___ THE AGUIAR COLLECTION F jin the | Arizona Pioneers’ Historical Society by PAUL AND GRETA EZELL ’ Volume |, Number 1 De 19% 54SOCIAL SCIENCE MONOGRAPH SERIES EDITORIAL BOARD Spencer L, Rogers L, Vineent Padgett Chairman Orrin E. Klapp ‘The Social Science Monograph Series is dedicated to the advancement of scholarship through the timely publication of the products of original research, Individual numbers will appear at irregular intervals depend- ent upon the quantity and quality of the manuscripts submitted; these should be addressed to the chairman of the Editorial Board, Manuscripts which conform to the MLA Style Sheet and which would result ina # publication of 64 to 96 pages will be welcomed. Published under the auspices of the SAN DIEGO STATE COLLEGE PRESS San Diego 15, California‘Sinaloa y Sonor 4770 te Tae hs THE AGUIAR COLLECTION in the Arizona Pioneers’ Historical Society by PAUL AND GRETA EZELL Volume |, Number | 1964Copyright 1964 by San Diego State College Press Printed in US.A. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Cumog 2. Works and Government Pane Commerce Ecclesiastical Alfairs Fiscal Affairs Government Executive 2 Judielry =. sy Legi + Mechanies ~. Indians : Lond. Laws, Collections of 5 1 Military Affairs... Mining ; Officials Appointment. ‘Authority Income . Press, The 2 Professions Public Welfare Crime and Punishment Education 7 Health . ‘Labor Regulation . Public Works 5. Relations: Extra-State Intra-State dl Sitar. OF Sufrage wk ‘Treasury . oe 4 Newspapers. Bibliography Index 13 16 BeSSRAees SS4S8 B2SSR PSSA SBREINTRODUCTION Most of us, if we do not take government (by which is meant not only the existence of laws but of the machinery for carrying out the enactment and enforcement of these rules which make it possible for society to exist and functton) for granted, at least tend to forget that such things do not come into being of themselves but must be fashioned ‘by men, Although aware of it, we tend to forget that our country once had to set up a framework within which men could live together, Unless ‘we are numismatists, antiquarians or historians, we, probably consider ‘our monetary system as well-nigh changeless, and regard those indi- viduals who insist on producing their own coins & criminals to be yestrained for the good of us all. We would probably find it hard to accept the maker of his own coins as an individual of good repute, of high intellectual achievement, even of high standing in his community and state, Yet the United States had to deal with just that problem of coinage, and may well have had individuals of the same character as Don Eustaquio Buelna, attorney and historian, a leading figure in the creation of his state and eventually governor of it, who was also desig- nated by Brigedier-General Damian Ballesteros, chief of the Army of Sinoloa, as “the most prominent of the false coiners whose activities give so much trouble to the state” (sce item 460 in catalog) and who, with Alezandro Buelna, preserved a collection which illustrates the process of setting up a government—a collection of documents the study of which makes one more keenly aware of the task of confronting the First ‘Continental Congress. ‘Through the good offices of Mr. W. J, Holliday this collection of documents, a large number of which deal with the former state of the Republic of Mexico known as Occidente and with its division into the present states of Sinaloa and Sonora, has been deposited with the Arizona Pioneers’ Historical Society in Tucson, Arizona, Mr. Edward Lazare (editor of American Book Prices Current), Mr. Charles Retz of the Parke-Bernet Galleries, and Mr, Edward Eberstadt, in their appraisal of the collection in 1951, stated it to be “one of the most valuable collections extant of the early laws, government, and history of the North Mexican States and Southwestern Frontier comprising a collection formed by Ensanador [sie; probably a misreading for ensayador, a treasury 12 official] de Cosala, Don Jesus José Aguiar, and preserved by the historians Eustaquio and Alezandro Buelna . . . .” This collection of over five hundred items, consisting of original Imprints and manuscripts of early laws and decrees, manifestos and speeches, and of some bound volumes and newspapers, was probably assembled by Sr. Aguiar as a result of ‘his position as an official of the state treasury at Cosala. How it came into the possession of the Srs. Buelna is not known, but they evidently added to it the bound works of Inter date which now are a part of what has been designated the Aguiar Collection. ‘The greater portion of this collection consists of the governmental deorees issued by the state of Occidente until its dissolution, by the combined governments of Sinaloa and Sonora for a short period after the division of Occidente into those two states, and by the government ‘of Sinaloa alone thereafter, and of various non-gavernmental publications relating to the issues of the era, The period covered is from May 14, 1825, 10 October 26, 1835, bridging the division of Occidente. Although 4 number are offieial printed copies, most are holograph documents, evidently written by professional seribes, for the serfpt is usually clear and (given some knowledge of seventeenth-cighteenth Spanish calli- graphy and orthography) not difficult to read. ‘The decrees are the signifieant part of the collection. From them one gets a sense of the problems involved in the setting up of a system of government not once, but twice, within little more than a decade, a process complicated by the adoption of a new philosophy of gavernment which made it neces- sary to scrap much of the previously existing system. Also included in the collection are a number of bound volumes, usually published works, although three volumes contain copies of newspapers, and one is a collection of holograph copies of regulations and instructions for the conduct of “Municipal governments, Mayors and. Parties in Litigations, with other items of interest... .” The range of subject matter is catholic, from a treatise on the control of drunkeness in Mexico (in 1829!) to the statutes of the National Law College. The majority are, however, official publications of the government of Sinaloa, most of which deal with fiscal matters and laws and regulations. The time range of this portion of the collection is great, from the instructions for the regulation of the mining industry in New Spain issued in 1783, to a history of the “defense of Naco” published in 1944. The bound volumes of various newspapers (which have been listed separately) contain some of the laws enacted by the state legislature. 