%2/23

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY

-Beer'sLaw tyrosine catecholamines

=

(medulla of

Lambert's GABA
=

pathlength am of curette-thickness of solution tryptophan serotonin

=
=

1Cm
=
melatonin

if colorless =>
quartz

inaon
color will not be absorbed STORY
I
Nervous system electrical signals
-
*
=

* -

plastic used is
wavelength UV (200-340 nm) Endocrine chemical
=

signals
I all hormones have chemical formula
YELLOW: color measured using UV
only
*

light (400-700 nm) nano =1x10" (one billionth meter)

*

=colored soln=> visible ofa

POCT -

near patient testing

monitoredin
*
coagulation-hemoglobin is

1 Hb >
hemorrhagic tendencies
=

m:mostcommonsamplein:
=

-
no fibrinogen);serum is optically cere OVER ANTCOAGULARON:Common cause errors
of PT & APTT
WHY?
22free
I from anticoagulant interference ·
chelators
EEC citrate
3. interfering substances are co-precipitated during clotting (such as (PL)

↳ Urine= semi-quantitative

-TANCES has a chemical formula SLIDE8

*
-

normally present, waste, cell damage & drugs/toxic substances (FOREIGN]

174 H CONC.
Not substant(onlyHtioconc, is substance) a pH&H*=inverse relationship 371. Hecone. xo=foreign
-substances of abuse

·blood
-

made up thousands
of of substances

·
methanol = con to
formaldehyde;which is why it is the
to
body
* aerobic=pyruvic acid 36 ATP

P:first tumor
-
marker discovered; anaerobic: lactic acid 2 ATP

-Multiple Myeloma (affected:plasma cells)

all
*
enzyme disorders are genetic;a.k.a. Inborn Errorsof Metabolism (IEM) PARENCHYMAL (hepatocytes) ALT
=

-ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS ·
Carbs ·

proteins
·

Vitamins coenzymes AST M1, Liver disease, blood

=

↳ mostcommon
·

lipids ·
minerals deficiencing
nutrient
↳hemolysis:
4AST

(not produced by body)

the ↑LD
I MACROMINERALS:

1. Calcium CK BB -

2. Potassium CK-MB

3. Sodium CK-MM

4. Magnesium *LD -

enzymew/n subunits

5. Iron
↓ AHHH, HAHM, HHMM, HMMM, MMMM

102 4 002 ALP Ib

* isoenzymes
=

* =

high oxygen level hyperventilation

-

Amylase
=

3 isoenzymes *LIPASE -

only pancreas produces lipase

high CO2 parotid in 4 amounts

hypercapnia
=
·

submaxillary
·

sublingual
combustible 100-200 =

point * GGT liverolic

=

cirrhosis

frammable <100°F due to 4 beta region

=

beta-gamma bridging
* ->

has molecule of water

Im ALP detects disease in: liver (hepatobiliary)

PRODUCTSurinefeces areway
WASTE

thids
·
4

indicator
=

of completeness of24Hwine paget's ·

Rickett's
production sample bones I
ostomalacis
are waste ·

bone career
creatinine waste product
I
-

creatine recyclable
-

NPNs:1.
=

Urea (50%) 4. Creative -

ATP of muscles: ACP
* -
prostate
creatine phosphate
2. uric acid (201) 5. ammonia -

least ->
medicolegal enzyme:for pelvic exam

3. amino acids (201) urea + HeO Frease" ammonia CO2 + ACP is

* found/abundant in the semen

I building blocks of proteins,

⑭Ferritid-storage form of iron
but
NOT proteins
residual urine
*
50mL
=

left in bladder

SYSTEMS
·

1. Bicarbonate
-

Carbonic acid U.

2. RBCS 5.

3. Hemoglobin Xabis
is laboratory test
-
name of test -type
-

analyte
reaction
6/2/23
-

product
-

color/endpoint

I
LABORATORY TESTS
Jaffe -

creatinine -

colorimetric:red-orange (Janorsky complex:creatinine + picricacid RCF (1.118 =

x 105) xrxrpin2
in alkalines so (n)
DIRECT CONDENSATION,
non-enzymatic
->

-> TIME SENSITIVE DUAL

* WAVELENGTH/ALLEN -

remove interference for bilimb in

H ANTISCH-·
* TAG ->
colorimetric:yellow (dihydrolutidine?) T LV
* Threshold limitvalue
=

·
alcohol 4 convert substance to formaldehyde critical value inform
* -

attending physician

->
INDIRECT (substance is con to formaldehyde) SPIROMERRY:b lood gas analysis
*

-> NON
-enzymatic ·
if chemical is non-reactive-stable,i f chemical is unstable reactive
-

