 27
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS :

Q.1 Process through which artificial silk or rayon can be produced is
(A) Cupro ammonium process (B) Cellulose acetate process
(C) Viscose process (D)All of these
Q.2 Which of the following is not a synthetic fibre?

(A) Nylon (B) Wool (C) Rayon (D) PVC
Q.3 Uses of rayon are

(A) Manufacture of carpets (B) To make smooth silky clothes
(C) Manufacture of automobiles tyres (D)All of these
Q.4 Synthetic fibre is preferred over natural fibre due to

(A) Durability (B) Easyavailability (C) Cheap (D)All of these
Q.5 Raw material of rayon is

(A) Wood cellulose (B)Amide molecules (C)Acrylo nitrite (D) Thallic acid
Q.6 Arrange cotton, silk, wool and nylon is decreasing order of their water absorption capacity.
(A) nylon > cotton > wool > silk (B) nylon > cotton > silk > wool
(C) wool > cotton > silk > nylon (D) cotton > wool > silk > nylon
Q.7 What is used for making stockings and parachute ?

(A) bakelite (B) wool (C) nylon (D) cotton
Q.8 Which of the following is a synthetic polymer ?

(A) Starch (B) Silk (C) Protein (D) Polystyrene
Q.9 Which of the following is not a characteristic of nylon ?

(A) It has low cost (B) It has good performance
(C) It is naturally obtained (D) It is a type of fibre
Q.10 The compound used in the manufacture of terylene is

(A) Ethylene (B) Vinyl chloride (C) Ethylene glycol (D)Adipic acid
Q.11 Amide linkage is present in

(A) Terylene (B) Polyvinyl chloride (C) Rayon (D) Nylon
Q.12 Wool is a natural

(A) Polypropylene fibre(B) Polyester fibre (C) Polyamide fibre (D) Polydrenes fibre
Q.13 Soft drinks and baby feeding bottles are generally made up
(A) Polyester (B) Polyamide (C) Polystyrene (D) Polyurea
PAGE# 28
Q.14 Orlon is a polymer of

(A) Styrene (B) Tetra fluoroethene (C) Vinyl chloride (D)Acrylonitrile
Q.15 Examples of Biodegradable Polymers are

(A)Aliphatic polyesters (B) Nylon-2- Nylon 6
(C) Poly glycolic acid & PHBV (D)All of these
Q.16 Polymers can be copolymer if

(A) monomers are of more than one kind
(B) monomeric units linked together to form 3-dimensional network.
(C) Some examples are Malamine, Bakelite
(D)All of these
Q.17 Radios, telephones, clocks etc are made up of _______

(A) Malamine (B) Bakelite (C) Both of these (D) None of these
Q.18 Biodegradable polymers are useful for

(A) Post operative stretches (B) Controls drug release
(C) Both (A) & (B) (D) None of these
Q.19 Select correct statement/s about homopolymer

(A) monomers are only of one kind
(B) poly ethylene, PVC, PTFE are examples of homopolymer
(C) monomeric units linked together to form long straight chains
(D)All of these
Q.20 The monomer units of PAN is

(A)Acrylonitrile (B) Styrene (C) Vinyl chloride (D) Tetrafluorothene
Q.21 These polymers cannot be recycled :

(A) Thermoplastics (B) Thermosets (C) Elastomers (D)All polymers
Q.22 Polymer used in controlled drug release mechanism

(A) Kelvar (B) PHBV (C) Poly lactic acid (D) Lexan
Q.23 Teflon is well known for its :-

(A)Antistick property
(B) Is bad conducter of electricity
(C) It is used as a lubricant in machine where Oil cannot be easily applied
(D)All of these
Q.24 Polystyrene has following uses :-

(A) for insulating refrigerators & cold stores
(B) for containers which are used as ice box
(C) for packing expensive items as cellphones, TV
(D)All of these
PAGE# 29
Q.25 The plastic whose sheets are used for packing liquids is
(A) Polythene (B) Polystyrene (C) Bakelite (D) Teflon
Q.26 From which plastic material is thermocol made?

(A) Polythene (B) Polystyrene (C) Bakelite (D) Teflon
Q.27 To which of the following 4R principle apply most?

(A) Synthetic fibre (B) Natural fibre (C) Plastic (D) Metals
Q.28 Which of the following does not decomposed ?

(A) jute (B) cotton (C) plastic (D) wool
Q.29 Which of the following is thermosetting plastics

(A) PVC (B) Nylon (C) Melamine (D) Terylene
Q.30 Which of the following is used in automobile battery casings ?

(A) HDPE (B) PP (C) PVC (D) Polyester
Q.31 Sorter's disease is caused by :

(A) sikworm (B) puppa (C) anthrax (D) sheep
Q.32 While bursting crackers it is safe to wear clothes made of :

(A) nylon (B) polyesters (C) cotton (D) silk
Q.33 The process of obtaining jute fibres from its stem is known as-
(A) bales. (B)gunning (C) bobbing (D) retting
Q.34 Flax is a kind of

(A) animal skin (B) synthetic fibre (C) plant (D) none of these
Q.35 Which thing is made from cotton ? [NTSE Stage-I/Gujarat 2007]

(A) Nylon (B) Terylene (C) Rayon (D)Acrylic
Q.36 Awoman was wearing a silk saree and a woollen shawl from Tibet and carrying a purse of india goat fur.
Read the following statements.
a. Silk fibre is made up of protein and is produced by silk worm.
b. Silk fibre is made up of carbohydrates and is produced by silk worm caterpillars.
c. Yak is an animal which produces wool.
d. Woolly dog yields very fine wool.
e. Goats are normally sheared during winter season when hair growth is maximum
Select the alternative which includes all the correct statements.
(A) b, c, d (B) a, c (C) a, b, d, e (D) a, c, e
Q.37 The clothes made from which of the following fibres will take lesser time than others to dry if soaked in
water ? [NTSE Stage-II/ 2009]
(A) Silk (B) Wool (C) Cellulose (D) Rayon
PAGE# 30
Q.38 The fibre synthesised by man in the begining is [NTSE Stage-I/Raj 2010]
(A) Rayon (B) Nylon (C) Polyester (D) Rexin
Q.39 Which is the natural fibre from the following ? [NTSE Stage-I/Gujarat 2011]
(A) Jute (B)Acrylinc (C) Nylon (D) None of thes
Q.40 Match the following : [NTSE Stage-I/Punjab2011]

Column I Column II
A. Rayon (i) used for making sweaters
B. Nylon (ii) made up of large number of glucose unit
C. Acrylic (iii) Obtained from wood pulp
D. Cellulose (iv) Used for making parachutes & socks
(A)A-ii, B-i, C-iv, D-iii (B)A-iii, B-iv, C-i, D-ii
(C)A-i, B-ii, C-iv, D-iii (D)A-iv, B-iii, C-ii, D-i
Q.41 Match the following [NTSE Stage-II/2010]

Column I Column II
(i) Acrylic a. Contains repeting ester units
(ii) Cellulose b. used for making sweaters
(iii) Polythene c. made up of large number of glucose units
(iv) terylene d. used for making electrical switches
e. used for manufacturing toys.
Which of the following is the correcm matching ?
(A) (i)-(b), (ii)-(a), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(c) (B) (i)-(b), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(e), (iv)-(a)
(C) (i)-(d), (ii)-(b), (iii)-(e), (iv)-(a) (D) (i)-(d), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(e)
Q.42 Which of the following has the same monomer unit ? [NTSE Stage-II/2011]
(A) Nylon and cellulose (B) Polyester and nylon
(C) Rayon and nylon (D) Cellulose and rayon
Q.43 Which of the following will be suitable for coating dress materials of fire-men ?
[NTSE Stage-II/2011]
(A) Nylon (B) polyester (C) Melamine (D)Acrylic
PAGE# 31
ANSWER KEY
SECTION –B
FILL IN THE BLANKS
Q.1 Cellulose Q.2 Polythene Q.3 Polythene bags, paper

Q.4 Bakelite Q.5 1931 Q.6 Wood pulp Q.7 stronger
Q.8 petrochemicals
MATCH THE COLUMN
Q.9 (i)-e; (ii)-b; (iii)-a; (iv)-c; (v)-d

Q.10 (i)-d; (ii)-e; (iii)-a; (iv)-b; (v)-c
TRUE OR FALSE
Q.11 True Q.12 True Q.13 False Q.14 True Q.15 False
Q.16 False Q.17 True Q.18 True Q.19 False Q.20 True
Q.1 D Q.2 B Q.3 D Q.4 D Q.5 A Q.6 C Q.7 C

Q.8 D Q.9 C Q.10 C Q.11 D Q.12 C Q.13 C Q.14 D
Q.15 D Q.16 D Q.17 B Q.18 C Q.19 D Q.20 A Q.21 B
Q.22 B Q.23 D Q.24 D Q.25 A Q.26 B Q.27 C Q.28 C
Q.29 C Q.30 B Q.31 C Q.32 C Q.33 D Q.34 C Q.35 C
Q.36 B Q.37 A Q.38 B Q.39 A Q.40 B Q.41 B Q.42 D
Q.43 C
PAGE# 32
CH-2: METALS & NON-METALS CHEMISTRY/ CLASS-VIII
METALS
&
NON-METALS
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The progress of man towards civilisation is linked up with the discovery of metals and non-metals.
Even today, the index of prosperity of a nation depends upon the amount of metals and non-metals it
produces and uses. The metallic resources of a nation are of immense value. The discovery of bronze,
the alloy of copper, and tin resulted in the bronze age in history. This period was followed bythe iron age
with the discovery of superior qualityof iron.
Every material has a specific use depending upon its physical and chemical properties.
2.2 ELEMENTS
A pure substance that consists of only one kind of atoms is called an element. The smallest unit of an
element is atom. Elements cannot be broken down into smaller units and the building blocks of a variety
of substances.
There are about 118 elements known to us today, out of which 92 are found in nature while the remaining
elements have been prepared artificially. Of all the naturally occurring elements, 22 are non-metals and
70 are metals.
2.3 CLASSIFICATION
Classification of Elements
Lavoisier classified all the known elements into three groups: metals, non-metals and metalloids.
 Metals
The elements which are hard, lustrous, malleable, ductile, sonorous, and good conductors of
heat and electricity are called metals.
Examples: iron, copper, gold, silver, aluminium etc.
 Non-metals
The elements which are brittle, non-lustrous, non-malleable, non-ductile, and poor conductors
of heat and electricity are called non-metals.
Examples: nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, carbon, oxygen.
 Metalloids
The elements which possess the characteristics of both metals and non-metals are called
metalloids.
Examples: boron, silicon, arsenic, germanium.
PAGE# 33
2.4 OCCURRENCE OF METALS AND NON-METALS

Metals can occur in free or elemental state or in the form of compounds in nature inside the earth’s crust.
Reactive metals generally occur in combined form, and less reactive metals in both free as well as
combined form. Highlyunreactive elements occur in free state in nature. Examples of metals that occur
in nature as compounds include aluminium (bauxite), copper (copper pyrites), iron (as haematite), and
silver (as argentite). Of these, silver and copper occur in both free state and combined form. Gold is
found in nature only in free state.
Like metals, non-metals also occur in the free (oxygen, nitrogen) as well as in combined state (silicon,
phosphorus) in nature.
2.5 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS

Let us now learn about the physical properties of metals and non-metals.
2.5.1 Physical State

Metals are generallysolid at room temperature except mercuryand gallium, francium, caesium, rubidium,
which exist in liquid form at room temperature.
Non-metals can exist in all three states but generallytheyare solid or gas at room temperature. Hydrogen,
chlorine and oxygen are gases. Iodine, silicon, carbon and phophorus are solids but bromine is found in
liquid state.
2.5.2 Hardness
Metals are generally hard. Hardness varies from metal to metal. Metals like sodium and potassium are
soft and can be easily cut with a knife.
Non metals are generally soft except diamond which is very hard.
ACTIVITY - 1
Carefully take out a piece of sodium (Na) and a piece of potassium (K) with the help of
a pair of tongs and dry them between the folds of a filter paper. Cut each of them with
a sharp knife. What do you observe? They can be cut with a knife, so they are soft
metals.
Now try to cut metal pieces such as those of magnesium (Mg), lead (Pb), aluminium
(Al), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), etc., and write your observations.
PAGE# 34
2.5.7 Ductility
Metals : Most metals can easily be drawn into thin wires, which have a wide range of applications. The
propertybyvirtueofwhichmetals canbedrawnintothinwireiscalled ductility.Goldandsilveraretwoofthe
most ductilemetalsknown.Othermetalsthatcanbedrawnintowiresincludecopper,aluminium andtungsten.
Non-metal : None metals are brittle and cannot be drawn into wires.
ACTIVITY - 3
Take an incandescent bulb and observe it carefully. What material is used to make the
filament of the bulb which glows and gives you light? The bulb does not glow if the
filament breaks. The filament is made of very thin wires of tungsten metal which breaks
easily when there is an overflow or short-circuit of current. This shows that tungsten
metal is highly ductile.
2.5.8 Tensile Strength

Metals : Generally metals have a high tensile strength. They can be stretched to some degree without
breaking. Zinc and arsenic are exceptions. Metals are very strong. This is the reason that iron is widely
used in construction of buildings, bridges and railway lines, etc.
Non-metals :Non metals have low tensile strength.
2.5.9 Thermal Conductivity

Metals : Metals are good conductors of heat and therefore used for making cooking utensils. Silver is
the best conductor of heat followed by copper, gold, aluminium and tungsten.
Non-metals : Non- metals are generally poor conductors of heat. Diamond, which is a good conductor
of heat, is an exception.
PAGE# 36
2.5.10 Electrical Conductivity

Metals : Metals are good conductors of electricity and are, therefore, used for making electrical wires
and cables.
Non-metals : Non- metals are generally poor conductors of electricity. Graphite, which is a good
conductor of electricity is an exception.
2.5.11 Sonorous
Metals : When metal pipes strike each other, they produce a ringing sound. The property by virtue of
which metal objects produce a ringing sound when struck with a hard object is called sonority.
Objects like wind chimes and bells make use of this property of metals.
Non-metals: Non-metals produce a dull sound when struck with a hard object.
2.5.12 Colour
Metals : Most metals are white or silvery-grey. There are, however, a few exceptions. For example,
gold is yellow and copper is reddish-brown.
Non-metals: Some non-metals are colourless while some are coloured. For example, chlorine is a
greenish-yellow gas, bromine is a brown liquid, iodine is a violet solid and oxygen and nitrogen are
colourless gases.
Table : Differences between Physical Properties of Metals and Non-metals

S.No. Property Metals Non-metals
1 Physical state They are solid at room temperature They are either solids or gases except
except mercury (Hg) which is a liquid. bromine which is a liquid.
2 Metallic lustre They are lustrous (shiny). They are non-lustrous or dull, except
graphite and iodine.
3 Density They usually have high density. They usually have low density.
4 Malleability They are malleable. They are non-malleable and brittle.
5 Ductility They are ductile. They are non-ductile.
6 Conductivity They are good conductors of heat and They are bad or poor conductors of
electricity. heat and electricity except graphite.
7 Melting and boiling They have high melting and boiling They have low melting and boiling
points points, except Na and K. points except graphite, dimond, silicon,
boron.
8 Hardness They are hard except Na and K which They are soft except diamond which is
are soft metals. hard.
9 Sonority They are sonorous. They are non-sonorous.
10 Tensile strength They have high tensile strength. They have low tensile strength.
PAGE# 37
2.6 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON METALS

Some typical chemical properties of metals and non-metals are :
2.6.1 Reaction with Oxygen

 Metal : Most metals combine with oxygen to form metal oxides.
Metal  Oxygen 
 Metal oxide
 Sodium reacts vigorously with the oxygen present in air to form sodium oxide. As a
result it catches fire if left in open. It is, therefore, kept immersed in kerosene.
4 Na  O 2 
 2 Na 2O
Sodium Oxygen Sodium oxide
 Magnesium onheatingburns in air (oxygen)with a dazzlingwhite lightto form magnesium

oxide.
2Mg  O2 
 2MgO
Magnisium Oxygen Magnesium oxide
The metallic oxides formed are basic in nature and turn red litmus solution blue.
 Non-metal : Non-metals like carbon, sulphur, and phosphorus react with oxygen to form
non-metallic oxides. These oxides are also called acidic oxides as theyform acids when dissolved
in water.
Non - metal  Oxygen 

 Non  metal oxide
 Carbon burns in air (oxygen) to form carbon dioxide.
C  O2 
 CO 2
Carbon Oxygen Carbon dioxide
 Sulphur burns in air (oxygen) to form a pungent (i.e., having a strong smell), suffocating
gas called sulphur dioxide.
S  O2 
 SO 2
Sulphur Oxygen Sulphur dioxide
These oxides dissolve in water to form acids.

CO 2  H 2O 
 H 2CO3
Carbon dioxide Water Carbonic acid
SO 2  H 2O 
 H 2SO3
Sulphur dioxide Water Sulphurous acid
2.6.2 Reaction with Water

When a metal reacts with water, a metal oxide or metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas are formed. The
intensity of reaction of a metal with water depends on its chemical reactivity. Some metals react even
with cold water, some react with hot water, some react only with steam whereas some do not react at all
with water.
PAGE# 38
 Metal : Most metalsreact with watertoproduce a metal hydroxideormetal oxide andhydrogen gas.
Metal  Water 
 Metal hydroxide  Hydrogen gas
Or Metal  Water  Metal oxide  Hydrogen gas
2.6.3 Reaction with Cold Water

Very reactive metals such as sodium, potassium and calcium rapidly displace hydrogen from cold water
at room temperature forming their respective hydroxides.
2Na + 2H2O  2NaOH + H2
Sodium Water Sodium Hydrogen
hydroxide gas
Ca + 2H2O  Ca(OH)2 + H2
Calcium Water Calcium Hydrogen
hydroxide gas
2.6.4 Reaction with Boiling Water
Less reactive metals like magnesium and zinc displace hydrogen gas only from boiling water forming
oxides of the metals.
Mg + H2O  MgO + H2
Magnesium Boiling Magnesium Hydrogen
Water oxide gas
2.6.5 Reaction with Steam
Other less reactive metals like iron and nickel displace hydrogen gas from steam forming only oxides of
metals.
3Fe + 4H2O   Fe3O4 + 4H2
Iron Water (steam) Iron oxide Hydrogen
Non-metals do not react with water or steam to release hydrogen gas.
ACTIVITY - 4
Sodium Reacts with Water :Take a beaker half filled with water. Add a small piece of dry
sodium into the water. Observe what happens. Sodium reacts vigorously with water and a
gas is evolved. Dip a red litmus paper in the beaker and note the change in colour of the
litmus. It turns blue. This is due to the formation of sodium hydroxide solution. The gas
evolved is hydrogen.
2.6.6 Corrosion
Iron and manyother metals react with oxygen and moisture present in the atmosphere. This phenomenon
is called corrosion. The process of slow eating away of a metal due to the attack of atmospheric gases
and moisture on its surface is called corrosion.
 Iron reacts with oxygen and moisture present in the atmosphere to form a brown, flaky substance
calledrust.Rustingofironisanundesirablereactionbecausethelayerofrustformedfallsoff,exposing
the metal to further rusting.As a result, iron objects become weak with the passage of time.
Iron + Oxygen + Water   Iron oxide + Iron hydroxide + water
 Copper objects get coated with a green substance called basic copper carbonate with the
passage of time. This green substance is formed due to the reaction of copper with carbon
dioxide and moisture present in the atmosphere.
Copper+Water+Carbondioxide+Oxygen   CopperCarbonate+Copperhydroxide
 Silver objects become blackened and lose their sheen with the passage of time. This happens
due to the reaction of silver with hydrogen sulphide gas present in the atmosphere.
PAGE# 39
2.6.7 Reaction with Acids

Metals : When a metal reacts with an acid, a salt and hydrogen gas are produced.
Metal  Acid 
 Salt  Hydrogen gas
Salts are compounds formed when a metal replaces hydrogen in an acid. Different acids and metals
react to form different salts.
 Zinc reacts with sulphuric acid to form zinc sulphate and hydrogen gas.
Zn  H 2SO 4 
 ZnSO4  H2
Zinc Sulphuric acid Zinc sulphate Hydroge gas
 Magnesium reacts with sulphuric acid to form magnesium sulphate and hydrogen gas.
Mg  H 2SO 4 
 MgSO 4  H2
Magnesium Sulphuric acid Magnesium sulphate Hydroge gas
 Aluminium reacts with hydrochloric acid to form aluminium chloride and hydrogen gas.
2Al  6HCl 
 2AlCl3  3H 2
Aluminium Hydrochloric acid Aluminium chloride Hydroge gas
With some metals, the reaction is very fast and vigorous, while with others it may be slow. Some metals
do not react with acids at all.
Non-metals : Generally, non-metals do not react with acids.
ACTIVITY - 5
Aim : To show that hydrogen is produced when magnesium reacts with dilute sulphuric
acid.
Materials needed : Magnesium ribbon, dilute sulphuric acid, test tube, dropper, and a
matchstick.
Method :
1. Take a piece of magnesium ribbon in the test tube.
2. Using a dropper, carefully add a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid from the sides
of the test tube.
3. Bring a burning matchstick near the mouth of the test tube.
Observation : Bringing a burning matchstick near the mouth of the test tube produces a
'pop' sound.
Conclusion : The gas produced in the reaction is hydrogen.
Note : Adult supervision required.
2.6.8 Reaction with Bases

Metals : Most metals do not react with bases. Only a few, like aluminium, zinc, and lead react with
solutions of strong bases like sodium hydroxide to produce a compound of that metal and hydrogen gas.
Non-metals : The reactions of non-metals with bases are complex.
PAGE# 40
2.6.9 Displacement Reactions

Most
In a displacement reaction, a metal reacts with a salt solution Potassium (K)
reactive
and 'displaces' (or replaces) the metal present in it. Displacement Sodium (Na)
reactions areexplained on the basis of the activityseries of metals.
Calcium (Ca)
The activity series of metals is a list of common metals
arranged in the decreasing order of reactivity. Magnesium (Mg)
This means that a metal which is placed higher in the activity Aluminium (Al)
series is more reactive than those placed below it. The activity Zinc (Zn)
series of metals is shown in Figure. You can predict whether or
Iron (Fe)
not a displacement reaction will take place by looking at the
activity series.Ametal will only react with a salt solution if it is Tin (Sn)
placed higher in the activity series than the metal in the salt. For Lead (Pb)
example, iron, which is placed higher in the activity series than
Hydrogen (H)
copper, reacts with copper sulphate solution. Copper, however,
does not react with iron sulphate as it is less reactive than iron. Copper (Cu)
Some more examples are discussed below . Mercury (Hg)
 Silver does not react with zinc sulphate.
Silver (Ag)
Ag  ZnSO4 
 No reaction Gold (Au)
Silver Zinc sulphate
Platinum (Pt) Least
 Zinc reacts with copper sulphate to form zinc sulphate reactive
and copper . Activity series of metals
Zn  CuSO 4 
 ZnSO 4  Cu
Zinc Copper sulphate Zinc sulphate Copper
 Silver does not react with copper sulphate
Ag  CuSO 4 
 No reaction
Silver Copper sulphate
From the above reactions, we can conclude that the order of reactivity of zinc, copper, and silver is :
Zn > Cu >Ag (i.e. zinc is the most reactive of the three and silver, the least reactive).
Like metals, a more reactive non-metal displaces a less reactive non-metal from its salt solution. This is
observed in the halogens gas family in which F > Cl > Br > I.
2KBr + Cl2   2KCl + Br2
Potassium chlorine Potassium Bromine
bromide chloride
ACTIVITY - 6
Aim: To prove that iron is more reactive than copper Materials needed: Iron filings, copper
turnings, copper sulphate solution, iron sulphate solution, test tubes, and a dropper
Method:
1. Take some iron filings in a test tube and add some copper sulphate solution with the help
of a dropper (test tube A).
2. Take some copper turnings in a test tube and add some iron sulphate solution with the
help of a dropper (test tube B).
Observation: In test tube A, iron filings turn brown due to the deposition of copper and the
solution turns pale green due to the formation of iron sulphate solution. No reaction is observed
in test tube B.
Conclusion: Iron is more reactive than copper as it displaces copper from copper sulphate solution.
PAGE# 41
Differences between Chemical Properties of Metals and Non-metals

S.N. Property Metals Non-metals
1 Reaction with They form basic oxides which turn They form acidic oxides which turn
oxygen red litmus blue. blue litmus red. Some nonmetals
also form neutral oxides.
2 Reaction with water They react with water to form metal They do not react with water and
oxide or metal hydroxide produce hydrogel) gas.
3 Reaction with dilute They react with dilute acids to form They do not react with acids.
acids corresponding salt and hydrogen gas.
4 Displacement A more reactive metal displaces a A more reactive non-metal displaces
reaction less reactive metal from its salt a less reactive non-metal from its salt
solution. solution.
Alloy
An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals or a metal and a non-metal. Examples of alloys are stainless
steel (a mixture of iron, nickel, and chromium) and bronze (a mixture of Copper and Tin).Alloys have
more desirable properties than their constituents and are more corrosion resistant.
Uses of Common metals
1. Copper and aluminium metals are used to make wires to conduct electric current.
2. Iron, copper and aluminium are used to make household utensils and factory equipments.
3. Iron is used as a catalyst in the preparation of ammonia gas by Haber’s process. It is also used
in the construction of ships, buildings, automobiles and other machinery.
4. Zinc is used for galvanising iron to protect it from rusting.
5. Chromium and nickel metals are used for electroplating and in the manufacturing of stainless
steel.
6. The aluminium foils are used in packaging of medicines, cigarettes and food materials. It is used
for making alloys and high voltage transmission wires.
7. Mercury is used for making thermometres.
8. Sodium, titanium and zirconium are used in projects related with atomic energyand space science..
9. Zirconium is also used for making bullet proof alloy steel.
10. Silver and gold are used to make jewelleries and ornaments.
11. Copper and zinc are constituents of enzymes which act as biological catalysts.
12. Iron is the constituent of haemoglobin and magnesium is a constituent of chlorophyll.
13. Tin is used for tinning, cooking utensils, for making alloys and electrical fuse wire.
14. Magnesium is used in fireworks and for making alloys.
15. Gold and silver amalgam are used in dentistry for filling tooth cavities.
16. Lead is used for making water pipes, bullets and X-ray shields.
Uses of common Non metals
1. Phosphorus is used in manufacturing phosphoric acid and superphosphate fertiliser, matchstick,
rat poison, alloy, fireworks, smoke screens.
2. Sulphur is used for making sulphuric acid which in turn is used for making plastics, synthetic
fibres, dyes, drugs, detergents, explosives, fertilizers, vulcanization of rubber, germicide and in
beauty parlours.
PAGE# 42
3. Powdered graphite is used as a dry lubricant. Graphite is used for making graphite electrodes in
dry cells and electric arcs. It is also used for making the core of pencils called pencil leads.
4. Sand is used in making glass and cement.
5. Nitrogen is used for manufacturing ammonia, nitric acid, explosive, etc.
6. Silicon is used for making silicon steel alloy and a polymer called silicone.
7. Hydrogen is used as a fuel and for making ammonia, hydrochloric acid and vegetable ghee.
8. Chlorine is used for bleaching and sterilising water.
9. Iodine is used for making iodise salt and tincture iodine.
10. Oxygen is essential for respiration and combustion.
 Did you know exposure to high doses of mercury can lead to blindness and
paralysis? In the 1950s, hundreds of people in a small town called Minamata,
Japan, were disabled and many others died due to nervous disorder and brain
damage. It was later found that the fish they ate from Minamata bay were
poisoned with mercury, and it was this exposure to mercury that was responsible
for the ‘Minamata syndrome’.
 This iron pillar near the Qutub Minar in New Delhi is considered a metallurgical
wonder by archaeologists and netallurgists all over the world as it has withstood
corrosion for the last 1600 years, despite harsh weather conditions.
 Atom : Atom is the smallest particle of matter which cannot be divided further by any
physical mean. Atom are the basic units from which molecules and ions are
formed.
 Element : a pure substance that consists of only one kind of atoms.
 Metals : elements which are hard, solid, malleable, ductile, possess lustre and are good
conductors of heat and electricity.
 Non-metals : elements which are non-lustrous, brittle and are poor conductors of heat and
electricity.
 Metalloids : elements which share the properties of metal and non-metals
 Native state : free state.
 Malleability : the ability of a metal to be beaten into sheets.
 Ductility : the property by which a metal can be drawn into wires.
 Brittle : substance which can be easily broken.
 Displacement : a reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its
Reaction salt solution.
 Lustre : the property of a metal by virtue of which its surface has a shine.
 Sonorous : the property of a metal which produces sound when struck with a hammer.
 Conductivity : the property due to which a substance conducts heat and electricity.
 Acidic oxides : the oxides of non-metals which dissolve in water to form acids.
 Basic oxides : the oxides of metals which dissolve in water to form bases.
PAGE# 43
 An element consists of only one kind of atoms.

 Elements are classified into metals, non-metals and metalloids.
 Metals occur both in free and combined state in nature.
 Properties of Metals: Metals are:
(i) hard to touch.
(ii) lustrous i.e., freshly cut surfaces of metals have characteristic shining .
(iii) malleable; the property of metals by which they can be beaten into thin sheets is called
malleability.
(iv) ductile; the property of metal by which they can .be drawn into wires are called ductility.
(v) sonorous i.e., produce ringing sound when struck on a hard surface.
(vi) good conductors of heat and electricity.
 Metals like sodium and potassium are soft and can be cut with a knife.
 Mercury is the only metal which is found in the liquid state at room temperature.
 Chemical Properties of Metals and Non-metals
(i) Reaction with Oxygen: Both metals and non-metals when burnt in oxygen, form their oxides.
Oxides of metals are basic in nature while that of non-metals are generally acidic in nature e.g.,
(a) 2Mg + O2  2MgO
Magnesium Oxygen Magnesium oxide
(basic)
(b) S + O2  SO2
(acidic)
(ii) Reaction with Water: Some metals react with water to produce metal hydroxide and hydrogen
gas. Generally, non-metals do not react with water.
2Na + 2H2O  2NaOH + H2
hydroxide
(iii) Reaction with Acids: Metals react with dil. acids and produce metal salt and hydrogen gas.
Generally non-metals do not react with dil. acids.
(iv) Reaction with Bases: Metals react with bases to produce hydrogen gas.
(v) Displacement Reaction: More reactive metals displace less reactive metals from their metal
compounds in aqueous solutions .
 Uses of Metals and Non-metals
(i) Metals are used in makingmachinery, automobiles, aeroplanes, trains, satellites,industrial gadgets,
cooking utensils, water boilers etc.
(ii) Non-metals are also used in day-to-day life e.g.,
 oxygen is essential for life.
 nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are used as fertilizers.
 chlorine is used as water purifier.
PAGE# 44
[NCERT Questions]
Q.1 Which of the following can be beaten into thin sheets?
(A) Zinc (B) Phosphorus (C) Sulphur (D) Oxygen
Ans. (A) Zinc
Q.2 Which of the following statements is correct?

