Chapter 5 Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry, I. The Five Types of Chemical Reactions Synthesis reactions occur when two or more substances combine to form a ‘more complex substance, AYE > AB ‘Types of Synthesis Reactions i, Metals react with oxygen to form oxides. 4AI(s) + 30,(g) > 2 ALO.) fi, Nonmetals react with oxygen to form oxides. C{s) + Os(g) + COM) ili, Metals react with halogens to form salts (the word halogen means "salt maker’), 2Na(s) + Chg) —+ 2NaCl(s) iv, Active metal oxides react with water to form metallic hydroxides. ‘MgO\s) + H,0(1) > Mg(OH)},(s) v, Nonmetal oxides react with wat SO,(g) + o form oxyacids (acid rain). LO H,SO,(aq) Decomposition reactions occur when one substance breaks down to form two or more simpler substances, AB > A+B ‘Types of Decomposition Reactions i. Metallic carbonates, when heated, form metallic oxides and carbon dioxide, CaCOy(s) + CaO{s) + COL(B) ii, Metallic hydroxides, when heated, decompose into metallic oxides ant water. Ca(OFi)a(s) + COG) + HOLB) iii, Metallic chlorates, when heated, decompose into metallic chlorides anc oxygen AKCIO,(s) — 2AKCI(s) + 30{g) iv. Some acids, when heated, decompose into nonmetallic oxides and water. H,SO{(aq) ~ H0() + SOx(2)vv. Other peroxides, when heated, decompose into oxides, 2P0O;(s) — 2PO(s) + Ox) vvi, Some decomposition reactions are caused by an electric current (clectrolysis) 2NaC(s) + 2Na(s) + Che) Single Replacement Reactions occur when one element replaces another element in a compound A+BC+B+AC ‘Types of Single Replacement Reactions i, A metal in a compound is replaced by a more active metal Zn(s) * CuSO(aq) > ZnSO,(0q) + Cus) ii The hydrogens in water are replaced by an active metal Ca(6) + 21,00) ~» Ca(OH) faq) + Hie) fii, The hydrogens in an acid are replaced by a metal. Zins) + HeSO,(aq) —> ZnSO,(aa) + Hlg) iv, Halogens are replaced by more active halogens. lig) + 2KBr(aq) —+ 2KCl(aq) + Brs(g) Examples 1. Solid zinc reacts with sulfuric acid to produce zinc sulfate and hydrogen gas, Zn(s) + H,S04(aq) > ZnSO4(aq) + 29) 2. Solid copper reacts with aqueous silver nitrate to produce solid silver and copper (Il) nitrate. Cu (5) + 2Ag(NO:)(aq) + Cu(NO,)2(aq) + 2Ag(3) Solid silver reacts with aqueous copper (Il) nitrate to produce solid copper and silver nitrate. 2Ag( + Ca(NOs)2¢aq) > 2AG(NOs cag) + Cus) 4. Chlorine gas reacts with aqueous sodium bromide to produce liquid bromine and aqueous sodium chloride. Cla(g) + 2NaBr(aq) > 2NaCl(aq) + Bre(!) Double Replacement Reactions occur when two compounds interchange clements to form two new compounds. AB + CD > AC + BDypes of Double Replacement Reactions 1 Formation of a Precipitate BaCx{aq) + NaasOy(aq) > 2NaCi(aq) + BaSO4(s) fi, Formation of a Gas FeS(aq) + H2SO,(aq) > FeSO4(aq) + H-S(g) ili, Formation of Water NaOH(aq) + HCI(ag) -> NaCl(aq) + H0()) Examples: 11. Aqueous silver nitrate reacts with aqueous soclium chloride to form AgCl, a precipitate. Ag(NOs)caqy + NaCliag) “> ABCs) + NaNO) aq) Aqueous sodium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid to form water. NAOH aq) + HCliaqy —* NaCltagy + H2O 3, Aqueous calcium hyelroxicle reacts with sulfuric acid to form water. This is called an