PHARMACEUTICS I Theory and Practical

for First Semester Bachelor in Pharmacy

Based on syllabus prescribed by
PCI Course Regulations 2014
isathoughtfulcompilationdesignedtoserveasacoretextfordiplomaanddegreestudentsofpharmacy,buddingpharmacytechnocrats,academiciansandpharmacists.Thetextisdividedinto

Salientfeatures
14chaptersalongwithglossaryandappendices.

• Simpleandlucidstyleof presentation
• StrictlyadherestothePCIcourseregulations2014
• Extensive
pharmacyindetail
coverage oftechnical and practicalaspectsof

Supplementedwithelaborate illustrations,numerousspecimens,
tables,diagrams andflowcharts
• Experimentsofgeneralpharmacyindetail
• Recapitulationofthetextaskeypointsattheendofeachchapter
• Examination-orientedquestionsforself-evaluation

Gaurav Agarwal MPharm, PhD is Dean, Faculty of

Pharmacy, RP Inderaprastha Institute of Technology, Karnal,
Haryana. He has an excellent track record in academic
institutions of high repute like Institute of Foreign Trade and
Management (IFTM), Moradabad,andShreeGanpatiInstitute of
Technology(SGIT),Ghaziabad.Hehasactivelyengagedin teaching,
research,andadministration.Tohiscredittherearenumerousprojects
and publications. Hehasworkedontastemaskingtechniques atF&D
department, IPCA Laboratories, Mumbai. He is the author of
PharmaceuticalTechnologyIandII CBS,andDrugRegulatoryAffairs CBS.

ISBN:978-93-87964-20-4

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PHARMACEUTICS |
for First Semester Bochelor in Phormocy
Bosed on syllobus prescribed by
PCI Course Regulations 2014
 PHARMACEUTICS |
for First Semester Bochelor in Phormocy
Bosed on syllobus prescribed by
PCI Course Regulations 2014

Gourov Agorwol
MPhorm (BITS-Piloni) PhD
Deon, Foculty of Phormocy
RP Inderoprosthd Institute of Technology
Korndl, Horyond

@
CES

CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt Ltd

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 Discloinner

Science ond technology ore constonfly chonging

fields, New research ond experience brooden the
scope of information dnd knowledge, The duthor hos
tried his best in giving informotion ovdiloble to him while
preporing the moteriol for this book, Although, oll efforts
hove been mode to ensure optimum occurdcy of the
moteriol, yet it is quite possible some errors might hove
been left uncorrected. The publisher, printer ond the
duthor will not be held responsible for ony inddvertent
errors or indcCurdcies,

PHARMACEUTICS I

ISBN: 978-93-87964–20–4

Copyright © Author ond Publisher

First Edition: 2018

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Prinfed Of:
 to

my loving kids
Shreya
and
Vaidish
 Prefoce

he book Pharmaceutics I is designed especially for first

semester BPharmacy students as per PCI course regulations
2014. It reflects a comprehensive description and an overview
of the existing knowledge of pharmaceutics making it appro
priate for introductory and institutional purposes.
Being an interdisciplinary subject, pharmacy has acquired a
wide range of interest among the student and teaching
communities. Considering this growing interest, the book is
designed to give an in depth analysis into the subject. The text
not only deals with the basic concepts but also emphasizes
technical and practical aspects of the subject. The book is
primarily intended as a supporting text for students of phar
macy in degree and diploma courses.
Forbetter understanding the book is divided into 14 chapters
along with glossary and appendices. Chapter 1 deals with
history of pharmacy; Chapter 2 focuses on a detailed study of
pharmacopoeia; Chapters 3–10 enumerate dosage form,
prescription, posology, pharmaceutical calculations, powders,
liquid dosage forms, monophasic liquids, and biphasic liquids;
Chapters 11–13 introduce details on suppositories, pharma
ceutical incompatibilities and semisolid dosage forms; Chapter
14 explains on the details of experiments in general pharmacy.
Each chapter is supplemented with elaborate illustrations,
numerous specimens, tables, diagrams and flowcharts.
At the end of each chapter examination-oriented questions
in the form of short answer type questions, long answer type
 vil Pharmaceutics |

questions, true/false type questions and objective type

questions with answers along with key points are given for
self-study.
I hope this book will be of immense help to teachers and
students of pharmacy.
Suggestions from students and teachers for improvement in
future editions of the book are welcome at gbitsian®rediffmail.com.