(A)All metals are ductile. (B)All non-metals are ductile.
(C) Generally, metals are ductile. (D) Some non-metals are ductile.
Ans. (C) Generally, metals are ductile.
Q.3 Fill in the blanks.

(A) Phosphorus is a very .............. non-metal.
(B) Metals are ............. conductors of heat and ............. .
(C) Iron is ............ reactive than copper.
(D) Metals react with acids to produce .............. gas.
Ans. (A) reactive (B) good, electricity (C) more (D) hydrogen
Q.4 Mark 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if it is false.

(A) Generally, non-metals react with acids.
(B) Sodium is a very reactive metal.
(C) Copper displaces zinc from zinc sulphate solution.
(D) Coal can be drawn into wires.
Ans. (A) F (B) T (C) F (D) F
Q.5 Some properties are listed in the following table. Distinguish between metals and non-metals
on the basis of these properties.
Properties Metals Non-metals
1. Appearance
2. Hardness
3. Malleability
4. Ductility
5. Heat conduction
6. Conduction of Electricity
Ans. Metals:
1. have metallic lustre, 2. hard, 3. malleable, 4. ductile, 5. good conductors, 6. good conductors
Non-metals:
1. non-metals are dull, 2. soft, 3. non-malleable, 4. non-ductile, 5. bad conductors, 6. bad conductors/
insulator
Q.6 Give reasons for the following.

(A) Aluminium foils are used to wrap food items.
(B) Immersion rods for heating liquids are made up of metallic substances.
(C) Copper cannot displace zinc from its salt solution.
(D) Sodium and potassium are stored in kerosene.
PAGE# 45
Ans. (A) Aluminium is highly malleable metal and it is very easy to make aluminium foil in compare to
other metals.
(B) Immersion rods are made up of metallic substance because metals are good conductors of heat
and electriciy.
(C) Copper cannot, displace zinc from its solution because zinc is more reactive than copper (i.e.,
copper is less reactive than zinc).
(D) Sodium and potassium metals are very reactive because they react with oxygen and water
easily. A lot of heat is produced in the reaction so sodium and potassium always stored and
kerosene.
Q.7 Can you store lemon pickle in an aluminium utensil? Explain.

Ans. No. This is because acids react with aluminium.
Q.8 Match the substance given in Column A with their uses given in Column B.
Column-A Column-B
(i) Gold (a) Thermometers
(ii) Iron (b) Electric wire
(iii) Aluminium (c) Wrapping food
(iv) Carbon (d) Jewellery
(v) Copper (e) Machinery
(vi) Mercury (f) Fuel
Ans. (i)-(d), (ii)-(e), (iii)-(c), (iv)-(f), (v)-(b), (vi)-(a)
Q.9 What happens when

(A) Dilute sulphuric acid is poured on a copper plate?
(B) Iron nails are placed in copper sulphate solution?
Write word equations of the reactions involved.
Ans. (A) Copper sulphate is formed and hydrogen gas is released.
Copper + dil. sulphuric acid  Copper sulphate + Hydrogen (gas)
(B) Brown coating is deposited on the iron nails.This is because of the displacement of copper from
copper sulphate solution by iron.
Iron + Copper sulphate (solution)  Iron sulphate (solution) + Copper
Q.10 Saloni took a piece of burning charcoal and collected the gas evolved in a test tube.
(A) How will she find the nature of the gas?
(B) Write down word equations of all the reactions taking place in this process.
Ans. (A) She will bring a wet litmus paper in contact with the gas. If the gas turns wet blue litmus paper
into red, the gas will be acidic.
(B) (i) Carbon + Oxygen  Carbon dioxide
(ii) Carbon dioxide + Water  Carbonic acid (from wet litmus)
Q.11 One day Reeta went to a jewellery's shop with her mother. Her mother gave on old gold jewellery
to the goldsmith to polish. Next day when they brought the jewellery back, they found that
there was a slight loss in its weight. Can you suggest a reason for the loss in weight?
Ans. The jeweller's dip the jewellery in the solution of acid, which reacts with the outer covering of metals.
Thus there is a net loss of weight in the metal of the ornament.
PAGE# 46
SECTION–A
Q.1 Complete the following equation:
Zn + 2HCl  _______ + _______
Ans. Zn + 2HCl  ZnCl2 + H2
Q.2 Explain the term 'metallurgy'.

Ans. Metallurgy is the science of extracting metals from their ores and purifying them for various uses.
Q.3 State general steps involved in metallurgy of a metal.

Ans. The general steps of metallurgy are :
(a) Concentration of ore. (b) Reduction of the metal compound.
(c) Refining of metal.
Q.4 Arrange the following metals in the order of their decreasing chemical activity:
magnesium, potassium, iron, gold.
Ans. Potassium, magnesium, iron, gold
Q.5 Why is aluminium used in making aeroplanes?

Ans. Aluminium is used in making aeroplanes, as it is light and has high resistance to corrosion when exposed
to air which aircrafts demand the most.
Q.6 What is the significant of an atom? What do you mean by element?
Ans. A pure substance that consists of only one kind of atoms is called an element. The smallest unit of an
element is atom. Elements cannot be broken down into smaller unit and the building blocks of a variety
of substances.
Q.7 Write short note on classification of elements.

Ans.  Metals
The elements which are hard, lustrous, malleable, ductile, sonorous, and good conductors of
heat and electricity are called metals.
Examples: iron, copper, gold, silver, aluminium etc.
 Non-metals
The elements which are brittle, non-lustrous, non-malleable, non-ductile, and poor conductors
of heat and electricity are called non-metals.
Examples: nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, carbon, oxygen.
 Metalloids
The elements which possess the characteristics of both metals and non-metals are called
metalloids.
Examples: boron, silicon, arsenic, germanium.
Q.8 What do you mean by malleability?

Ans. The property of metals by which they can be beaten into thin sheets is called melleability. This is the
property of metals.
PAGE# 47
Q.9 What do you mean by conductivity?

Ans. The metals allow the electricity to pass through them. This property of metals is called conductivity.
Q.10 What do you mean by sonority? Why are metals called sonorous?
Ans. The property of metal to produce ringing sound is called sonority. Since metals produce ringing sounds,
they are called sonorous?
Q.11 What do you mean by ductility? Which substances show this property?
Ans. The property which allows a substance to be drawn into wires is called ductility. Metals show ductility.
For example, copper, aluminium and iron can be drawn into wires when hot.
Q.12 How can you distinguish metals from non-metals?

Ans. Metals can be distinguished from non-metal on the basis of their physical and chemical properties.
Q.13 Have you ever seen a blacksmith beating an iron piece? Do you find a change in the shape of
these pieces on beating? Would you expect a similar change in wood log on beating?
Ans. Yes, we have seen blacksmith beating the iron pieces. We have seen the changes in the shape on beating.
It increases in size it does not break.
Q.14 Gaurav knows that wires can be made from copper and aluminium. He tries to make wire from
sulphur and carbon. Will be succeed? Give reason also.
Ans. No, he will not succeed because sulphur and carbon are non-metals. Non-metals are not ductile, that is,
they cannot be drawn into wires.
Q.15 If you put one end of a rod of a metal in hot water, you feel hot at the other end. What does it
mean? What is this property of metals called?
Ans. The above observation means that heat is transmitted from one end to the other. This property of metals
is called conductivity.
Q.16 (i) Give two important uses of silver.

(ii) Give two uses of gold.
(iii) Give two uses of platinum.
Ans. (i) It is used for making coins.
Silver salts (silver bromide and silver iodide) are used for making photographic films.
(ii) Gold is used for making ornaments.
Gold foils are used in the preparation ofAyurvedic medicines.
(iii) It is used as a catalyst in the manufacture of sulphuric and nitric acid.
Platinum catalytic converts use platinum as catalytic agent.
PAGE# 48
Q.17 Compare the properties of metals and non-metals with respect to malleability, ductility and
conductivity.
Ans. Metals Non-metals

1. Melleable – gives sheets on hammering. 1. Brittle – no sheets can be obtained.
2. Ductile – can be transformed into wires. 2. Not ductile – no wires can be obtained.
3. Good conductors of heat and electricity. 3. Bad conductors of heat and electricity.
Q.18 (a) A copper spoon had fallen into a container containing dil. HCl. What would happen to it
is three days time?
(b) Give reasons for the following:
(i) Metals are used for making bells.
(ii) We can't use pure gold to make jewellery.
(c) Ametal ribbon burns in air with bright white light and forms a white powder.
(i) Which metal is this?
(ii) Give the equation of the reaction taking place.
(iii) The metallic oxide formed would be acidic or basic in nature.
Ans. (a) Nothing will happen as copper does not react with hydrochloric acid.
(b) (i) Metals have the property of sonorosity so they are used for making bells.
(ii) Pure gold cannot be used for making jewellery because it is very soft.
(c) (i) Mangesium (ii) 2Mg + O2  2MgO
(iii) Basic in nature
Q.19 Give some differences with examples between metals and non-metals with reference to their
physical properties. Give one exception in each case.
Ans. 1. Metallic Lustre : Metals have a shining surface i.e., called metallic lustre, while the non-metals
have dull appearance, for example: Metals like silver, gold have shining appearance. Non-metal
like sulphur has dull appearance.
Exception : Diamond a form of carbon is a non-metal but has the most shining look. Iodine is
also a non-metal which gives shining crystals.
2. Malleability : Metals are malleable. They can be beaten into sheets. But non-metals cannot be
beaten into sheets. They break into pieces when hammered. They are not malleable. Metals like
gold, aluminium, copper etc. form sheets when hammered.
Exception: Mercury is a metal. It breaks into pieces when hammered.
3. Ductility : Metals are ductile, and can be drawn into wires. Non-metals cannot be drawn into
wires.
Exception : Mercury is metal but not ductile in nature.
4. Conductivity: Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity while non-metals are bad
conductors of heat and electricity.
Exception : Graphite is a non-metal but is a good conductor of heat and electricity.
5. Hardness : Metals like sodium or potassium are quite soft and can be easily cut with a knife.
Diamond (a form of non-metal carbon) is the hardest substance.
PAGE# 49
Q.20 Which property of metals make them useful as ringing bells?

Ans. Sonority.
Q.21 How will you show that metals form basic oxides?
Ans. The metallic oxides formed are basic in nature and turn red litmus solution blue.
Q.22 White phosphorous has to be kept in water. Why?
Ans. Phosphorous is to be kept in water to prevent in contact with air because it is highly reactive.
Q.23 Discuss some chemical properties of metals.
Ans. 1. Reaction with Air :
(i) Metals are converted into their oxides by the action of oxygen present in air.
4Na + O2  2Na2O
Sodium Oxygen Sodium oxide
(ii) Some metals are not affected by dry air. Zinc and aluminium are oxidized by moist air
only to form their oxides.
2Zn + O2  2ZnO
Zinc Moist air Zinc oxide
2. Reaction with Water: Different metals react with water at different temperatures to evolved
out hydrogen. Some metals reacts with water at room temperature and some metals which are
less active react with hot water while other metals react only with steam.
Ca + 2H2O  Ca(OH)2 + H2
Calcium Water Calcium hydroxide Hydrogen
3. Reaction with Acids: Metals react with acids and produce hydrogen gas that burns with a
'pop' sound.
4. Reaction with Bases: Metals react with Sodium hydroxide to produce hydrogen gas.
5. Displacement Reactions: More reactive meals displace less reactive metals from their
compound in aqueous solutions.
Q.24 Write some chemical properties of non-metals.

Ans. (i) Reaction with Air : Non-metals react with air to form non-metallic oxides or acidic oxides.
These oxides turn blue litmus into red.
S + O2  SO2
C + O2  CO 2
Carbon Oxygen Carbon dioxide
(ii) Reaction with Acids : Some non-metals react with acids to form corresponding oxy-acids.
S + 6HNO3  H2SO4 + 6NO2 + H2 O
Sulphur Nitric acid Sulphuric acid Nitrogen dioxide water
(iii) Reaction with Water : Generally non-metals do not react with water.
(iv) Reaction with Bases : Reactions of non-metals with bases are complex.
PAGE# 50
Q.25 State some chemical properties on the basis of which metals can be distinguished from non-
metals.
Ans. Metals Non-metals
1. Metals form basic oxides with oxygen 1. Non-metals form acidic oxides with
which turn red litmus into blue. oxygen which turn blue litmus into red.
2Zn + O2  2ZnO S + O2  SO2
2. Metals react with dilute acids to form 2. Non-metals do not react and if react
salt and hydrogen gas. then they form corresponding acids.
Mg + 2HCl  MgCl2 + H2 S + 6HNO3  H2SO4 + 6NO 2 + 2H2O
3. Metals are electropositive in nature. 3. Non-metals are electronegative in
nature.
4. Metals form unstable hydrides. 4. Non-metals form stable hydrides.
5. Metals form hydroxides in water. 5. Non-metals do not react with water.
Q.26 Give two uses of sulphur in chemical industry.

Ans. (i) It is used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid.
(ii) It is used in the manufacture of carbon disulphide, which is used as an industrial solvent.
Q.27 Purity of gld is 15 carat. What is the percentage of gold in the ornaments?
Ans. 24 carat purity of gold = 100
100
∵ 1 carat purity of gold =
24
100
15 carat purity of gold = 15 = 62.5%
24
Q.28 What would you observe when a strip of zinc is dipped in the solution of copper sulphate?
Ans. It will be observed that blue colour of the copper sulphate solution starts fading and zinc strip gets a shiny
brown coating of copper.
Q.29 Can copper displace iron from iron sulphate solution? Give reasons.
Ans. No, because copper is less reactive than iron. It is only more reactive metal that displaces a less reactive
metal from its compound in aqueous solution.
Q.30 Why do some metals replace the other metals from their solutions?
Ans. Because of the difference in the reactivity, some metals replace the less reactive metals. More reactive
metal replaces the less reactive metal from its solution.
Q.31 Name a metal that replaces silver from silver nitrate solution. Give its equation and reason
also.
Ans. Copper replaces silver from silver nitrate solution. Silver gets deposited over copper. This reaction is
used in silver electroplating over copper articles. This happens because copper is more reactive than
silver.
Cu + 2AgNO3  Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag
Copper Silver nitrate Copper nitrate Silver
PAGE# 51
Q.32 Why should foodstuffs with acid components be not stored in metallic containers?
Ans. Metals react with acids. So foodstuffs with acid components may produce poisonous materials on
reaction with metals. Hence, foodstuffs are not stored in metallic containers.
Q.33 Why does an aluminium vessel loose its shine so soon after use?
Ans. Aluminium is a reactive metal.As it comes in contact with air, it forms a dull layer of aluminium oxide on
its surface hence looses its shine.
Q.34 Silver does not combine easily with oxygen but silver jewellery tarnishes after somtime. Why?
Ans. Silver does not combine with oxygen easily but jewellery exposed to atmosphere tarnishes black after
sometime because it reacts with gases like hydrogen sulphide in air to form silver sulphide which is black.
Q.35 Taking the examples of magnesium and sulphur explain how metals and non-metals produce
oxides with different characteristics.
Ans. (i) Magnesium is metal : When it burns with oxygen it produces basic magnesium oxide - MgO.
When it added to water, it produces magnesium hydroxide, which turns the red litmus solution into blue.
2Mg + O2  2MgO
MgO + H2O  Mg(OH)2
(ii) Sulphur is a non-metal : When combines with oxygen, it forms acidic oxide, SO2. It gets changed
into sulphurous acid - H2SO3 when react with water. This turns the blue litmus solution into red. Red
litmus solution remains unaffected.
S + O2  SO2
SO2 + H2O  H2SO3
Q.36 (a) Identify the most reactive and least reactive metal amongst the followings:
Al, K, Cu, Au
(b) An iron knife kept dipped in blue copper sulphate solution changes to light green. Why?
Write the equation also.
Ans. (a) Most reactive metal is K and least reactive metal is Au.
(b) An iron knife kept dipped in blue copper sulphate solution changes to light green because iron
replaces copper from copper sulphate and forms iron sulphate. This happens because iron is
more reactive than copper.
Fe + CuSO4  FeSO4 + Cu
Q.37 What happens when
(a) Hydrochloric acid is poured on aluminium foils?
(b) Sodium is placed in water?
(c) Sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water?
(Write the chemical equation of the reaction involved)
Ans. (a) 2Al  6HCl 

 2AlCl3  3H 2
Aluminium Hydrochloric Aluminium Hydrogen
acid chloride
(b) 2 Na  2H 2O 
 2 NaOH  H2
hydroxide
(c) SO 2  H 2O  H 2SO 3
Sulphur Water Sulphurous
dioxide acid
PAGE# 52
Q.38 A set of metals in order of their increasing chemical reactivity is given below:
silver, copper, lead, iron, zinc, magnesium and sodium
(a) Which of the above metals is stored in kerosene?
(b) Which metals will react with cold water?
(c) Which gas will be liberated when metals react with cold water?
(d) Which of the metals will react with oxygen and heated?
(e) Which of the metals become black in the presence of hydrogen sulphide?
Ans. (a) Sodium (b) Sodium (c) Hydrogen (d) Zinc,magnesium
(e) Silver
Q.39 What happens when a copper vessel is exposed in moist air?

Ans. When a copper vessel is exposed in most air for a long time, it aquires a dull green coating. The green
substance is the mixture of copper hydroxide [Cu(OH)2] and copper carbonate (CuCO3)
2Cu + H2O + CO2 + O2  Cu(OH)2 + CuCO3
(moist air) (green coating)
Q.40 What happens when a magnesium ribbon is heated in presence of air?

Ans. When a magnesium ribbon is heated in presence of air on a burner flame, after some time it starts burning
with a white flame and white powder is formed which is called magnesium oxide.
Mg (Magnesium) + O2 (Oxygen)  MgO (Megnesium Oxide)
Q.41 What are the conditions necessary for rusting of iron?

Ans. Iron reacts with oxygen and moisture present in the atmosphere to form a brown, flaky substance called
rust. Rusting of iron is an undesirable reaction because the layer of rust formed falls off, exposing the
metal to further rusting.As a result, iron objects become weak with the passage of time .
Iron + Oxygen + Water   Iron oxide + Iron hydroxide + water
Q.42 What happens when samples of metals and non-metals are mixed with acids?
Ans. We observe that non-metals do not react with acids but metals react with acids and produce hydrogen
gas that burns with a pop sound. Copper does not react with dilute hydrochloric acid but reacts with
sulphuric acid.
Q.43 Explain the reaction of metals and non-metals with acids with the help of an activity.
Ans. Take samples of metals and non-metals is separate test tubes and label them A, B, C, D, E and F. With
the help of a dropper and 5 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid to each test tube only by one. Observe the
reaction carefully. If no reaction occurs in the cold solution, warm the test tube gently. Bring a burning
match stick near the mouth of each test tube. Repeat the same activityusing dilute Sulphuric acid in place
of dilute hydrochloric acid. Record your observation in a table:
PAGE# 53
Table : Reaction of Metals and Non-metals with Acids

Test tube Metal/ Reaction with Dilute Reaction with Dilute
lable Non-metal Hydrochloric Acid Sulphuric Acid
Room Warm Room Warm
Temperature Temperature
A Magnesium Reacts to give Rapid Reacts to give Rapid
(ribbon) hydrogen reaction hydrogen reaction
B Aluminium (foil) Reacts to give Rapid Reacts to give Rapid
hydrogen reaction hydrogen reaction
C Iron (filings) Reacts to give Rapid Reacts to give Rapid
hydrogen reaction hydrogen reaction
D Copper (peeled No reaction at all No reaction Reacts to
flexible wire) give hydrogen
E Charcoal (Powder) No reaction at all No reaction at all
F Sulphur (Powder) Does not at all No reaction React
react
Q.44 From among the set of metals – sodium, zinc, iron, copper, silver select the following giving
equations for each reaction:
(a) Two metals which will liberate hydrogen from water.
(b) One metal which is used to prepare hydrogen gas in the laboratory.
(c) One metal which will displace copper from copper sulphate solution.
(d) One metal which will not displace copper from copper sulphate solution.
Ans. (a) (i) 2Na + 2H2O  2NaOH + H2
hydroxide
(ii) Zn + H2O  ZnO + H2
Zinc Steam Zinc oxide
(b) (i) Zn + H2SO4  ZnSO4 + H2
Zinc Dil. Sulphuric Zinc sulphate Hydrogen
acid
Q.45 What are coinage metals?

Ans. Copper, silver and gold are coinage metals. Nowadays coins are made from suitable combination of
these metals.
Q.46 Why is tincture iodine applied on wounds?

Ans. Tincture iodine is a solution of iodine in alcohol. It has antiseptic properties and, is therefore, applied on
wounds to protect from germs.
Q.47 Explain the use of chlorine in water purification plants.

Ans. Chlorine has the ability to kill germs. Hence it is used in water purification plants.
PAGE# 54
Q.48 Give two reasons for aluminium being perferred to copper for manufacturing cookin utensils.
Ans. (i)Aluminium is unaffected byfood acids.
(ii) It is very light metal.
Q.49 List different uses of metals that you come across in everyday life.
Ans. Uses of Metals :
(i) Iron alloyed with other metals is used in trains, automobiles, aeroplanes, satellites, and industrial
gadgets.
(ii) Iron whenever in conjunction with cement is used to construct big buildings.
(iii) Aluminium and its alloys are used in making household items and aeroplanes.
(iv) Metals like copper, iron and aluminium are used in making cooking utensils and water boilers.
(v) Copper and aluminium are used in electric wires.
(vi) Gold and silver are used in making electrical contacts in computers and solar cells and jewellery.
(vii) Aluminium foils are used as packing material.
(viii) In combined form metals are used as salt, cement and glass.
Q.50 Why is aluminium nowadays replacing copper for use in electrical cables?
Ans. Aluminium is cheaper and is making a good substitute for copper.
Q.51 How is sulphur useful in agriculture? How is sulphur useful in medicine?

Ans. Sulphur powder is an excellent insecticide and fungicide. It is used in spraying fruit trees.
– Sulphur is the main constituent of skin ointments.
– Metallic sulphides of sulphur are used in preparation ofAyurvedic medicines.
PAGE# 55
SECTION - B
Q.1 Non-metals have ___________ tensile strength.
Q.2 Non-metals are generally ___________ conductors of electricity.
Q.3 Non-metals react with oxygen to form ___________ oxides.
Q.4 ___________ is used by plants, animals and human being for their survival.
Q.5 ___________ compounds are used as fertilizers.
Q.6 ___________ is used to prepare sulphuric acid.
Q.7 A solution of ___________ in alcohol has antiseptic properties.
Q.8 Both ___________ and ___________ find extensive use in the native form as well as compounds.
Q.9 Nitrates of ___________ find use in photography.
MATCHING SKILLS :
Q.10 Match the following :
ColumnA Column B
1. Liquid metal (a) Soft metals
2. Metallic oxide (b) Non-metal
3. Sodium and potassium (c) Bromine
4. Chlorine (d) Mercury
5. A liquid non-metal (e) Basic in nature
Q.11 Match the following items given in ColumnA with that in Column B :
ColumnA Column B
(1) Zinc (a) Non-metal
(2) Iodine (b) Mercury
(3) Liquid (c) Carbon
(4) Graphite (d) Silver
(5) Silicon (e) Water purification
(6) Malleability (f) Metalloid
(7) Chlorine (g) Bad conductors of heat
(8) Non-metal (h) Metal
TRUE OR FALSE :
Q.12 Magnesium reacts with cold water. [ ]
Q.13 Gallium has a low melting point. [ ]
Q.14 Gold is alloyed with copper to make it hard. [ ]
Q.15 Non-metal can be converted into wires. [ ]
Q.16 Metals produce basic oxide with oxygen. [ ]
Q.17 Non-metals are found in all three states like solid, liquid, gas. [ ]
Q.18 Sodium and potassium are kept in water. [ ]
PAGE# 56
SECTION–A
Q.1 Which of the following properties is generally not shown by metals?
(A) Ductility (B) Sonorous (C) Dullness (D) Electrical conduction
Q.2 The most abundant element in the universe is:

(A) hydrogen (B) oxygen (C) helium (D) carbon
Q.3 Galvanisation is a method of protecting iron from rusting by coating with a thin layer of
(A) silver (B)gallium (C) zinc (D)aluminium
Q.4 In extraction of copper, the flux used is

(A) FeO (B) SiO2 (C) CaO (D) FeSiO2
Q.5 Alloys are homogeneous mixtures of a metal with a metal or non-metal. Which among the following
alloys contain non-metal as one of its constituents?
(A)Amalgam (B) Brass (C) Bronze (D) Steel
Q.6 Which of the following is purest form of carbon?

(A) Diamond (B) Graphite (C) Fullerenes (D) Charcoal
Q.7 Which among the following alloys contain mercury as one of its constituents?
(A)Alnico (B) Solder (C) Stainless steel (D) ZincAmalgam
Q.8 Which of the following methods is suitable for preventing an iron frying pan from rusting?
(A)Applying paint (B)Applying grease
(C)Applying a coating of zinc (D)All of these
Q.9 Generally, non-metals are not conductors or electricity, which of the following is a good conductor of
electricity?
(A) Fullerenes (B) Graphite (C) Diamond (D) Sulphur
Q.10 Food cans are coated with tin and not with zinc because
(A) zinc is costlier than tin (B) zinc is less reactive than tin
(C) zinc is more reactive than tin (D) zinc has a higher melting point than tin
Q.11 Electrical wires have a coating of an insulating materials. The material, generally used is
(A) sulphur (B) graphite (C) PVC (D) none of these
Q.12 Which of the following non-metal is a liquid?

(A) Sulphur (B) Phosphorus (C) Carbon (D) Bromine
Q.13 The liquid metal at room temperature is:

(A) Mercury (B) Bromine (C) Sodium (D) Gold
PAGE# 57
Q.14 Non-metals are:

(A) generallyliquids (B) generally gases
(C) generally solids and gases (D) generallygases and liquids
Q.15 The metal which is stored in kerosene:

(A) Phosphorus (B) Magnesium (C) Sodium (D) Zinc
Q.16 Materials around us can be classified into:

(A) Elements and compounds (B) Metals and non-metals
(C) Acids and bases (D) None of these
Q.17 All metals are solids except:

(A) Sodium (B) Calcium (C) Mercury (D) Hydrogen
Q.18 Metal oxides are of nature:

(A)Acidic (B) Basic (C) Neutral (D)All of these
Q.19 The metal which can be cut with a knife:

(A) Sodium and potassium (B) Barium and calcium
(C) Sodium and mercury (D) Potassium and calcium
Q.20 When non-metals react with water then:

(A) Hydrogen gas is formed (B) Carbon dioxide gas is formed
(C) Non-metals do not react with water (D) None of these
Q.21 The metal which is liquid at room temperature is

(A) sodium (B) bromine (C) calcium (D) mercury
Q.22 Which one of the following metal is the most ductile?

(A)Aluminium (B) Copper (C) Silver (D) Gold
Q.23 Which one of the following metal is the most reactive and stored in kerosene?
(A) Iron (B) Gold (C) Copper (D) Potassium
Q.24 Name the gas evolved when magnesium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.
(A) Chlorine (B) Oxygen (C) Hydrogen (D) Nitrogen
Q.25 The metal which is not corroded by air, water and acid is
(A) copper (B) zinc (C)aluminium (D) gold
Q.26 Metals are

(A) soft and brittle (B) hard and solid (C) liquid (D) generallyliquid
Q.27 Materials having qualities of both metals and non-metals are

(A) alloys (B) metalloids (C) noble metals (D) none of these
PAGE# 58
Q.28 Which metal reacts readily with cold water?

(A) Gold (B) Silver (C) Magnesium (D) Calcium
Q.29 The best electrical conductor is

(A) gold (B) copper (C) silver (D)aluminium
Q.30 Iron is galvanished by coating it with

(A) chromium (B) sodium (C) magnesium (D) zinc
Q.31 Out of these, which one is more reactive with water?