acid-base reaction. CaCOM)a cag) + HaSO4gqi, > CaCSOs)oaq) + 220 Combustion Reactions oecur when a substance combines with oxygen. ‘Combustion reactions release a large amount of energy in the form of light and. heat. Hyg) + OG) > 2,018) Mg(s) + Ox(g) + MgO(s) 2CHlg) + 70) + SCOG) + 6,018)Section Practice CH:COONa + HCIO; ~» CHsCOnH + NaClOy 1. The above reaction is classified as a a) double displacement reaction ) combination reaction. ©) decomposition reaction. d) single displacement and decomposition reaction, ©) combination and decomposition reaction. 2. What are the missing products ofthe following, reaction? NH{Cl + Ca{OH)2->__ + CaCls a) Nz b) NHS 9 HO d) NHs+ Nz ©) NH+H:0 3. What type of chemical reaction is shown below? Qui + Fz + 2LiF + Hy a) Single replacement ») Decomposition ©) Double replacement 4) Combustion ©) Synthesis 4. What type of chemical reaction is shown below? 2Fe(OH)2 FeO; + 3H0 a) Single replacement b) Decomposition ) Double replacement ) Combustion ©) Synthesis Ansier (a) Ans cD-.AC+RD Answer: () ‘Thais adouble replacment reaction. NCI + Ca(OH)» NHAOH + CaCl NH(OH + NH +H,0 Answer AB+C-+ACHB Ansive: 3 AB ASBWhat type of chemical reaction is shown below? BHESOs + 2Ga(OH)s ~» 6HLO # 1Gax{SO})s a) Single replacement ¥) Decomposition ©) Double replacement ) Combustion ¢) Synthesis What type of chemical reaction is shown below? 2Ni + SPL(NOx)2 ~+ 2Ni(NO,)s + 3Pb a) Single replacement b) Decomposition ©) Double replacement 4) Combustion ©) Synthesis What type of chemical reaction is shown below? 2s + Oa + 250; > 2HSSO, a) Single replacement b) Decomposition ©) Double replacement 4) Combustion ©) Synthesis What type of chemical reaction is shown below? 2NHy + Sia» Nolo + 3a a) Single replacement b) Decomposition ©) Double replacement ) Comby ) Synthesi tion ‘use (0) A846 CD ACY BD Anse) AB+ C= ACH Anse AtB=AB Answer (a) ABH Co ACESTL, Stoichiometry Stoichiometry is one of the most important topics in Chemistry. Given a chemical reaction, stoichiometry tells us what quantity of each reactant we need in order to get the right amount of our desired products. ‘There are four steps to solving any stoichiometry problem: i, Balance the equation. ii, Convert the units of each substance to moles. iii, Find the number of moles of the desired substance using the mole ratio. iv. Convert the number of moles of the desired substance to the correct units. ‘The rest of thi section will discuss this in more detail and provide examples at each step so that you will be able to handle any stoichiometry problems you see on the actual test. Balance the equation. Ina chemical reaction, the Law of Conservation of Mass must be obeyed: ‘matter is neither created nor destroyed, so the number of atoms of each type ‘must be the same on the left-hand side as on the right-hand sidle when the equation is balanced, Proper coefficients are placed in front of the formulas to bolance the number of atoms on each side of the equation. The general guidelines of balancing a chemical equation are to: i, Balance all atoms other than oxygen and hydrogen first. fi, Then, balance the oxygen atoms using H:0. iii Finally, do the same for hydrogen atoms. Examples: Identify the type of