Gaurav Agarwal

Copyright disclaimer: The author has taken all the reasonable care to ensure that the contents of book do not
violate any existing copyright or other intellectual property rights of any person or organisation in any
manner. In the event the author may have been unable to track any source and, if any copyright has been
inadvertently infringed, please do notify the publisher in writing for corrective measures.
 Acknowledgements

It is a moment of great pleasure and immense satisfaction for

me to express my deep gratitude and gratefulness to Prof (Dr)
Gajendra Singh, Dean, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pt
BDSharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, for inspiring
me to bring out this book.
I am especially thankful to Sh RP Singal, Chairman, RP
Educational Trust, for his support and encouragement.
My special thanks to Er Bharat Singal, Secertary, RP
Educational Trust Group of Institutions, Karnal, Haryana, for
inspiring me to bring out this book.
I am indebted to Dr Rajiv Singal, Vice Chairman, RP
Educational Trust Group of Institutions, Karnal, Haryana; Dr
Saurabh Gupta; Dr Mohinder Singh and Sh DL Mittal, RP
Inderaprastha Institute of Technology, Karnal, Haryana, for
their motivation.

Special thanks to my peer Ritesh Srivastav, Head, Training

and Placement Cell, RP Inderaprastha Institute of Technology,
Karnal, Haryana, for his moral support.
I express my gratefulness to Sh YN Arjuna, Senior Vice
President—Publishing, Editorial and Publicity and special thanks to
Sh Satish Kumar Jain, CMD, CBS Publishers & Distributors,
New Delhi, for their sincere efforts.
I express my gratitude to my father, Er VK Agarwal, and
mother Asha Agarwal, for their all time blessings and moral
Support.
 Pharmaceutics |

Last but not the least, I express my love to my wife Shilpi,

for her all time inspiration, and dedication. She is always a
constant source of motivation in bring out this achievement.
I want to thank my students, whom I cannot name
individually, for their class interactions which have been the
guiding spirit in selection of the subject matter and its logical
arrangement.

Gaurav Agarwal
 Contents

Preface vii

. History of Pharmacy.................................................... 1–13

Origin and Development of Pharmacy 1
Oath of a Pharmacist 3
Scope of Pharmacy 4
Career Opportunities 5
Production and Manufacturing 5
Research and Development 6
Analysis and Testing 6
Marketing 7
Hospital Pharmacy 7
Community Pharmacy 7
Academics 8
Regulatory Affairs 8
Documentation, Library Information Services and
Pharmaceutical Journalism 9
Consultancy 10
Opportunities Abroad 10
Key Points 11
Practice Questions 12

. Pharmacopoeia............................................................ 14–33
Introduction to Pharmacopoeia 14
History of Pharmacopoeia 14
Official Compendia 16
Nonofficial Compendia 17
Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP) 17
Main Features of First Edition of Indian
Pharmacopoeia (1955) 18
Main Features of the Second Edition of Indian
Pharmacopoeia (1975) 19
iſ Pharmaceutics |

Main Features of Third Edition of Indian Pharmacopoeia

(1985) 21
Main Features of the Fourth Edition Of Indian
Pharmacopoeia (1996) 22
British Pharmacopoeia (BP) 23
British Pharmaceutical Codex (BPC) 25
United States Pharmacopeia (USP) 26
Main Features of USP 27
The International Pharmacopoeia 29
Key Points 29
Practice Questions 31

3. Dosage Forms .............................................................. 34–59

Introduction to Dosage Froms 34
Solid Dosage Forms 34
Tablet 34
Pills 36
Powders 37
Capsule 39
Granules 39
Liquid Dosage Forms 40
Monophasic Liquid Dosage Forms 40
Elixirs 40
Mouthwashes 42
Gargles 42
Liniments 43
Inhalation 43
Lotions 43
Eye Drops 44
Ear Drops 44
Nasal Drops and Sprays 45
Biphasic Liquid Dosage Form 45
Emulsion 45
Suspensions 46
Semisolid Dosage Forms 46
Creams 47
Suppositories 50
Key Points 51
Practice Questions 56