3 ‘The analysis of this collection by the senior author was made possible: through the Holliday Fellowship in the Department of History and Political Science at the University of Arizona, The terms of the Fellowship did not include a similar study of a smaller part of the Aguiar ‘Collection which had been deposited in the University of Arizona Library. ‘We wish to express our gratitude to Dr. Russell C. Ewing, Dr, Dayid L, Patrick and Dr, Oswald H, Wedel for critical reading and encouragement. In 1821 A, D, Mexico had at last achieved her independence from Spain, her freedom from the colonial status which had channeled her development in certain directions, and faced the problems of self-respon- sibility, made greater by her adoption of a constitutional monarchy es the governmental system for the new nation, This philosophy of govern- ‘ment, extended in the shift to the republican form in 1822, made necessary the creation not only of a national goverament, but of divisions within that overall framework, which, as with us, were called states. ‘Thus there were to be dealt with many of the same difficulties the United States of America had met—the change from (technieally, at least) colonial status to autonomy, and from authoritarian rule to representative government. Of these new states, Qccidente, except for Alia California the northernmost of all, the largest and Ieast developed, with a scanty population—in 1823 the total population was officially estimated at 200,000 persons (Villa 1951:161)—and most isolated from the federal seat and with the exception of Texas the least reduced to civilization (Ocaranza 1939:291-302, Caballero 1825 ms) was created to include those provinces of New Spain which had been known as Sinaloa and Sonora, This combination of the two for puposes'of administration had precedent in Spanish colonial policy which often treated the two together, but thé defects of such an arrangement were felt more keenly when the responsibility of government rested within the state rather than in Mexico or Spain, The very name of the state further illustrates the attempt to adapt pre-existing mechanisms to new situations, Seeking a name by which to designate both Sinalon and Sonora (the citizens of which continued to refer to themselves as Sinaloeneses and Sonorenses), the best that evidently could be found was a revival of the old Spanish name for a former, larger administrative unit, and the two provinces were combined to become the Estado de Occidente—“Western State.” ‘The first Spaniards came to the New World not as seitlers, but as txploiters. ‘The competitive desire for material wealth or a harvest of youls constantly lured them—conquistadores, common soldier and priest,£ alike—beyond the occupied area with little delay for consolidation of gains or buildup of adequate control. Within less than forty years after the subjugation of the Valley of Mexico a nominal {very nominal, indeed) control was established over some seven hundred thousand square miles of territory to the north, a relative handful of Europeans spreading like quicksilver over this vast area but adhering to it only in rivulets or droplets. ‘The first entrants were under license from the king only to explore and exploit, the final decision on matters political, administrative and military being retained by the king, either directly, or indirectly through a viceroy, Shortly, however, military control of large areas was turned ‘over to lesser authorities. In 1561, the first of the great northwestern provinces was established, Called Nueva Vizcaye, or occasionally Nuevo Albion, it theoretically included only the north central area which lay east of the Sierra Madre (more or less the modern states of Durango and Chihuahua), but in. practice its governor soon extended his influence westward over the great mountain complex and even to the coast, thus also assuming control of the area included in the modern states of Sinaloa and Sonora (Bancroft 1884:102). ‘This situation was maintained for not quite two hundred years while the true frontier gradually filtered northward, Following the first flurry of great expeditions in search of the hoards of gold which were always supposed to be somewhere to the north, the Spaniards had, in essence, withdrawn to southern Mexico to accomplish the more mundane job of exploiting the land and labor of the native inhabitants (Mendi- zabel 1930:98), only gradually returning northward as priests, and later soldiers to protect them, reached out to bring the genefits of the Church (and imported diseases and economic systems) to ever new clusters of unsuspecting (2) heathens. At the beginning of this period of consoli- dation, the western coastal land north of the Rio Presidio was known in its entirety as Sinaloa, no northern boundary to it being definable. Between A. D. 1600 and A. D. 1650, however, this larger division was administratively broken up into more manageable sections: Sinaloa north to the Rio Fuerte, Ostimuri from the Rio Fuerte to the Rio Yaqui, and Sonora north of the Rio Yequi, though the latter was officially known ‘as Nueva Andalucia for a short period near mid-century and occasionally 80 labeled until nearly the end of the [8th century. In 1734 the coastal regions were officially removed from the contral ‘of the governor of Nueva Vizeaya, thus giving recognition to his previous 5 control, and combined into a single province, called “Sinaloa -y Sonora” (Villa 1951:1120), Reflecting the increased penetration of Europeans into