reaction and balance the equation. ‘Chemical Re Reaction Type Equation Balanced THAICHO; ~ CO, + Nit FLO | decomposition | (NiCr, — Crs + Ne + HO) ‘AgNOs + Ca— CuNOss + Ag | single weplaceman’ | ZAGNO; + C= CuNOsls + 2Ay CLO > Os CO * HO, eombastion CHO +40, SCO, + SF [Gils + Fe FelCitioh composition 2GHs 4 Fe PACH Gis + > CO, + HO combustion TGR * 180, > 12005 + THEO NasPO, + KOH NaOH KPO, | double repiacament | NawPO, > SKOH—- 3NaOF = KPO: B+ Or Bor composition Pe 30;— PPO: RONG; + BeFs — BANG: TROP | double repcement | SRENO) + WF — BAND, + 2ROF ep in mind! that the coefficients infront of each compound in a balanced equation represent the mole ratio of that compound in a chemical reaction Convert the units of each substance to moles. i. The mole concept Because atoms and molecules are too small to easily measure, we use a more convenient unit called the male to deseribe a quantity of particles,imagine that the mole is a basket holding 602 x 10% particles. The number, 6.02 x 10", is called Avogadro's number, ii, Molar mass and mole ‘The molar mass of a compound is equivalent to the mass of I mole of that compound, expressed in grams. To find out a compound's molar mass, acd up all the atomic weights of each atom in that compound, For example, to find the molar mass of CaCOs, Ca (40) + 1C (12) + 30 (16) = 100 grams/ mol. The relationship between a mole of a compound and its molar mass is, Mos = usar, Hass iv. One mole is equivalent to 6.02 « 10 particles ‘Number of Molecules Moles aa x0 v. Gas volume and the mole 1. Gay-Lussae’s Law states that the volume of reacting gases and the volume of gaseous products are in a small whole number ratio, 2. Avogadro's Law sates that the same volume of gas under the same temperature and pressure conditions will contain the same number of gas molectles, 3. Under standard temperature and pressure conditions (STP), at atm, and 0°C, one mole of gas will occupy 22.4 liters, otherwise known as the ‘molar volume of ideal gas. This is an important number to remember. 4, From Gay-Lussaeand Avogadro's Law, we ean conclude that the volume ratio of each gaseous compound in.a chemical reaction will be equal to their mole ratio. Find the number of moles of the desired substance using the mole ratio. Now that we have converted all of our units to moles, it is time to use our balanced equations to find the amount of the desired compounds with the mole ratio. Again, a mole ratio is the ratio of moles of one suibstance to the moles of another in a balanced equation, and itis equal to the ratio of the coefficients of those compounds. Convert the number of moles of the desired substance to the correct units. Ia question asks for your answer to be in units other than moles, you must ‘mass (in grams) = # of moles x molar mass # of molecules = # of moles x 6.02 « 102 volume of gas (in liters, at STP) = # of moles « 22.41Section Practice 1 What volume of H20 is required to produce 5 LO2 inthe following unbalanced reaction? H:0(g) + Helg) + Oatg) a)3L b)5L, )0L dI6L. ML ‘What is the empirical formula for a compound containing 63.8% N and 36.2% O? a) NaOs B)NDs ©) NO» «NO 9)NO ‘What is the empirical formula for a compound containing, 36.7% N and 633% 