(A) Sodium (B) Magnesium (C) Iron (D) Copper
Q.32 Boron is
(A) metal (B) metalloid (C) non-metal (D) alkali
Q.33 A mineral from which a metal can be extracted on the commercial scale, economically is called
(A) ore (B) metalloid (C) corrosion (D) metal
SECTION–B
Q.34 Which of the following element is not found in free state in the nature? [NTSE-Stage-IIRaj/2007]
(A) Silver (B) Copper (C) Sodium (D) Gold
Q.35 The concentrated ore if subjected to the following process, is called roasting :
[NTSE-Stage-IIBihar/2007]
(A) Heated in a furnace alone
(B) Heated in a furnace in sufficient supply of air
(C) Heated in a furnace with insufficient supply of air
(D) Heated with some flux
Q.36 The difference between Pig and Wrought iron is as follows : [NTSE-Stage-I/Bihar/2007]
(A) Pig iron is pure and Wrought iron is impure
(B) Both Pig and Wrought iron are highly impure
(C) Both Pig and Wrought iron are pure
(D) Pig iron is impure and wrought iron is pure to a large extent
Q.37 A highly purified non-metal used for making solar cells, microchips and transistors is
[NTSE-Stage-II Delhi/2007]
(A) Sulphur (B) Selenium (C) Silicon (D) Phosphorus
Q.38 Epsom salt is [NTSE-Stage-I/Haryana/2007]

(A) CuSO4 (B) MgSO4·7H2O (C) NH2CONH2 (D) (NH4)2SO4
Q.39 An ore gives off SO2 when heated with O2 This ore is concentrated by -
[NTSE-Stage-IIUttrakhand/2007]
(A) gravity separation method (B) magnetic separation method
(C) froth flotation method (D) chemical method
PAGE# 59
Q.40 Copper is extracted from the ore copper pyrite by smelting in a blast furnace. The flux used and the slag
formed are as given below: [NTSE-Stage-I/Bihar/2007]
(A) Flux CaO, Slag CaSiO3 (B) Flux SiO2, Slag CaSiO3
(C) Flux FeO, Slag FeSiO3 (D) Flux SiO2, Slag FeSiO3
Q.41 Aluminium is not extracted by carbon reduction process. This is due to the following reason :
[NTSE-Stage-I/Bihar/2007]
(A) At the temperature ofthe furnace, Al is oxidised by CO2
(B) Melting point atAl is very high
(C) Melting point at Al is very low
(D) Al reacts with carbon
Q.42 When magma cools below the surface of the earth, the granite is formed which is used in buildings. It
mainly consists of - [NTSE-Stage-II112007]
(A) quartz and haematite (B) quartz and feldspar
(C) bauxite and calcamine (D) feldspar and silver glance
Q.43 Minerals generally have the following characteristics [NTSE-Stage-II/2007]

(A) They occur naturally.
(B) They have characteristics chemical composition.
(C) They do not have specific chemical properties.
(D) They do not have a specific chemical composition. Which of the following statements are correct?
(A) Aand B (B) A, C and D (C) C and D (D) Aand D
Q.44 Which of the following non-metal is found in liquid state at room temperature?
[NTSE-Stage-II/Raj 2008]
(A) Sulphur (B) Carbon (C) Iodine (D) Bromine
Q.45 Bauxite is an ore of [NTSE-Stage-II/Bihar 2008]

(A) boron (B)aluminium (C) barium (D) chromium
Q.46 Copper is purified by which method, given below [NTSE-Stage-II/Bihar 2008]

(A) Distillation (B) Liquation (C) Carbon-reduction (D) Electrolytic refining
Q.47 Rusting of iron is an example of [NTSE-Stage-I/Bihar 2008]

(A) photochemical reaction (B) electrochemical reaction
(C) electrolytic reaction (D) exothermic reaction
Q.48 The metal is stored in kerosene oil? [NTSE-Stage-II/Delhi 2008]
(A) Sodium (B) Zinc (C) Iron (D) Magnesium
Q.49 Which of these is used for packing of medicines? [NTSE-Stage-II/Delhi 2008]

(A) Fe (B)Al (C) Zn (D) Mg
Q.50 Which of these is the hardest? [NTSE-Stage-II/Delhi 2008]

(A) Lead (B) Diamond (C) Gold (D) Iron
Q.51 Which does not liberate hydrogen gas on reaction with dilute HCI ? [NTSE-Stage-II/Delhi 2008]
(A) Mg (B) Cu (C) Zn (D) Na
PAGE# 60
Q.52 Cryolite is a ore of

(A) Chromium (B) Magnesium (C) Iron (D)Aluminium
Q.53 Which metal becomes black in H2S present in air? [NTSE-Stage-I/Haryana 2008]
(A) Fe (B) Mg (C)Ag (D)Al
Q.54 Alnico is a mixture of - [NTSE-Stage-II/Haryana /2008]

(A) Fe,Al, Ni, Co (B) Fe, Cr, Ni, Co (C) Al, Ni, Co, Mn (D) Al, Cu, Mn, Mg
Q.55 The colour of sulphur, Chlorine gas and iodine are respectively. [NTSE-Stage-I/Haryana 2008]
(A) yellow, yellowish green, blue (B) red, white, violet
(C) yellow, yellowish green, violet (D) yellow, white, violet
Q.56 What it the total number of non -metallic elements? [NTSE-Stage-II/Gujratl 2007,2008]
(A) 10 (B) 11 (C) infinite (D) 22
Q.57 Which are the constituents of alloy bronze ? [NTSE-Stage-II/Gujratl 2008]

(A) Cu, Zn (B) Cu, Ni (C) Cu, Sn (D) Cu, Sn, Ni
Q.58 The most reactive metal is - [NTSE-Stage-I/Himachal 2008]

(A) potassium (B) gold (C) zinc (D) copper
Q.59 The first alloy to be discovered was [NTSE-Stage-I/Himachal 2008]

(A) brass (B) duralumin (C) solder (D) bronze
Q.60 The red colour of red soil is due to presence of [NTSE-Stage-II/Chhatisgarh 2008]
(A) Zinc oxide (B) Magnesium oxide (C) Sulphur dioxide (D) Iron oxide
Q.61 The percentage of gold present in 20 carat gold is

(A) 83.33 (B) 100 (C) 50 (D) 73.3
Q.62 Match the following

(a) CH4 (i) Neither combustible nor supports combustion
(b) CO 2 (ii) Combustible
(c) N2 (iii) Supports combustion
(d) O2 (iv) Extinguishes fire
Which of the following indicates the correct matching? [NTSE-Stage-II/2008]
(A) a,(i) ; b, (ii) ; c (iii) ; d, (iv) (B) a,(ii) ; b, (iv) ; c (i) ; d, (iii)
(C) a,(ii) ; b, (iii) ; c (i) ; d, (iv) (D) a,(iii) ; b, (iv) ; c (ii) ; d, (i)
Q.63 Which of the following displacement reactions is possible ? [NTSE-Stage-II/2008]

(A) Copper + Sodium chloride  Copper chloride + Sodium
(B) Lead + Potassium nitrate  Lead nitrate +Potassium
(C) Iron + Lead nitrate  Iron nitrate + Lead
(D) Silver + Copper nitrate  Silver nitrate + Copper
PAGE# 61
Q.64 In which of the following seasons, rusting of iron is the fastest ? [NTSE-Stage-II/Raj./2009]
(A) Rainy season (B) Spring (C) Summer (D) Winter
Q.65 Consider the following five beakers and the substances in it. [NTSE-Stage-II/Raj.l2009]
BeakerA: Copper sulphate solution + Iron nails
Beaker B : Zinc sulphate solution + Copper turnings
Beaker C : Magnesium sulphate solution + Zinc granules
Beaker D : Zinc sulphate solution + Iron nails
Beaker E : Magnesium nitrate solution + Iron nails·
According to the changes that take place in the above beakers select the arrangement of metals copper,
iron, zinc and magnesium in increasing order of reactivity from.the alternative given.
(A) Iron, Copper, Zinc, Magnesium (B) Magnesium, Zinc, Iron, Copper
(C) Copper, Iron, Zinc, Magnesium (D) Copper, Zinc, Iron, Magnesium
Q.66 Baryte is the ore of - [NTSE-Stage-I/Shiiong/2009]

(A) Calcium (B) Iron (C) Barium (D) Uranium
Q.67 A non-metal not found in the free state is [NTSE-Stage-I/Shilong/2009]

(A) oxygen (B) silicon (C) nitrogen (D) carbon
Q.68 Rusting of iron occurs due to the presence of [NTSE-Stage-II/West Benga1/2011]

(A) nitrogen and dry air (B) oxygen and dry air
(C) nitrogen and moist air (D) oxygen and moist air
Q.69 Which are the constituents of alloy nichrome? [NTSE-Stage-I/Guratl 2011]

(A) Fe, Ni (B) Cu, Ni (C) Fe, Ni, Cr, Mn (D) Ni, Cr, Fe
Q.70 Which element from the following does prevent the corrosion of iron ? [NTSE-Stage-I/Gujratl2011]
(A) Cu (B) Zn (C) Ag (D) O
Q.71 Which of the following metals is found in liquid form ? [NTSE-Stage-I/Raj./2011]

(A) Iron (B) Sodium (C) Mercury (D) Lead
Q.72 Water which contains soluble salt of calcium and magnesium is known as : [NTSE-Stage-I/Raj./2011]
(A) Soft water (B) Heavy water (C) Hard water (D) Mineral water
Q.73 Which among the following matter has the highest electrical conductivity? [NTSE-Stage-I/Raj.l2011]
(A) Diamond (B) Silver (C) Wood (D) Graphite
Q.74 What is the proportion of gold in 18 carat gold? [NTSE-Stage-I/Gujratl2011]
(A) 70 (B) 91.7 (C) 83.33 (D) None of these
Q.75 The properties of elements with 4, 5, 6 or 7 valence electrons are- [NTSE-Stage-I/Kamatka2011]
(A) metallic (B) non-metallic (C) acidic (D) alkaline
Q.76 A copper doll kept in a showcase looses its shine with time because of the formation of
[NTSE-Stage-I/Karnatka2011]
(A) oxides (B) hydroxides (C) chlorides (D) sulphates
Q.77 Fill the blank in the equation.
Mg(HCO3)2   ---------H2O + CO2
Heat
[NTSE-Stage-II/Andhra pradesh2011]
(A) MgCO3 (B) Mg2CO3 (C) Mg (D) Mg(OH)2
PAGE# 62
Q.78 China clay is ................................. in colour. [NTSE-Stage-II/Maharastra 2011]

(A) white (B) red (C) green (D) black
Q.79 Calcium oxide when dissolved in water forms [NTSE-Stage-II/Maharashtra 2011]

(A) calcium hydroxide (B) calcium nitrate
(C) calcium (D) calcium carbonate
Q.80 Pure gold is of............................. carat. [NTSE-Stage-I/Maharashtra 2011]

(A) 18 (B) 26 (C) 24 (D) 22
Q.81 The process of depositing a layer of zinc on iron is called - [NTSE-Stage-I/Punjab 2011]
(A) galvanisation (B) crystallisation (C) ionisation (D) hydration
Q.82 When a copper vessel is exposed to moist air for long it acquires a dull green coating. The green material
is a mixture of :
[NTSE-Stage-II/Punjab 2011]
(A) CuSO4 and CuCO3 (B) Cu(OH)2 and CuCO3
(C) CuSO4 and Cu(OH)2 (D) FeCO3 and CuSO4
Q.83 In which of the following displacement reaction occurs ? [NTSE-Stage-I/Punjab 2011]

(1) Copper sulphate (CuSO4) + zinc granules (Zn)
(2) Copper sulphate (CuSO4) + Iron Nail (Fe)
(3) Zinc sulphate (ZnSO4 + copper turning (Cu)
(4) Iron sulphate (FeSO4) + Copper turning (Cu)
(A) both in (1) and (2) (B) both in (3) and (4)
(C) both in (2) and (3) (D) both in (1) and (4)
Q.84 Oxides of non-metals are : [NTSE-Stage-I/Delhi 2011]

(A) basic (B) acidic (C) neutral (D) all of these
Q.85 Galvanization is a process in which deposition is done of: [NTSE-Stage-II/Delhi 2011]

(A) iron on copper articles (B) zinc on copper articles
(C) zinc on iron articles (D) none of these
Q.86 The property of malleability is not shown by : [NTSE-Stage-II/Delhi 2011]

(A) Iron (B) Graphite (C)Aluminium (D) Silver
Q.87 Which metal liberates hydrogen on reaction with an alkali ? [NTSE-Stage-ll/Delhi 2011]
(A) Cu (B) Mg (C)Al (D) Fe
Q.88 In bronze exists [NTSE-Stage-II/Bihar 2011]

(A) Cu and Sn (B) Cu and Zn (C) Zn and Pb (D) Sn and Pb
Q.89 When Ca reacts with Cl2 then form [NTSE-Stage-II/Bihar 2011]

(A) Ca(OCl)Cl (B) CaCl2 (C) Ca3N2 (D) None of these
Q.90 In which ore oxygen is not contained? [NTSE-Stage-I/Bihar 2011]

(A) Iron pyrite (B) Haematite (C) Lime stone (D) Bauxite
PAGE# 63
ANSWER KEY
SECTION - B
Q.1 Low Q.2 Poor Q.3 Acidic Q.4 Mineral
Q.5 N, P, K Q.6 Sulphurtrioxide Q.7 Iodine Q.8 Metal, non-metal
Q.9 Silver
MATCHING SKILLS :
Q.10 1-(d), 2-(e), 3-(a), 4-(b), 5-(c)
Q.11 (1)-(h), (2)-(a), (3)-(b), (4)-(c), (5)-(f), (6)-(d), (7)-(e), (8)-(g)
TRUE OR FALSE :
Q.12 True Q.13 False Q.14 True Q.15 False
Q.16 True Q.17 True Q.18 False
SECTION–A
Q.1 C Q.2 A Q.3 C Q.4 B Q.5 D Q.6 C Q.7 D
Q.8 C Q.9 B Q.10 C Q.11 C Q.12 D Q.13 A Q.14 C
Q.15 C Q.16 B Q.17 C Q.18 B Q.19 A Q.20 C Q.21 D
Q.22 D Q.23 D Q.24 C Q.25 D Q.26 B Q.27 B Q.28 D
Q.29 C Q.30 D Q.31 A Q.32 B Q.33 A
SECTION–B
Q.34 C Q.35 B Q.36 D Q.37 C Q.38 B Q.39 C Q.40 D
Q.41 D Q.42 B Q.43 B Q.44 D Q.45 B Q.46 D Q.47 B
Q.48 A Q.49 B Q.50 B Q.51 B Q.52 D Q.53 C Q.54 A
Q.55 C Q.56 D Q.57 C Q.58 A Q.59 D Q.60 D Q.61 A
Q.62 B Q.63 C Q.64 A Q.65 C Q.66 C Q.67 B Q.68 D
Q.69 C Q.70 B Q.71 C Q.72 C Q.73 B Q.74 D Q.75 B
Q.76 A Q.77 A Q.78 A Q.79 A Q.80 C Q.81 A Q.82 B
Q.83 A Q.84 B Q.85 C Q.86 B Q.87 C Q.88 A Q.89 B
Q.90 A
PAGE# 64
CH-3: COAL AND PETROLEUM CHEMISTRY / CLASS-VIII
COAL
AND
PETROLEUM
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Our nature is bountiful. It has a variety of plants, animals, minerals and fuels along with water, soil, air,
etc. on which man is dependent for his daily needs and comforts.All such materials which are used by
human for his survival and welfare are called Resources.
Natural resources indicate the potential wealth of a country.
Natural resources are those which are obtained from the nature, Examples of natural resources are air,
water, soil, minerals, etc.
Man made resources are those which are made by human beings.
Types of Natural Resources :

Depending upon the abundance and availability, the natural resources are categorized into two types.
Natural Resources
Inexhaustible Exhaustible
(I) Resources that are in unlimited quantity. (I) Resources that are in limited quantity.
(II) Resources that are not likely to (II) Resources that are likely to be exhausted
be exhausted by human activity or their use. by human activities.
Example : Air, Water and Solar Radiations.
Renewable Non-Renewable
(I) Can replenish themselves (I) Cannot replenish themselves
by quick recycling and replacement by recycling and replacement.
within a reasonable time. (II) These may be exhausted.
(II) Not likely to be exhausted. (III) Examples : Minerals, Fossil
(III) Examples : Soil, Forests and fules
Wild life.
3.2 FOSSILS
The remains of dead plants and animals which are buried under the rocks millions of year ago are called
fossils.
The fuels which were formed by the decomposition of the remains of prehistoric plants and animals
buried under the earth millions of years ago are called fossil fuels.
They are formed by what is known as the fossilisation of living organisms. Fossils are remains of plants
and animals trapped between layers of rocks.
e.g. : Coal, petroleum and Natural gas.
PAGE# 65
3.3 COAL
Coal is a mineral of dark brown or black colour. Coal is a complex mixture of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen compounds. Some nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus compounds are also present in it. It is
found in coal mines deep under the surface of the earth (fig). It is one of the earliest used fossil fuels.
3.3.1 Formation of Coal

Coal was formed by the decomposition of plants and trees buried under the surface of the earth long
long ago. It is believed that millions of years ago, due to earthquakes, flood, and volcanic activities, the
forests were buried under the surface of the earth and were covered with sand, clay and water. Due to
high temperature and pressure inside the earth, wood, in the absence of air, was converted into coal. The
slow chemical process of the conversion of wood into coal is called carbonisation. Carbonisation is a
very slow process and mayhave taken thousands of years to take place. For this reason, coal is considered
as a fossil fuel.
3.3.2 Coal Mines

The major coal mines in India are located in West Bengal, Orissa, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh. Some of
the major coal producing countries of the world are China,America, England, Germany, Poland,Australia
and India.
3.3.3 Types of Coal

Coal formation is a continuing process. Depending on the carbon content, moisture and volatile
compounds, coal is classified into 4 categories: Peat, Lignite, Bituminous and Anthracite.
Type of coal % of carbon content Calorific value
Peat 50-60 10.5-12.6 KJ/g
Lignite 60-70 14.7-18.9 KJ/g
Bituminous 75-80 28-31 KJ/g
A nthracite 90-95 31-33 KJ/g
The different varieties of coal formed depends on how long and at what temperature and pressure the
coal is buried under the surface of the earth. Bituminous and anthracite are generally used as fuel in
industry and in our households.
 Peat
(i) Inferior quality of coal.
(ii) Gives more smoke and less heat.
(iii) Brown in colour.
(iv) It is obtained from dead plant material
PAGE# 66
 Lignite
(i) Dark brown in colour.
(ii) Provides flame with more smoke.
 Bituminous
(i) Hard black and shiny.
(ii) Gives yellow flame and less smoke.
(iii) Contains more gaseous contents.
(iv) It is household softcoal.
 Anthracite
(i) Superior quality of coal.
(ii) Black and hard.
(iii) Burns with blue flame.
(iv) Provides more heat.
FLOW CHART
Peat [dead plant material]
Lignite [brown coal]
Bituminous coal [household soft coal]
Anthracite [hard coal]
PAGE# 67
 Destructive distillation of coal : On strong heating of coal in a closed tube it breaks down to
different components such as coal gas, coal tar, ammonical liquor and coke. This process is
called destructive distillation.
Take some coal powder in a hard glass test tube, insert a holed rubber stopper and an inverted
glass tube into it. Take another test tube containing water, fit it with a cork having two holes,
through which a jet tube is attached. Assemble the apparatus as shown in figure. Heat the test
tube strongly and record your observation.
1. The colourless gas (D) which burn when ignited is coal gas
2. The light grey porous residue left in the hard glass test tube (A) is coke.
3. The brownish black oily layer at the bottom of the test tube (B) is coal tar.
4. The clear colourless layer above the oily layer isAmmonial liquor.
 Coke: Coke contains 98% carbon. It is tough, black and porous substance. Coke has higher
calorific value than coal itself. So it is very good fuel. It is almost pure form of carbon. It is used
to prepare industrially important gases such as water gas (CO + H2) and producer gas.
It is a good starting material for the preparation of acetylene, acetic acid and plastics like polyvinyl
chloride. It is a good reducing agent also.
Note:
 Water gas is an equimolar mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
It is obtained by passing steam over red-hot coke.
C + H2O  (CO + H2)
Coke Water Water gas
 Producer gas is a mixture of carbon monoxide and nitrogen.It is obtained when air is
passed over red hot coke.
2C + O2 + 4N2  (2CO+ 4N2)
Producer gas
 Coal tar : Coal tar is the black liquid that settled under water in the test
tube. It is a mixture of as many as two hundred carbon compounds
which can be seperated by fractional distillation. Compounds obtained
from coal tar like benzene, toluene, phenol, naphthalene, anthracene
etc. are used to make medicines, dyes, paints, explosives, plastics,
synthetic fibres, pesticides etc. The residue left behind after destructive
distillation of coal is called coal tar which is used to surface roads, water
proof roofs.
PAGE# 68
 Ammonical Liquor: It is a colourless solution. It is formed when, ammonia is dissolved in water

to form a solutioncalledammonical liquor. It reacts withsulphuric acid togiveammonical fertilizers
which are best for acidic soil.
 Coal gas : Coal gas is mainly a mixture of hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide. The gases
present in coal gas are combustible, and hence it is an excellent fuel. It has high calorific value. It
was used for lighting houses, factories and streets in Mumbai (Bombay) until 1950. It was also
used for cooking until recently.
Note: Coal gas was used for street lighting for the first time in London in 1810 and in New York
around 1820. Now -a -days, it is used as a source of heat rather than light.
Uses:
(A) Coal is used as a fuel to convert water into steam to run thermal power plants for the
generation of electricity. It is also used as a fuel in homes and factories and to run steam
engines.
(B) Coal is used in the preparation of fuel gases, such as coal gas.
(C) Coal is used in the preparation of synthetic petrol.
(D) Coal is also used in preparation of synthetic natural gas.
(E) The destructive distillation of coal gives coke, coal tar, coal gas etc .
(F) Coal is the source from which a number of organic compounds such as benzene, toluene,
phenol, aniline, naphthalene and anthracene are obtained.
PAGE# 69
3.4 PETROLEUM
(i) Petroleum is also a fossil fuel (Petra = rock, oleum = oil). Thus it means rock oil.
(ii) It is a complex mixture of several solid, liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons mixed with water, salt
and earthy particles.
(iii) It is a dark coloured foul smelling and viscous liquid. It is lighter than water and insoluble in it.
(iv) Petroleum is called “Black Gold” due to its great commercial importance.
(v) The unrefined form of petroleum is called crude oil.
(vi) Large number of compounds are prepared from hydrocarbon (which are obtained from petroleum)
are called petrochemicals. They are used in the manufacture of detergents, synthetic fibres,
plastics, perfumes, dyes, drugs, fertilizers etc.
(vii) Most of the world depends on petroleum that is why price of oil is so important for us.
OPEC (Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries) try to set production level for petroleum.As a
rule “the less oil they produce, the higher the price of the oil in the world market”.
3.4.1 How Petroleum was Formed
It is believed that millions of years ago, the microscopic plants and animals which lived in seas, died.
Their bodies sank to the bottom of the sea and were soon covered with layers of sand and clay. Over a
period of millions of years, these remains, in the absence of air, got converted into petroleum under the
combined effect of high temperature, high pressure and bacteria. The petroleum so formed passed
through porous rocks until it got trapped between some impervious rocks. The natural gas always
occurs above the petroleum under the earth as shown in fig.
3.4.2 Mining of Petroleum

Petroleum is obtained by drilling holes (oil wells) into the earth's crust where the presence of oil has been
predicted by survey. When a well is drilled through the rocks, natural gas comes out first with great
pressure and after some time the oil comes out by itself due to gas pressure. After the pressure has
subsided, the crude oil is pumped out of the oil well.
The first oil well was drilled in Pennsylvania (USA) in 1859. Oil was struck in India in 1867, at Makum
inAssam.
It is called nonrenewable energy source because it takes millions of years to form. We can not make new
petroleum reserves.
PAGE# 70
3.4.3 Oil Production in India

Some of the places in our country, where petroleum is being produced from the oil wells are:
1. Ankleshwar and Kalol in Gujarat.
2. Rudrasagar and Lakwa inAssam.
3. Bombay High (Offshore area).
4. Deltas of Cauvery, Krishna and Godavari rivers.
Exploration for more oil is going on under-the supervision of Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd.
(ONGC) throughout the country.
3.4.4 Petroleum Refineries in India

There are about a dozen oil refineries in our country. The oil refineries in India are located at Mumbai,
Chennai, Mathura, Barauni, Digboi, Guwahati, Haldia, Kochi, Koyali and Vishakhapatnam. The oldest
oil refinery in India is at Digboi inAssam which was established in 1901.
3.4.5 Refining of Petroleum

Petroleum is a mixture of various constituents such as petroleum gas, petrol, diesel, lubricatingoil, paraffin
wax etc. The process of separating the various constituents / fraction of petroleum is known as refining.
It is carried out in a petroleum refinery.
PAGE# 71
S.
Component Composition Boiling point Uses
No.
1 Gases (Natural) C1–C4 30° Gaseous fuel, in the
formation of carbon black,
methanol and gasoline. As a
fuel under the name LPG.
2 Petroleum ether C5–C7 30°–90° In dry cleaning, as a solvent
3 Gasoline or Petrol C7–C12 70°–200° As a fuel in vehicle
4 Kerosene C12–C15 175°–275° In Lamps, as oil, as
household full.
5 Diesel C15–C18 250°–400° As a fuel in diesel engines
6 Lubricating oil C16–C20 7350° As lubricant
7 Vaseline C18–C22 7350° In medicine as lubricant,
petroleum jelly.
8 Parafin Wax C20–C30 Melting point Candles, shoe polish, paper
52°–57°
9 Petroleum coke C30 and more – As a coal tar.
Figure: Petroleum refineries

Oil refineries: A refinery is a plant where crude oil is processed. The crude oil is sent to a distillation
tower where it is heated up.When some of the oil will vapourise and rise up the tower.Different component
of the oil boil at different temperatures. The components are separated from bottom to the top of the
tower, from heavy to light fractions. This allows the refineries to collect the different fractions of
the crude oil.
The various fractions obtained by the fractional distillation of petroleum (from top to bottom
of the tower) are petroleum gas, gasoline or petrol, kerosene oil, Diesel oil, fuel oil and residual
oil. Further fractionation of residual oil yield lubricating oil, paraffin wax, asphalt and
petroleum coke.
3.4.6 Uses of Petroleum

Some common uses of petroleum are given below.
1. Petroleum products are used as fuels.
2. Lubricating oils, grease and vaseline are used as lubricants.
3. Paraffin wax, a product of petroleum, is used for manufacturing candles, polishes, waxed paper,
water-proofing, etc.
PAGE# 72
4. Some of the by products of petroleum after purification are used in the preparation of medicines,
ointmetns, face creams and comestics.
5. Bitumen is used for metalling roads.
All the important chemicals were earlier prepared from the products of coal but now coal products have
been replaced by petroleum products for their use.
3.5 NATURAL GAS

It occurs deep under the crust of the earth either alone or along with oil above petroleum deposits.
Some wells dug into the earth produce only natural gas whereas others produce natural gas as well as
petroleum.
Figure: Petroleum and natural gas deposits
PAGE# 73
3.5.1 How was Natural Gas Formed

Natural gas is formed under the earth bydecomposition of vegetable matter lying under water in conditions
of high temperature, high pressure and in the absence of oxygen.
3.5.2 Uses of Natural Gas

(i) Natural gas is stored under high pressure as compressed natural gas (CNG). CNG is used for
power generation. The great advantage of CNG is that it can be used directly for burning in
home and factories where it can be supplied through pipes. Such a network of pipelines exists in
Vadodara (Gujrat), some parts of Delhi and other places. In our country natural gas has been
found in Tripura, Rajasthan, Maharastra and in the Krishna Godavari delta.
(ii) Natural gas is used as a domestic and industrial fuel. It has high calorific value. It can be directly
piped from the production wells to homes and industries. It is also a very clean fuel as it causes
no pollution on burning. In the form of (CNG) Compressed Natural Gas, It is also being used as
a fuel in automobiles to reduce pollution.
(iii) Natural gas is used as a source of carbon and hydrogen. When it is heated strongly in the
absence of air (pyrolysis) it forms carbon and hydrogen.
Strong heating
CH 4      C  2H 2
The carbon thus formed is used as filler in rubber tyre industry. The hydrogen gas is used to
manufacture NH3 gas which is further utilized in preparing ammonical fertilizers.
3.5.3 Advantages of Natural Gas

1. It is a cleaner fuel and causes less pollution.
2. It has high calorific value.
3. It can be directly transported to the homes and industries through networks of underground
pipelines and this eliminates the need for additional storage and transport.
In our country natural gas is being supplied in Vadodara city in Gujarat and some parts of Delhi
through pipelines. This is one of the greatest advantage of natural gas over other fuels.
4. It does not produce any poisonous gas on burning.
5. It burns with a smokeless flame, so it does not cause much pollution.
3.6 PETROCHEMICALS
The useful substances which are obtained from petroleum and natural gas are called petrochemicals.
The petrochemicals provide the raw material for the preparation of a large variety of substances. These
are used for making synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber, plastic, perfumes, fertilisers, explosives varinishes,
dyes and drugs.
3.6.1 Consequences of overextra action and overuse of coal and

Petroleum
Both coal and petroleum are exhaustible sources of energy. So, the excessive mining and use of fossil
fuels would lead to the following:
1. The natural deposits of coal and petroleum on over extraction will get exhausted. The rate
at which we are using these resources, the stock of coal and petroleum can last for only about
20-30 years.
2. Import of coal and petroleum will increase.
3. There will be severe drain on the foreign exchange reserve to meet the cost of importing petroleum
4. The petroleum products will become costly and may even go beyond the reach of an ordinary
person.
PAGE# 74
5. Prices of all the commodities will increase which will cause inflation.
6. Excessive mining of fossil fuels will create large hollow spaces inside the earth.As a result of this
the land may collapse.
7. Burning of fossil fuels releases considerable amount of gaseous pollutants in the atmosphere.
8. The burning of fossil fuels is adding excessive amount of carbon dioxide in the air leading to
greenhouse effect which can cause global warming.
3.6.2 Conservation of Fossil Fuels

The wise and judicious use of fossil fuels is called conservation of fossil fuels. We can do it by adopting
the following measures.
1. Do not waste or misuse fossil fuels.
2. Use these fuels only when absolutely necessary.
3. Manage these fossil fuels properly so that they can be used for longer period of time.
4. Adopt and use alternative or renewable sources of energy such as solar, wind, and biomass
energy. It is better to use biogas as a domestic fuel than the fossil fuels.
3.6.3 Conservation of Petrol and Diesel

In India the Petroleum Conservation ResearchAssociation (PCRA) gives some tips to save petrol and
diesel while driving. These are:
1. Drive at constant and moderate speed as far as possible. A speed of 45-50 km per hour is said
to give better result per litre of fuel. Very low or very high speed uses more fuel.
2. Periodically check air pressure in the tyres.Acorrect tyre pressure will save fuel.
3. Ensure regular maintenance of the vehicle from company-owned workshop instead of local
workshop.
4. Switch off the engine while waiting for somebody or at the traffic lights to save fuel.
3.7 BIO GAS

Biogas is obtained by the anaerobic fermentation of cattle dung and domestic sewage. Anaerobic
fermentation is fermentation in the absence of air.Amixture of methane (CH4 ), carbon dioxide (CO2 ),
hydrogen (H2 ) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is thus obtained, methane being the main constituent.
The fermentation takes place in an underground tank (made of bricks), called the digester.Aslurry of
cattle dung and water is fed into the tank. On fermentation of the dung, biogas is evolved and collected
in the gasholder.
PAGE# 75
The gasholder, made of steel, floats over the slurr y. The holder moves up when gas collects in it and
moves down when gas is drawn from it. (There is an outlet pipe for the gas on top of the gasholder.)
Larger plants can be established for a community. Such plants can be put up easily in rural India. The
government subsidises and promotes the establishment of biogas plants through various agencies.
Methane, the main constituent of biogas, bums to give carbon dioxide and water vapour. It bums
completely. No soot (unburnt carbon particles) and carbon monoxide are formed.
CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O + heat
 Biogas : Obtained by decomposition of biomass .