the northwest, the new province, with the two Californias, was designated a “Government” whose Comandante General was directly responsible to the Viceroy, For some forty years this particular combin- ation was maintained while a series of comandantes attempted to ensure Spanish control of the northwest regions, although plagued by unrest and outright rebellion and attack by the Indians, internal dissension between more recently arrived Spaniards and those born in the New World, soldiers and civilians, the administration and the Church, and by the vagaries of the weather and climate, and the “pirates” of other nations who were looking with interest at the norihern and western fringes of New Spain, The difficulties caused by raids of the untamed Apaches, insurrection among the supposedly submissive Tarahumara, Yaqui, Seri and Pima-Papago, difficulty in sea-borne communieation With the Californias and harassment of ships and ports by sea-raiders were only partly elleviated by the moderating influence of the expanding missionary frontier and a slight increase in the number of men available for duty at the essentially isolated presidios which were periodically shifted in an attempt to make @ dozen or so men serye where many more were needed. Sinaloa y Sonora was not alone in its difficulties. The entire northern frontier was in imminent danger of collapse by the middle of the 18th century (Thomas 1941:3-15). From Louisiana to Alta California reports from the Comandantes of the individual provinces indicated that the situation was repeated as the resources of the Spanish king were strained in an attempt to mitigate the effects of internal dissension and disruption and external aggression through an administrative system whose lines of communication were stretched tenuously for over a thousand miles through lands which were seldom peaceful to frontiers which were ‘always at least potentially hostile, In 1776 an attempt, never quite successful, was made to alleviate this situation. Almost half of New Spain—the Provincias Internas (internal when viewed from the Valley of Mexico) —was designated as an administrative unit under a single Comandante General who was responsible only to the Council of the Indies and the King for the peace ‘and well being of the northem provinces—Texas, Coahuila, Nuevo Mesico, Nueva Vizeaya, Sinaloa y Sonora, and both Californias. Because ‘one of Spain's prime concerns at this time was to implement her claihs6 to, and to extend her control of, Alta Californfa beyond San Francisco Bay in opposition to the Russian intrusion from the north, the capital of this new jurisdiction was established on the western side of tho Sierra Madre in Arispe in the Province of Sinaloa y Sonora (Bancroft 1884:637). This administrative experiment lasted for some ten years during which, time attempts were made on the one hand, first to eliminate the attacking Indians on the northern perimeter and then to make peace with them, and on the other hand so to rearrange the presidial line as both to protect the new overland route to California around the head of the Gulf and to seal off the interior from disturbance by the aborigines, None of these attempts was successful, for to none of them could enough money, men or horses be applied to achieve the desired end. Distracted by events in other paris of the world, including the new war with England, the Spanish government could only hope for peace in New Spain, not achieve it; and the large land owners on the local scene who might have been expected to be more concerned were too jealous of their own power and possessions to allow them to be siphoned off to be applied to the remote frontier. Of the two thousand new soldiers requested 10 man the presidios, only five hundred and eighty were ever assigned (Thomas 1941 ;38). In 1785 political control of the Internal Provinces was restored to the Viceroy and military responsibility divided into three commands: Texas, Coahuila, Nuevo Len and Nuevo Santander; Nuevo Mexico and Nueva Vizeaya; Sinaloa y Sonora and the Californias (Bancroft 1884: 639-640), Two years later the eastern division was formally identified as the Provineias Internas del Ortente (East), while the central and western ones (Nuevo Mexico, Nueva Vizcaya, Sinaloa y Sonora and the Californias) were combined to form the Provinoias Internas de Ocoidente (West—sometimes given as Poniente). Both units, however, still remained under the authority of the Viceroy. Apparently this particular organization did not accomplish the desired results, for in 1792 the king once more ordered that a Targe part of the Provineias Septentrianales (Northern Provinces) be removed from the control of the Viceroy. Nuevo Leén and Nuevo Santander on the east and the Californias on the west were left as viceregal responsibilities, but the territory between (Texas, Coshnila, Nuevo Mexico, Nueva Vizeaya and Sinaloa y Sonora), still called Provincias Internas de Oc- cidente, was again placed under a Comandante General who was directly responsible to the king (Bancroft 1884:641). Evidently the external v threat at this time was deemed to lie more to the northeast than to the northwest, for the seat of government of the new administration was established east of the Sierra Madre at Villa de Chihuahua in Nueva Viseaya. Although still beset by the now familiar frontier vissicitudes ‘of poor communication, raids by untamed Indians on the periphery and ‘even the interior, few inhabitants, unrest among the tamed Indians over land possession, conflict between church and civil or military authorities ever methods of controlling the Indians, tension between the adminis- tration and land holders over distribution of the few funds and privileges available, and unease over the presence of foreigners on the borders, this administrative arrangement endured for some eightoon years, until the king's euthority was challenged in 1810 by the movement in the south to sever relationship with Spain. ‘The incidents of the War of Independence were little manifested Ih the northwest, its main effect there