0? a) Nes b) NOs ) NOx NO ) N20 How many phosphine molecules are in two moles of phosphine? a) 1.807 x 10% b) 3.476 « 108 ) 1A7I = 108 ) 1.204 x 108 6) 2414 « 108 How many atoms are in one mole of water? a) 1.807 * 10% b) 3.476 x 108 o) L171 x 108 ) 1.204 « 108 e) 2414 x 10 Ansiver:() 2H,06) -+ 2F(g) + 0449) ‘Mole ratio of H.O ‘The volume rato is the same a the mole ratio 5x 2=10L 1 Answer (6) sa 302 Answer @) Ansiver: hospi’ mica formal i Pits 2 x 6.02 » 108 = 1.208 «108 ‘moleades Answer: fa) HO tus 3 atoms per molecule 3% 602 « 102 = 1.807 « 10 atomsWhen the following equation is balanced, what is the coefficient of CO2? CaF + O2 + C02 + HO a2 ba os ayo 9B Inthe reaction below, how many moles of aluminum will produce 1 mote of iron? BAL+ 3Re:Os — We + 4ALOs at b)3/4 9) 9/8 8/9 4/3 When the following equation is balanced, what is, the coefficient of Hx? PH + 5 POs + HO a)1 bj2 93 da 5 In the equation, 2NO(g) + 2Ha(g) + Na(g) + 2H:0(p), which of the following is teue? a) IF mole of He is consumed, 0.5 moles of Nois. prostuced. ) IF mole of His cons is produced. 6) IF05 mote of Hz are consumed, 1 motes of Nz is produced. 4) IF 05 mole of Hz are consumed, 1 moles of NO is produced. ©) 1£05 mole of Hz are consumed, 1 moles of H.Qis produced, cl, US moles of HzO Ave: (ob 2a 190} 8CO2 + 108.0 Answer Mole ratio of At: Fe= 8:9 B:9exi1 v=) moles Aso (6) 2H, + 40+ PsO, + 3HLO Ansioer: fa) ote ratios NOH: Ny :8,0 222212210, What is the sum of the coefficients when the following reaction is balanced? Célls + 02+ CO2 + HO a)? by 9) 28 35 ) 2 111, When a solution of phosphoric acid and iron(II) nitrate reacts, which of the following species will be present in the balanced molecular equation? a) HNOs(aq) b) BHNOxaq) ©) 2FePOx(s) ) 3FePOx(s) &) JHNOx(eq) Aner (@) 2G * 150, 12002 GHD 24154 12+6~35 Asner) HPO Wan) + FENO Sag) > SHINOsaq) + Fe(PO4))HL. Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield Limiting Reactants “The lieniting reactant is consumed frst ina chemical reaction. Therefore, it lizits the amounts of other products that can also be formed by the reaction. To identify the limiting reactant in the problems, we need to find the reactant with the smallest: Number of Moles of the Reactant ‘he Coal int ofthe Resctantin the Balanced Equation After the limiting reactant has been identified, all the mole ratio calculations should be based! on the quantity of the limiting reactant. Percent Yield i. ‘The theoretical yield is the amount of a product that should be produced from the given quantity of reactants. ii, The actual yield is the measured amount of a product obtained from experimental data. il, Percent yield is caleulated by the following formula: Percent Yield = % 100% Section Practice 1. anil of nitrogen react with 15 mL of hydrogen, Answer) How many milliliters of which gas are left Seen unreacted? Ratio of No: 2871 = 28 a) 5 ml He Ratify b) 5m Na tr te tng ect ©) 7 mL Ha 15 ni of Hiyand5 mi of Ne d) 1 mL Ne well be used up. e) 23 mL No 28 ~ 5 = 23 mil Nawill be left 2 ‘The balanced net ionic equation for the reaction af AN: fe aluminum sulfate and sodium hydroxide contains which of the following terms? a) 3AP*(aq) b) OFf(aq) ©) 30H (aq) 2A (aq) &) 2AOH)s(9) AL(SO4)aa) + BNIAOHEg) > 2AHOH x) + 3NeSOag)3, For the following equation, Fe:Ox(s) +3CO(g)—+ Answer) 2Fos) + 3COa(g), when LO mole FesOs completely 56 9 Co =2 males of CO reacts with 56 g CO, approximately how many (CO isthe ting etn grams of iron, Fe, are produced? Coston 3:28 ‘102 = 8 mole of Fe by743 2555.85 = 745 grams of Fe 356 fre proce a2 0) 28 4. 