 Calorific value : The amount of heat produced by burning 1 gram of fuel completely.
 Combustible : Materials which burn readily.
 Combustion : Burning of a substance in the presence of O2
 Ignition temperature or : Minimum temperature at which a combustible substance catches fire;
kindling temperature also known as 'flashpoint.'
 Thermal power : Power generated by the heat produced by burning fuel.
 Coal : Coal is fossil fuel, formed by the decay of vegetation which existed
millions of years ago.
 Coal Gas : Coal gas is obtained as a by product during the processing of coal to
form coke, and is used as a fuel.
 Coal Tar : It is a black thick liquid with an unpleasant smell obtained by the
processing of coal.
 Coke : Tough, porous and black substance obtained by the processing of coal.
 Fossil Fuel : Coal petroleum and natural gas are fossil fuels.
 Natural Gas : Natural Gas is a very important fossil fuel. It is a cleaner fuel.
 Petroleum : It is a dark oily liquid with an unpleasant odour. It is a source of petrol
and diesel.
 Petroleum Refinery : Petroleum refinery is a place where process of separating the various
constituents of petroleum.
PAGE# 76
 Natural Resources: The resources, that are obtained from nature are called natural resources, for
example, air, water, soil and minerals.
 Inexhaustible Natural Resources: The resources, that are present in unlimited quantity in nature, and
cannot be exhausted by human activities, for example: air, sunlight etc.
 Exhaustible Natural Resources : The resources, that are present in limited quantity in nature, and can
be exhausted by human activities, for example, coal, petroleum, minerals, forests etc.
 Fossil : The remains of the part of plant or 'animal or' itself, preserved in the coarse of time, is called
Fossil.
 Some exhaustible natural resources from the dead remains living organisms are known as fossil fuels,
for example, coal, petroleum and natural gas.
 Coal is a fossil fuel, that was formed by the decay of vegetation, which existed millions of years, ago.
It is a non-crystalline form of carbon. Type of coals are Peat Lignite, Bituminous andAnthracite.
 Carbonisation : The slow process of conversion of dead vegetations into coal is called carbonisation.
 Coke is an amorphous form of carbon, which is harder and denser than charcoal and is used as a fuel.
It is obtained by heating soft coal in the absence of little supply of air. It is black in colour. It is used in the
manufacture of steel.
 Destructive Distillation : The process of heating coal in the absence of air is called destructive distillation.
 Coal Tar is a black thick liquid, i.e., a mixture of about 200 substances and is used to get various
materials of everyday life/industry, like; drugs, dyes, plastics, perfumes, paints, naphthalene balls etc.
 Coal Gas is a byproduct, that is obtained during the processing of coal to form coke, and is used as a
fuel.
 Petroleum is a fossil fuel, that is obtained by the decomposition of dead animals and plants due to
geological changes under the earth. It means oil from rocks. It is a dark oily liquid, i.e., insoluble in water.
Various constituents of petroleum and their uses are as follows:
S.No. Constituents of petroleum Uses

1 Petroleum Gas in Liquid form (LPG) Fuel for home and industry.
2 Petrol Motor fuel, aviation fuel, solvent for dry cleaning.
3 Kerosene Fuel for stoves, lamps and for jet aircrafts.
4 Diesel Fuel for heavy motor vehicles, electric generatiors.
5 Lubricating oil Lubrication
6 Paraffin wax Ointment, candles, vaseline etc.
7 Bitumen Paints, road surfacing.
 Petroleum Refining : The process of separating the different constituents/fractions of petroleum is

known as petroleum refining.
 Natural Gas is a very important fossil fuel, that is stored under high pressure and is easy to transport
through pipe and referred as CNG (compressed natural gas). It is a non-polluting fuel. It help in the
manufacture of a number of chemicals and fertilizers.
 Petrochemicals : The useful substances that are obtained from petroleum and natural gas.
PAGE# 77
[NCERT Questions]
Q.1 What are the advantages of using CNG and LPG as fuels?
Ans. The advantages of using CNG and LPG as fuel are:
(i) A non-polluting fuel for vehicles.
(ii) It is used for power generation.
(iii) It can be used directly for burning in homes and factories.
Q.2 Name the petroleum product used for surfacing of roads.

Ans. A petroleum product 'Bitumen' is used for surfacing of roads.
Q.3 Describe how coal is formed from dead vegetation. What is this process called?
Ans. About 300 million years ago the earth had dense forests in low lying wetland areas. Due to natural
calamities, like flooding, these forests got buried under the soil.As more soil deposited over them, they
were compressed. The temperature also rose as they sank deeper and deeper. Under high pressure and
high temperature, dead plants got slowly converted to coal, that mainly contains carbon in it.
The slow process of conversion of dead vegetation into coal is called carbonisation.
Q.4 Fill in the blanks :

(a) Fossil fuels are __________, __________ and __________.
(b) Process of separation of different constituents from petroleum is called __________.
(c) Least polluting fuel for vehicle is __________.
Ans. (a) coal, petroleum, natural gas
(b) refining
(c) CNG.
Q.5 Tick True/False against the following statements :

(a) Fossil fuels can be made in the laboratory. (T/F)
(b) CNG is more polluting fuel than petrol. (T/F)
(c) Coke is almost pure form of carbon. (T/F)
(d) Coal tar is a mixture of various substances. (T/F)
(e) Kerosene is not a fossil fuel. (T/F)
Ans. (a) False (b) False (c) True (d) True (e) False.
Q.6 Explain why fossil fuels are exhaustible natural resources.

Ans. Fossil fuels are limited in nature, and is used for the different human activities so called as exhaustible
natural resources.
Q.7 Describe characteristics and uses of coke.

Ans. It is a tough, porous and black substances. It is almost pure form of carbon. "Coke is obtained by
heating soft coal in the absence or little supply of air".
It is used in the manufacture of steel and in the extraction of many metals.
Q.8 Explain the process of formation of petroleum.

Ans. Petroleum occurs deep down in the earth between the layers of non-porous rocks. Crude oil petroleum
is formed by the decomposition of animal and plant remains over millions of years under the earth.
Natural gas occurs above the layer of petroleum oil i.e., trapped under the rocks.
PAGE# 78
Q.9 The following Table shows the total power shortage in India from 1991–1997.
Show the data in the form of a graph. Plot shortage percentage for the years on the Y-axis and
the year on the X-axis.
S.No. Year Shortage (%)
1 1991 7.9
2 1992 7.8
3 1993 8.3
4 1994 7.4
5 1995 7.1
6 1996 9.2
7 1997 11.5
Ans.
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS (SHORT ANS QUESTION ASKED IN VARIOUS EXAMS)

Q.10 Write down any four amorphous forms of carbon.
Ans. Amorphous forms of carbon -coal, charcoal, coke and lamp black.
Q.11 Define the term fossil fuel. Name two fossil fuels.
Ans. Fossil fuels are formed from dead remains of living matter over millions of years when they remained
buried under the earth. Coal and petroleum are two fossil fuels.
Q.12 State one use of each of the following:

(a) Charcoal (b) Bone Charcoal (c) Coke.
Ans. Use:
(a) Charcoal : Fuel.
(b) Bone Charcoal : Purificationofbrowncolouredsugarcanejuiceinthemanufactureofsugar.
(c) Coke : Used as a reducing agent in the extraction of metals.
Q.13 (a) Name the products obtained when coal is heated in the absence of air.
(b) Write any two uses of its products.
Ans. (a) Coke is formed when coal is heated in absence of air.
(b) Coke is used:
• as a fuel.
• as a reducing agent in the extraction of metals.
PAGE# 79
Q.14 (a) Give the full form of (i) LPG (ii) CNG.
(b) How is petroleum gas obtained?
Ans. (a) (i) LPG - Liquefied Petroleum Gas.
(ii) CNG - Compressed Natural Gas.
(b) Petroleum gas is obtained during fractional distillation of petroleum.
Q.15 Why do green leaves not catch fire easily?

Ans. Green leaves do not catch fire easily because they contain moisture.
Q.16 Give one advantage of modern chullah over traditional chullah.

Ans. Advantages of Modem Chullah over Traditional Chullah :
(i) High efficiency.
(ii) Causes less pollution.
(iii) Consumes less fuel.
 SKILL BASED QUESTIONS:

Q.17 Draw a line diagram to show position of layers of natural gas, petroleum and water deposits.
Ans.
Q.18 A student has wrongly labelled petroleum, gas and water layers in the following diagram of
petroleum and natural gas deposits. Correct the labelling of layers.
Ans. Correct labelling: 1. Gas, 2. Petroleum, 3. Water.
PAGE# 80
SACTION–A
Q.1 Name the gas which is formed when coal is heated in the absence of air.
Ans. Coal gas
Q.2 What is the purest form of carbon?

Ans. Coke.
Q.3 What is the main use of coke?

Ans. It is used in the extraction of metals.
Q.4 How many substances are found in coal tar?

Ans. About 200 substances.
Q.5 Name the substance obtained from the coal tar and used to repel moths and insects.
Ans. Naphthalene balls.
Q.6 Expand PCRA.

Ans. Petroleum Conservation ResearchAssociation.
Q.7 Define natural resources.

Ans. The resources, that are obtained in nature are called natural resources, for example, air, water, soil and
minerals.
Q.8 What is meant by inexhaustible natural resources?

Ans. The inexhaustible natural resources are in unlimited quantityand are not likely to be exhausted by human
different activities. For example, sunlight, air etc.
Q.9 What is meant by exhaustible natural resources?

Ans. The exhaustible natural resources are limited in nature and can be exhausted by the different human
activities. For example, coal, petroleum, minerals etc.
Q.10 State the difference between renewable and non-renewable resources?

Ans.
S.No. Renewable Non-Renewable
1 Can replenish themselves by quick recycling Cannot replenish themselves by recycling
and replacement within a reasonable time. and replacement.
2 Not likely to be exhausted. These may be exhausted.
3 Examples : Soil, Forests and Wild life. Examples : Minerals, Fossil fuels.
PAGE# 81
Q.11 Make a list of uarious materials used by us in daily life and classify them as natural and man-
made materials.
Ans. S.No. Natural material Man-made Material

1 Air Table
2 Soil Chair
3 Water Car
4 Sunlight Bus
5 CNG TV
6 LPG Plastic
7 Coal Rubber
8 Petrol Food
9 Fruits Bed
10 Minerals Blackboard
Q.12 Does this list include air, water, soil and minerals?
Ans. Yes, this list contains, air, water, soil and minerals.
Q.13 Can we use all our natural resources forever ?

Ans. No, we cannot use all our natural resources forever, because these are going to exhaust one day.
Q.14 Can air, water and soil be exhausted by human activities?

Ans. No, these can not be exhausted at all.
Q.15 Can coal, petroleum and natural gas be prepared in the laboratory from dead organisms?
Ans. No; coal, petroleum and natural gas can’t be prepared in the laboratory from dead orgamsms.
Q.16 What is coal?

Ans. Coal is a fossil fuel. It is a hard as stone and is black in colour.
Q.17 What is meant by carbonisation?

Ans. The slow process of conversion of dead vegetation into coal is called as carbonisation.
Q.18 What is meant by destructive distillation?

Ans. The process of heating coal in the absence of air, to get coke is called as destructive distillation.
Q.19 How is coal gas obtained and where it is used?

Ans. Coal gas is obtained during the processing of coal to get coke. It is used as a fuel in many industries
situated near the coal processing plants.
Q.20 Where do we get coal and how is it formed?

Ans. We get coal deep in the Earth's crust in coal mines.
It is formed by the low decomposition of dead trees and other vegetable matter buried deep under the
earth's crust with high pressure and temperature.
PAGE# 82
Q.21 What are the use of coal?

Ans. Coal is one of the fuels used to cook food. Earlier, it was used in railway engines to produce steam to run
the engine. It is also used in thermal power plants to produce electricity. Coal is also used as a fuel in
various industries.
Q.22 What is coal tar and what are its uses?

Ans. Coal tar is a black thick liquid with an unpleasant smell products obtained from coal tar are used as
starting material for manufacture of manydyes, drugs, explosives, perfumes. plastics, paint, photographic
materials, roofing materials etc. Naphthalene balls used to repel moths and other insects are also obtained
from coal tar.
Q.23 What is the difference between Coke and Coal?

Ans. S.No. Coke Coal
1 It is an amporphous form of carbon. It is a non-crystalline form of carbon.
It is obtained by heating soft coal in the It is obtained by the decay of vegetation,
2
absence or limited supply of air. which existed millions of years ago.
Q.24 Explain destructive distillation of coal?

Ans. Destructive distillation of coal : On strong heating of coal in a closed tube it breaks down to different
components such as coal gas, coal tar, ammonical liquor and coke. This process is called destructive
distillation.
Take some coal powder in a hard glass test tube, insert a holed rubber stopper and an inverted
glass tube into it. Take another test tube containing water, fit it with a cork having two holes,
through which a jet tube is attached. Assemble the apparatus as shown in figure. Heat the test
tube strongly and record your observation.
1. The colourless gas (D) which burn when ignited is coal gas
2. The light grey porous residue left in the hard glass test tube (A) is coke.
3. The brownish black oily layer at the bottom of the test tube (B) is coal tar.
4. The clear colourless layer above the oily layer isAmmonial liquor.
PAGE# 83
Q.25 What is water gas and producer gas?

Ans. Coke contains 98% carbon. It is tough, black and porous substance. Coke has higher calorific value
than coal itself. So it is very good fuel. It is almost pure form of carbon. It is used to prepare industrially
important gases such as water gas (CO + H2) and producer gas.
Q.26 What are the different type of coal? Explain each type briefly?
Ans. Coal formation is a continuing process. Depending on the carbon content, moisture and volatile
compounds, coal is classified into 4 categories: Peat, Lignite, Bituminous and Anthracite.
Type of coal % of carbon content Calorific value
Peat 50-60 10.5-12.6 KJ/g
Lignite 60-70 14.7-18.9 KJ/g
Bituminous 75-80 28-31 KJ/g
A nthracite 90-95 31-33 KJ/g
The different varieties of coal formed depends on how long and at what temperature and pressure the
coal is buried under the surface of the earth. Bituminous and anthracite are generally used as fuel in
industry and in our households.
 Peat :
(i) Inferior quality of coal. (ii) Gives more smoke and less heat. (iii) Brown in colour.
(iv) It is obtained from dead plant material
 Lignite :
(i) Dark brown in colour. (ii) Provides flame with more smoke.
 Bituminous
(i) Hard black and shiny. (ii) Gives yellow flame and less smoke.
(iii) Contains more gaseous contents. (iv) It is household softcoal.
 Anthracite
(i) Superior quality of coal. (ii) Black and hard.
(iii) Burns with blue flame. (iv) Provides more heat.
PAGE# 84
Q.27 What are the uses of coal gas?

Ans. Uses of coal gas :
(A) Coal is used as a fuel to convert water into steam to run thermal power plants for the generation
of electricity. It is also used as a fuel in homes and factories and to run steam engines.
(B) Coal is used in the preparation of fuel gases, such as coal gas.
(C) Coal is used in the preparation of synthetic petrol.
(D) Coal is also used in preparation of synthetic natural gas.
(E) The destructive distillation of coal gives coke, coal tar, coal gas etc .
(F) Coal is the source from which a number of organic compounds such as benzene, toluene, phenol,
aniline, naphthalene and anthracene are obtained .
Q.28 What is coal gas?

Ans. Coal gas is mainlya mixture of hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide. The gases present in coal gas
are combustible, and hence it is an excellent fuel.
Q.29 What is Petroleum? Why is it called black gold?

Ans. Petroleum is a dark oily liquid. It is a mixture of various constituents. Its constituents are very useful. Due
to its great commercial importance petroleum is also called black gold.
Q.30 Where and when was the first oil well drilled? (i) in world and (ii) in India.
Ans. (i) The world's first oil well was drilled in Pennsylvania (U.S.A.) in 1859.
(ii) In India, the first oil well was drilled at Makum (Assam) in 1867.
Q.31 What do you mean by refining and petroleum refinery?

Ans. The process of separating various components or fraction of petroleum is called refining. The device
where it is carried out is called petroleum refinery.
Q.32 Explain mining of petroleum?

Ans. Petroleum is obtained by drilling holes (oil wells) into the earth's crust where the presence of oil has been
predicted by survey. When a well is drilled through the rocks, natural gas comes out first with great
pressure and after some time the oil comes out by itself due to gas pressure. After the pressure has
subsided, the crude oil is pumped out of the oil well.
The first oil well was drilled in Pennsylvania (USA) in 1859. Oil was struck in India in 1867, at Makum
inAssam.
It is called nonrenewable energy source because it takes millions of years to form. We can not make new
petroleum reserves.
Q.33 List some oil production sites in India?

Ans. Some of the places in our country, where petroleum is being produced from the oil wells are:
1. Ankleshwar and Kalol in Gujarat.
2. Rudrasagar and Lakwa inAssam.
3. Bombay High (Offshore area).
4. Deltas of Cauvery, Krishna and Godavari rivers.
Exploration for more oil is going on under-the supervision of Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd.
(ONGC) throughout the country.
PAGE# 85
Q.34 What are the different uses of petroleum?

Ans. Some common uses of petroleum are given below.
1. Petroleum products are used as fuels.
2. Lubricating oils, grease and vaseline are used as lubricants.
3. Paraffin wax, a product of petroleum, is used for manufacturing candles, polishes, waxed paper,
water-proofing, etc.
4. Some of the by products of petroleum after purification are used in the preparation of medicines,
ointmetns, face creams and comestics.
5. Bitumen is used for metalling roads.
All the important chemicals were earlier prepared from the products of coal but now coal products have
been replaced by petroleum products for their use.
Q.35 What is meant by 'Natural gas'?
Ans. Natural gas is a fossil fuel, that is stored under high pressure as compressed natural gas (CNG). It is also
used as a starting material for the manufacture of a number of chemicals and fertilisers.
Q.36 Why is natural gas called a very important fossil fuel in these days?
Ans. Natural gas is a very important fossil fuel because it is easy to transport through pipes. It is used in the
form of CNG as fuel and generation of power.
Q.37 Why is CNG called a clean fuel?

Ans. CNG is called a clean fuel because:
(i) It burns directly for burning.
(ii) It does not produce any pollution.
(iii) No residue is left after burning of CNG.
(iv) It burns completely in the air.
Q.38 What are the harmful effects of using fossil fuels ?

Ans. Harmful effects of burning fossil fuels are as following:
(i) Burning of fossil fuels cause air pollution.
(ii) They also cause global warming because they produce green house gas like carbon dioxide on
burning.
Q.39 What are the uses of Natural Gas?
Ans. Uses of Natural Gas
(i) Natural gas is stored under high pressure as compressed natural gas (CNG). CNG is used for
power generation. The great advantage of CNG is that it can be used directly for burning in
home and factories where it can be supplied through pipes. Such a network of pipelines exists in
Vadodara (Gujrat), some parts of Delhi and other places. In our country natural gas has been
found in Tripura, Rajasthan, Maharastra and in the Krishna Godavari delta.
(ii) Natural gas is used as a domestic and industrial fuel. It has high calorific value. It can be directly
piped from the production wells to homes and industries. It is also a very clean fuel as it causes
no pollution on burning. In the form of (CNG) Compressed Natural Gas, It is also being used as
a fuel in automobiles to reduce pollution.
(iii) Natural gas is used as a source of carbon and hydrogen. When it is heated strongly in the
absence of air (pyrolysis) it forms carbon and hydrogen.
Strong heating
CH 4      C  2H 2
The carbon thus formed is used as filler in rubber tyre industry. The hydrogen gas is used to
manufacture NH3 gas which is further utilized in preparing ammonical fertilizers.
PAGE# 86
Q.40 What are the advantage of using Natural Gas?

Ans. Advantages of Natural Gas :
1. It is a cleaner fuel and causes less pollution.
2. It has high calorific value.
3. It can be directly transported to the homes and industries through networks of underground
pipelines and this eliminates the need for additional storage and transport.
In our country natural gas is being supplied in Vadodara city in Gujarat and some parts of Delhi
through pipelines. This is one of the greatest advantage of natural gas over other fuels.
4. It does not produce any poisonous gas on burning.
5. It burns with a smokeless flame, so it does not cause much pollution.
Q.41 What are petrochemical and what are their uses?

Ans. The useful substances which are obtained from petroleum and natural gas are called petrochemicals.
The petrochemicals provide the raw material for the preparation of a large variety of substances. These
are used for making synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber, plastic, perfumes, fertilisers, explosives varinishes,
dyes and drugs.
Uses :
Both coal and petroleum are exhaustible sources of energy. So, the excessive mining and use of fossil
fuels would lead to the following:
1. The natural deposits of coal and petroleum on over extraction will get exhausted. The rate
at which we are using these resources, the stock of coal and petroleum can last for only about
20-30 years.
2. Import of coal and petroleum will increase.
3. There will be severe drain on the foreign exchange reserve to meet the cost of importing petroleum
4. The petroleum products will become costly and may even go beyond the reach of an ordinary
person.
5. Prices of all the commodities will increase which will cause inflation.
6. Excessive mining of fossil fuels will create large hollow spaces inside the earth.As a result of this
the land may collapse.
7. Burning of fossil fuels releases considerable amount of gaseous pollutants in the atmosphere.
8. The burning of fossil fuels is adding excessive amount of carbon dioxide in the air leading to
greenhouse effect which can cause global warming.
Q.42 What are the advises given by PCRA for saving petrol and diesel?
Ans. The advises given by PCRA:
(i) Drive at a constant and moderate speed as far as possible.
(ii) Switch off the engine at traffic lights or at a place where you have to wait.
(iii) Ensure correct tyre pressure.
(iv) Ensure regular maintenance of the vehicle.
If we follow the tips given by PCRA then we can save more and more petrol or diesel. In this way we
can save money and energy of the nation.
PAGE# 87
Q.43 What are different measure taken for conservation of fossil fuels?
Ans. The wise and judicious use of fossil fuels is called conservation of fossil fuels. We can do it by adopting
the following measures.
1. Do not waste or misuse fossil fuels.
2. Use these fuels only when absolutely necessary.
3. Manage these fossil fuels properly so that they can be used for longer period of time.
4. Adopt and use alternative or renewable sources of energy such as solar, wind, and biomass
energy. It is better to use biogas as a domestic fuel than the fossil fuels.
Q.44 What is Biogas?

Ans. Biogas is obtained by the anaerobic fermentation of cattle dung and domestic sewage. Anaerobic
fermentation is fermentation in the absence of air.Amixture of methane (CH4 ), carbon dioxide (CO2 ),
hydrogen (H2 ) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is thus obtained, methane being the main constituent.
The fermentation takes place in an underground tank (made of bricks), called the digester.Aslurry of
cattle dung and water is fed into the tank. On fermentation of the dung, biogas is evolved and collected
in the gasholder.
The gasholder, made of steel, floats over the slurry. The holder moves up when gas collects in it and
moves down when gas is drawn from it. (There is an outlet pipe for the gas on top of the gasholder.)
Larger plants can be established for a community. Such plants can be put up easily in rural India. The
government subsidises and promotes the establishment of biogas plants through various agencies.
Methane, the main constituent of biogas, bums to give carbon dioxide and water vapour. It burns
completely. No soot (unburnt carbon particles) and carbon monoxide are formed.
CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O + heat
PAGE# 88
SECTION - B
Q.1 __________is produced when coal burns in air.
Q.2 When coal is heated in absence of air __________ gas is formed.
Q.3 The substances formed from natural gas and petroleum are called __________.
Q.4 Sunlight is an __________ natural resource.
Q.5 Petroleum is very important so it is called __________.
MATCHING SKILLS :
Q.6 Match the items given in ColumnAwith those in Column B suitably:
ColumnA Column B
(i) Petroleum (a) Makum
(ii) Carbon dioxide (b) Purest form of carbon
(iii) Air and water (c) Fossil fuel
(iv) Coal tar (d) Inexhaustible resource
(v) Oil well (e) Petroleum
(vi) Coke (f) Heating of coal
(vii) Petrol and diesel (g) Natural resource
(viii) Sunlight (h) Fractions of petroleum
(ix) Black gold (i) Burning of coal
(x) Coal gas (j) 200 substances
TRUE OR FALSE :
Q.7 Water is a natural resource.
Q.8 Wood is a fossil fuel.
Q.9 Oxygen gas is produced when coal burns.
Q.10 Coal gas is formed when wood is heated in absence of air.
Q.11 First oil well in India was drilled at Makum.
Q.12 Petroleum is called black gold also.
Q.13 First oil well was drilled in USA.
PAGE# 89
PUZZLE :
Across:
2. Asubstance is called non-renewable

source of energy (11)
5. Black thick liquid produced on
destructive distillation of coal (7)
6. Gas collected above petroleum (10)
Down:
1. Substance on burning produces heat energy (4)
3. A liquid used for drycleaning (6)
4. A variety of coal (7)
PAGE# 90
Multiple Choice Questions :

Q.1 Bone charcoal is used in sugar industry
(A) Paint (B) for decolourising (C)As reducing agent (D)As an oxdising agent
Q.2 Coal is fossil fuel because is

(A) Formed from the vegetation Plants (B) Formed very easily & quickly
(C) It is as hard as stone and is black (D) None of these
Q.3 Coal is a mixture of Compounds of

(A) Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (B) CO2, S, NH3 & CH4
(C) C, H2, O2, N2, S & Free carbon (D)All of these
Q.4 Coal contributes about ________ energy needs in our country

(A) 67% (B) 70% (C) 25% (D) 80%
Q.5 Which of the following is non-renewable resource.

(A)Sunlight (B)Air (C) Coal (D) Water
Q.6 Coal mines in our country are in :

(A) Haryana (B) Punjab (C) Rajasthan (D) Bihar
Q.7 Which one is better fuel than coal.

(A) Coke (B) Coal gas (C) Both (D) None of these
Q.8 The carbon content ofAnthracite coal is :

(A) 50-60% (B) 60-70% (C) 75-80% (D) 90-95%
Q.9 In which of the following state network of pipe lines exists for the supply of CNG.
(A) Gujrat (B) Bihar (C) Rajasthan (D) Haryana
Q.10 Which one is called black gold?

(A) silver (B) platinum (C) petroleum (D) coal
Q.11 Coke is Starting material for the preparation of

(A)Acetylene,Acetic acid (B) Plastics (PVC)
(C) Water gas (D)All of these
Q.12 Petroleum is non renewable source of energy beacuse

(A) It takes millions of year to form (B) It is trapped between the layers of rocks
(C) It is lighter than water (D)All of these
Q.13 Compounds obtained from coal tar is

(A) Benzene, Toluene, Phenol (B) CO2, CH4 & NH3
(C) Fibers, Pesticides (D) None of these
Q.14 Paraffin wax is used in

(A) Ointments, Candles, Vaseline (B) Paints, Varnishes
(C) Solid Fuel (D) (A) & (B) both
PAGE# 91
Q.15 Fractional distillation of Petroleum yields

(A) Liquified Petroleum gas, Petrol, kerosene (B) Paints, Varnishes, explosives
(C) Diesel oil, fuel oil and residue oil (D) (A) & (C) both
Q.16 What is the meaning of petroleum?

(A) Home oil (B) Industry oil (C) Rock oil (D) None of these
Q.17 Which of the following is a fossil fuel.

(A) Coal (B) Petroleum (C) Natural gas (D)All
Q.18 Coal and petroleum resources are–

(A) Limited (B) Unlimited (C) Both (D) None
Q.19 ________is used for making printer ink, shoe polish

(A) Graphite (B) Coke (C) Lampblack (D) Coal
Q.20 Which one of the following is known as freon-12 ?

(A) CCl2F2 (B) CHCl2F2 (C) CH2F2 (D) CF4
Q.21 CNG is preferred over other fossil fuels because :-

(A) CNG is used as a domestic / Industrial fuel
(B) It is also very clean fuel without pollution on burning
(C) It is source of carbon and hydrogen
(D)All of these
Q.22 The main constituent of natural gas is :

(A) Propanol (B) Methanol (C) Methane (D) Hexane
Q.23 Which of the following are the green house gas.

(A) CO2 (B) CH4 (C) H2 (D) Both A and B
Q.24 Natural gases preferred over other fossil fuels:

(A) Easy to transport (B) Does not cause pollution
(C) both (A) and (B) (D) None of these
Q.25 Natural gas contains:

(A) Methane, Ethane, Propane (B) Ethane, Pentane, Methane
(C) Ethane, Butane, Hexane (D) None of these
Q.26 The distillation of crude petroleum to obtain various commercially useful fraction is called :
(A) compression (B) refining (C)mining (D) none of these
Q.27 Which one of the following is not a petroleum product ?

