SIFAT-SIFAT MIGAS

1. Sifat Kimia
2. Sifat Fisika
 1. Chemical Components

A. Saturated hydrocarbons
i. Alkanes (Paraffins)
ii. Cycloalkanes (Naphthenes)
B. Aromatics : unsaturated, and thus double-
bond-bearing, rings.
C. Heterocompounds (≈NSO compounds)
 A. Saturated Hydrocarbon
A. Saturated hydrocarbons (“saturated” with H atoms
at all possible positions, and thus having no double
or triple bonds between carbon atoms).

i. Alkanes (Paraffins)
Straight or branched, but not circular, chains of HC.
Methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane,
hexane, heptane, octane, etc.
General formula : CnH2n+2 , the greatest n known is 78.
Density, melting T, and boiling T increase with n
Crudely: Gases n ≤ 5; liquids 5 ≤ n ≤ 16; solids 16 ≤ n.
 A. Saturated Hydrocarbon

A. Saturated hydrocarbons (“saturated” with H atoms

at all possible positions, and thus having no double
or triple bonds between carbon atoms).

ii. Cycloalkanes (Naphthenes)

- Circular hydrocarbons, mostly of five or six carbons,
with possible linked chains
- General formula: CnH2n
 B. Aromatics
B. Aromatics : unsaturated, and thus double-bond-
bearing, rings.
Conceptual starting point: Benzene (C6H6).
One-ring examples:
Benzene (C6H6)
Toluene (C6H5CH3) (the most abundant aromatic in crude
oil)
Xylene (C6H4 (CH3)2) (of which there are three isomers)
Two rings: Naphthalene (C10H8).,
Three rings: Anthracene (C14H10).
Asphaltenes : large molecules containing at least one
(and perhaps in all cases only one) multi-ring
structure
Tissot & Welte (1984)
 3. Heterocompounds
C. Heterocompounds (≈NSO compounds)
Compounds with elements other than C and H
Nitrogen compounds (amides, pyridines, indoles, pyroles)
Sulfur compounds (alkane thiols (mercaptans) thioalkanes,
thiocycloalkanes, dithioalkanes, cyclic sulfides)
H2S 1 ppt of H2S causes respiratory paralysis
and sudden but agonizing death
Oxygen compounds (esters, ketones, phenol, alcohols, and acids
(fatty acids, isoprenoids, naphthenic acids, carboxylic acids))
Nickel-bearing compounds
Vanadium-bearing compounds
Nitrogen Compounds

Tissot & Welte (1984)

Sulphur Compounds

Jonathan B. Martin UF class notes

Tissot & Welte (1984)

Oxygen Compounds

Tissot & Welte (1984)

Nickel-Vanadium Bearing Compounds

Note that the 75 samples

with lowest Ni and V concentrations
are “paraffinic, napthenic, and
paraffinic-naphthenic” oils.

(and that Figure IV.1.4 seems to equate

“NSO” with “resins and asphaltenes”).

Tissot & Welte (1984)

Tissot & Welte (1984)
Tissot & Welte (1984)
Tissot & Welte (1984)
 2. Characterization of Petroleum
A. Density, expressed as API gravity (°API).
B. Viscosity (resistance to flow) ()
Generally increases with decreasing API gravity
(with increasing average size of molecules).
Decreases with increasing temperature.
“Pour point” = temperature at which substance
can be poured.
C. Sulfur content
Sweet crude: Low in S (defined by some as S < 0.5%)
Sour crude: Greater S (defined by some as S > 0.5%)
2. Characterization of Petroleum
A. Density, expressed as API gravity (°API).

Loosely:
141.5
°° °API === – 131.5
Specific gravity of petroleum

Technically:
141.5
°°API == – 131.5
Specific gravity of petroleum at 60°F
Specific gravity of water at 60°F
 2. Characterization of Petroleum

B. Viscosity (resistance to flow) ()

Generally increases with decreasing API gravity
(with increasing average size of molecules).
Decreases with increasing temperature.
“Pour point” = temperature at which substance can be
poured.
C. Sulfur content
Sweet crude: Low in S (defined by some as S < 0.5%)
Sour crude: Greater S (defined by some as S > 0.5%)
Sour crude requires more processing and can be more
dangerous to handle.
Tissot & Welte (1984)
Terima Kasih