being the return of the area to ‘the control of the Viceroy. Local authorities, both church and civil ‘declared for the king, no organized contingents went south to join the tebel forces, and “the administration of the Viceroy remained absolute ‘master of the Territory of the Provincias Internas de Occidente . . .” (Villa 1951:160-161). ‘The seeds of unrest, however, had been sown, for ultimately the citizens of the area participated in the movement Which culminated in the United States of Mexico, In 1821, disturbed ty American filibusters on their northeastern border and discontented With the newly appointed Viceroy, the officials of the territory met in ‘the Villa de Chihuahua and declared that the Provincias Internas de ‘Mocidente denicd the authority of the Viceregal government and accepted ‘only that of the current Comandante General who had announced his Iherence to the Plana de Iguala (Villa 1951:161). The proclamation i few months later of Iturbide es Emperdr of Mexico caused neither nor exultation in the north. ‘The officials, royalists all, accepted without difficulty and the public remained undisturbed, little notice yy taken of either his wishes or his decrees (Villa 1951:162). The lure was forecast, however, by the establishment of Sinaloa and Sonora 48 Iwo separate states, first mentioned in official papers in 1821 and irmed in 18235 but this division was of short duration, In 1824 the ta Gonstitutioa de la Federacién “reunited Sonora and Sinaloa after transient separation, forming the Estado de Oceidente” (Villa 1951: +162). Despite more than two centuries of effort, however spasmodic andpoorly supported, by missionaries and soldiers, this member of the new federation was still very much a frontier—in fact, it was probably less under control than it had been fifty years or so before, The majority of the inhabitants were Indians little changed from their aboriginal con- dition; her few gente de razén (literally “people of reason”) were huddled together in centers separated from each other by the topography of the country and isolated as well by the difficulty of communication characteristic of frontier territory. The little development that had been carried out had been aimed primarily at producing wealth for Spain (or for individuals whose goal was to retire to the city of Mexico or to Spain); colonization had had little success and that had been largely wiped out by the growing menace of warlike tribes who found it more pleasant and profitable to raid than to labor on farms or in mines. What government there was had been operated by directive from the viceregal palace in the Valley of Mesieo far to the south, or from Madeid, implemented by a field force which was infinitesmal in comparison with the stze of the territory charged to its direction, The whole machinery of the state government had to be created, and with it the physical appurtenances of government. The multitudinous problems of people living together in ‘one society, but with the great cultural differences represented by colonial Spaniard and indigenous Indian, had to be dealt with by those same people now, if that society was to endure. Although, as has been mentioned previously, the change in the philosophy of government made it desirable to discard much of the system (such as it wes) that had been in use, necessity required the continuation for a time of some of the Spanish policies; evident in such ways as Decree Number 14 of July 10, 1826, which declared that the Royal Letter Patent issued by Charles IIL on October 13, 1800, was to be no longer in effect, or in Decree Number 146 of March 24, 1830, wherein Law 29, Title 16, Book 2 of the abridgement of the Laws of the Indies was to be followed by the State of Occidente. But much of the previously effective government had consisted of interpretation of and reliance on directions handed down from Madrid through channels, so that, when that source of authority was removed and the inhabitants of Occidente were obliged to assume the responsibility of governing themselves, the system and the mechinery for implementing the new philosophy of that society expressed in the representative form of gov- emment hed to be created. This process Is reflected in the stream of decrees dealing with major issues:and minutiae—meeting of the logisla- 9 ture in Alamos, Fuerte and Culiacin, suffrage and the relations between master and servant, municipal government for all the centers of population of the state and a special act for each to establish its status ‘as mineral, villa, pueblo, ciudad, etc, ‘The task was too great. The new state had barely begun to present the appearance of an entity, the new machine of government to operate, when the internal confliets grew so great that the legislature announced (item 155) it would no longer oppose division, Probably paramount ‘among the factors bringing about this state of affairs were the size of the territory included within the ill-defined boundaries, the geography ‘of the country, and the locations of what civilized centers existed at that time. The center of government still lay too far to, the south to be effective for that part of the state known, both before and after the existence of Occidente, as Sonora, the inhsbitants of which eould not compete successfully with those of Sinaloa for the attention of the fovernment. Efforts made to deal with this complaint included legislative action ordering the government to tours of duty in the north (item 183). ‘Communication was still so poor that much of Sonora lay outside the thinking of the government—only one decree even mentions the presidio ‘of Tucson, for example, and there is no indication that government was conceived of as extending north of that point, although Mexico could elaim, in theory at least, as far north as Canada in this part of North Ainerica, The new state was as helpless (or even more so) as had been the Crown to combat successfully the warlike Indians of the north (item 225), in addition to whicle the populace complained of political ‘evils (items 69, 183) of their