4. Prescription.................................................................. 60–78
RX 60
Parts of a Prescription 61
Physician (Prescriber) Information 61
Patient Information 61
Superscription 61
 Contents | xiii
Inscription 61
Subscription 62
Signatura 62
Renewal 62
Signature 62
Other Important Instructions 62
Handling of Prescripton 63
Receiving 64
Reading and Checking 64
Collecting and Weighing the Material 65
Compounding, Labelling and Packaging 65
Modern Methods of Prescribing 66
Care Required in Dispensing Prescription 67
Sources of Error in Prescription 68
Abbreviation 68
Name of the Drug 68
Strength of the Preparation 69
Dosage Form of the Drug Prescribed 69
DOSe 69
Instructions for the Patient 69
Incompatibilities 70
Legality of Prescription 70
Writing a Good Prescription 70
Key Points 75
Practice Questions 76

. Posology … 79–86
Posology 79
Factors Affecting Dose 79
Calculation of Doses 82
Key Points 84
Practice Questions 85
. Pharmaceutical Calculations .................................. 87–111
Enlarging and Reducing Recipes 90
Ratio and Quantity Method 90
Conversion Factor Method 91
Practice Questions 92
Percentage Preparations 93
Types of Percent 93
Alcohol Dilution 94
Dilution Method for Stock Preparations 97
Practice Questions 99
Alligation Method 101
Practice Questions 104
Proof Spirit 105
xiv. Pharmaceutics |

Practice Questions 107

Isotonic Solutions 108
Isotonicity 108
Hypertonicity 108
Hypotonicity 108
Calculation Based on Isotonicity 110
Practice Questions 111
7. Powders .................................................................... 112–127
Powders 112
Classification of Powders 115
Bulk Powder for External Use 115
Bulk Powder For Internal Use 117
Simple and Compound Powder For Internal Use 118
Effervescent Granules 118
Cachets 119
Key Points 124
Practice Questions 125

8. Liquid Dosage Forms............................................. 128–141

Liquid Dosage Forms 128
Classification 129
Excipients Used in Liquid Dosage Form 129
Vehicle 130
Buffering Agents 133
Isotonicity Modifiers 133
Viscosity Modifiers 133
Preservatives 133
Antioxidants 134
Sweetening Agents 134
Flavors and Perfumes 135
Coloring Agents 135
Wetting Agents and Surfactants 135
Methods to Enhance the Solubility 136
Surfactants 137
Cosolvency 137
pH Adjustment 137
Key Points 138
Practice Questions 140

9. Monophasic Liquids .............................................. 142–164

Gargles 143
Mouthwashes 144
Throat Paints 145
Ear Drops 147
Nasal Drops 148
 Contents |
Enema 150
Cleansing Enemas 150
Therapeutic Enemas 150
Diagnostic Enemas 151
Disposable Enemas 151
Syrups 151
Preservatives 153
Label And Storage 153
Elixirs 154
Liniments 156
Labeling 157
Container 157
Lotions 159
Key Points 161
Practice Questions 163
10. Biphasic Liquids—Suspension and Emulsion. 165–200
Emulsion 165
Types of Emulsions 166
Test for Identification of Emulsion 169
Emulsifying Agents 171
Method of Preparation of Emulsion 175
Stability Problems of Emulsion 177
Parameters for Assessing the Emulsion Stability 180
Packaging of Emulsions 182
Suspensions 183
Classification of Suspensions 185
Method of Preparation 185
Important Considerations in Formulation of a
Suspension 186
Factors Affecting Sedimentation 187
Sedimentation Behavior 189
Stability Problems with Suspension 191
Key Points 194
Practice Questions 197
11. Suppositories........................................................... 201–229
Introduction 201
Rectal 203
Vaginal Suppositories 204
Urethral 204
Inserting Suppositories 205
Inserting Vaginal Suppositories 206
Types of Suppository Bases 208
Methods of Preparation 215
Evaluation of Suppositories 222
Packaging and Storage 225
vil Pharmaceutics |