1658 g of Ag(NH3)" yields 14 g of ammonia, how usw: (0) many moles of silver are produced? Taleonmreion ops a) 44 Seo Ld dtgmmsopAg »)58 = 44/108 = 0.041 moles of 9) 0.041 Ag ) 0.054 72 5. Aspirin (CoFis0)) is prepared by reacting salicylic Auseer: @) acid (CoH AKOH):+ MgCOs a3 ba o8 a9 910 How many moles of NH; are needed to produce 2.513 moles of NO in the following reaction? ANHs(g) + 502(g) — 4NO(Q) + 6H-0(g) a) 2294 »)36.51 6) 1.409 253 ©) 2513 How many moles of CO2 are in 1.53 gof CO? a) 1.807 « 10% b) 3.476 « 102 o) 1471 «102 4) 1.204 « 102 ©) 2414 «104 Asser: (0) The reactions are (a) dub replacment (0) synthesis (6) single replacement (@ combustion {@)squthesis (MgO + $05» MgSO) Asoer (0) 2H + 150; 12603 + 6ri:0 Ansar: (@) AL(CO)s + 3Mg(OH)2—+ 2AN(OH); + 3MgCO. Ausiver:(e) Ni :NO=4:403:2513 513 moles of Ns Anse (63 ‘Te mela mase of COs ie 44 yo 13-000710. What is the mass percentage of silicon in a sample of SIO? a) 21% b) 33%. 47% dy 54% 3) 8% What are the product(s) in the following reaction? HSQ\(ag) + Ba(OH)a(aq) >? a) O2 ) BaSOs ©) Ozand BaSOs a) Ozand BaSOx 6) HaO and BaSOs Inthe equation, 2Mg{s) + Ox(g) —- 2MgO() 1 48.6 g Mg is placed in a container with 640 g Ox and the reaction is.allowed to go to completion, what is the mass of MgO(s) produced? a) 154g b) 220, ©) 806g 6) 963% eds The formula Cr(NHy)SO.Br consists of a) 4atoms b) Satoms ©) atoms, 4) B atoms, ©) atoms. What is the molecular formula of a compound made of 25.9% N and 74.1% O? a) NO b) NOs NO 4) NOs NOs Answer) ns7= 47% Answer (6) HS0.la) + Hof) faq)» 10-8480, Anse () 48.6509 Mg “BS = 2 moleof Mg £5403 0:>8= 2 oles fs ‘ig th iting entent Mg MgO =1:T= 2:2 a= Doles of MgO =2 «403 = 806 of MgO Ansiver: (0) is(eaxseieaetaa7 Anse ()1, 12 13, 4 15, ‘The molar ratio H:O2 : HO : O: from the reaction HO: + Ha0 + Onis aided byQided aida 22:1 e) 21:2 What is the molecular weight of HCIO. a) 525 ») 735 9) 6.5 4) 1005 1165 Which of the following compounds contains 17 atoms? a) AlxSO.)s ») AI(NOs)s ©) Ca(HCO,)> ) Mg(ix)a «) None of the above How much reactant remains if 92 g of HNOsreacts with 24 g of LiOH, assuming a complete reaction? a) 46 g of HNOs b) 29 g of HNOs 6) 12g of HNO) 4) 2g of LOK 6) 2g of LOH What is the density, at STP, of a diatomic gas whose ‘gram-formula mass is 80 g/mol? a) 19 g/L b) 28 g/L. 9 36g/L, 43 g/L, 6) 50g/L. Answer (a) 2H.O:—+ 20+ 0s Answer: 14355 + 4% 16 © 1005 gat Ansive:(@) (aphas 2 144) 3917 atoms Answer (6) 2 gf HNO, 2 = 1.6 mls ftv, 24 of LOH oH OH then rect 0.46 olen of HBO ore. 0.4665 = 29gof NOs 1 mole of Ansoe: 6) wr 36 gh6. W. 8 19. 20, How many mole(s) of CO: molecules are found in. 1.8 x 10% atoms? a)t b)2 93 da 95 How many grams of water will be produced when, 8 g of hydrogen react with g of oxygen? 