own. Perhaps a good measure of the fyolation of Sonora is that no evidence appears in the decrees of govern mental awareness of the new danger in the north represented by the North American trappers, although the Patties, Robidoux, Young, and "Weaver, among others, had already taken beaver from the Gila River tind ‘were using the valley of that river as a road between Santa Fé and California (Cleland 1950;179-182, 194, 218, 236-237, 248). And so, in 1829, in spite of objections (items 390, 392), the legisla- fure of Occidente announced (as has been previously mentioned) that the division would no longer be opposed and Sinaloa seated its own Aogislature on March 13, 1831 (item 124). ‘Thereafter there was the same sort of carry-over from the previous “organization as there had been from Spanish colonial days. For a time iw) 183] decrees were issued by one legislature in the name of the two. «10 states of Sinaloa and Sonora, and the process of dissolution of the former state of Occidente and the creation of a new state government for Sinaloa can be seen in operation after the state congress of Sinaloa began enacting legislation for Sinaloa alone. The seat of government was moved south to Culiacén, leaving Fuerte a frontier town, Alamos now being in the State of Sonora, Much of what had been achieved for Occidente now had to be done over again for Sinaloa. For a time, decrees were copied by hand for cireulation—evidently Sonora got the printing plant, The state coffers must have been empty, and the future of the state viewed with some doubt, for the act authorizing the solicitation of a loan for the establishment of the mint (item 454) was followed shortly by another authorizing the state to offer the plant itself as additional security for the desired loan (item 457), Five months after the division, Sinaloa was still relying on the law of Occidente for authority to appoint municipal officials in some places (item 264). The joint treasury of Occidente had to be dissolved, custom regulations governing trade with ‘Sonora were established; a new port was projected to fulfill the duties ‘once performed by Guaymas, and the company of troops stationed in Culiacin since Occidente days was disbanded and a new state militia formed, Sinaloa was establishing her separate identity. THE CATALOG The Aguiar Collection is composed of three types of materials: 1) certain governmental decrees of the states of Occidente, Sinaloa, and Sonora ranging in dates from 14 May 1825 10 26 October 1835; 2) mis- ellaneous volumes and individual documents covering @ wide range of subjects concerning Occidente, Sinaloa, Sonora, and Mexico and dating from 1783 10 1944; and 3) copies of various newspapers published in the State of Sinaloa between 1842 and 1888, with almost half of them falling in the 1850's. The one glaring omission in the collection is noted in the lack of a copy of the Constitution of the State sf Occidente, One isreadily available, however, as a part of the separate Holliday Collection of material very similar in content 10 that of the Aguiar Collection, which has been deposited with the University of Arizona Library, also In Tucson, The governmental decrees in the Collection are filed chronologically {n ring binders, the spines of which bear the title Deeretos def Estado de Oveidente (or Sinaloa or Sonora), the period covered by the documents Within and a numerical designator consisting af a Roman numeral followed by an Arabic numeral, which may be likened to “volume” and “part” although not stated as such. Of the miscellaneous material, the Individual documents are all stored in one separate folder carrying no lil tdentification mark, whereas the volumes in this category all catalog or accession numbers for ready identification, The news- jnpers are in four bound volumes. ‘Three of these are devoted separately the available copies of three different newspapers whereas the fourth tains single coples of mumerous publications. Analysis of the material was accomplished by preparing an individual uel for each decree, miscellaneous document and volume as well as for three homogeneous newspaper volumes and one for each individual Wry in the mixed newspaper volume. On the cards were noted the ee number, title or newspaper name, the dates and people concerned, ‘(1 Hintement of the contents, and the storage location of the item. For purposes of cataloguing, the cards covering the decrees and “fhlieellaneous material were then arranged by subject matter (commerce, Tin, suffrage, etc.), these being the most useful categories, both for the Analysis and for potential users of the catalog. Within each category i12 there was maintained a consistent order in the material presented, and within each type of material a chronological order, although not all types are represented within each category. The order established was Occidente, Decretos and Miscellaneous; Sonora and Sinaloa, Decretos {oint); Sinaloa, Decresos and Miscellaneous; Sonore, Miscellancous; and Mexico, Miscellaneous. The newspapers were treated as a separate, last category, being listed only in alphabetical order (although their subject matter is included in the index in its proper location), Having been arranged a3 noted, each card was then assigned an item number, in numerical order. These numbers do not appear on the binders, documents, volumes or newspapers—only in the eatalog by item number, where they nan consecutively, in the index where they are used for reference instead af the more normal page number, and on the cards. After the catalog was completed, the cards were rearranged chronologically, as is the Collection, and were deposited with the Arizona Pioneers’ Historical Society as a further aid in consulting the material. ‘The content of the entries in the catalog varies somewhat according to the material being presented, the decrees being entered in « different format from the rest of the material, although all contain the same information. For each decree, the first line contains, from left to: right, the item number, the decree number, the date of