(A) kerosene (B) Gasoline (C)Asphalt (D) Beeswax
Q.28 CNG stands for

(A) Conventional Natural Gas (B) Coal and Natural Gas
(C) Compressed Natural Gas (D) Commercial Natural Gas
PAGE# 92
Q.29 The substance added to detect the leakage of LPG is

(A) methyl mercaptan (B) ethyl mercaptan
(C) both (A) and (B) (D) none of these
Q.30 Which process is used for the separation of different compounds of petroleum ?
[NTSE-Stage-llDelhi/2008]
(A) Fractional distillation (B) Separation
(C) Distillation (D) Sublimation
Q.31 Least Polluting fuel for vehicle is : [NTSE-Stage-I/RajI2011]

(A) Petrol (B) Diesel (C) CNG (D) LPG
Q.32 .. ..................... is renewable source of energy. [NTSE-Stage-IIMaharashtra/2011]

(A) Coal (B) Oil (C) Diesel (D) Biodiesel
Q.33 Which of the following is a main constituent of natural gas? [NTSE-Stage-I/Punjab/2011]

(A) Methane (B) Ethane (C) Propane (D) Butane
Q.34 Nowadays many to the automobiles are using CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) to minimize pollution.
The CNG is mainly. [NTSE-Stage-II/200]
(A) methane (E) butane (C) nitrogen (D) hydrogen
Q.35 Consider the following statements.

a. Natural gas can be supplied to homes and factories through pipes.
b. Natural gas is obtained by fractional distillation of crude oil.
c. Natural gas is a cleaner fuel because on burning only water is produced.
d. Natural gas is an exhaustible source of energy like fossil fuels
Which alternatives has the correct statements? [NTSE-Stage-II 2010]
(A) a and c (B) b and c (C) a and d (D) a, c and d
Q.36 Match List-I (fraction of petroleum) with List II (main uses) and select the correct answer from the given
alternatives. [NTSE-Stage-II/2010]
List-I (fraction of petroleum) List II (main uses)
A Kerosene I Metalling of roads
B Diesel II Jet aircraft fuel
C Paraffin Wax III Generation of electrictiy
D Bitumen IV Lubricants
(A) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV (B) A-I, B-III, C-IV, D-II
(C) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I (D) A-IV, B-II, D-III, C-I
Q.37 Coal is a fossil fuel and it cannot be prepared in a laboratory or industry because the formation of coal.
a. is very slow process.
b. needs very low pressure and low temperature.
c. needs very high pressure and high temperature:
d. causes air pollution.
Select the correct alternative. [NTS E-Stage-II/2011]
(A) a and b (B) b and d (C) c and a (D) d and c
PAGE# 93
ANSWER KEY
SECTION - B
Q.1 Carbon dioxide
Q.2 Coal
Q.3 Petrochemicals
Q.4 Inexhaustible
Q.5 Black gold
MATCHING SKILLS :
Q.6 (i) - (c); (ii) - (i); (iii) - (g); (iv) - (j); (v) - (a); (vi) - (b); (vii) - (h); (viii) - (d); (ix) - (e); (x) - (f)
TRUE OR FALSE :
Q.7 True Q.8 False Q.9 False Q.10 False
Q.11 True Q.12 True Q.13 True
PUZZLE :
Multiple Choice Questions :

Q.1 B Q.2 A Q.3 A Q.4 A Q.5 C Q.6 D Q.7 A
Q.8 D Q.9 A Q.10 C Q.11 D Q.12 A Q.13 A Q.14 D
Q.15 D Q.16 C Q.17 D Q.18 A Q.19 C Q.20 A Q.21 B
Q.22 C Q.23 D Q.24 C Q.25 A Q.26 B Q.27 D Q.28 C
Q.29 B Q.30 A Q.31 C Q.32 D Q.33 A Q.34 A Q.35 C
Q.36 C Q.37 C
PAGE# 94
CH-4: COMBUSTION & FLAME CHEMISTRY / CLASS-VIII
COMBUSTION
AND
FLAME
4.1 INTRODUCTION
We need energy to meet all our needs. Of the various ways in which we obtain energy, the most common
is by burning substances like coal, wood, petrol, diesel, kerosene, natural gas and
LPG-collectivelyknown as fuels. Byburninga fuel, we obtain heat, i.e., thermal energy, often accompanied
by light. In this chapter, we will learn how fuels give us energy.
4.2 COMBUSTION
Combustion is the process of burning of a substance in the presence of air or oxygen with the liberation
of heat and light.
Charcoal + Oxygen  Carbon dioxide + Heat
In respiration the combustion of food, provides us with energy.
4.2.1 Combustible and Non-combustible Substances

Those substances which burn easily are called combustible substances.
Examples : paper, kerosene, wood, petrol, diesel, LPG, books, cloth, Straw, CNG, Charcoal, Coal,
cow-dung cakes, alcohol, matchstick, magnesium ribbon etc.
Those substances which do not burn are called non-combustible substances.
Example : water, glass, cement, sand soil, stone, bricks, iron nails, copper objects etc.
4.2.2 Conditions necessary for combustion

Three conditions are necessary for combustion to take place. These are :
(1) Presence of a Combustible Substance : Combustion is only possible if the substance is combustible.
(2) Presence of a Supporterof Combustion : Asubstance which helps in the combustion of a combustible
substance is called a supporter of combustion. For example, during the combustion of
magnesium, charcoal and coal, air or oxygen is a supporter of combustion.Adequate supply of
a supporter ofcombustion is essential for burning. If the supplyof oxygen is cut off, the combustion
stops.
ACTIVITY - 1
Air supporter of Combustion : Light a candle. Cover it with a glass tumbler and observe
what happens. You will find that the candle stops burning after a while. This activity
shows that air is necessary for combustion.
(3) Attainment of Ignition Temperature or Kindling Temperature : The lowest temperature at

which a substance catches fire and starts burning is known as its kindling temperature or ignition
temperature. Everysubstance has its own ignition temperature. Some substances have a verylow ignition
temperature. For example, the ignition temperature of white phosphorus is 35°C, hence it catches fire on
slight heating.
I gn
n
i ti o
ge
nt
xy
em
ro
Fire
pe
ro
ra t
Ai
re u
Combustible substance
Inflammable Substance
The substances which have verylow ignition temperature and can easilycatch fire with a flame are called
inflammable substances. Examples of Inflammable substances are petrol, alcohol, Liquefied
Petroleum Gas (LPG), etc.
Matchstick : A mixture of antimony trisulphide, potassium chlorate and white phosphorus with
some glue and starch was applied on the head of a match made of suitable wood. When struck against
a rough surface. White phosphorus got ignited due to the heat of friction. This started the combustion of
the match stick. However, white phosphorus proved to be dangerous both for the workers involved in
the manufacturing of matches and for the users.
These days the head of the safety match contains only antimony trisulphide and potassium chlorate.
The rubbing surface has powdered glass and a little red phosphorus (which is much less dangerous).
When the match is struck against the rubbing surface, some red phosphorus gets converted into white
phosphorus. This immediatelyreacts with potassium chlorate in the matchstick head to produce enough
heat to ignite antimony trisulphide and starts the combustion.
4.3 TYPES OF COMBUSTION

Combustion is mainlyof four types:
1. Rapid combustion 2. Spontaneous combustion
3. Slow combustion 4. Explosion
(1) Rapid Combustion : If a combustion reaction takes place in a short span of time, it is known as
rapid combustion. For example, when a burning matchstick is brought near a gas burner and
the gas tap is opened, the gas immediately starts burning with the production of heat and light.
Similarly, a candle starts burning when a burning matchstick is brought near its wick.
The chemical reaction in which a large amount of heat and light are produced in a short time and
the combustion of the substance is all most complete is called rapid combustion.
(2) Spontaneous Combustion:Acombustion reaction in which no external heat is given to start is
called Spontaneous Combustion.
There are substances like phosphorus which burn in air at room temperature.
The type of combustion in which a material suddenly bursts into flames, without the application
of any apparent cause is called spontaneous combustion.
Spontaneous combustion of coal dust has resulted in many disastrous fires in coal mines.
Spontaneous forest fires are sometimes due to the heat of the sun or due to lightning strike.
However, most forest fires occurs due to the carelessness of human beings. It is important to
remember that the campfires must be completely extinguished before leaving a forest after a
picnic, or a visit.
(3) Slow combustion:Acombustion reaction in which energy is released very slowly even though
oxidation takes place is called slow combustion.
Example : burning of wood, candle, coal, etc
In this combustion, fuel is not completely burnt up.
(4) Explosion : We generally have fireworks on festival days. When a cracker is ignited, a sudden
reaction takes place with the evolution of heat, light and sound.Alarge amount of gas formed in
the reaction is liberated. Such a reaction is called explosion. Explosion can also take place if
pressure is applied on the cracker.
4.4 COMPLETE AND INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION

Complete combustion of a substance takes place in the presence of sufficient air or oxygen.
This results in the formation of carbon dioxide, water, heat and light.
Incomplete combustion of a substance takes place in the presence of insufficient amount of air or
oxygen. This results in the formation of carbon monoxide, soot, water, heat and light.
4.5 HOW DO WE CONTROL FIRE

Burning (or combustion) produces fire. Fire is useful as well as harmful. We make small fire in a gas stove
to cook our food. This is a useful fire. Without fire, we cannot cook our food. But when a fire breaks out
in a house, an office, a factory, an oil tanker, a petrol pump or an electrical equipment, then the fire is
harmful. It can cause loss of life and property. Such fires must be brought under control and extinguished
at the earliest. The process of extinguishing a fire is called fire-fighting.
Any fire needs three things to be present : Fuel (Combustible substance), Air (or Oxygen) and Heat.
If any one of these three things is removed, then the burning will stop and fire will be extinguished. Thus,
a fire can be extinguished in three ways :
1. By removing the fuel (combustible substances)

2. By removing the heat (by cooling with water) [bringing temperature below ignition temperature]
3. By cutting off the air supply to the burning substance (with carbon dioxide, etc.)
We will now discuss these three ways of extinguishing fire in detail, one by one.
1. Remove the fuel (or Combustible substance)
A fuel (or combustible substance) is a food for fire. So, when fire starts in a room, all the
combustible substance like furniture, clothes and book etc. (which can burn easily) should be
removed at once so that fire may not spread. If possible, cooking gas cylinder should be removed
and electricity should be switched off. If the fire is near a pile of wood that could provide fuel to
keep the fire going, the pile of wood should be removed from there as soon as possible. It is,
however, usually not possible to remove all the combustible materials from the place of fire.
2. Remove the Heat

Water is used to remove heat from a burning substance and to make it too cool to burn further.
Water is the most common fire extinguisher for ordinaryfires. Water extinguishes fire by cooling
the burning substances. When water is thrown on a burning substance, it get cooled below
its ignition temperature and stops burning.
The fire produced by burning oil and petrol (like fire in frying pan, oil tanks, petrol pumps and
airports etc.) cannot be extinguished by using water. This is because of the following reason : Water is
heavier than oil and petrol. So, when water is thrown over burning oil (or petrol), it (water) settles down.
The oil (or petrol) floats on water and continues to burn. Thus, fires caused by burning oil (or petrol)
cannot be extinguished by pouring water over it.
The fires caused by electrical short-circuit in an electrical appliance or in electric wiring should not be
extinguished by throwing water. This is because of the following reason : Ordinary water conducts
electricity to some extent. So, when water is thrown over the burning electrical appliance (or burning
electric wires), it can give electric shock to the person involved in fire-fighting. Thus, water cannot be
used to extinguish fires caused by electricity.
3. Cut off the Air supply

Manyfires can be extinguished bycutting off air supplyto the burning substances. The air supply
to a burningsubstance can be cut off in a number of ways such as covering the burning substances
with carbon dioxide, sand (or soil), a blanket or a damp cloth etc.
4.5.1 Principles of Extinguishing Fire

You have learnt the three conditions for producing a fire, those are:
(i) presence of a combustible substance,
(ii) presence of a supporter of combustion (air), and
(iii) attainment of ignition temperature.
So, a fire may be extinguished by:
1. Removing all the combustible substances.
2. Cutting off the supply of air (supporter of combustion).
3. Cooling the burning substances below their ignition temperature.
4.5.2 Fire Extinguishers

Adevice used to extinguish fire is called a fire extinguisher. You must have seen the red cylinders of fire
extinguishers in cinema halls, banks and other public buildings.
Since it is not possible to remove all the combustible substances from the place of fire, the fire extinguishers
are based on only the two principles:
1. Cooling the fire below the ignition temperature.
2. Cutting off the supply of air.
Various types of fire extinguishers are used for different types of fires.
(A) Water, the Most Common Fire Extinguisher : The most common fire extinguisher is water.
But water works only when things like wood and paper are on fire. If electrical equipment is on
fire, water may conduct electricity and harm those who are trying to put off the fire. Water is
also not suitable for fires involving oil and petrol.As water is heavier than oil, so it sinks below
the oil and oil keeps burning on top.
(B) CO2 as the Fire Extinguisher : For fire involving electrical equipment and inflammable materials
like petrol, carbon dioxide (CO2) is the best extinguisher. CO2 beingheavier than oxygen covers
the fire like a blanket. Since the contact between the fuel and oxygen is cut off the fire is controlled.
The added advantage of CO2 is that in most cases it does not harm the electrical equipment.
Carbon dioxide can be stored at high pressure as a liquid in cylinders. When released from the
cylinder.CO2 expands enormouslyinvolume andcools down. So, itnot onlyforms ablanket around
the fire, it alsobringsdown the temperatureofthefuel.That is whyit is anexcellent fire extinguisher.
Another way to get CO2 is to release a lot of dry powder of chemicals like sodium bicarbonate
(baking soda) or potassium bicarbonate near the fire. These chemicals give off CO2.
(C) Foam Type Fire Extinguisher : The foam type fire extinguisher is based on the principle of
extinguishing fire bycutting off air supply to the burning substance.
Itcontainsasolutionofaluminiumsulphatein thebottleandasaturatedsolutionofsodiumbicarbonate
in the metallic cylinder. Saponin is added to sodium bicarbonate solution to produce foam.
When the knob of a foam type fire extinguisher is pressed, the glass bottle containing aluminium
sulphate solution breaks, and comes in contact with the sodium bicarbonate solution.
Due to presence of saponin, a stable foam of carbon dioxide is formed. The carbon dioxide
foam comes out of the fire extinguisher with great pressure and covers the entire surface of
burning oil. This cuts off the supply of air to the burning oil and, hence, the fire is extinguished.
Foam type fire extinguishers are used for extinguishing fires caused by burning oil and petrol at
petrol pumps, airports, in oil tanks, etc.
Note : Saponin is an organic steroid obtained from plants. Its is used in soaps, detergents and
fire extinguisher to make foam.
(D) Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) Fire Extinguisher : When carbon tetrachloride is pumped
out from the extinguisher, it vapourises on coming in contact with the burning material. Since
CCl4 vapours are heavier than air, they settle down on the burning material and cut off the air
supply. The fire gets extinguished.
The CCl4 fire extinguisher is used to extinguish fire caused by electricity.
4.6 FLAME
A flame is a region where combustion of fuel takes place. The colour of the flame depends on the
temperature, amount of air supply, and the substance burning. Only those substance which burn and
vapourise produce flame. For instance, flames produced by hydrocarbon fuels are either blue or yellow.
A flame can be of two types : luminous flame and non-luminous flame.
Non-luminous flame
Anon-luminous flame is a flame accompanied with heat but verylittle light.Ablue flame is non-luminous
and occurs because of complete combustion of hydrocarbons in the presence of excess of oxygen. This
type of flame does not leave any residue.
Luminous flame
Aluminous flame is a flame accompanied with heat and light.Ayellow flame is a luminous flame and is
observed when there is insufficient oxygen. Its temperature is lower than that of a blue flame and it leaves
black soot and other residues.
4.6.1 Structure of a Candle Flame

A candle flame consists of four zones. These are :
1. Non-luminous zone of complete combustion.
2. Luminous zone of incomplete combustion.
3. Dark zone or zone of no combustion.
4. Blue zone.
(1) Non-luminous Zone or theZone of Complete Combustion or outermost zone : Theoutermost
zone of the flame is called the non-luminous zone. Complete combustion takes place here as the
wax vapours can get oxygen from the air and is blue in color. This is the hottest zone and is faintly
visible.
BLUE ZONE
(2) Luminous Zone or the Zone of Incomplete Combustion or middle zone: It is the pale
yellow zone surrounding the zone of no combustion. Here, the wax vapours cannot get enough
oxygen from the air to burn completely. Some carbon particles are left unburnt. These become
white hot and make the flame yellow in colour.
(3) Dark Zone or Zone of no Combustion or innermost zone : Around the wick, there is a zone
which is black in colour and is called the dark zone, where there is no combustion. In this area,
no oxygen is available for burning to take place.
(4) Blue Zone : Near the bottom of the flame, there is a zone of blue colour. This is called the
'blue zone'. The blue colour of this part of the flame is due to the burning of carbon monoxide
gas which is produced due to incomplete combustion of carbon particles.
The flame of a burning matchstick is very similar to that of a candle and the four zones can be
seen in it.
ACTIVITY - 2
To show that the non luminous zone is the hottest zone of the candle flame.
Requirements: Candle, copper wire, match stick.
Observation
(i) The part of the copper wire which is in the non luminous zone turns red hot.
(ii) The part of the copper that lies in the luminous zone turns black due to deposition of
smoke (carbon)
Conclusion : Non luminous zone is the hottest zone of the candle flame.
ACTIVITY - 3
To study the presence of unburnt carbon particles in the luminous zone of candle.
Requirements: Candle, match-stick, card-board.
Observation : Black smoke is deposited on the card board in the form of soot.
Conclusion : In the luminous zone of candle flame, partial combustion of wax vapours takes
place. Unburnt carbon particles produce smoke. When they glow due to heat, they produce
yellow flame.
ACTIVITY - 4
To study the presence of wax vapours in the dark zone of the candle flame.
Requirements: Candle, match-box, glass tube.
Observation :
(i) Glass tube is filled with vapours which come out through the other end of the glass tube
(ii) If you take a match stick near the vapours it burns with yellow flame.
Conclusion : In the dark Zone, unburnt wax vapours are present, which do not burn due to lack
of oxygen in that zone.
4.7 FUELS
Definition of Fuel : A fuel may be defined as any substance which supplies heat energy on burning
without production of excessively undesirable side products.
Fuels can be solid, liquid or gas.
(i) We use Cow dung cakes, charcoal, coal, kerosene and cooking gas as domestic fuels.
(ii) Petrol and natural gas are used as fuels in automobiles like cars and two wheelers.
(iii) Diesel is used in heavy vehicles and rail engines.
(iv) Many of the industries and factories also use petrol, diesel and natural gas as fuels.
Characteristics of a good fuel

The few of the qualities, we look for choosing the most suitable fuels are:
1. Low cost
2. Readilyavailable
3. Easy to store and transport
4. High calorific value
5. No poisonous combustion products or environmental pollutants
6. Moderate ignition temperature (neither too low nor very high)
7. Should burn at moderate rate
4.7.1 Classification of Fuels

(A) Classification of Fuels on the Basis of Source or Availability
1. Natural or Primary Fuels : Those fuels which occur in nature and are used in the same
form are called natural or primary fuels.
Examples: wood, coal, natural gas, animal dung cake, crop residue.
2. Processed or Secondary Fuels : Those fuels which are prepared from primary fuels
are called processed or secondary fuels.
Examples: charcoal, coke, petrol, diesel, kerosene.
(B) Classification of Fuels on the Basis of Physical State

1. Solid Fuels : The fuels which occur insolid form at room temperature arecalledsolid fuels.
Examples: coal, wood, coke, charcoal.
2. Liquid Fuels : The fuels which occur in liquid form at room temperature are called
liquidfuels.
Examples: petrol, diesel, kerosene, spirit.
3. Gaseous Fuels : The fuels which occur in gaseous form at room temperature are called
gaseous fuels.
Examples: natural gas, LPG, biogas, coal gas.
Liquids and gaseous fuels have more advantages over solid fuels. Some of the advantages are
listed below
(i) Calorific value of liquid and gaseous fuels is higher than solid fuels.
(ii) Liquid and gaseous fuels have low ignition temperature which can be attained easily. Solid fuels
catch fire at much higher temperatures.
(iii) Liquid and gaseous fuels burn completely, not leaving any residue (ash), while solid fuels leave
large amounts of ash. Therefore, liquid and gaseous fuels cause little or no pollution as compared
to solid fuels.
(iv) It is convenient to store liquid and gaseous fuels while solid fuels occupy a lot of space.
Figure: LPG gas cylinder
4.7.2 Fuel Efficiency

Various fuels are rated by comparing the amount of heat produced by them. Calorific value of a fuel
is the amount of heat liberated in kJ when one kg of a particular fuel is burnt completely.
(A) Calorific value : The amount of heat energy produced on complete combustion of 1 kilogram
of a fuel in oxygen is called calorific value of that fuel. Its unit is kilojoules per kilogram (kJ/kg).
(B) Calorific value of some common fuels
S.No. Fuel Calorific value
1. Cow-dung cakes (Uple) 6000 to 8000 kJ/kg
2. Wood 17000 to 22000 kJ/kg
3. Coal 25000 to 33000 kJ/kg
4. Biogas 35000 to 40000 kJ/kg
5. Petrol 45000 kJ/kg
6. Kerosene 45000 kJ/kg
7. Diesel 45000 kJ/kg
8. Methane 50000 kJ/kg
9. CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) 50000 kJ/kg
10. LPG (Liquefied Petrol Gas) 55000 kJ/kg
11. Hydrogen gas 15000 kJ/kg
(C) Sample Problems

Problems :
In an experiment, 6.5 kg of a fuel was completely burnt. The heat produced was measured to be
195,000 kJ. Calculate the calorific value of the fuel.
Answer : Calorific value of a fuel is the heat produced by burning 1 kg of fuel. Now,
Heat produced by burning 6.5 kg fuel = 195000 kJ
195000 1
So, Heat produced by burning 1 kg fuel = = 30000 kJ/Kg
6 .5
Thus, the calorific value of the given fuel is 30000 kJ/kg.
(D) Burning of a Fuel Leads to the Formation of Harmful Products :Carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, oxides of sulphur, oxides of nitrogen, unburnt carbon particles, soot, ash, smoke, etc.
are produced when fossil fuels are burnt completelyor incompletely. The harmful effects of these
various pollutants in our environment is summarised below.
1. Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) : Burning of a fossil fuel releases ash and fine
particles of unburnt carbon in the air.These fine particles are called suspended particulate
matter (SPM). SPM spoils our clothes, reduces visibility and blackens the buildings. It
is also responsible for causing respiratorydiseases, like asthma and bronchitis. In winter
these fine particles produce smog which is very harmful to plants as well as animals.
2. Carbon Monoxide (CO) : Incomplete combustion of these fossil fuels gives carbon
monoxide whichis a highlypoisonousgas. When inhaled,COcombines with haemoglobin
in the blood to form carboxyhaemoglobin. This compound cannot carry oxygen. This
causes a deficiency of oxygen in the body resulting in suffocation and even death.
It is due to this reason that we are advised not to sleep in a closed room with burning or
smouldering fire in it.
3. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) : Combustion of most of the fuels releases carbon dioxide in
the environment.An increase in the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere leads to an
increase in the temperature of the earth. This is called green-house effect. It may cause
global warming.
Global warming results in excessive melting of polar ice, raising the level of water in seas
and oceans. This would cause flooding and submerging of many low lying areas.
4. Oxides of Sulphur and Nitrogen : Burning of coal and diesel releases sulphur dioxide
gas (SO2) in the atmosphere. Petrol engines gives off gaseous oxides of nitrogen. These
oxides of sulphur and nitrogen dissolve in rainwater to produce acid rain.Acid rain is
quite harmful for crops, buildings and soil. These gases also cause respiratory problems
because of their suffocating nature.
4.8 COMPOSITION OF PROCESSED GASEOUS FUELS

 Coal Gas (Town Gas/Illumination Gas): Coal gas is a flammable gaseous fuel made from
destructive distillation of coal.
Composition :- Coal gas is a mixture of high calorific gases hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide
(CO), methane (CH4) and volatile hydro carbons with small amounts of non calorific
gases - CO2, N2- as impurities.
Composition: H2 = 50%, CH4 = 35%, CO = 10%, C2H2 = 5%
Uses : (i) As cooking gas. (ii) For lighting.
(iii) For heating purposes. (iv) As a good fuel.
 Producer gas :- Producer gas is made by blowing air with steam through fuel like coke or coal.
Composition :- Producer gas has very low calorific value because calorific gases CO/H2
diluted with inert N2 and CO2.
CO (20 + 2%), CH4 (3+1%), H2 (20+2%), CO2 (12+1%) the Rest being N2.
The calorific value of producer gas is 4.5 - 5% MJ/kg
Uses : (i) Widely used for industrial purposes. (ii) Act as cheap fuel.
(iii) In manufacturing of synthetic NH3 (Ammonia).
 Wood Gas :- Wood gas is produced by thermal gasification of coal. It is flammable gas.
Composition :- It is mixture of CO + H2 + CH4.
Uses :- Used in reciprocating engines, in stoves, cooking and furnaces.
 Water gas :- It is made by passing steam over red hot coke. It has low calorific value.
Composition :- Contains CO + H2.
Uses : (i) In preparation of H2. (ii) Act as fuel for making steel.
(iii) It has industrial uses.
 Marsh gas :-Agas largely composed of CH4 (Methane). It is formed when plants decay in the
absence of air.
Uses : (i) As good fuel. (ii) As principal component of natural gas.
(iii) For the production of H2, methanol, acetic acid.
 Natural Gas :- It contains 95% CH4, ethane and propane. It is created by methanogenic
organisms in marshes landfills.
Uses :-
(i) In power generation, domestic uses like cooking, water heaters etc. Transportation fuel
(as compressed natural gas - cleaner fuel).
(ii) Fertilizer - Used for production of NH3.
 Bio Gas :- Gas produced by biological breakdown of organic matter in the absence of O2.
Composition :- CH4 and CO2.
Uses :- As low cost fuel for any heating purposes such as cooking. If compressed, then as fuel
in vehicles used for electricity production on sewage work.
 Gobar Gas :- It is a biogas obtained from cow dung.

 Sewage Gas :- It is a biogas produced by digestion and incineration of sewage sludge.
Composition :- Mixture of CH4, H2, H2S, CO2, N2.
Uses :- It can be used to power a generator to generate electricity.
 Liquefied petroleum gas :- It is mixture of hydrocarbons.
Composition:- Either propane either butane or propane + butane, powerful odorant ethane
thiol is added to detect gas leakage (other odorants are amyl mercaptan, thiophene).
Uses :-
(i) As motor fuels. (ii) For cooking purposes.
 Laughing Gas :- (Nitrous Oxide) also known as happy gas N2O.
It is non flammable gas.
Uses :- Used in surgery, dentistry, anesthetic and analgesic effects.
 Acid Rain : When pollutant like sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides dissolve in
rainwater, it form an acid. The rain of that acid is called acid rain.
 Calorific Value : The amount of heat energy produced on complete combustion of 1 kg
of a fuel is called its calorific value. It is expressed in a unit called as
kilojoule per kg (kJ/kg).
 Combustion : A chemical process in which a substance reacts with oxygen to give off
heat is called combustion.
 Deforestation : It is the process of cutting of trees, to use the wood as a fuel, is called
deforestation.
 Explosion : The process of combustion in which a large amount of gases are evolved
with the production of tremendous amount of heat, light and sound,
is called explosion.
 Flame : When combustible substance and the supporter of combustion are in
gaseous form, it is called flame.
 Fire Extinguisher : For extinguisher is used to control the fire. The job of a fire extinguisher
is to cut off the supply of air or to bring down the temperature of the
fuel, or both.
 Fuels : A fuel is a substance, which may be burnt to produce considerable heat
without the formation of undesirable products.
 Fuel Efficiency : Fuel efficiencyis expressed in terms of its calorific valuewhich is amount
of heat energy produced on complete combustion of 1 kg of a fuel.
 Global Warming : It is the rise in temperature of the atmosphere of the earth due to the
combustion of fuels,
 Ideal Fuel : The fuel, which fulfills all the requirement for a particular use is called as
ideal fuel.
 Ignition Temperature : The lowest temperature at which a substance catches fire is called its
ignition temperature.
 Inflammable Substance : The substance, which have verylow ignition temperature and can easily
catch fire with a flame are called Inflammable substances.
 Combustible Substance : Asubstance which burn easily.
 Non-combustible : Asubstance which does not burn easily.
Substance
 Gasification : Itisaprocessthatconvertsorganicorfossilfuelbasedcarbonaceousmaterials
into CO, H2 and CO2. This is achieved by reacting the materials at high
temperatures, without combustion,with a controlled amount of oxygen or
steam andresultantgas is called syngasorproducergas andisitselfafuel.
 Combustible Substances : The substances which burn in air are called combustible substance.
 Oxygen in air is essential for combustion.
 During the process of combustion, heat and light are given out.
 Ignition temperature is the lowest temperature at which a combustible substance catches fire.
 Inflammable substances have very low ignition temperature.
 Fire can be controlled by removing one or more requirements essential for producing fire.
 Water is commonly used to control the fire.
 Water cannot be used to control fires involving electrical equipment or oils.
 There are various types of combustions such as:
(i) Rapid Combustion: Acombustion, that takes place rapidly/high speed, with the production of
heat and light is called rapid combustion.
(ii) Spontaneous Combustion :.A combustion in which a material suddenly bursts into flames,
without the application of any apparent cause is called spontaneous combustion.
(iii) Explosion :Areaction in which substance burn with evolution of large amount of heat, light and
gas is called explosion.
(iv) Slow Combustion : Combustion in which energy is released very slowly.
 There are three different zones of a flame:
(i) Dark zone : It contains vapours of fuel and unburnt carbon particles.
(ii) Luminous Zone of Flame : The middle zone of partial combustion that is yellow in colour and
produces light, is called luminous zone of flame.
(iii) Non-luminous Zone of Flame: It is the outer zone of flame, that is faintly blue in colour and
undergo complete combustion of the substance.
 A fuel is a substance, which may be burnt to produce considerable heat without the formation of
undesirable products.
 Characteristics of a good fuel :
(i) It should have high calorific value.
(ii) It should not leave ash behind.
(iii) It should be easy to store, transport and handle.
(iv) It should have a convenient ignition temperature.
 The amount of heat energy produced on complete combustion of 1 kg of a fuel is called its calorific
value. It is expressed in a unit called as kilojoule per kg (kJ/kg).
 Unburnt Carbon particles in air are dangerous pollutants causing respiratory problems.
 Incomplete combustion of a fuel gives poisonous carbon monoxide gas.
 Increased percentage of carbon dioxide gas in air is responsible for global warming.
 Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen produced by the burning of coal, diesel and petrol cause acid rain which
is harmful for crops, buildings and soil.
 Fuel are of three types :
(a) Solid fuel : wood, coal (b) Liquid fuel : petrol, kerosene
(c) Gaseous fuel : LPG, CNG, coal gas
[NCERT Questions]
Q.1 List conditions under which combustion can take place.