Key Points 225

Practice Questions 227
12. Pharmaceutical Incompatibilities ....................... 230–241
Types of Incompatibilities 230
Physical Incompatibility 230
Chemical Incompatibility 233
Therapeutic Incompatibility 235
Key Points 239
Practice Questions 240
13. Semisolid Dosage Forms....................................... 242–269
Types of Conventional Semisolid Dosage Forms
and their Properties 242
Ideal Properties of Semisolid Dosage Forms 242
Mechanisms of Drug Penetration and Route of
Absorption 244
Mechanism of Drug Absorption 245
Factors Affecting Skin Penetration 246
Ointments 246
Characteristics of an Ideal Ointment 247
Classification of Ointments 247
Methods of Preparation of Ointment 247
Pastes 250
Preparation of Paste 251
Storage of Pastes 252
Creams 253
Types of Cream 254
Gels (Jellies) 255
Types of Jellies 256
Method of Preparation 257
Preservation of Jellies 257
Excipients Used in Preparation of Semisolids 257
Evaluation of Semisolid Dosage Form 263
Microbial Test 263
Physical Tests 264
Chemical Tests 265
In Vitro Release Profile Test 265
Packaging of Semisolids 266
Key Points 266
Practice Questions 268
14. Experiments in Pharmaceutics............................. 270–306
Laboratory Manners 270
Glassware Handling 271
Washing 271
Drying 271
 Contents |xvii.
Heating 272
Glassware Care 272
Materials Required for Practical 272
Journal Writing 272
Writing in the Index 273
Writing Experiment 273
Details of Journal Writing 273
Examination 275
Viva Voce Questions 276
Experiment 1: To prepare 100 g of simple syrup (IP) 277
Experiment 2: To prepare 100 ml of peppermint spirit
(BPC) 278
Experiment 3: To prepare 100 ml of calamine lotion
(IP) 279
Experiment 4: To prepare 100 ml of methyl salicylate
liniment (BP) 281
Experiment 5: To prepare 100 ml of turpentine liniment
(BP) 282
Experiment 6: To prepare 100 ml of kaolin poultice
(BP) 283
Experiment 7: To prepare 28 g of ORS powder (IP) 284
Experiment 8: To prepare 100 g of absorbable dusting
powder (USP/NF) 285
Experiment 9: To prepare and submit 20 ml of cresol
with soap solution IP (lysol solution) 286
Experiment 10: To prepare and submit 100 ml of
aluminium hydroxide antacid suspension 288
Experiment 11: To prepare and submit 20 ml of liquid
paraffin emulsion IP 290
Experiment 12: To prepare and submit 20 ml of castor oil
emulsion 292
Experiment 13: To prepare and submit 20 ml of cod liver
oil emulsion IP 293
Experiment 14: To prepare and submit5boric acid
suppositories 294
Experiment 15: To prepare and submit 20 ml of
potassium chlorate gargles 296
Experiment 16: To prepare and submit 20 ml of
antiseptic mouthwash 297
Experiment 17: To prepare and submit 20g of
nonstaining iodine ointment BPC 298
Experiment 18: To prepare and submit 20 ml of strong
ammonium acetate solution IP 300
Evil Pharmaceutics |

Experiment 19: To prepare 10g of coal tar and salicylic

acid ointment 301

Experiment 20: To prepare and submit 100 ml of

paracetamol pediatric elixir IP 302
Experiment 21: To prepare and submit 25 gm of cold
Cream 303

Experiment 22: To prepare and submit5g of tooth

powder 305
Glossary................................…. 307–320
Appendices .............................................................. 321–328
 º
p-ARMACEUTICs Theory and Practical
for First Semester Bachelor in Pharmacy
Based on Syllabus prescribed by
PC Course Regulations 2014
is a thoughtful Compilation designed to serve as a core text for
diploma and degree Students of pharmacy, budding pharmacy
technocrats, academicians and pharmacists. The text is divided into
14 Chapters along with glossary and appendices.
Salient features
• Simple and lucid style of presentation
• Strictly adheres to the PCI course regulations 2014
• Extensive COverage of technical and practical aspects of
pharmacy in detail
Supplemented with elaborate illustrations, numerous Specimens,
tables, diagrams and flowcharts
Experiments of general pharmacy in detail
Recapitulation of the text as key points at the end of each Chapter
Examination-Oriented Guestions for Self-evaluation

Gaurav Agarwal MPharm, PhD is Dean, Faculty of

Pharmacy, RP Inderaprastha Institute of Technology, Karnal,
Haryana. He has an excellent track record in academic
institutions Of high repute like Institute of Foreign Trade and
Management (FIM), Moradabad, and Shree Ganpati Institute of
Technology (SGT), Ghaziabad. He has actively engaged in teaching,
research, and administration. To his Credit there are numerous projects
and publications. He has worked on taste masking techniques at F&D
department, PCA Laboratories, Mumbai. He is the author of
Pharmaceutical Technology and Iº, and Drug Regulatory Affairs”.

ISBN :978

º
CES

; CBS Publishers & Distributors PVſ. Lic

s 4819/XI, Prahlad Street, 24 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002, India
Q E-mail delhi&cbspc.com, cbspubsºaintelmailin Website: www.cbspc.com
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