signing, the city of issuance, and the storage location, this last being the double number (Roman and Arabie) in parentheses which indicates the ring binder in which the item is stored, Taking the first entry in the catalog as an example, item number | (1) is decree number nineteen (no. 19), signed 15 August 1826, issued in Fuerte, and is to be found in the ring binder which bears on its spine the Roman numeral II followed by the Arable numeral 2 [11:2]. (It is to be noted that some decrees bear dates which are out of chronological order according to the decree numbers. These were signed by the governor after a delay.) The first line for the mis- cellaneous material, both documents and volumes, presents first the Htem number, then either an asterisk(*) associated with the documents to indicate the unmarked folder as storage location or a compound catalog or accession number for the volumes to aid in location, followed by its title (if any) and a statement of content. It is completed with whatever publishing data is available. To illustrate, item number 24 bears on its spine the catalog number 972.1/1,43, is titled Varias cartas sobre diversas materias, concems religious matters discussed by the Bishop of Sonora, and was published in Mexico (City) in 1849. WORKS AND GOVERNMENT PAPERS COMMERCE Occidente, Deeretos del Estado de 1 No. 19 2 No. 37 No. 138 No. 145 No. 172 No. 173 1826 (15 August), Fuerte (11:2) Duty is lifted on corn, beans, chile, ete. 1827 (26 November), Cosald (11:2) All merchants must pay duty on their goods before going to another port of the State, Established merchants are to be given notice of payment due ‘when they open a shop, Collectors may wait for payment a reasonable time, not to exceed sixty days. 1828 (15 September), Concepcién de Alamos (II:3) Within forty days after the arrival of goods, citizens and non-citizens of any place must pay an excise tax. ‘This tax is imposed on foreigners as well as nationals. After twenty days, there shall be no return of the tax, even should the goods be shipped on. 1829 (3 September), Alamos (II:4) As quickly as possible, the Government is to negotiate fan. agreement concerning tobaccos fabricated in the Federation. Prices are fixed for cigarettes and cigars. 1830 (13 March), Alamos (11:4) Tax on traffic of foreign goods is lowered from 3% t0 2%; any excess already paid is to be returned to citizens. 1830 (30 October, Alamos (II:4) There is hereby abolished the restriction imposed by the Government of Arispe on movement of cattle, horses and mules to another state. 1830 (13 November), Alamos (II:4) Regulations concerning taxes on domestic and foreign goods. 1314 Sinaloa, Decretos del Estado de 12 No. 8 No. 27 No, 35 No, 22 No, 28 No, 33 No. . 3831 (25 April), Culiacan (TV:6) ‘The Government is empowered 10 enter into a contract with the (tobacco) stockholders, subject to approval of the legislature. 1831 (27 April), Culiaein (IV:6) Produce and effects del viento ("of the wind”) imported from Sonora are to be subject to the excise tax specified in Art. 2 of Decree No. 3 of 3 October, 1827: flour is excepted. (Alcabata del viento means & tax on goods sold by chance—ergo, this probably refers to produce, ete., sold through other than established retailers.) (Said decree is not in this collection.) 1831 (19 August), Culiacin (IV;6) Foreigners are prohibited from engaging in “small bus= iness” (See 192). 1831 (24 October), Culiacin (IV:6) So long as the District of Alamos is separated in effect from the rest of the state, produce, ete, introduced from Alamos to Fuerte or any other part of the state shall pay the established duties and any that might be estab- lished. 1832 (11 December), Culiacin (2) (V:8) ‘Trade by forcigners is restricted in Mazatlin and in the interior of the state. 1833 (21 January}, Guliacén (V:8) Commereial companies which consist of Mexicans and foreigners are to be regulated, to protect the Mexicans, 1833 (27 February), Culiacin) (V:8) Regulations concerning importation and distribution of foreign goods (See 15). 1833 (9 March), Culiaeén) (V¥:8) Decree No, 33 is recalled for reprinting to correct an error (See 14), ae No, 18 No, 27 No, 20 No. 21 No, 81 No, 96 No. 51 15 1833 (5 September), Culiscin (VI:9) A standard of weights and measures is to be used throughout the state. 1833 (14 November), Culiacin (VI:9) ‘Tariff is removed from worked and unworked imported wool; trade in such is regulated; penalties are assessed for failure to conform to these regulations, 1834 (23 October), Culiaedn (VII:10) The tax on traific in provisions shall be applied where- ever within the state the first sale at wholesale or retail shall be made, i 1834 (24 October), Culiacin (VI1:10) Altata is 10 be established as a port 1835 (31 March), Culiacin (VIN:11) Effects manufactured in other states which the citizen of this state imports for his own use and those manu- faetured within the state, wherever consumed, are free from excise tax. 1835 (24 October), Culiacin (VII:11) Liquor traffic regulations—taxes, exemptions, and mea sures ageinst smuggling, ECCLESIASTICAL APEamS lecidente, Decretos del Estado de 1828 (23 April), Alamos (11:2) ‘The districts are to collect and administer the division of parochial church tithes until said districts make new rules. 1, Decretos det Estado de 1831 (19 December), Culfacin (IV:7) ‘The State recognizes the obligetion of an annual pay- ment of 1,250 pesos, said payment being half of the salary of 2,500 which the government granted as salary to the ecclesiastical governor [bishop?] of the United States [Occidente).16 Sonora, Miscellaneous 24 25 Oceidente, Decretos del Estado de 26 28 29 30 31 972 972.1 No. 23 No, 14 No, 23 No. 23, No, 30 No, 34 92 No. 38 Carta del Dr, D. Lazaro de la Garza y Ballesteros, obispo de Sonora, al venerable Clero de su diocesis. Letter from the Bishop of Sonora to the clergy of his diocese, A manual of behavior. Mexico, 1838. Varias cartas sobre diversas materias. Various letters on diverse matters, Religious matters diseussed by the Bishop of Sonora, Lazaro de la Garza Re. i y Balllesteras, Mexico, 1849. FISCAL APFAIRS No. 5 1825 (14 May), Fuerte (1:1) Provisional regulations for the management of the state income. 