8g b)98 Bg 27g ) Wg How many atoms ave represented in NaxCOs-10H,0? a4 vy 16 ©) 36 «60 ©) 9% What isthe density of bromine vapor at STP? a) 25 g/L b)29 g/L 36 g/L )49 g/L 71 g/t Fill in the missing reactant: NaOH + _— NaClOp + HO a) Ch b) HCL ©) HCIO a) HCIO, @) HCIO; Answer: fa) 3 mols atoms = Lm > 1 mole of CO, Answer: () 2, 401-0250 S gofth=4meiesoft 8 g0f0s= = 025 moles fs sds te tng rent Oust 1202 05 mesofRiO=9 56h Ho. Answer (oh 2413+ OX Q+ N= 36 Anse “Te molar ss of rs 189 gin Answer i) This is double replacement NaOH + CIO; ~ NoCIOs + #0a, 2. m4, How many grams of Na are present in 30 grams of NaOH? 2) 10g d)153 ois 20g, 92g How many atoms are there in a molecule of KsFe(CN\e? a6 b)10 16 )20 918 What is the formula of a hydrocarbon composed of 86% carbon and 14% hydrogen by weight? a) CH b) GH. Cle CoH ©) CoH Acetylene, used a5 a fuel in welding torches, is produced in a reaction between calcium carbide and water: CaCa + 2HZ0 + Ca(OH))2 + GH How many grams of CaFls are formed from 0.400 moles of CaCi? 2) 0.400 ») 0.800 9) 4.00 104 ©) 260 ‘The percent composition of an unknown element X in CHaX is 32%. What is element X? aH WF ga )Na oui Anse (0) Na:NsOH x= 17 g0fNo 8:40 x30 Armee: ©) S414 (141) 6216 Ansiver: (8) come eMs3s2 ‘Te empirial forma for his compounds CoH Answer (4) Cals Hy 1:1 604 x x= 04 moles of CH, Ansioe: (0 nytl ‘The molar mas of Li, 7 5the ose eneHow many moles of CaHuNe can be produced when three moles of CeHigQy react with four moles of Nib and four moles of He in a flask? (CaEoOa(l) + 2NE(g) + 4E(g) —» CatheN2() + 4F20() ai v2 93 aa 5 Zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid in an aqueous solution according to the reaction above. How ‘many ml. of 2 0.50 M solution of HCI must be aclded to Zin to produce 5.6 L of gas at STP? Zn(3) + 2HCl{aq) —> ZnClo{aq) + Fl) a) 250 mi. ) 500 mL. ©) 750 mb. «&) 1000 ral, ©) 2000 mt Which of the following may change as temperature changes? a) Molarity| b) Mass percentage ©) Molar mass ) Empirical formala ©) Molecular formula We can determine the __ if we know the and molarity IL.mass percentage TI, molar mass IV. empitical formula V. molecular formula a) 1, IL b)ILLV ©) V/INIV AV. ©) V,ULT Anse: GH WOGNHG Fe = 1:24 sis the iting aca, Hes GitlgNy =4:t= 4x x Lule of CtaNs Ansoer (l) 56 Lofgesat STP = 3 noes of HOU: He = 2:1 =9:0.25 £05 moles of HCE Lat yt te manera ters of FICE hats requive. 05 molesoy HCI= 05M xy y= TL = 1000 of HCI Volume ca cane wit lemperatur. Therefore, angie related volute will alo be afte by temperature ‘ve know the molecular Jorma of compen, we oe etormine its mas percentage, molar mass, aud empirical formal30. In an experiment, 35.0 mL of 0.345 M HINOs is titrated with 0.130 M NaOH. What volume of NaOH will have been used when the indicator changes color? a) 35.0 mL, b) 13.2 mL. ©) 264 mL. 4) 50.0 mL, 6) 92.9 mL 31, What is the simplest formula for a compound composed of only carbon and hydrogen and containing 14.3% H? 2) CH b) CHe 9 GH a) CH 6) CHs 32. In the following reaction , 35.4 mL of 0.125 M KOH is required to titrate 50.0 mL of HsSOu, What is the molarity of the H:S0x solution? 