Ans There are three essential conditions of combustion:
(a) Presence of a combustible substance.
(b) Presence of oxygen, i.e., supporter of combustion.
(c) Attainment of ignition temperature.
Q.2 Fill in the blanks:

(a) Burning of wood and coal causes __________ of air.
(b) A liquid fuel, used in homes is __________.
(c) Fuel must be heated to its __________ before it starts burning.
(d ) Fire produced by oil cannot be controlled by __________.
Ans. (a) pollution (b) LPG (c) ignition temperature
(d) water.
Q.3 Explain how the use of CNG in automobiles has reduced pollution in our cities.
Anc. CNG is cheap, readily available and highly combustible. It has high calorific value. It does not produce
gases or leaves residues when used in automobiles, so it reduced the pollution in our cities.
The use of CNG in automobile has reduced pollution in our cities because CNG produces the harmful
products in very small amount and it is a cleaner fuel.
Q.4 Compare LPG and wood as fuels.

Ans. S.No. LPG Wood
1 No residue after burning. Leave a lot of residue (ash) on burning.
2 Can be transported through pipe lines, and Cannot be transported easily like LPG.
cylinder.
3 Burn easily. Catch fire with more difficulty.
4 Low ignition temperature. High ignition temperature.
5 No smoke on burning. Burn with smoke
Q.5 Give reasons:

(a ) Water is not used to control fires, involving electrical equipment.
(b) LPG is a, better domestic fuel than wood.
(c) Paper by itself catches fire easily whereas a piece of paper wrapped around an aluminium
pipe does not.
Ans. (a) Water is not used to control the fire involving electric equipment because it's a good conductor
of electricity
(b) LPG is a better domestic fuel than wood because it neither produce gases nor leave residues
that pollute the environment.
(c) The paper by itself catches fire easily because its ignition temperature is low, while a piece of
paper wrapped around an aluminium pipe does not catch fire, because its ignition temperature
rises.
Q.6 Make a labelled diagram of a candle flame.
Ans.
BLUE ZONE
Q.7 Name the unit in which the calorific value of a fuel is expressed
Ans. The calorific value of a fuel is expressed in a unit called kilojoule per kg (kJ/kg).
Q.8 Explain how CO2 is able to control fires.

Ans CO2, being heavier than oxygen, covers the fire like blanket and also brings down the temperature of
fuel. Since the contact between the fuel and oxygen is cut off, the fire comes under control.
Q.9 It is difficult to burn a heap of green leaves but dry leaves catch fire easily. Explain.
Ans. To burn a heap of green leaves is difficult, because its ignition temperature is high, but dry leaves catch
fire easilyas its ignition temperature is very low.
Q.10 Which zone of a flame does a goldsmith use for melting gold and silver, and why?
Ans. A goldsmith uses the outermost zone of a flame for melting gold and silver because it is the hottest zone
of the flame (temperature  800°C) and is non-luminous in nature.
Q.11 In an experiment 4.5 kg of a fuel was completely burnt. The heat produced was measured to be
180,000 kJ Calculate the calorific value of the fuel.
Ans. The calorific value of the fuel:
heat produced 1,80,000 kJ
Calorific value = = 4.5 kg = 40,000 kJ/kg
amount of fuel
Q.12 Can the process of rusting be called combustion? Discuss.

Ans. The process of rusting cannot be called as combustion because neither release of energy nor heat and
light are produced during it, while in combustion release of energy takes place with heat and light.
Q.13 Abida and Ramesh were doing an experiment in which water was to be heated in a beaker.
Abida kept the beaker near the wick in the yellow part of the candle flame. Ramesh kept the
beaker in the outermost part of the flame. Whose water will get heated in a shorter time?
Ans. Ramesh's water will get heated in a shorter time.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTION ASKED IN VARIOUS EXAMS:

Q.14 An important liquid fuel, used in home is __________.
Ans. Kerosene
Q.15 What are the main constituent of biogas and kitchen gas (L.P.G.)?
Ans. The main constituent of biogas is methane and of kitchen gas (L.P.G.) is butane.
Q.16 What is biogas?

Ans. Biogas is formed by the decomposition of plant and animal wastes.
Q.17 Fuel must be heated to its __________ temperature before it starts burning.
Ans. Fuel must be heated to its ignition temperature before it starts burning.
Q.18 Why water should not be used to put out fire caused by burning of petrol?
Ans. Petrol is lighter than water, so it floats on top of water and continuous burning. So it cannot be used for
extinguishing fire due to burning of petrol.
Q.19 Give two examples each of solid fuel, liquid fuel and gaseous fuel.
Ans. Solid fuel – coal, wood
Liquid fuel – petrol, kerosene
Gaseous fuel – L.P.G., methane
Q.20 Write any four characteristics of an ideal fuel. What is C.N.G.? Mention its one use.
Ans. (i) It is cheap and easily available.
(ii) It does not produce any harmful gas during burning.
(iii) It has high calorific value.
(iv) It is safe and easy to store.
C.N.G. – Compressed Natural Gas. It is used as a fuel for automobiles.
Q.21 Define calorific value of a fuel.

Ans. Calorific value is the amount of heat energy produced on complete combustion of 1 kg of fuel. It is
expressed as KJ/Kg.
Q.22 What is the colour of magnesium flame?

Ans. White
Q.23 What is the product when magnesium is burnt?

Ans. Magnesium oxide is formed after the combustion.
SKILL BASED QUESTIONS

Q.1 Draw a diagram to explain that air is essential for combustion.
Ans. (a) The candle burns freely due to presence of air.

(b) The flame flickers and produces smoke because there is less air available in case of (b).
(c) In case of (c) flame finally goes off because air is not available.
Q.2 (i) Draw a diagram to show the flames of (a) Kerosene lamp (b) Candle and (c) Bunsen burner.
(ii) Write the colour of these flames.
Ans. (i)
(ii) Colour of kerosene lamp flame: Yellow

Colour of candle flame:Yellow
Colour of bunsen burner flame: Blue.
Q.3 Draw a labelled diagram of a candle flame to show its various zones.
Ans.
SECTION-A
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Q.1 Goldsmith uses _____________ part of the flame for melting gold
(A) Middle (B) Innermost
(C) Outermost (D) Both (B) and (C)
Q.2 CO2 is given off by chemicals like

(A) Sodium bicarbonate (B) Calcium sulphate
(C) Sodium sulphate (D) Sulphuric acid
Q.3 Water is not suitable in fire extinguishing involves fires-

(A) In case of oil (B) In case of petrol
(C) In case of electric current (D)All of these
Q.4 Petrol engine gives off gaseous oxides of-

(A) Sulphur (B) Phosphorus (C) Nitrogen (D) Carbon
Q.5 Unburnt carbon particles causes-

(A) Stomach infections (B) Brain infections
(C) Respiratory problems (D) Throat problems
Q.6 Calorific value gives the-

(A)Amount of heat (B) Fuel efficiency
(C)Amount of light (D) None of these
Q.7 Like fuel, sun also provides heat and light. The process taking place in the sun is called-
(A) Combustion (B) Nuclear process (C) Burning (D)All of these
Q.8 In the presence of water, ignition temperature of paper is

(A) Decreased (B) Increased
(C) Remain constant (D) None of these
Q.9 Rapid combustion is-

(A) When gas burns, it produces heat and light
(B) When material suddenly burst into flames
(C) When there is evolution of heat
(D) None of these
Q.10 Amount of heat energy produced on ____________ combustion of 1 kg of fuel is calorific value-
(A) Incomplete (B) Complete
(C) Half (D) None of these
SECTION-B
VERY SHORTANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q.1 What do you mean by combustion?
Ans. Combustion is the process of burning of a substance in the presence of air or oxygen with the liberation
of heat and light.
Q.2 Define combustible substances.

Ans. The substance that can react with oxygen and give out heat and light i.e., undergo combustion, is called
combustible substance.
Q.3 What do you mean by inflammable substances?

Ans. The substance which have very low ignition temperature and can easilycatch fire with a flame are called
inflammable substances. For examples : spirit, alcohol, etc.
Q.4 What chemicals are used in the preparation of matchsticks?

Ans. The head of safety match contains antimony trisulphide and potassium chlorate.
Q.5 Which has higher ignition temperature-kerosene oil or wood?

Ans. The kerosene oil has lower ignition temperature than wood.
Q.6 Why does a matchstick not burn of its own?

Ans. The ignition temperature for the burning of matchstick is more than room temperature. So it does not
catch fire on its own. When the stick is rubbed then due to friction it gets its ignition temperature and
starts to burn.
Q.7 What is rapid combustion?

Ans. A combustion that takes place at a high speed is known as rapid combustion.
Q.8 What is explosion?

Ans. A reaction in which large amount of gas formed is called explosion.
Q.9 What is slow combustion?

Ans. A combustion reaction in which energy is released very slowly even though oxidation takes place is
called slow combustion.
Q.10 When the clothes of a person catches fire, we cover him with a blanket. Why?
Ans. When the person is covered with a blanket, the supply of oxygen is cut off. So, the fire is put off.
Q.11 Red buckets containing sand are kept in offices and cinema halls. Why?
Ans. These are kept so as to extinguish the fires. When there is a fire, sand is thrown on it, so as to cut off the
supply of oxygen.
Q.12 Which substances burn with a flame?

Ans. Those solids or liquids which vapourise on being heated, burn with a flame
Q.13 Camphor burns with a flame, but charcoal glows. Why?

Ans. Camphor has low ignition temperature and vapourises to burnwith a flame but charcoal does not vapourise.
Q.14 What is the function of wick in the candle?

Ans. The wick draws up the molten wax, which than burns to form a flame.
Q.15 In which zone of the flame of wax candle has unburnt vapours of wax?
Ans. Innermost zone
Q.16 Why does goldsmith blow the outermost zone of a flame with a metallic blow pipe for melting
gold and silver?
Ans. Outermost zone of a flame is the hottest.
Q.17 Why any of the fuel is not considered as an ideal fuel?

Ans. All the fuel is not considered as an ideal fuel because they differ in their cost and efficiency, i.e., its
calorific value.
Q.18 "Food is a fuel for our body". Explain how?

Ans. In our body, food is broken down by reaction with oxygen and heat, energy is produced that is why food
is a type of fuel for our body.
Q.19 Hydrogen has the highest calorific value, but it is not used as fuel. Why?
Ans. Hydrogenformsanexplosivemixturewithoxygenanditisdifficulttohandle.Therefore,it isnotusedasafuel.
Q.20 Why petrol cannot be used as a fuel in stoves at homes?

Ans. Petrol vapourises easilyand catches fire easilyas its ignition temperature is low. Therefore, it is dangerous
to use in the stoves.
Q.21 Explain fuel efficiency.

Ans. Various fuels are rated by comparing the amount of heat produced by them. Calorific value of a fuel
is the amount of heat liberated in kJ when one kg of a particular fuel is burnt completely.
SHORTANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q.1 Can you burn a piece of wood by bringing a lighted matchstick near it?
Ans. The piece of wood cannot burn by bringing a lighted matchstick near it. It is because the heat produced
by matchstick is not sufficient to attain the ignition temperature of wood. So we use paper or kerosene
oil to start fire in wood piece.
Q.2 What is spontaneous combustion?

Ans. A combustion reaction in which no external heat is given to start it is called Spontaneous Combustion.
There are substances like phosphorus which burn in air at room temperature.
The type of combustion in which a material suddenly bursts into flames, without the application of any
apparent cause is called spontaneous combustion.
Q.3 Define complete and incomplete combustion.

Ans. Complete combustion of a substance takes place in the presence of sufficient air or oxygen. This
results in the formation of carbon dioxide, water, heat and light.
Incomplete combustion of a substance takes place in the presence of insufficient amount of air or
oxygen. This results in the formation of carbon monoxide, soot, water, heat and light.
Q.4 What are the conditions for combustion?

Ans. Conditions of combustion are:
(i) Presence of fuel.
(ii) Presence of air to supply oxygen.
(iii) Attainment of ignition temperature.
Q.5 What do you mean by forest fire?

Ans. During extreme heat in the hot summer days, at some places dry grass catches fire. It is because the heat
is sufficient to attain ignition temperature of grass. From grass, it spreads to trees and very soon the
whole forest is on fire. It is called forest fire. It is very difficult to control forest fire.
Q.6 How does fire brigade works to extinguish fire?

Ans. When fire brigade arrives, it pours water on the fire. Water cools the combustible material, so that its
temperature is brought below its ignition temperature. This prevents the fire from spreading. Water
vapour also surrounds the combustible material, helping in the cutting off the supply of air. So the fire is
extinguished.
Q.7 What is the job of a fire extinguisher?

Ans. There are three requirements for producing fire: fuel, air, proper temperature. Fire can be controlled by
removing one or more of these requirements. The job of a fire extinguisher is to cut off the supply of air
or to bring down the temperature of the fuel or both. In most of the cases fuel cannot be eliminated.
Q.8 Why is wood used as a fuel in villages? What are the disadvantage of using wood as a fuel?
Ans. In villages wood is used because it is easily available and cheap cost.
Its disadvantages are:
(a) It produces lot of smoke which causes respiratory problems.
(b) Wood contains several important substances which are lost when it is burnt.
(c) Cutting of trees leads to deforestation.
Q.9 What do you mean by primary fuel and secondary fuel?

Ans. Classification of Fuels on the Basis of Source or Availability
1. Natural or Primary Fuels : Those fuels which occur in nature and are used in the same form
are called natural or primary fuels.
Examples: wood, coal, natural gas, animal dung cake, crop residue.
2. Processed or Secondary Fuels : Those fuels which are prepared from primary fuels are called
processed or secondary fuels.
Examples: charcoal, coke, petrol, diesel, kerosene.
Q.10 Explain the term "global warming".

Ans. The combustionof fuels release carbon dioxide in the environment. When the percentage ofcarbon dioxide
increases in the atmosphere and makes the earth surface hot it is believed to cause global warming.
Q.11 What is acid rain?

An . The gases like nitrogen oxide, sulphur dioxide etc. present in the atmosphere as pollutant. When these
gases dissolve in rain water, it forms acids and when it reaches to the earth as rain, called as acid rain.
Q.12 Why CNG is preferable for vehicles in respect to petrol and diesel?
Ans. CNG (compressed natural gas) is preferable for vehicles in respect to petrol and diesel, because:
(a) It leaves least residues. (b) It is cheaper. (c) It is eco-friendly.
LONGANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q.1 How do a matchstick burn?
Ans. A mixture of antimony trisulphide, potassium chlorate and white phosphorus with some glue and starch
was applied on the head of a match made of suitable wood. When struck against a rough surface. White
phosphorus got ignited due to the heat of friction. This started the combustion of the match stick.
These days the head of the safety match contains onlyantimony trisulphide and potassium chlorate. The
rubbing surface has powdered glass and a little red phosphorus (which is much less dangerous). When
the match is struck against therubbing surface, some red phosphorus gets converted into white phosphorus.
This immediatelyreacts with potassium chlorate in the matchstick head to produce enough heat to ignite
antimony trisulphide and start the combustion.
Q.2 Why water is not used to extinguish fire involving electrical equipment, oil and petrol?
Ans. The most common fire extinguisher is water. But water works onlywhen things like wood and paper are
on fire. If electrical equipment is on fire, water may conduct electricity and harm those who are trying to
put off the fire. Water is also not suitable for fires involving oil and petrol.As water is heavier than oil, so
it sinks below the oil.And oil keeps burning on top.
Q.3 Define fuel. What are the characteristic of good fuel?

Ans. A fuel may be defined as any substance which supplies heat energy on burning without production of
excessively undesirable side products.
The few of the qualities, we look for choosing the most suitable fuels are:
1. Low cost
2. Readilyavailability
3. Easy to store and transport
4. High calorific value
5. No poisonous combustion products or environmental pollutants
6. Moderate ignition temperature
7. Should burn at moderate rate
Q.4 Classify fuels on the basis of physical state. Given example.

Ans. Classification of Fuels on the Basis of Physical State
1. Solid Fuels : The fuels which occur in solid form at room temperature are called solid fuels.
Examples: coal, wood, coke, charcoal.
2. Liquid Fuels : The fuels which occur in liquid form at room temperature are called liquid fuels.
Examples: petrol, diesel, kerosene, spirit.
3. Gaseous Fuels : The fuels which occur in gaseous form at room temperature are called gaseous
fuels.
Examples: natural gas, LPG, biogas, coal gas.
Q.5 What are the different harmful products formed by the burning of a fuel?
Ans. The harmful product formed by the burning of a fuel:
1. Carbon fuels release unburnt carbon particles which are dangerous pollutants that causes
respiratory disorders. (SPM)
2. Incomplete combustion of carbon fuels give carbon monoxide a poisonous gas that can even kill
a person sleeping in a closed room.
3. CO2 and oxide of sulphur and nitrogen are also released.
VERY LONGANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q.1 What are principle for extinguishing fire?
Ans. We know that the three conditions for producing a fire are:
(i) presence of a combustible substance,
(ii) presence of a supporter of combustion (air), and
(iii) attainment of ignition temperature.
So, a fire may be extinguished by:
1. Removing all the combustible substances.
2. Cutting off the supply of air (supporter of combustion).
3. Cooling the burning substances below their ignition temperature.
Q.2 How does the foam type fire extinguisher work?

Ans. The foam type fire extinguisher is based on the principle of extinguishing
fire by cutting off air supply to the burning substance.
It containsasolutionofaluminium sulphate in thebottle anda saturatedsolutionofsodium bicarbonatein the
metallic cylinder. Saponin is added to sodium bicarbonate solutionto produce foam.
When the knob of a foam type fire extinguisher is pressed, the glass bottle containing aluminium sulphate
solution breaks, and comes in contact with the sodium bicarbonate solution.
Due to presence of saponin, a stable foam of carbon dioxide is formed. The carbon dioxide foam comes
out of the fire extinguisher with great pressure and covers the entire surface of burning oil. This cuts off
the supply of air to the burning oil and, hence, the fire is extinguished.
Foam type fire extinguishers are used for extinguishing fires caused by burning oil and petrol at petrol
pumps, airports, in oil tanks, etc.
Q.3 Draw a labelled diagram to show the construction of soda-acid fire extinguisher and explain its
working.
Ans.
In the soda-acid fire extinguisher, carbon dioxide is produced by the reaction of sulphuric acid and
sodium bicarbonate. The bottle containing sulphuric acid is struck with a knob and the reaction starts.
2 NaHCO3  H 2SO 4 
 Na 2SO 4  H 2O  2CO 2
Sodium Sulphuric Sodium Water Carbon
bicarbonate acid Sulphate dioxide
Carbon dioxide produce is neither combustible nor supporter of combustible. Being heavier than air it
forms a blanket over the fire and cuts off the supply of air. The water formed cools the substance below
its ignition temperature.
Q.4 Describe the various zones of a flame.

Ans. A flame has four zones in it:
(a) Theoutermostthintransparentfaintbluishnon-luminousregion
of complete combustion. It is the hottest zone of the flame.
(b) The middle bright luminous zone of partial combustion. It is
the moderately hot zone.
(c) The innermost, coldest dark zone, consists of hot vapour
and called as zone of no combustion.
(d) Blue zone near the bottom of the flame is due to burning of
carbon mono-oxide. CO is formed due to incomplete
combustion.
Q.5 “Burning of a Fuel Leads to the Formation of Harmful Products.” Justify

Ans. Burning of a Fuel Leads to the Formation of Harmful Products :Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide,
oxides of sulphur, oxides of nitrogen, unburnt carbon particles, soot, ash, smoke, etc. are produced
when fossil fuels are burnt completelyor incompletely. The harmful effects of these various pollutants on
our environment is summarised below.
1. Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) : Burning of a fossil fuel releases ash and fine particles
of unburnt carbon in the air. These fine particles are called suspended particulate matter (SPM).
SPM spoils our clothes, reduces visibility and blackens the buildings. It is also responsible for
causing respiratory diseases, like asthma and bronchitis. In winter these fine particles produce
smog which is very harmful to plants as well as animals.
2. Carbon Monoxide (CO) : Incomplete combustion of these fossil fuels give carbon monoxide
which is a highly poisonous gas. When inhaled, CO combines with haemoglobin in the blood to
form carboxyhaemoglobin. This compound cannot carry oxygen. This causes a deficiency of
oxygen in the body resulting in suffocation and even death.
It is due to this reason that we are advised not to sleep in a closed room with burning or
smouldering fire in it. It is also called carbon monoxide poisoning.
3. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) : Combustion of most of the fuels release carbon dioxide in the
environment.An increase in the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere leads to an increase in
the temperature of the earth. This is called green-house effect. It may cause global warming.
Global warming results in excessive melting of polar ice, raising the level of water in seas and
oceans. This would cause flooding and submerging of many low lying areas.
4. Oxides of Sulphur and Nitrogen : Burning of coal and diesel releases sulphur dioxide gas (SO2)
in the atmosphere. Petrol engines give off gaseous oxides of nitrogen. These oxides of sulphur and
nitrogen dissolve in rainwater to produce acid rain.Acid rain is quite harmful for crops, buildings
and soil. These gases also cause respiratory problems because of their suffocating nature.
Q.1 Soot is given by

(A) burnt ‘C’ particles (B) unburnt ‘C’ particles
(C) Both (D) None
Q.2 Which of the following is not a necessarycondition of combustion?

(A) Presence of combustible substance
(B) Presence of supporter of combustion
(C)Attainment of ignition temperature of the fuel
(D) Presence of carbon dioxide
Q.3 In the Sun, heat and light are produced by

(A) Chemical reaction (B) Nuclear reactions (C) Physical reaction (D)All of them
Q.4 The main source of sun light is

(A) Nuclear fission (B) Nuclear fusion (C) Both (D) None of these
Q.5 Isotope of ________is used as source of sun light.

(A) Hydrogen (B) Oxygen (C) Chlorine (D)Lithium
Q.6 All the substances catch fire at

(A) Same temperature (B) Different temperature
(C)Any temperature (D) None of these
Q.7 The lowest temperature at which a substance catches fire is called as________
(A) Ignition temperature (B) Different temperature
(C) Same temperature (D)All temperature
Q.8 The most combustible substance in matchstick is

(A) Pwhite (B) Sb2S3 (C) KClO3 (D)All
Q.9 Powdered glass and a little red phosphorus is present on ________of safety matchstick
(A) Head (B) Rubbing surface (C) Both (D) None of these
Q.10 Which zone produces yellow light during burning of candle?

(A) Non-Luminous zone (B) Dark zone
(C) Luminous zone (D) Blue zone
Q.11 In Luminous zone of candle flame

(A) Partial combustion takes place (B) Complete combustion takes place
(C) both may be (D) None of these
Q.12 The black colour of candle flame is due to

(A) Sulphur (B) Carbon (C) CO2 (D) CO
Q.13 The coldest zone of candle wick is

(A) Dark zone (B) Blue zone (C) Red zone (D)Yellow zone
Q.14 What are the products of burning of magnesium?

(A) MgO and heat (B) MgO, heat and light (C) MgO (D) None
Q.15 A luminous flame appears

(A) red (B) green (C) yellow (D) blue
Q.16 Which of the following is not the attribute of a good fuel?

(A) Low calorific value (B) Moderate rate of combustion
(C) Fairly cheap and easily available (D) Safe to handle, store and transport
Q.17 Which one of the following has the highest calorific value?
(A) H2 (B) Wax (C) Candle (D)All of these
Q.18 Which one is considered to be the most cleaner fuel

(A) Bio gas (B) Marsh gas (C) C.N.G. (D) Petrol
Q.19 Fischer tropsch process involves

(A) Conversion of natural gas to liquid (B) Catalyst-iron and cobalt
(C) High temperature 150-300° (D)All of these
Q.20 Which of the following substances has the lowest ignition temperature ?
(A) kerosene (B) spirit (C) diesel (D) mustard oil
Q.21 Which of the following undergoes spontaneous combustion?

(A) yellow sulphur (B) red phosphorus (C) white phosphorus (D) brown sulphur
Q.22 Which of the following statement is not correct about carbon dioxide acting as a fire extinguisher for
electrical fibres?
(A) it is heavier than air (B) it is lighter than air
(C) it is not combustible (D) it does not support combustion
Q.23 The calorific value of a fuel is 40000 kJ/kg. This fuel is most likely to be-
(A) biogas (B) methane (C) hydrogen gas (D) liquefied petroleum gas
Q.24 On a cold winter night, the persons sleeping in a room with closed door and windows with a coal fire
burning inside may die due to the excessive accumulation of
(A) nitrogen monoxide (B) nitrogen dioxide
(C) carbon dioxide (D) carbon monoxide
Q.25 Which of the following burns without producing a flame?

(A) camphor (B) coke (C) cooking gas (D) kerosene
Q.26 Which of the following fuels has the lowest calorific value?
(A) Kerosene (B) CNG (C) Biogas (D) LPG
Q.27 Which of the following gas does not contribute to the formation of acid rain?
(A) nitrogen monoxide (B) carbon monoxide
(C) sulphur dioxide (D) nitrogen dioxide
Q.28 A heap of green leaves is lying in one corner of a park. The green leaves in the heap burn with difficulty
because-
(A) they contain a tough material called cellulose
(B) they contain a lot of water
(C) they contain a green pigment chlorophyll
(D) they do not get sufficient oxygen for burning
Q.29 If the clothes of a person working in the kitchen catch fire, then to extinguish the fire.
(A) sand should be thrown over the burning clothes
(B) water should be thrown over the burning clothes
(C) polyester blanket should be used to cover the burning clothes
(D) woollen blanket should be used to cover the burning clothes
Q.30 The flame of a kerosene oil lamp (or lantern) has:

(A) single zone (B) two zones (C) three zones (D) four zones
Q.31 Which process is similar to that of a burning candle except for the difference in temperature?
[NTSE-2014]
(A) Transpiration (B) Respiration (C) Evaporation (D) Sublimation
Q.32 What are the constituents of LPG used for cooking? [NTSE-2014]
(A) Propane and Benzene (B) Benzene and Butane
(C) Propane and Butane (D) Only Benzene
Q.33 Which is the hottest part of the candle flame? [NTSE-2013]

(A) Inner must zone (B) Middle zone
(C) Outer zone (D) Both (B) and (C)
Q.34 Why are the spirit and kerosene lamps made in such a way that the free end of the wicks with the flame
remains totallycut off from the fuel ? [NTSE-2013]
(i) The fuel vapourises at room temperature (ii) The fuel is highlyinflammable
(iii) The calorific value of fuel can be increased
(A) Only (i) and (ii) (B) Only(ii) and (iii) (C) Only (i) and (iii) (D) (i), (ii) and (iii)
Q.35 All fuels undergo combustion, identify the fuel which undergoes slow combustion on burning-
[NTSE-2013]
(A) Wood (B) Kerosene (C) Petrol (D) Diesel
Q.36 Analyse the gives statements and choose the correct option [NTSE-2013]
Statement 1 : Kerosene oil in oil lamps is regarded as more suitable than petrol.
Statement 2 : Petrol has a high calorific value than kerosene oil.
(A) Both statement 1 and statement 2 are correct and statement 2 is the correct explanation of the
statement 1.
(B) Both statement 1 and statement 2 are correct but statement 2 is not the correct explanation of the
statement 1
(C) Statement 1 is correct, but statement 2 is incorrect
(D) Statement 1 is incorrect, but statement 2 is correct
Q.37 What is the calorific value (in kJ/kg) of cow dung coke ? [NTSE-2013]
(A) 6000–8000 (B) 17000–22000 (C) 25000–33000 (D) 35000–40000
Q.38 What are the characteristics of an ideal fuel ? [NTSE-2013]

(i) Low ignition temperature (ii) High calorific value
(iii) Residues that do not pollute the environment
(A) Only (i) and (ii) (B) Only(ii) and (iii) (C) Only (i) and (iii) (D) (i), (ii) and (iii)
Q.39 In terms of calorific value, which of these fuels is better for use ? [NTSE-2013]
(A) LPG (B) Kerosene (C) Coke (D) Biogas
Q.40 Which is the most common substance that can be used to put out fires ? [NTSE-2012]
(A) Wood (B) Petrol (C) Sand (D) Kerosene
Q.41 What kind of combustion is undergone by ignition of a cracker ? [NTSE-2012]

(A) Explosive combustion (B) Spontaneous combustion
(C) Rapid combustion (D) Slow combustion
Q.42 Which of the following happen when a wax candle is burnt? [NTSE-2012]
(i) Fuel undergoes oxidation
(ii) Liberation of heat and light energy
(iii) Release of water vapour and carbon dioxide
(A) (i) and (ii) only (B) (ii) and (iii) only
(C) (iii) and (i) only (D) (i), (ii) and (iii)
Q.43 Which of the following is the best extinguisher for inflammable materials? [NTSE-2011]
(A) Water (B) Sulphur dioxide (C) Carbon dioxide (D) Carbon monoxide
Q.44 Where is kerosene mainly used ? [NTSE-2011]

(A) To surface roads (B)As fuel in jet engines
(C) To water proof materials (D) In furnaces for industrial heating purposes
Q.45 The process of burning of a wax candle is similar to respiration. Which of the following choices given
below violates the above statements? [NTSE-2010]
(A) Oxidation of fuel (B) Release of watervapour and carbon dioxide
(C) Processes take place at room temperature (D) Liberation of energy
Q.46 Study the characteristics given below : [NTSE-2010]

• It is a dark coloured viscous liquid • It has a strong smell.
Identify the compound among the following based on the above characteristics
(A) Kerosene (B) Petrol (C) Petroleum (D)Alcohol
Q.47 Study the characteristics of a fuel given below : [NTSE-2010]

• Highest calorific value • Forms watervapour on combustion
• Non polluting • Limited use as liquid fuel.
Among the following fuels which have the above characteristics ?
(A) Kerosene (B) Petrol (C) LPG (D) Hydrogen
Q.48 The essential requirements for a fire to start and continue is- [NTSE-2009]
(A) Fuel (B)Air (oxygen) (C) Heat (D)All of the above
Q.49 Which of the following is not true ? [NTSE-2009]

(A) Spontaneous combustion takes place without any apparent cause
(B) Luminous zone of the flame has a high temperature
(C) Carbon dioxide gas causes global warming
(D) Calorific value of a fuel is expressed in kJ/Kg
Q.50 Arrange the following fuels in order of their calorific value starting from lower to higher-
[NTSE-2009]
(A) LPG, Kerosene, Petrol, Hydrogen (B) Petrol, Kerosene, LPG, Hydrogen
(C) Petrol, LPG, Hydrogen, Kerosene (D) Kerosene, Petrol, LPG, Hydrogen
Q.51 Which of the following is an example of a liquid fuel ? [NTSE-2009]