1826 (10 July), Fuerte (11:2) Tithes and first fruits are to be paid by certain towns, frontier posts excepted, Punishment is specified for false returns. The Royal Cedula of 17 October 1800 of Charles IIT js declared non-existent. [This document is almost illegible.) 1826 (28 August), Fuerte (II:2) Declaration of approval of the tariff as prepared by lawyers, judges, and clerks of the State of Occidente (See 29). 1826 (28 August), Fuerte (11:2) ‘A supplement to the tariff; clerk’s fees are listed (See 28). 1827 (25 October), Cosald (11:2) Catile sheep and goats are added to the list of goods taxed 1827 (7 November), Cosala. (11:2) For ten years from January, 1828, Arispe is permitted ‘an annual ten-day fair, during which purchases and sales are free from municipal and state treasury rights. ° fo, 133 10 It 1827 (27 November), Cosala (1:2) Asilo de Rosario is granted an cight-day fair starting the first eight days in February, 1828, ‘This fair is to follow the laws for the fair at Arispe (See $1, 40). 1828 (9 May), Alamos (11:2) Officials handling funds of over 10,000 pesos are to be bonded for amounts in proportion to the funds handled. 1828 (3 September), Concepeién de Alamos (II:3) ‘The State ig to establish control over sale of tobacco and sealed [stamped] paper, as a source of state income. 1828 (5 September), Concepoién de Alamos (11:3) ‘The Treasury may receive from some of its functionaries, in payment for the leased branches, the duties recog- nized by the State, up to the total debt (See 39). 1829 (24 March), Coneepeién de Alamos (11:3) An onnual fair is granted to the villa de Moctezuma, 1829 (13 June), Hermosillo (11:4) ‘The State Treasury will allow to each departmental chief officer expenses of 100 pesos annually, 1829 (18 June), Hermosillo (11:4) ‘An annual fair is granted to the city of Concordia (See 40). 1829 (8 August), Hermosillo (11:4) Decree No, 75 of 5 September 1828 is abrogated (See 35) Deoretos del Estado de 1831 (27 April), Culigeén (IV:6) Because the fairs held by the cities of Concordia and Asilo del Rosario have resulted in no advancements, but in frauds to the damage of the State, the privilege of holding said fairs is revoked (See $2, 98).al 42 46 a7 4g 49 No. No, No. No. 19 . 20 35 » 33. AB 1831 (28 June), Culiacdn (1V:6) Employees of the Justice Division are severed from any connection with Sinaloa, whose Treasurer General will liquidate salaries and pay half of what is owed to them, Notice of this resolution is t be given to the General Congress of Sonora. 1831 (4 July), Culiacan (1V:6) Revenues of the State and outstanding credits shall be paid in coin, or in silver at the rate of exchange obtain- ‘ing in the place of the local collector's office, or in gold. 1831 (13 July), Culiacin (X Provisions made for # state-wide celebration of the 16 de Septiembre. 1832 (30 August), Culiactn (V:8) Regulations concerning the levying, callecting and ac- counting of tax revenues (See 45). 1832 (24 October), Culiacin (V:8) Regulations for the collection (and distribution?) of municipal revenues (See 46) 1832 (30 October), Culiaein (V:8) An error was found in Decree No. 10; “Law 40” is to be changed to read “Law 4” (Sce 45). 1834 (23 January), Culiacin (TV;9) Delineation of who shall inherit and what taxes shall be paid. 1834 (16 August), Cullacin (VII:10) An annual pension is granted to the widow of the late Assayer Escudero 1834 (19 November), Culiacin (VIL;10) Schedule of rates for the collection of duties by the Assessor General. 1834 (16 December), Culiactn (VIL;10) Regulations concerning tobacco trade and revenue (See 51). ‘51 No, 63 182 No. 84 No. 87 No. 91 No. 98 | No, 99 72.5 8615c1 19 1835 (4 February), Culiacém (VII:11) There are to be inserted the words “and with permission” alter the word asabiendas in Article 15 of Law 48 (See 50). 1835 (8 April), Culiacin (VII:11) ‘The Government is empowered to use public funds to maintain public tranquility, and transportation and maintenance of sentenced persons, 1835 (11 April), Culiacdn (VII:11) The Government abates one-quarter ofa part of the state tithes for a period, é 1835 (28 September), Culiacin (VII=11) The General ‘Treasury of the State may not give, against lessors of the branches of the public estate, order to pay in favor of State employees, Debtors of the public estate are to be forgiven a percentage of their taxes if they make advance declarations within a certain period (See 56) 1835 (24 October), Culliaciin (VIT:11) Fines assessed by the Supreme Court are to be distributed for the expense of the Secretary of State. 1835 (26 October), Culiaetin (VIL:ILy Decree No, SE affecting lessors of branches of public estate is derogated (See 54). ia, Miscellaneous Leyes y disposiciones fiscales expedidas en el Estado de Sinaloa en 1885. Leyes y disposiciones fiscales expedidas en el Estado de Sinaloa en 1886, Leyes y disposiciones fiscales expedidas en ef Estado de Sinaloa en 1887. Leyes y dixposiciones fiscales expedidas en el Estado de Sinaloa en el Afio de 1888. Tarifas para el cobro del derecho de bultos y det im- puesto sobre matanza de ganado. Leyes y disposiciones fiscales expedidas en el Estado de Sinaloa et afio de 1889.20 59 9723 S615Le 60 9723 S615a Presupuestos de ingresos y egresos que regiran en ef aio de 1890. Estado de Sinaloa. Presupuestos de ingresos y egresos para el afio de 1891. Fiscal laws and regulations for 1885 to 1889, including models of record forms and regulations for liquor sales, taxes, stock butchering, manufacture and imports, List of duty on bulk goods, State budgets, itemlzed by dis- tricts, for 1890 and 1891. Issued by governors Cafiedo and Mariano M. de Castro and various officials, Ley General de Hacienda, Estado de Sinaloa. Leyes y disposiciones fiseales expedidas en el Estado de Sinaloa en 1901. Leyes y disposiciones fiseales expedidas en el Estado de Sinaloa en 1902. Leyes y disposiciones fiseales expedidas en el Estado de Sinaloa en 