GOD indicator/
* GOD-PAP glucose +HeO -> H2O2 colorimetric:depends on chromogen used WIPE TEST test for
reactivity
* -
=

gluconice
+
(coupled PAP Scintillation counting
para-amino-phenazone;
· =
*

rx):
I H2O2 Rydase, H20 +Om
I produced:quinone-imine dye red)
(pink to
glucose oxidase * Class ABC monoaminephosphate (dry chemical)
=

then peroxidase BC CO2

Class
=

*LIPEMIA-CLEARING FACTOR:LPL (lipoprotein lipase) *

Halon/Halogenated carbon bestfor electrical fire
=

I TAG is acted on
TAG -

goes to the hypodermis only by lipase

FACTORS INFLUENCING LAB RESULTS (slide zz)

↳ Clark-colip calcium TITRIMETIC (*obsolete!) ·most analytes during fasting

- ->

after meal
uses titrant:potassium
*
permanganate ·

Why is fasting important?Did serum

precipitate:calcium oxalate Why is phosphate 1, after

a meal? used to make AT
-
·

·
Schales & schales-chloride ->

diphenylcarbazone uric
·
acid & cysteine hexagonal
both
-

1 BIREFRINGENT;using
·
Evelyn-Malloy -
bilirubin ->

DIRECT, COLORIMETRIC polarizing microscope

medium:acidic ·
caffeine 4 catecholamines
=

product:azobilirubin (diazotized sulfanilic -

bill complex) ·
serotonin monitored
=

in intestinal cancer/tumors

chromogen:diazotized sulfanilic acid ·

red wine 4HDL:due to =

eatrol
GOLD STANDARD for Bacte ID:culture

·somatostatinhibitsboth mind
in glucan one

esterase:
Leukocyte areattenkocyturia
*AW bancrofti=causes apric urine (ELEPHANTIASIS]
·

eosinophil=4 ACTH Leosinopenia]

statin:lowers
* hypercholesterolemia ·
chronic smoking CO-Hb. =

MCX and lenkocyte

red;elox than Or
=carboxyhemoglobin -
cherry more

LAB REQUEST =
slide 13 ↳So is radical

·
Bohr effect release of O2 from Hb;-

GLASS:
high temperature PLASMC teflon on be
=

heated PHLEBOTOMY

Lifor FREENERT
·ral-hematoma ·emic-syncope
collapsed vein blood-borne infections (hepatitis, etc.)
- -

excessive bleeding
VOLUMERIC accuracy TC only micropipettes
-

=
· =

-NO blowout; NOI

-

thrombosis

all
* blowout Is are
rated
·

universal treat all -

samples as infections

MOHR latex proteins:causes allergies

non-blowout;only graduated
·

* =

between two marks

·
Allen test done before -

collecting ABG samples

arterial samples heparin

=

I BASOPHIL "arin-containing granule

MAST CELLS

·capillary blood is closer to arterial blood

Thermal-dry heat/paper to wel

Garterialization - Mechanical flicking w/ index finger

45°C) -chemical
-

42°C
warm to
-

(somebooks say up to
-

Trafuril paste, Histamine creams

I of
purpose placing samples in ice preventconsumption of
=

gases/minimize leukocyte consumption of O2

32.4 MM depth of puncture in children

·
=

·
b inds 3-6 Ca
I EDTA molecules;

·
citric acid cycle Frebs TCA
=
=

(tricarboxylic acid cycle)

all anticoagulants (except Heparin) prevent coag, by binding with Factor IV (cat)
·

·
Heparin= inhibits thrombin

·
enolase directly inhibited
-

by NaF ·

magnesium indirectly inhibited

-

->
Fluoride has the highest electronegativity
->

it is very reactive *
glucose is preserved for 2 days & 2°C
->
iodoacetate can be used instead of fluoride 24H & room temp

* chelate (at
chemicals should have (-) charge to

interesia-
remedy for
sample blanking
·
QUALITY MANAGEMENT
preservative requiring samples=·24H urine
-

cleaning of glasswares:ANALYMCAL PHASE

·

·
QC concerned w/ ANALYTCAL phase
=

·
20=min, number of control values

ENDOCRINOLOGY
-

ductless glands
-distributed through the circulation

·
what makes hormones specific? RECEPTORS (proteins on the membrane of
cells)
&
·

secondary messengers
=
ex.:CAMP

->
hormones that cannot enter the cell
help

"Somato" whole body

-
·

·
somatotropin ·
somatocretin

·
somatostatin · somatomedin-produced by the liver (a.k.a. (LGE)

·
heart -

endocrine gland;releases ANP

·
RIA -

reference method for measuring brain hormones gonadotropins

+

tryptophan - serotonin
Iadded
hydroxy carbon 5, and amino group

ARYPTOPHAN

5-hydroxytryptophan
5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT or SEROTNIN)
/
5-hydroxy-indole- ↓ N-acetyltransferase acetyl
+

COA

acctic acid (5-0H(AA)

N-acetyl-5-hydroxy tryptamine
(N-acetyl-serotonin)

↓ HOMT + S-adenosylmethionine

N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine (melatonin) &

↓
6-hydroxy melatonin (liver) & other metabolites (brain)

·
TSH +
gold standard for thyroid hormones

i fnormal
->
no
=

further testing