2KOH + HaSO,—+ K:S04 + 24:0 2) 0.0883 M b) 0.100M. ©) 0.043 M 4) 0125M 9) 017M. 33, A substance has an empirical formula of CHp. ts molar mass is determined in a separate experiment as 83.5 g/mol. What is the most probable molecular formula for this compound? a) CoH b) Cotta ©) Gitta @)CHin 6) Cathe 34, ‘The mass of one atom of iron is a) 1.66 x 103g b)211 x 102g ©) 315x102 4) 9.28 x 102 g 6) 336 x 105g Ansver:(e) 35 * 0.345 = 0.13 * x x= 929 mL of NaOH Answer (4) crn BS, Answer: () KOH:HsS0.=2:1 = 35.4 0125 508 3" 0088 M of S01 Ansive (0 (22) x n= 05 ne The most probable molecular formal is Cx Answer: (d) x 558=928% 10335, Whats the percentage of polassium in KsPO,? ——A80er a) 14.6% sas , W)29.2% Sabaerirenae ” 2552 = 552% c) 1B4% 4) 55.2% 939.1% 36. Which of the following is NOT a hase metric unit? Arse: i) a) Meter “the seen se i argh ») Liter eter, ss gran) ne ©) Mole focond, lect corent d) Second {ampere), temperatsere (Kelvin), ¢) Kilogram mount of substauce (mole), ard ines fm Volumes dered uit and espresso eng 37. In the reaction 2AgNOs+CaCls ~» 2AgC + Ansar) Ca(NOs)a how many ggnms of AgCI (molae mas = 143.5) will precipitate when 200 g of AgNO (molar 7008 4880» mass =170)is reacted with 15.0 gor CaCls (molar Mf 48NOs Gogoi = <0 mass= 111)? ossicae a) 169 AgNOsis the ming react. Bae AgNO: AgCt 9) 38 22:25 04188 845 £=0:118maes of AgCl ~O118 a. 1485 169 gf get 676 38, How many liters of air are needed to completely Aasur: burn‘ mole of methane in air (20% oxygen) at SIP according to the reaction CH + 202 = CQ + 2420? a) 2 6) 448 gud 220 ©) 64.0 OH: Ossair = 1:2510 HO mvies fair 724 « 10, = 224 Lofair 39. How many atoms of hydrogen are present in 120g Answer (9 water? abe he molar mass of ener 18 a) Lx 108 no b20%100 Be 602 10 =60 108 8.0 x 108 e) 48 « 1040, Which of the following compounds contains the a highest percent by mass of hydrogen? a) HCL by 10 ¢) HaPOs 4) FSO, oHE A hydrocarbon (a compound consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen) is found to be 96% carbon by mass, What is the empirical formula for this compound? a) GH b) Cra 9 GH d) CFs GH Answer 6) 100% = 11% Anse comets The empirical aru for this compound is CH.Relationship Analysis Questions When a hydrocarbon is combusted in Air contains much more nitrogen than air, carbon monoxide is the major oxygen, product, Ina balanced equation, the number of Once the limiting reagent has been ‘moles of each substance is equal, consumed, the reaction can no longer continue. ‘The empirical formula of CcHOsis The empirical formula shows the CHLO. lowest ratio of the elements present in, the molecular formula, When HCI gas and NH gases come NH and HCI react to form a white into contact, a white smoke forms. solid, ammonium chlorate. Nonmetallic oxides are tisually acid © Nonmetallic oxides form acids when anhydrides. placed in water. ‘One mole of CO; has greater mass ‘The molecular mass of COzis greater than 1 mole of H20, than the molecular mass of 1:0. If equal masses of sodium metal and The reaction requires twice as many chlorine gas are allowed to weacl, aloms of chlorine as sodiuen, some soditum will be left over after all the chlorine is used up. ‘A wooden splint is set on fireand CO, gascon biown out, leaving a hot, glowing end. When the glowing splint is inserted into a sample of purified CO: gas, it will reignite. oxygen gas. rr i vtcE 8 ‘Tice FF