1903. Presupuestos de ingresos y egresos para el Aifo de 1904, Leyes y disposiciones fiscales expedidas en el Estado de Sinaloa en ef aio 1904. Presupuestos de ingresos y egresos para ef afio de 1905. Leyes y disposiciones fiscales expedidas en el Estado de Sinaloa en el Aiio de 1905. Presupuestos de ingresos y egresos para el aio de 1906. General Property Law: taxes, transfer and fines; opera- tion of the treasury, 1901. Fiscal laws and regulations, including expenses for bridge over Tamazula River, model jail in Culiaein, temporary suspension of all teachers in Rosales College, 1901 to 1905. Budget for 1904 to 1906. Issued by Governor Cafiedo, and various officials, Leyes Fiseales, 1901 4 1911. Fiscal laws and regulations, with budgets for 1905, and 1909 to 1911. Disposiciones relativas & la institucion del registro piblico y su reglamento, Estado de Sinaloa. Dispositions relative to the institution of the Public Registry, with models of forms. 1905. Issued under authority of Governor Caficdo. 21 61 9723 Leyes y disposiciones fiscales expedidas en el Estado S6ISL de Sinaloa en el Afio de 1912. 1912 Presupuestos de ingresos y egresos para el Afio de 1913. Fiscal laws and regulations for 1912, Budget for 1913. 9723 Leyes y disposiviones fiseales expedidas en el Estado S6151 de Sinaloa en ef Afio de 1913. 1913 —-Presupuestos de ingresos y egresos para el Afio de 1914, Fiseal laws and regulations for 1913. Budget for 1914. 972 Sonora, Sinaloa y Nayarit, Esquema del estudio esta- M6l1 —distico y econamico-soeial . . . por acuerdo del C. Jefe del Departamento, Ingeniero Juan de Di: Bojorquez. Plan of the statistical and economic study being pre- pared by the Department of National Statistics. 17, », Miscellaneous 972.04 Decreto sobre arreglo de la renta de correas, Expedido M6lld por el Supremo Gobierno en 24 de Octubre de 1842. ‘Decree regarding the settlement of the revenue from the mails; tariffs and officials. Ministerio de hacienda y eredito publico ... Art. W*. El presupuesto de exresos de la Federacion y del Distrito Federal que debe regir para el ejercicio del afio fiscal que comenzara ef 1°, de Julio del presente, y terminar ed 30 de Junio de 1869... . Federation and Federal District budget for fiseal year July 1, 1868, to June 30, 1869, President, Benito Juarez, Mexico. 1869. La ley del timbre on el procedimiento judicial. History, development and use of the Stamp Act in Mexico, By attorney Antonio Robles Ortigosa. Includes directory of some lawyers, notaries public and business agents with offices in the city of Mexico. Mexico, 1905. 972.3 $6150 OVERNMENT: EXECUTIVE le, Deeretos del Estado de No. 64 1828 (0 August), Coneepeién de Alamos (11:3) José Maria Almada is nominated by the Constitutional Congress to be Vice Gavernor.68 69 70 7 74 75 No. 97 No. 102 No. 110 No, 113 No. 147 No. | No, IT Ne, 1 1828 (20 December), Concepeién de Alamos (11:3) Francisco Iriarte is declared incapable of carrying out the duties of Vice Governor of the State. [A contempor- ary note states that this was declared unconstitutional.] ‘1829 (17 March), Alamos (II:3) The Govemor is to visit, when opportune, the towns of upper Sonora, to investigate the political evils of which ‘the inhabitants complain, and to devise such remedy as his powers may indicate. 1829 (2 May), Concepeién de Alamos (11:3) Representations are to be made to the houses of the Federal Legislature, giving reasons why Francisco Triarte. was declared unfit to be Governor or Vice Governor; a request that the Federal Legislature recall the ruling of March 9 last abrogating the State Legisla- ture’s declaration. (Said ruling not in this collection.) 1829 (24 April), Concepcién de Alamos (II:4) ‘The First Chamber of the Court of Justice has not had faculties for knowing of itself how Iriarte succeeded to the vice-governorship, for which reason the judgments connected with that affair remain in force. 1830 (24 March), Alamos (11:4) ‘The government is to remain in the hands of Iriarte while those named Governor and Vice Governor go to the capital to take the oath, 1831 (17 March), Culiacin (IV:6) Leonardo Escalante hereby receives notice from the Governor that the latter ceased functioning 14 March 1831, All acts of his government since that date are to ‘be subjected to review by the government of the State. 183] (26 May), Culinedn (1V:6) Permission is granted for Governor Iriarte to go to Mexico for six months, without salary. The Vice Gover- nor is to function in his place, 1832 (25 June), Cullacin (V:8) Iriarte is declared the first governor, Manuel Bandera the first viee-governor. 76 No. 24 77 No.2 No. 13 972.3 $615 23 1832 (11 December), Culiactn (V:8) If they are indispensable, chiefs who are under summons for malfewsanee of offiee may carry on their duties during, such period. 1834 (7 July), Culiacin (VII:10) José Antonio Jorganes is declared Governor; as he is ‘out of the capital at the time, José Felipa Gomes is declared Vice Governor and acting interim governor. 1834 (4 September), Culiaedn (VIE:10) ‘The Legislature approves all acis of the Provisional Executive Power, and authorizes the Government to augment or diminish that which exists in the capital or other paris of the state while the public is being organized constitutionally. 1834 (20 November), Culiacim VIE:10 The Legislature accepts the resignation of Governor José Antonio Jorganes; but he is to continue exercising the office until replaced by lection, 1834 (20 November), Culiacin (VII:10) The Legislature unanimously names José Glas de Gue- vara as Governor. 1835 (January), Culiaedn (VIEV11) José Glas de Guevara resigns as Governor and Manuel Marfa de la Vega y Rebago is named to replace him, 1835 (23 January), Gulincin (VIT:11) Manuel Maria Bandera resigns from the vice-governor- ship; he is pardoned the penalty he would merit under any accusations which might follow this day. Miscellaneous Memoria que el governador del estado de Sinaloa pre- senté al congreso, el 15 de Octubre de 1869. Governor’s report to Congress as to the condition of Sinaloa at the termination of the French invasion.