(A) Paraffin wax (B) Coal gas (C) LPG (D)Alcohol
ANSWER KEY
SECTION-A
Q.1 C Q.2 A Q.3 D Q.4 C Q.5 C Q.6 B Q.7 B
Q.8 B Q.9 A Q.10 B
Q.1 B Q.2 D Q.3 B Q.4 B Q.5 A Q.6 B Q.7 A

Q.8 D Q.9 B Q.10 C Q.11 A Q.12 B Q.13 A Q.14 B
Q.15 C Q.16 A Q.17 A Q.18 C Q.19 D Q.20 B Q.21 C
Q.22 B Q.23 A Q.24 D Q.25 B Q.26 C Q.27 B Q.28 B
Q.29 D Q.30 C Q.31 B Q.32 C Q.33 C Q.34 A Q.35 A
Q.36 C Q.37 A Q.38 D Q.39 A Q.40 C Q.41 A Q.42 D
Q.43 C Q.44 B Q.45 C Q.46 C Q.47 D Q.48 D Q.49 B
Q.50 B Q.51 D
CH-5: CHEMICAL EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT AND MAGNETISM CHEMISTRY / CLASS-VIII
CHEMICAL EFFECT
OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
AND
MAGNETISM
5.1 INTRODUCTION
Ever imagined that your house is lit up with kerosene lanterns and summers without ACs and water
coolers? What if the refrigerator door did not close by itself and you have to lock it every time you
opened it? Just the thought makes you sweat, right?
Two marvels of science-electricity and magnetism without which life is hard to imagine. Let us study the
“How” and “What” of these two wonders.
In this chapter we will learn about some sources of electric current and electric circuits. Later on we will
discuss the term resistance and its different combinations.
In the second half of the chapter we will learn about magnets and their basic properties.
5.2 ELECTRICITY
Let us start with a few very basic points about electricity
 Electricityis an invisible form of energy.
It is the branch of physics which deals with the study of interaction of one charge to another charge. It
can be divided into two parts :
(a) Static Electricity : The branch of physics which deals with the study of the electric charges at
rest and their effects is known as electrostatic or static electricity.
(b) Current Electricity : The branch of physics which deals with the study of the electric charges
in motion and their effects is known as current electricity.
 There are 2 forms of electricity-static and current.
 Static electricityis stationary electricity where as current electricity is electricity in motion.
 It is the current electricity which light up our houses and streets and our televisions.
During early studies on the properties of electric charges. It was discovered that there are 2 kinds of
charge-positive and negative. It was also found that “like” charges repel each other, whereas “unlike”
charges attract each other.
To understand current electricity better lets have a look at the structure of an atom.An atom is made up
of a nucleus and electrons. Nucleus has positive charge while the electrons have negative charge.
In some materials the electrons in the outermost shell are looselyheld.Acurrent flows when electrons jump
between the atoms that make up the metal in wire. Thus, a flow of electrons is called an electric current.
5.2.1 Electric Charge

Aproperty of matter, called charge, gives rise to electricity charge produces different effects depending
on whether it is static (at rest) or moving. Amber rubbed with silk attracts feather because of the
accumulation, or gathering, of charge on it. This is an example of the effect of static electricity, which we
study under electrostatics. When charges flow, we get an electric current. The glowing of a bulb when
a current passes through it is an effect of an electric current.
5.2.2 Type of Charge

There are two kinds of charge, called positive charge and negative charge. Note that these names are
used by convention, and have no special meaning. In an atom, particles that carry negative charge are
called electrons.And those that carry positive charge are called protons. Electrons can move from one
place to another within a substance, but protons cannot.
Normally, in a substance, the electrons and protons are equal in number. This means that the negative and
positive charges are equal. So, they'balance' each other, i.e., neither charge produces anyeffect.This makes
thesubstanceelectrically'neutral'. But whenyourub somethingagainstanother, thewayyourubbedthecomb
against your hair,the balance can get upset. Some of the negative charges (electron) travel from one object to
the other. The object losing the negative charges then has a greater number of positive charges, or becomes
positivelycharged.And the object receivingthe negative charges becomes negativelycharged.
A charged object can either repel or attract another charged object. The force acting between them is
called electrostatic force. A charged object can also attract an electrically neutral object, like your
comb attracted the pieces of paper.
DEMO- 1
Rub a plastic ruler with a woollen cloth or a piece of flannel and suspend it from a
support, with the help of a string. Now rub another ruler similarly and bring it near
the first one. The suspended ruler will move away from the ruler in your hand, or it
will be repelled.
Rub a glass rod with a piece of silk and bring it near the suspended ruler. The ruler
will be attracted to the glass rod. If you bring the glass rod close to another glass rod
which you have rubbed with a piece of silk, the two will repel each other.
5.2.3 Properties of Charge

(i) Like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other.
(ii) The charge is quantized i.e. charge on an object is equal to + ne where n is an integer and
e = 1.61 × 10–19 C.
(iii) Electric charge is a scalar quantity.
(iv) The electric charge on a system is always conserved.
5.2.4 Unit of Charge

The charge on an electron is so small that it is not convenient to select it as the unit of charge.
In practice, coulomb is used as the unit of charge, i.e. 81 unit of charge is coulomb abbreviated as C.
One coulomb of charge is equal to the charge on 625 × 1016 electrons.
1 coulomb = charge on 625 × 1016 electrons
Thus, when we say that a body has a positive charge of one coulomb (i.e. + 1 C) it means that the body
has a deficit of 625 × 1016 electrons from the normal due share.
The charge on one electron in coulomb is given by :
1
–e = – = –1.6 × 10–19 C
625 1016
5.2.5 Flow of Charge

Consider two metallic spheresAand B which are placed on the
insulated stands as shown in the figure. Let sphereAis positively
charged and sphere B is negatively charged. Let these spheres
are connected bya metallic wire. The electrons flow from sphere
B (at lower potential) to the sphereA(at higher potential). The
flow of electrons continues till the potential of both the spheres
becomes equal. This shows that the flow of charge (i.e.
electrons) between two spheres continues as long as they are at
different potentials or as long as there is potential difference
between these two spheres.
5.3 ELECTRIC CURRENT

It is defined as the rate of flow of charge in a conductor or amount of charge flowing through a conductor
in a unit time.
The electric current is flow of electric charges (called electrons) in a conductor (metal wire). It is the
amount of electric charge passing through a given point of conductor in one second if a charge of Q
coulombs flows through a conductor in time t second, then the magnitude of the electric current I flow
through it is given by :
Q
I=
t
The S.I. unit of charge is coulomb (C)
1C = charge of 6.25 × 1018 electrons.
(a) The S.I. unit of current is Ampere : When one coulomb of charge flows through any cross-
section of a conductor in 1 second, the electric current flowing through it is said to be 1 ampere.
1C
1A 
1s
Instrument used to measure current is called ammeter. It should have a very low resistance.
It is connected in series in the circuit.
(b) Direction of Electric current : We know that there are two types of charges positive charges
and negative charges, but electrons were not discovered at that time. So, electric current was
considered to be the flow of positive charges were taken to be the direction of electric current.
The direction of electric current is from positive terminal of the cell to the negative terminal
through the circuit.
(c) Flow of Electric current in a wire : An

electric current is the flow of electrons in a metal e
e e
wire (or conductor) when a cell or battery is e e
applied across its ends.Ametal wire has plenty e e e
of free electrons in it. When the metal wire has
not been connected to a source of electricity
like a cell or a battery, then the electrons present
in it move randomlyin all the directions between
the atoms of the metal wire as shown in figure. + e e e e –
When a source of electricity like a cell or a e e e e
battery is connected between the ends of the I I
metal wire, then an electric force acts on the + –
electrons from negative end to the positive end Cell
of the wire. These electrons constitute the Fig: Direction of conventional current
electric current in the wire.
Characteristics of the electric current

(i) The flow of charge is due to transfer of negatively charged particles called electrons.
(ii) Conventionally, the direction of current is taken as opposite to the direction of motion of
electrons.
(iii) SI unit of electric current isAmpere (A)
(iv) If Q coulombs of charge flow through a conductor in t seconds, the current through the
conductor is I ampere where
Q ne
I= =
t t
where, n = number of electrons flowing through the conductor in time ‘t’ and
e = charge on electron = –1.6 × 10–19 C
(v) It is a scalar quantity.
Illustration 1
A charge of 500 C flows through an electric circuit in 50 sec. Calculate the
magnetic of the current flowing through the circuit.
Solution
Here, charge = Q = 500 C, t = 50 sec, I = ?
Q 500
I=   10 A
t 50
5.4 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

The path of flow of electricity starting from one terminal of cell and returning to the other is called an
electric circuit. It consists of conductingwires and other resistances (like lamps etc.) between the terminals
of a battery, along which an electric current flows.
For the flow of electricity, the entire circuit must be made up of conductors. The symbols of commonly
used components in the electric circuit are shown in the figure below.
S. Circuit Component Symbols

No.
1. Lamp OR
2. Connecting wire or
3. Cell
4. Battery
5. Switch or Open key ( )
or
6. Closed key ()
7. Fixed Resistance
8. Variable Resistance
9. Ammeter +
A –
+ –
10. Voltmeter V
(a) Open Electric Circuit : An electric circuit through which no electric current flow is known as
open electric circuit. The electric circuit will be open circuit If the plug of the keyis taken out of if
the connecting wires break from any point.
(b) Closed Circuit: An electric circuit through which electric current flows continuously is known
as closed circuit.
5.5 ELECTRIC TESTER

In Class VI, we made an electric tester [figure] to test a particular material which allows the electric
current to pass through it or not. Recall how tester helped us in checking it.
5.5.1 Checking an Electric Tester

Join the free ends of the electric tester for a moment. This will complete the circuit of the tester and hence
the bulb will glow.
However, if the bulb does not glow, it implies that tester is not working. What are the possible reasons ?
(i) It is possible that the electrical connections are loose.
(ii) It is possible that the cell/cells is/are used up.
So, first check the electrical connections. If theyare tight, replace the bulb. Now, if tester does not work,
it implies the cell/cells is/are used up. Replace the cell/cells with fresh ones.
This tester can also be used to find the flow of electric current through liquids. However, in case of
liquids, the resistance is sufficiently large. So, instead of a single cell we can use a battery of two or more
cells. If the bulb glow, then we can say that liquid is a conductor. However, if the bulb does not glow, then
the liquid is a poor conductor.
In the above sentence, we have used the word “poor conductor” for liquids, rather than insulator. It is
because the liquid may be conducting electric current, whose magnitude is very small due to the large
resistance offered by it. Now, the bulb works on the principle of heating effect of current. It will glow
only if a current of appropriate magnitude passes through its filament and in doing so heats it to a high
temperature, so that it starts emitting light. Had we used the term “insulator” then it would have meant
that there is no scope for the flow of weak current.
5.5.2 Modifications in Electric Tester

The electric tester can be modified for weak electric currents by the following methods.
(a) Use of LED [Light emitting diode] instead of standard bulb
Light emitting diode [LED] glows even when a weak current flows through it.
There are two wires at the base of LED, such that one wire is longer than the other. These wires
are commonly called lead wires. The longer wire to the positive terminal.
When the standard bulb in the electric tester is replaced by LED, it can easily detect a weak
electric current in a circuit.
(b) By using a coil wound over small magnetic compass : You have already known that when
a wire carrying current is held near a magnetic needle or magnetic compass, the needle shows
deflection, even when the current is very weak. We generally use this effect of electric current to
make an electromagnetic tester.
Take out the tray from a discarded matter place a small magnetic compass on the tray and
secure it by using some adhesive, such as fevicol, etc. Wrap an insulated electric wire around the
tray as shown in Fig.
Now connect one free end of the above arrangement with the positive terminal of the cell/
battery. Join another copper wire to the negative terminal of the cell/battery.Your electromagnetic
tester is ready. Join the free ends of the copper wires momentarily. You will notice the compass
needle shows deflection.
5.6 CLASSIFICATION OF LIQUIDS AS CONDUCTORS AND POOR

CONDUCTORS / INSULATORS
Having learnt about electric tester, let us perform thefollowingactivities tofind conductors/poorconductors/
insulators amongst the liquids.
DEMO-1
To find out whether distilled water conducts electricity or not.
Materials required :
• A dry cell • Copper wires A, B and C with bare ends
• A 1 volt bulb fixed in a bulb holder • A beaker
• Distilled water • Cellotape.
Method : Half fill the beaker with distilled water. Connect the bare ends of the copper wiresA,
B and C through a bulb with the help of cellotape. Touch the bare ends of the wires Band C with
one another. You will observe that bulb glows, thereby showing that all the parts of circuit are
conducting electricity.
Dip the bare ends of the wires Band C in the distilled water. You will observe that the bulb does
not glow. Thus, the activity clearly proves that distilled water does not conduct electricity.
DEMO-2
To show that the addition of salts, acids or alkalis, make the distilled water a conductor
of electricity.
Materials required : All the materials as in Demo-1
• Common salt • Sulphuric acid
• Sodium hydroxide • A glass rod and a dropper.
Method : Proceed as in Demo 1 and confirm that distilled water does not conduct electricity.
Now take a spoonful of common salt and add it into the distilled water. Dissolve the common
salt by stirring it with a glass rod.
Dip the bare ends of the wires B and C in the above solution.You will observe that the bulb lights
up. Thus, the activity proves that addition of common salt in water makes it a conductor of
electricity. Pour off the common salt solution and rinse the beaker with distilled water. Half fill the
beaker with distilled water and add to it about 10 drops of sulphuric acid, On dipping the bare
ends of wire B and C in the above solution you will observe that bulb lights up. This proves that
acids on dissolving in distilled water make it a conductor of electricity.
Similarly, if you repeat the activityby adding 10 drops of sodium hydroxide solution in distilled
water; the bulb will light up, thereby proving that alkalis on dissolving in distilled water make it
conductor of electricity.
DEMO-3
To find electrically conducting and electrically non-conducting liquids from given liquids.
Materials required:
• A dry cell, three insulated copper wire A. Band C with bare ends
• cello tape
• 1 volt bulb fixed in a bulb holder • 100 cc beakercontaining distilled water
• tap water • common salt solution
• vinegar solution • lemon juice solution
• alcohol petrol • kerosene oil
• mustard oil and dilute hydrochloric acid solution.
Method : Set up the apparatus as in Demo-1 or 2, Dip the bare ends of the wires Band C in the
above mentioned solutions one by one, and record in which solutions the bulb lights up and in
which solutions the bulb does not light up. You will observe that the bulb lights up in case of tap
water; common salt solution, vinegar solution, lemon juice solution and dilute hydrochloric acid
solution. Thus, these liquids conduct electricity.
You will also observe that bulb does not light up in case of distilled water; alcohol, petrol,
kerosene, oil and mustard oil. Thus, these liquids do not conduct electricity.
5.7 CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

When a liquid which conducts electric current and at the same time undergoes a chemical change is
call1ed chemical effect of the electric current.
Let us perform the following activity.
DEMO-4
To show chemical reaction takes place when electric current is passed through common salt
solution in water.
• A cup-shaped voltameter with platinum electrodes
• common salt solution in distilled water
• a matchbox
• 6 volt battery
• a switch.
Method : Take the given voltameter. It consists of a cup-shaped glass vessel from the bottom of
which arise two platinum electrodes. These electrodes are connected to the brass terminals
fixed on the wooden base.
Fill 3/4th of the voltameter with water containing dissolved common salt. The dissolved common
salt makes the water electrically conducting.
Fill each of the test tubes of the voltameter with common salt solution and. then invert them over
the platinum electrodes as shown in Fig 14.6, taking care that no water flows out of them. This
can be achieved by placing the thumb on the mouth of test tubes and then removing the thumb
under the common salt solution in the voltameter.
Put the switch in off position and then connect the terminals of 6 volt battery to the voltameter as
shown in Fig. Now put the switch in the on position.
You will observe that tiny bubbles of colourless gases arise from both the electrodes and collect
in the test tubes. Furthermore, the gas collected at the negative terminal of the batteryis twice in
volume as compared to the gas collected at the positive terminal of the battery.
The gas collected on the negative terminal of the battery is hydrogen gas. This gas can be easily
tested by bringing a burning matchstick near the mouth of the test tube. The gas catches fire with
a loud pop sound and the matchstick goes off.
The gas collected on the positive terminal of the battery is oxygen gas. This gas can be easily
tested by introducing the glowing end of the matchstick in the test tube, when the matchstick
bursts into flame.
electric current
Water      Hydrogen gas + oxygen gas
 How does the electric current bring about chemical change in water ?
Avery, very small amount of water decomposes on its own to form positively charged hydrogen
[H+] ions and negatively charged hydroxyl [OH–] ions.
However, their number remains same, and hence, the water remains electrically neutral. When
electric current is passed through water, hydrogen [H+] ions are attracted towards negatively
charged terminal. Here, they gain electric charges to form neutral hydrogen atoms. The hydrogen
atoms subsequently join to form hydrogen molecules.
Conversely, on the passage of electric current, hydroxyl [OH–] ions are attracted towards positively
charged terminal. Here, they lose electric charges to form neutral hydroxyl ions, which unite to
form oxygen gas.
Example : H2O  H+ OH–
At cathode – At anode –
2H + 2e  H2(g)
+ –
4OH–  4 OH + 4e–
4OH  2 H2O + O2(g)
5.8 GENERAL TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PASSAGE OF CURRENT

THROUGH SOLUTIONS
1. Electrolyte : An aqueous solution of a chemical compound, which conducts electric current
and at the same time undergoes a chemical change is called electrolyte.
Examples :
(i) Aqueous solutions of all acids, such as HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, etc.
(ii) Aqueous solutions of all alkalis, such as NaOH, KOH, etc.
(iii) Aqueous solution of soluble salts, such as common salt, copper sulphate, sodium nitrate,
zinc chloride, etc.
2. Non-electrolyte : Asolution of a chemical compound which does not conduct electric current
and hence does not undergo any chemical change is called non-electrolyte.
Examples : Petrol, kerosene oil, diesel oil, vegetable oils, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride,
alcohol, ether, benzene, distilled water, etc.
3. Electrolysis : The process due to which a solution of a chemical compound conducts electric
current and at the same time undergoes a chemical change is called electrolysis.
4. Electrodes : The metal wires/plates/rods through which the current enters or leaves an electrolyte
are called electrodes.
5. Cathode : The electrode connected to the negative terminal of a cell/battery is called cathode.
6. Anode : The electrode connected to the positive terminal of a cell/battery is called anode.
7. Ions : The electrically charged atoms/group of atoms formed when a chemical compound is
dissolved in water are called ions.
8. Cations : The positively charged ions formed when a chemical compound dissolves in water
are called cations. During electrolysis, the cations are discharged at cathode by taking electric
charges from it.
9. Anions : The negatively charged ions formed, when a chemical compound dissolves in water
are called anions. During electrolysis, the anions are discharged at anode by losing electric
charges to it.
10. Voltameter : An apparatus in which electrolysis is carried out, such that is consists of a vessel,
two electrodes and electrolyte is called voltameter.
5.9 ELECTROPLATING
One of the uses of chemical effect of an electric current is electroplating. During electroplating the metal
surface of a given article is coated with a thin layer of superior metal with the help of electric current.
Let us perform the following activity in order to show electroplating of an iron object.
DEMO-5
To electroplate an article of iron with copper.
• A glass container or 500 cc beaker • copper sulphate crystals
• distilled water • concentrated sulphuric acid
• a copper plate • a 6 volt battery
• a switch
• three insulated copper wires with bare ends
• a glass rod • an iron object.
Method :
(i) Half fill the given glass vessel with distilled water. To the distilled water add copper
sulphate crystals and stir with a glass rod, till the crystals stop dissolving. The solution so
obtained is saturated copper sulphate solution.
(ii) In the above solution place a copper plate connected to an insulated copper wire through
a switch. Tie the bare end of another copper wire to an iron object and then immerse it
in copper sulphate solution. Complete the electrical circuit as shown in Fig.
(iii) Switch on the current and wait for 10 minutes.

(iv) Switch off the current and take the iron object out of the copper sulphate solution.
You will notice that its surface is coated with a thin layer of copper which is reddish in
colour.
 How is a thin layer of copper metal deposited on the given object?

The saturated copper sulphate solution contains the following cations and anions.
Cations : The positively charged cations are copper ions [Cu2+] from copper sulphate and
hydrogen ions [H+] from water.
Anions : The negatively charged anions are hydroxyl ions [OH–] from water and sulphate ions
(SO 24 ) from copper sulphate.
When the electrical current is switched on, the cations start migrating towards the cathode and the anions
towards the anode.
At the cathode the positively charged copper ions gain electrical charges to form copper atoms which
deposit themselves on the surface of an iron object. Thus, a thin layer of copper is deposited on the iron
object.
The hydrogen ions do not discharge. Why? You will learn more about it in the higher classes.
At anode, none of the negatively charged anions [hydroxyl and sulphate ions] discharge. Instead, the
copper atoms on the copper plate lose their charges to form copper ions [Cu2+] which enter in the
copper sulphate solution.
The reason for non-discharge of hydroxyl and sulphate ions is beyond the scope of this book. You will
learn about it in the higher classes.
Thus, on the whole, the anode loses copper atoms to form copper ions and the cathode gains an equal
number of copper ions to form copper atoms.
5.9.1 Uses of Electrolysis

1. Electroplating is one of the uses of electrolysis. It is not only used for depositing copper, but a
number of superior metals. For example, the wheel covers of cars, the handles of bicycles and
motorcycles are coated with nickel and chromium, so as to give a bright shining appearance.
Similarly, silver and gold can be electroplated on copper and brass objects. Cheap imitation
jewellery is made by electroplating silver or gold on the brass or aluminium jewellery.
2. The process of electrolysis is also used to obtain pure metals from the impure metals.
3. The process of electrolysis is also used in the extraction of aluminium metal from its ore.
Some electroplated objects
Difference between primary cell and secondary cell
Primary cell Secondary cell

1. This is the cell that can't be used once 1. This is the cell in which it is possible to
its chemicals get used up restore the chemical present in the cell
once it has been used for sometime.
2. Example: Daniel cell, voltaic cell and 2. Example: Lead accumulator
dry cell
Illustration 2
What is charging?
Solution
When the current in the cell is passed in opposite direction, that is from its negative
terminal to positive terminal, then it starts a chemical reaction which again produces the
chemicals initiallypresent in the cell. This process is known as charging.
5.9.2 Conductors and Insulators

Difference between Conductors and Insulators
Conductors Insulators
1. The materials that allow the current to 1. The materials that do not allow current
pass through them are called to pass through them are called
conductors. insulators
2. Most of the metals are conductors with 2. Mica, rubber, plastics, glass, wood,
gold, silver and copper being the best bakelite, ebonite, dry air and pure
of them. distilled water are all insulators.
Illustration 3
Give the symbol of (i) a bulb (ii) a resistance (iii) a battery
Solution
(i) (ii) (iii) + –
5.10 FUSE
Sometimes you must have heard that fuse is blown-off. What does it mean? If fact a fuse is a safely
device, which is used to control the excess flow of current, whenever a current in the circuit exceed the
desired limit, due to heating effect wire melts and circuit breaks.
The wires made from some special material melt quickly and break, when large electric currents are
passed through them.
Fuses of different rating are used for different purposes. It can be of 1 ampere, 2 ampere, 3 ampere or
5 ampere.
Now imaginein a circuit, if a 2000 W room heater is used. It will draw a largeamount of current. This in turn
will heat the connecting copper wires to such an extent that plastic insulation on them will melt. Now the
bare wires will come in contact withone another.This will cause electric sparking and hence an electric fire.
Such a circuit is called overloaded circuit and the sparking which causes fire is called short circuit.
Short circuiting causes a greater loss of properly and life every year in the homes and factories.
Hence a fuse is the weakest part in an electric circuit, which melts and breaks the electric circuit when the
circuit gets overloaded.
(i) Due to a large current
(ii) Due to short circuiting
(iii) Due to fluctuations of current in power supply system.
Note: These days Miniature circuit breakers (MCBs) are increasingly being used in place of fuses.
These are switches which automatically turnoff, when current in a circuit exceeds the safe limit.
5.11 MAGNETISM
Magnetism is the study of the behaviour and properties of magnets.Amagnet in its ordinary form, is a
bar of iron possessing the following two properties:
(i) It attract small pieces of iron towards it
(ii) It always points in the north-south direction when swinging freely.
5.11.1 Basic Properties of Magnet

(i) It attracts small pieces of iron towards it.
(ii) It always points in the north-south direction when swinging freely
(iii) It has its maximum power at its two ends which are known as its poles.
(iv) One pole of the magnet always points north and is known as its North or N-pole. The other end
always points south and is known as its south or S-pole.
(v) Like poles of two magnets repel each other while their unlike poles attract each other.
(vi) We can’t have an isolated north or an isolated south pole.
We know that a moving magnet can generate an electric current.Also we can say that electric current
can produce a magnetic effect.Acoil, through which when an electric current flows behave like a magnet
with its two poles.
Eg. : Electric bell shows magnetic effect of current.
5.11.2 Danger of Electricity

(i) If the current happens to pass through the heart, it cause the heart muscles to contract and
generally death occurs .
(ii) A strong electric shock can give the body a big shock that can damage the body cells. Such a
shock occurs on touching a live electric wire suddenly.
(iii) Handling electrical appliances in wet places is very dangerous.
(iv) Electricity could turn dangerous due to loose connections in switches, improper wiring, over-
loading (i.e. passing excess current above the rated capacity), improper earthing.
5.11.3 Safety Measures in using Electricity

(i) The wires used in the circuit should be of good quality and with good insulation.
(ii) Defective and damaged plugs, sockets and switches must be immediately replaced.
(iii) All connections in plugs, switches and sockets must be made of a proper insulating material.
(iv) Extension cords must not be overloaded and must be regularly tested.
(v) Switches and plugs should not be touched with wet hands.
(vi) The main switch should be immediately switched off in case of fire or short circuit.
(vii) Always use a safety fuse of proper rating and material in an electric circuit.
(viii) All appliances must be properly earthed.
(ix) Rubber soled shoes should be worn while repairing electric circuit. This protect the body from
electric shocks.
(x) The inside of socket are made of inducting material and therefore must not be touched.
5.11.4 Magnetic Field and Magnetic Field Lines

Magnetic field: It is the space surrounding a magnet where its influence i.e. (force of attraction) can be felt.
N S
k
(Magnetic field of bar magnet)

5.11.5 Magnetic field lines of force

These are defined as the lines straight or curved, along which a free unit N-pole moves or these are lines
straight or curved, tangent to which at any point gives the direction of magnetic field at that point
Properties of magnetic lines of force are listed below:
(i) Outside a magnet, the magnetic field lines are directed from N-pole of magnet towards S-pole.
However, inside a magnet, the field lines are directed from S-pole to N-pole. Thus, magnetic
field lines are closed curves.
N S
(Plotting of magnetic lines of bar magnet with compass)
(ii) The relative strength of magnetic field lines is given by degree of closeness of the field lines.
More crowded field lines means a stronger magnetic field.
(iii) Two lines of force can never intersect each other because it they do so, then at the point of
intersection there will be two directions of magnetic field at the same point ‘P’ along PT1 and
PT2 which is not possible.
T1 Tangent
T2 Tangent
(Two magnetic lines can’t intersect)

(iv) These behave like a stretched bow and have a tendency to contract lengthwise, which shows
attraction between two opposite pole as shown in figure.
S N S N
(Attraction between unlike poles)

(v) Lines of force exert a lateral force of repulsion on each other which explains repulsion between the
similar poles as shown in figure. (No line of force exists in the region between two similar poles)
Repulsion
S N N S
(Repulsion between like poles)

Illustration 4
In a bar magnet, identify the position where the magnetic properties are
strongest?
Solution
Poles
Illustration 5
How does the magnetic field due to a current carrying wire vary at a point,
when the point is moved away from the wire?
Solution
The magnetic field produce by a given current in a straight wire at a point decreases as
the distance of point from the wire is increased. Thus, magnetic field is inversely
proportional to the distance.
5.12 ELECTROMAGNET
When the current carrying coil is brought near a suspended bar magnet, one side of the coil repels the
north pole of the magnet. The other side of the coil attract the north pole of the magnet. Thus, a current
carrying coil has both a north and a south pole like a magnet. Such a magnet is called electromagnet. The
strength of an electromagnet can be increased by placing an iron rod or core inside the coil.
5.12.1 Properties of Electromagnets

(i) Electromagnets are verystrong temporary magnets when the current is passed through them and
get demagnetized as soon as the current is switched off.
(ii) The strength of electromagnet depends upon the current in the coil and type of bar used (i.e. the
material on which the wire is coil around)
(iii) Electromagnets can be made in different sizes and shapes depending on their use.
5.12.2 Practical applications of electromagnets

(i) It find use in many appliances of everyday use such as electric bells, electric motors, dynamos,
lifting weights, loudspeakers telegraphs and telephones.
(ii) Electromagnets are also used bythe surgeons for removing iron bits and pieces from the wounds.
5.13 ELECTROMAGNET INDUCTION

Oersted experiments revealed that magnetism is associated with electric current flowing through a
conductor i.e. production of magnetism from electricity. Faraday, after a series of experiments to find its
reverse i.e. “Production of current from magnetism”, found that electric current can be produced in a coil
momentarily when a bar magnet is made to move quickly near or away from the coil without the use of
cells.
This current produced is called ‘Induced current’.
Electromagnetic Induction: It is the phenomenon of production of induced current in a coil by changing
magnetic field crossing the coil, which lasts as long as the magnetic field actually changes.
Investigations made by Faraday and Henry shows that
(i) A current flows when the coil is moved relative to the magnet.
(ii) A current flows when the magnet is moved relative to the coil.
(iii) No current flows when both coil and magnet are stationary relative to one another.
(iv) Reversing the direction of movement of the coil or the magnet reverses the direction of the
current.
(v) The magnitude of the current increases with the number of loops of wire in the field, the strength
of the magnet and the speed of the movement.
Illustration 6
Which material is used to prepare an electromagnet-soft iron or hard steel?
Solution
Soft iron
5.14 ELECTRIC BELL

Construction:
(i) Electromagnet: Acoil of wire wound on an iron core acts as an electromagnet.
(ii) Armature:An armature with a hammer at one end is kept close to the electromagnetic facing its
poles.
(iii) Interrupter: To make the bell ring continuously, a device is needed to keep the hammer moving
back and forth. This device is called an interrupter.
Electric Bell
Working:
When a current flows through the coil, it becomes an electromagnet and attracts the armature made of
iron. As a result, the armature gets pulled towards the magnet.
In the process, the hammer at the end of the armature strikes the gong of the bell to produce a sound.
When the electromagnet pulls the armature, a break occurs in the circuit and the current through the coil
ceases to flow.
Armature is then pulled back by a spring attached to it, which brings back the contact to its position to
complete the circuit again. Current then again flows in the coil and the cycle is repeated automatically.
 On touching an electric switch with wet hands a person can receive an electric shock, because natural
water contains dissolved salts and is a good conductor of electricity.
 Substances like distilled water, alcohol, ether, petrol, kerosene oil, diesel oil, vegetable oil, etc. are non-
electrolytes.
 Water, containing acid or alkalis or salts forms an electrolyte.
 During electrolysis, the electrolyte undergoes a chemical change.
 Water containing acids or alkalis or salt on the passage of electric current decomposes into hydrogen
and oxygen.
 During electroplating, the cations discharge at cathode by gaining electric charges, whereas anions
discharge at anode by losing electric charges.
 The process of electrolysis is used in (i) electroplating, (ii) refining of metals, (iii) extraction of metals
[NCERT Questions]
Q.1 Fill in the blanks
(a) Most liquids that conduct electricity are solutions of _______, _______ and _______.
(b) The passage of an electric current through a solution causes _______ effect.
(c) If you pass current through copper sulphate solution, copper gets deposited on the plate
connected to the _______ terminal of the battery.
(d) The process of depositing a layer of any desired metal on another metallic object, by means of
electricity, is called _______.
Ans. (a) acids, bases, salts ; (b) chemical ; (c) negative ; (d) electroplating
Q.2 When the free ends of a tester are dipped into a solution the magnetic needle shows deflection.
Can you explain the reason?
Ans. Yes, we can explain the reason. The magnetic needle will show deflection when circuit is complete.
The deflection of magnetic needle shows that the solution is a good conductor.
Q.3 Name three liquids, which when tested in the manner shown in figure may cause the magnetic
needle to deflect?
Ans. Tap water, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide.
Q.4 The bulb does not glow in the set up shown in figure. List the possible reasons. Explain your
answer.
Ans. The possible reasons may be:

(i) The connections of the circuit may be loose.
(ii) Bulb may be fused.
(iii) Cells may be used up.
(iv) The liquid may be poor conductor.
Q.5 A tester is used to check the conduction of electricity through two liquids, labelled A and B.
It is found that the bulb of the tester glows brightly for liquid A while it glows very dimly for
liquid B. You would conclude that:
(i) liquid Ais a better conductor than liquid B.
(ii) liquid B is a better conductor than liquid A.
(iii) both liquids are equally conducting.
(iv) conducting properties of liquid cannot be compared in this manner.
Ans. We conclude that option (i) ‘liquidAis a better conductor than liquid B’.
Q.6 Does pure water conduct electricity? If not what can we do to make it conducting?
Ans. No, the pure water does not conduct electricity. Pure water can be made conducting by dissolving salt
in it.
Q.7 In case of a fire before the firemen use the water hoses, they shut off the main electrical
supply for the area. Explain why they do this.
Ans. The water used in water hoses is good conductor of electricity. Firemen shut off the main electrical
supply, because if the supply of electricity continues this may be high risk of electrocution due to water.
Q.8 A child staying in the coastal region tests the drinking water and also the sea water with his
tester. He finds that the compass needle deflects more in the case of sea water. Can you
explain the reason?
Ans. Sea water contains more amount of salt than drinking water. So the sea water is a better conductor of
electricity. This is the reason that the compass needle deflects more in case of sea water.
Q.9 Is it safe for the electrician to carry out electrical repairs outdoors during heavy downpour?
Explain.
Ans. No, It is not safe for the electrician to carry out electrical repairs during heavy downpour. It is because
during heavy downpour there is a higher risk of electrocution.
Q.10 Paheli had heard that rain water is as good as distilled water. So she collected some rain water
in a clean glass tumbler and tested it using a tester. To her surprise she found that the compass
needle showed deflection. What could be the reasons?
Ans. Rain water is like a distilled water but some impurities are mixed in from the atmosphere. These impurities
make the rain water conducting. This could be the reason for the deflection of compass needle.
Q.11 Prepare a list of objects around you that are electroplated.

Ans. Pots of metals, bath taps, ornaments, rims of vehicles, handle bar of cycles and motor cycles, kitchen gas
burner, bottom of cooking utensils, handles of doors, tin cans are the some objects around us that are
electroplated.
Q.12 The process that you saw in Activity 14.7 is used for purification of copper. A thin plate of pure
copper and a thick rod of impure copper are used as electrodes. Copper from impure rod is
sought to be transferred to the thin copper plate. Which electrode should be attached to the
positive terminal of the battery and why?
Ans. The rod of copper plate should be connected to the positive terminal of the battery. Because when
electric current is passed through the copper sulphate solution, it dissociates into copper and sulphate.
The free copper drawn to the negative terminal of the battery gets deposited on it. On the other hand the
loss of copper from the solution would be regained from the impure copper rod which is connected to
the positive terminal of the battery.
Supply / Battery
SECTION - A
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Q.1 Plastic wire is
(A) an insulator (B) a conductor
(C) both of these (D) none of these.
Q.2 Electroplating is based on

(A) magnetic effect of electricity (B) chemical effect of electricity
(C) heating effect of electricity (D) physical effect of electricity.
Q.3 Adding common salt to distilled water makes it

(A) good conductor (B) insulator
(C) neither (A) nor (B) (D) both (A) and (B)
Q.4 An electrolyte is
(A) a metal (B) a solution
(C) a liquid that conducts current (D) all of above.
Q.5 Copper wire is a

(A) good conductor (B) poor conductor
(C) both (A) and (B) (D) none of these.
Q.6 Poor conductors are

(A) Plastics (B) Clothes
(C) Wood (D)All of these.
Q.7 Distilled water is

(A) Poor conductor (B) Good conductor (C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None.
Q.8 Flow of electron is called

(A ) Electroplating (B) Electric current (C) Electrodes (D) Electrolyte.
Q.9 Electroplating prevents

(A) Current (B) Chemical effect (C) Rusting (D)All
Q.10 An electric lamp glows due to

(A) Chemical effect (B) Magnetic effect (C) Heating effect (D) None
SECTION - B
VERY SHORTANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q.1 What are the benefits of electroplating?
Ans. Electroplating prevent corrosion of metals, metals look shiny for a long time and foods do not get spoilt.
Q.2 How will you make distilled water as super conductor?

Ans. We will make it conductor into it by putting a pitch of salt.
Q.3 What is electric current?

Ans. The flowing of charge from positive to negative terminal.
Q.4 What happens to a compass needle kept nearby when current flows in a wire? What does it
prove?
Ans. The deflection of the magnetic needle can be seen. It proves that electric current produces a magnetic
effect.
Q.5 Do liquids conduct electricity?

Ans. Yes, mostlyliquids conduct electricity.
Q.6 What are electrodes and electrolyte?

Ans. A metal rod used in a battery is called an electrode and liquids are called electrolytes.
Q.7 Expand the term LED.

Ans. Light EmittingDiode.
Q.8 When connecting LED to a circuit which wire should be connected to positive terminal of the
battery and wire to negative terminal?
Ans. The longer lead should be connected to the positive terminal of the battery and the shorter lead to the
negative terminal of the battery.
Q.9 Our body is a conductor or insulator of electricity.

Ans. Conductor of electricity.
Q.10 What are good conductors?

Ans. The materials which allow electric current to pass through them are called good conductors of the
electricity.
Q.11 Give two examples of good conductors of electricity.

Ans. Copper, iron.
Q.12 Why is it dangerous to touch an electrical appliance with wet hands?

Ans. Wet hands act as good conductors. So we feel electric shocks when we touch electric appliance with
wet hands.
Q.13 What are insulators (poor conductors) of electricity?

Ans. The materials which do not allow electric current to pass through them are called poor conductors.
Q.14 Give two examples of poor conductors of electricity.

Ans. Dry wood, rubber.
Q.15 Do liquids conduct electricity?

Ans. Yes, liquids also conduct electricity.
Q.16 How can you check current?

Ans. We check current by using tester.
Q.17 Give an example of any liquid conductor.

Ans. Tap water.
Q.18 Can distilled water conduct electricity?

Ans. No, distilled water cannot conduct electricity.
Q.19 Name some substances which make the liquids good conductor of electricity.
Ans. Acids, Bases and Salts.
Q.20 Name two liquid substances other than water which conduct electricity.
Ans. (i) Lemon Juice (ii) Vinegar.
Q.21 Sometimes even though the liquid is conducting, the bulb may not glow. Give reason.
Ans. Sometimes the bulb does not glow because the current through it is too weak to make the bulb glow.
Q.22 Which effect of current causes the bulb to glow?

Ans. Heating effect.
Q.23 Name the part of bulb which glows.

Ans. Filament.
Q.24 What are the three effects of electric current?

Ans. There are three effects of electric current-heating, magnetic and the chemical effect.
Q.25 What is magnetic effect of electric current?

Ans. The electric current also produces the magnetic effect in which a current carrying wire behaves like a
magnet.
Q.26 What happens when a compass needle is brought near a wire in which current is flowing?
Ans. The needle deflects.
Q.27 How can we check magnetic effects of current?

Ans. By using magnetic compass.
Q.28 What is distilled water?

Ans. The water which is free of salts is called distilled water.
Q.29 Name a salt which makes distilled water a good conductor of electricity.
Ans. Common salt. (NaCl)
Q.30 What are electrodes?

Ans. The metal rods dipped in liquids to which cells are attached are called electrodes.
Q.31 Name the gases which release when current is passed through water.
Ans. Hydrogen and oxygen.
Q.32 Name the gas deposited on negative electrode.

Ans. Hydrogen.
Q.33 Name the gas deposited on a positively charged electrode.

Ans. Oxygen.
SHORTANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q.1 What do you mean by electric current?
Ans. The continuous and directional flow of charges (electrons) is called electric current. It is denoted by
I and its unit is ampere.
Q.2 What is a tester?

Ans. The instrument which is used to check the flow of electric current is called tester. It is attached to the
terminals of the electric circuit. If the bulb of tester glows, it confirms that current is flowing through the
circuit.
Q.3 How can you test whether liquids conduct or do not conduct the electricity?
Ans. Some liquids are the good conductor of electricity while some are poor conductors. The liquids can be
tested for the conduction of electricity. The free ends of a tester are dipped in liquid to be’tested and
then observe the bulb, if it glows, it confirms that the liquid is good conductor otherwise liquid is a poor
conductor.
Q.4 Show that lemon juice and vinegar are good conductor of electricity.
Ans. Collect a few plastic or rubber caps of bottles. Pour one tea spoon of lemon juice or vinegar in one cap.
Bring the tester over the cap and let the ends of the tester dip into lemon juice or vinegar. We see that
bulb starts to glow. It indicates that lemon juice and vinegar are good conductors of electricity.
Battery Bulb
Lemon Juice / Vinegar

Q.5 Explain the mechanism of glowing of bulb in liquid.

Ans. When the liquid between the two ends of a tester allows the electric current to pass, the circuit of the
tester becomes complete. The current flows in the liquid circuit and the bulb glows. When the liquid does
not allow the electric current to pass, the circuit of the tester is not complete and the bulb does not glow.
Q.6 There are some situations in which even though liquid is conducting, bulb may not glow. Give
reasons.
Ans. The possible reasons may be (i) The current may be weak. (ii) Bulb may be fused. (iii) Incomplete
circuit.
Q.7 Explain why a bulb glows on passing current.

Ans. When the current passes through a bulb, the filament of the bulb gets heated to a high temperature due to
the heating effect of current. The bulb starts to glow. Sometimes the current is too weak and filament
does not get heated sufficiently and bulb does not glow.
Q.8 What is LED? Why is it most important source of light?

Ans. The device which is used in the tester in place of bulb is called LED. It is used even when a weak electric
current flows through it and it starts to glow in weak current. There are two wires called leads attached
to the LED. One lead is longer than the other.A long wire is connected with the positive terminal and
shorter lead is connected to the negative terminal of battery.
Q.9 What do you mean by magnetic effect of electricity?

Ans. When electric current is passed through a coil or wire, then it behaves like a magnet. This is called
magnetic effect of current. The strength of magnetic field depends on the amount of current passing
through a coil or wire. The coil or wire shows magnetism till current is passed.
Q.10 The ordinary water can conduct electricity while distilled water does not. Explain why?
Ans. The water that we get from various sources like taps, hand pumps, wells and ponds is not pure. It may
contain several salts dissolved in it. This water is thus good conductor of electricity. Distilled water is free
of salts due to which it is a poor conductor.
Q.11 Why do we need magnetic compass to test the conduction of electric current?
Ans. Sometimes the bulb does not glow on passing electric current. This is because the electric current flowing
through a conductor is so small, that the filament of the bulb does not get heated up to the temperature
where it starts glowing. So, in case of small current we need magnetic compass to test the conduction.
Q.12 What is chemical effect of electricity? Give some examples of chemical effects.
Ans. The process in which a chemical reaction or change takes place in a solution on passing electricity. The
passage of an electric current through a conducting solution causes chemical reactions. For example
change in colour of solutions and electroplating.
LONGANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q.1 Prepare a tester to test conduction based on magnetic effect of the electricity.
Ans. Take the tray of a discarded matchbox. Wrap an electric wire a few times around the tray. Place a small
compass needle inside it. Now connect one free end of the wire to the terminal of a battery. Leave the other
end free. Take another piece of wire and connect it to the terminal of battery. Join the free ends of two wires
momentarily. The compass needle should show deflection. The tester with two free ends of wire is ready.
Q.2 Complete the following table and classify the liquids by using tester.
Compass needleshows
S. No. Material Conductor / Insulator
deflection (Yes/No)
1 Lemon Juice Yes Conductor
2 Vinegar
3 Tap water
4 Vegetable Oil
5 Milk
6 Honey
Ans.
Compass needleshows
S. No. Material Conductor / Insulator
deflection (Yes/No)
1 Lemon Juice Yes Conductor

2 Vinegar Yes Conductor
3 Tap water Yes Conductor
4 Vegetable Oil No Insulator
5 Milk No Insulator
6 Honey No Insulator
Q.3 What are the two methods of testing all insulator or a conductor?
Ans. These two methods are used to test the conduction.
(i) We use an electric lamp to test conductivity.An electric lamp is attached in the electric circuit. If
the substance allows the current to pass through it, the bulb will start glowing. Otherwise the
bulb will not glow. This method does not work when current is verysmall. In such cases magnetic
compass is used.
(ii) A magnetic tester is used to test conductivity when current is allowed to pass through it, it
creates a magnetic field and the compass shows deflection. The deflection of compass shows
that the current is passing through circuit (See Fig. 14.6).
Q.4. What do you mean by electroplating? How does it take place?

Ans. Theprocess ofcoatinga desired metal on other metal surfacebyusingelectric current is called electroplating.
A metal plate and the substance to be coated are dipped in a current conducting solution with conducting
wires. The object to be coated is attached to the negative terminal. When electric current is passed through
thesolution,thecompounds oftheconductingsolutionstart breaking.Thefreemetallicparticlesget deposited
on the object at negative terminal of the battery. In this way we can get a coating of desired metal on any
object bypreparing suitable conducting solution and byusing suitable electrodes.
Q.5 Explain the advantages of electroplating.

Ans. The advantages of electroplating:
(i) It is used to coat a desired metal on other objects.
(ii) It protects the metals from the corrosion.
(iii) It also prevents the metallic surfaces from rusting.
(iv) Some cheap and dull metals are coated with costly and shiny metals.
(v) It can make more reactive metals like iron, less reactive.
(vi) Coating of chromium on metals give lustre to objects.
SECTION - C
SKILL-BASED QUESTIONS
Q.1 (a) Draw a diagram of a tester to show (i) Good conductor (ii) Poor conductor.
(b) What is the difference between a circuit of good conductor and poor conductor?
Ans. (a)
(b) If the bulb is glowing in the circuit then it means the wire is a good conductor. If the bulb does not
glow it indicates is a poor conductor.
Q.2 Draw a circuit diagram to show the conduction of electricity in lemon juice or vinegar.
Ans.
Q.3 (a) Identify the following figure and differentiate between LED and electric bulb.
(b) Expand the LED.
Ans. (a)
Difference between LED and electric bulb:

LED: It can be used to test even when a weak electric current flows through it.
Electric bulb: It can be used to test only a strong current which is sufficient to heat the filament
of bulb.
(b) The full form of LED is Light Emitting Diode.
Q.4 Draw a circuit diagram to show preparation of tester based on magnetic effect of current.
Ans.
Q.5 Draw a well labelled diagram of passing current through water and answer the following
questions
(i) Name the electrodes?
(ii) Name the material use to make caps of electrodes?
(iii) Which metal wire is wrapped around the electrodes?
(iv) What do you observe on passing electricity?
(v) Name the gases formed?
(vi) Can we call the change in water as chemical change?
Ans.
(i) Carbon rods are used as electrodes.

(ii) Brass caps or any other metal.
(iii) Copper wire.
(iv) We observe the bubbles of a gas near electrodes.
(v) Oxygen and hydrogen gases.
(vi) Yes, it is a chemical change.
Q.6 Draw a simple circuit diagram to show electroplating and answer the following questions.
(i) Write the name of electrodes?
(ii) Name the solutions used as electrolyte?
(iii) What is the colour of solution before passing electricity?
(iv) What is the colour of solution after passing electricity?
(v) Do you observe any coating on anyone of electrode?
(vi) Name the process of coating?
Ans.
(i) Copper plates are used as electrodes.

(ii) Copper sulphate solution.
(iii) Blue colour
(iv) Colour is fed up (light or colourless).
(v) We observe coating on one electrode.
(vi) This process is called electroplating.
Q.7 Draw a diagram to show the testing of potato as good conductor .
Ans.
Q.1 When a glass rod is rubbed with silk, it acquires a positive charge because :
(A) Electrons are added to it (B) Protons are added to it
(C) Protons are removed from it (D) Electrons are removed from it
Q.2 When two bodies are charged together by rubbing each other then both of them acquire:
(A) Unequal charges (B) Equal and opposite charges
(C) Unequal and opposite charges (D) None of these
Q.3 Silicon is a :
(A) Conductor (B) Insulator (C) Semi-conductor (D) Super-conductor
Q.4 Materials which allow larger current to flow through them are called
(A) Insulators (B) Semi-conductors (C)Alloys (D) Conductors
Q.5 Good conductors have many loosely bound :

(A) Molecules (B)Atoms (C) Protons (D) Electrons
Q.6 Bakelite is a/an:

(A) semi conductor (B) Conductor (C) insulator (D) None of the above
Q.7 When the path of current, starting from one terminal of cell, ends at the other terminal of the cell is broken
at some point, then such a circuit is called :
(A) closed or complete circuit (B) open or incomplete circuit
(C) either (A) or (B) (D) None of these
Q.8 The S.I. unit of current is :

(A) Coulomb (B)Ampere (C) Volt (D) Ohm
Q.9 Electric current is :

(A) flow of charge per unit time (B) work done per unit time
(C) resistance per unit time (D) all of the above
Q.10 If l is the current through a wire and e is the charge of electron, then the number of electrons in t second
will be given by :
le e lt
(A) (B) lte (C) (D)
t lt e
Q.11 Conventionally the direction of the current is taken as :

(A) the direction of flow of negative charge (B) the direction of flow of atoms
(C) the direction of flow of molecules (D) the direction of flow of positive charge
Q.12 In an electrolytic cell, the electrode that is connected to the positive terminal of the battery is called:
(A) cation (B) cathode (C) anion (D) anode
Q.13 The process by which a chemical change takes place in a substance when electric current is passed
through it is called :
(A) electrolysis (B) electroplating (C) electrodes (D) thermionic conduction
Q.14 Electroplating is a method of :

(A) making plates using electricity
(B) plating a metal with another metal
(C) coating any object with an electrically conducting plate
(D) coating a metal with another metal by passing an electric current
Q.15 Cathode is :
(A) positively charged electrode
(B) negatively charged electrode
(C) a positively charged ion formed in the electrolyte
(D) a negatively charged ion formed in the electrolyte
Q.16 Electric bell works on the principle of :

(A) chemical effect of current (B) magnetic effect of current
(C) heating effect of current (D) all of the above
Q.17 Which of the following is an example of non electrolyte?

(A) NaOH (B) HCl (C) CuSO4 (D) CCl4
Q.18 The anode during copper plating is :

(A) Copper metal (B) article to be copper plated
(C) iron metal (D) none of these
Q.19 The process of depositing a thin layer of a superior metal over an inferior metal with the help of electric
current is called :
(A) electroplating (B) electrorefining (C) electrotyping (D) None of these
Q.20 The process of electrolysis is used in :

(A) extraction of metals (B) electroplating
(C) refining of metals (D) all of these
Q.21 A weak current can be detected by replacing an electric bulb in an electric tester with
(A) LED (B) Magnetic compass (C) both (A) and (B) (D) none of these
Q.22 A solution of a chemical compound which conducts electric current and at the same time undergoes a
chemical change is known as :
(A) Conductor (B) Insulator (C) Electrolyte (D) None of these
Q.23 The process due to which a solution of a chemical compound conducts electric current and at the same
time undergoes chemical change is called :
(A) Electrolyte (B) Electrolysis (C) Electrode (D) None of these
Q.24 The negatively charged ion formed when a chemical compound dissolves in water, is known as :
(A) Cation (B)Anion (C) Cathode (D)Anode
Q.25 The positively charged ion formed when chemical compound is dissolved in water is called :
(A)Anion (B) Cation (C) Cathode (D)Anode
Q.26 A vessel consisting of electrodes and the electrolysis is called :

(A) Electrolyte (B) Voltmeter (C) Voltameter (D) None of these
Q.27 The magnetic field around a current carrying coil lasts

(A) for three hours (B) as longer current flows through it
(C) till its half life period (D) field is permanent
Q.28 Insulators have

(A) low resistance (B) high resistance (C) high conductance (D) all of the above
Q.29 Splitting a compound using electricity is called

(A) electrolysis (B) electrolyte (C) electrokinesis (D) none of these
Q.30 Which of the following combination of electrodes and electrolyte belong to a secondary cell?
(A) zinc, carbon and ammonium chloride (B) zinc, silver oxide and potassium hydroxide
(C) lead, lead oxide and sulphuric acid (D) copper, zinc and copper sulphate
Q.31 Charge flows between two ends of a conductor when

(A) same electric potential is present at the two ends
(B) equal and same type of charges are present at the two ends
(C) different electric potentials exists at the two ends of a conductor
(D) the potential difference between the ends is zero
Q.32 The soft-iron ore of an electromagnet loses its magnetism once the current passing through the electro-
magnetic coil stops because
(A) domains lose their alignment when the current is stopped
(B) iron cannot hold alignment for longer time even when the current is passing through the coil
(C) magnetic properties of iron are weak
(D) domains inside the iron get aligned in north to south direction
Q.33 In how many parts (equal) a wire of 100  be cut so that a resistance of 1  is obtained by connecting
them in parallel?
(A) 10 (B) 5 (C) 100 (D) 50
Q.34 Fuse is made up of a wire whose

(A) melting point is greater than those of the metals used in the circuit
(B) melting point is less than those of two metals used in the circuit
(C) resistance is less than the effective resistance of the circuit
(D) none of these
Q.35 The protons inside the nucleus are held together by

(A) Electrostatic force (B) Nuclear force (C) Gravitational force (D) None of these
Q.36 A body acquires a positive charge by

(A) Gaining protons (B) Gaining electrons (C) Loosing electrons (D) Loosing protons
Q.37 A body acquires negative charge by

(A) Gaining proton (B) Gaining electrons (C) Loosing electrons (D) Loosing protons
Q.38 A charged body can be used to give that same charge to an uncharged metallic body by
(A) Induction (B) Conduction (C) Radiation (D) None of these
Q.39 A charged body can be used to give opposite charge to an uncharged metallic body by
(A) Induction (B) Conduction (C) Radiation (D) None of these
Q.40 There is no loss of charge in the charging body in case of

(A) Conduction (B) Induction (C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of these
Q.41 The charge density (charge per unit area) is

(A) More at sharp edges (B) Same every where
(C) Nothing can be said (D) None of these
Q.42 Which is for quantisation of charge?

n n n
(A) q = ±n(2e) (B) q   (e) (C) q   (2e) (D) q   (4e)
2 2 2
Q.43 1 µA is equal to
(A) 10–3 mA (B) 103 mA (C) 10–5 A (D) 10–4 A
Q.44 If 5A of current flows for 10 min then the amount of charge that flow in the circuit?
(A) 50 C (B) 3000 C (C) 2000 C (D) 300 C
Q.45 An electric fuse is connected with

(A) neutral wire (B) live wire (C) earth wire (D) any of the three
Q.46 Alloys are used in heating devices rather than pure metal because alloys have
(A) low melting point and high resistivity (B) high melting point and low resistivity
(C) low melting point and low resistivity (D) high melting point and high resistivity
Q.47 The frequency of DC is

(A) 50 Hz (B) 60 Hz (C) zero (D) None of these
Q.48 Surest test of magnetism is

(A)Attraction (B) Repulsion (C) Either (A) or (B) (D) None of these
Q.49 Conventional direction of electric current is from

(A) Positive terminal to negative terminal (B) Negative terminal to positive terminal
(C) Depends on circuit (D) None of these
ANSWER KEY
SECTION - A
Q.1 A Q.2 B Q.3 A Q.4 C Q.5 A Q.6 D Q.7 A
Q.8 B Q.9 C Q.10 C
Q.1 D Q.2 B Q.3 C Q.4 D Q.5 D Q.6 C Q.7 B

Q.8 B Q.9 A Q.10 D Q.11 D Q.12 D Q.13 A Q.14 D
Q.15 B Q.16 B Q.17 D Q.18 A Q.19 A Q.20 D Q.21 C
Q.22 C Q.23 B Q.24 B Q.25 B Q.26 C Q.27 B Q.28 B
Q.29 A Q.30 C Q.31 C Q.32 A Q.33 A Q.34 B Q.35 B
Q.36 C Q.37 B Q.38 B Q.39 A Q.40 B Q.41 A Q.42 C
Q.43 A Q.44 B Q.45 B Q.46 D Q.47 C Q.48 B Q.49 A

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CONTENT

TOPIC NAME PAGE NO.

1. SYNTHETIC FIBRES AND PLASTICS

1.1 INTRODUCTION (POLYMERS) ................................................................................................... 01

2. METALS & NON-METALS

3. COAL AND PETROLEUM

3.2 FOSSILS ..................................................................................................................................... 65

3.3 COAL .......................................................................................................................................... 66

3.4 PETROLEUM .............................................................................................................................. 70

3.5 NATURAL GAS........................................................................................................................... 73

3.6 PETROCHEMICALS .................................................................................................................... 74

3.7 BIO GAS ..................................................................................................................................... 75

KEY WORDS ......................................................................................................................................... 76

POINTS TO REMEMBER ....................................................................................................................... 77

CONCEPT APPLICATION- I (NCERT QUESTIONS) ................................................................................ 78

CONCEPT APPLICATION - II ................................................................................................................. 81

CONCEPT APPLICATION - III ................................................................................................................ 91

ANSWER KEY ....................................................................................................................................... 94

4. COMBUSTION AND FLAME

4.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................95

4.2 COMBUSTION ......................................................................................................................................95

4.3 TYPES OF COMBUSTION ......................................................................................................................96

4.4 COMPLETE AND INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION .....................................................................................97

4.5 HOW DO WE CONTROL FIRE ................................................................................................................97

4.6 FLAME ..................................................................................................................................................100

4.7 FUELS ...................................................................................................................................................102

4.8 COMPOSITION OF PROCESSED GASEOUS FUELS .................................................................................104

KEY WORDS ...................................................................................................................................................106

POINTS TO REMEMBER .................................................................................................................................107

CONCEPT APPLICATION- I (NCERT QUESTIONS) ........................................................................................... 1 0 8

CONCEPT APPLICATION - II ........................................................................................................................... 1 1 2

CONCEPT APPLICATION - III ..........................................................................................................................120

ANSWER KEY ................................................................................................................................................124

5. CHEMICAL EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT & MAGNETISM

1.1 INTRODUCTION (POLYMERS)

1.2.1 Types of Fibres

Table : Natural Fibres and their Sources

(A) RAYON ORARTIFICIAL SILK

2. Cuprammonium rayon (or cupro) : Acopper sulphate solution (blue), on treatment

Cu(NH3 ) 4 (OH) 2  Cellulose 

(B) NYLON (POLYAMIDE)

(D) TERRYWOOL& TERRYCOT

(E) ACRYLICS / ORLON / ACRILAN

(F) SPANDEX / LYCRA

1.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of synthetic fabrics

1.3.1 Types of Plastic

(B) ON THE BASIS OF THEIR BEHAVIOUR TO HEAT :

Thermoplastics Thermosetting Plastics

1.3.2 Some Common Thermoplastics and their Uses

(B) Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) : It is also a thermoplastic. It is obtained by the polymerisation of

(iv) It is used to cover motor car seats and furniture.

(D) Perspex : Perspex is a substitute for glass. It is transparent and unbreakable.

(E) Polypropylene : It is a thermoplastic and is obtained bythe polymerisation of propene monomer.

(F) Teflon or Polytetrafluoroethylene : It is a thermoplastic and is a polymer of tetrafluoroethylene.

1.3.3 Some Common Thermosetting Plastics and their Uses

1.3.4 Plastic and the Environment

Monomer Plastic (Polymers) Uses

1.5 ADHESIVES AND LUBRICANTS

Table : Some common synthetic polymers not used as textiles

Raw materials for synthetic polymers

1.6 SOME IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF SYNTHETIC MATERIAL

 Synthetic materials : man-made or manufactured materials.

Q.2 Mark () the correct answer.

Q.3 Fill in the blanks with appropriate words: