Respect

ingNumber
s Appl
iedTher
modynami
cs

7 Number
scanbe…

1 3
EXACT
Respe
9ct
i
ng
5 or

NUMBERS! !
!
NE
I XACT
8 2
4
6

Accur
ate?Pr
eci
se? Accur
acy?Pr
eci
sion?
Degr
eeofagr
eementbet
ween
• measur
edval
ueandt
rueval
ue
Accur
acy

•repl
icatemeasur
ement
soft
hesame
Pl
ayer1 Pl
ayer2 Pl
ayer3
quantit
y
Pr
eci
sion
©Dr
.Jami
lAhmed 3 ©Dr
.Jami
lAhmed 4

Meas
urngVo
i l
ume… Meas
urngVo
i l
ume…
Dev
ice:Beaker Dev
ice:Gr
aduat
edCyl
inder
Observation Observation
Herewear ec onfi
dent Herewear ec onf
ident
Leas
tCount
:10ml aboutthefirstdigi
tof Leas
tCount
:1ml aboutthefir
sttwodigi
ts
themeasur edv aluebut ofthemeasur edvalue
unsureaboutt he butunsureaboutthe
Ruleofthumb: seconddigit. Ruleofthumb: thi
rddi
git.
Approxi
mateto1/
10th Approxi
mateto1/
10th
oft
heleastcount
, We’
ll
bever
yreluc
tant oft
heleastcount
, We’
ll
bever
yrel
uct
ant
al
way s
! t
oaddanyt
hir
ddigit
! al
way s
! t
oaddanyf
ourt
hdi
git
!

Wesay,themeasured Wesay,themeasured
Unc
ert
aint
y:±1ml valuehasonl
ytwo Unc
ert
aint
y:±0.
1ml valuehasthr
ee
signi
fi
cantdi
git
s. signi
fi
cantdi
git
s.

47ml 48ml 36.

3ml 36.
4ml
46ml 36.
2ml
©Dr
.Jami
lAhmed 5 ©Dr
.Jami
lAhmed 6

Meas
urngVo
i l
ume… SI
GNI
FICANTDi
git
s
Dev
ice:Bur
ett
e
Obser
Her
vat
ewear
i
on
ec onf
ident
•thenumberofdi
git
s(f
igur
es)thatar
e
Leas
tCount
:0.
1ml aboutt
digit
hef
soft
irstt
hemeas
hr
ee
ured
knownwit
hsomedegr eeofreli
abi
li
ty
.
valuebutunsur eabout
Ruleofthumb: thefourt
hdi git
.
Approxi
mateto1/
10th
oft
heleastcount
, We’
t
ll
bever
yr
oaddanyf
if
t
el
uc
hdi
t
gi
ant
t
!
•t
henumberofsigni
fi
cantdi
git
sinc
ludes
al
way s
!
Wesay,themeasur ed
al
loft
hedigi
tst
hatar
eknownpl usthe
Unc
ert
aint
y:±0.
01ml val
si
uehasf
gni
fi
our
cantdigi
ts.
f
ir
stuncer
tai
none

20.
37ml
39ml 20.
20. 38ml
©Dr
.Jami
lAhmed 7 ©Dr
.Jami
lAhmed 8

Dr
.Jami
lAhmed 1(
of3)
Respect
ingNumber
s Appl
iedTher
modynami
cs

Si
gni
fi
cantDi
git
s SI
GNI
FICANTDi
git
s
Thenumberofsigni
fi
cantf
igur
esi
nameasurementar
e
Accur
acy?Pr
eci
sion? i
ndependentoft
heplacementoft
hedec
imal
point
.

92067micrometer(meas
uredv
aluewi
t
h5s
ig.f
ig.
)
9.2067centi
meter
Beak
er: 47ml r
oughest
i
mat
e,l
owc
onf
i
denc
e
Gr
ad.Cy
li
nder
:35.
3ml
0.92067decimeter
Bur
ett
e: 20.
39ml f
inees
ti
mat
e,bet
terc
onf
idenc
e 0.092067met er

©Dr
.Jami
lAhmed 9 ©Dr
.Jami
lAhmed 10

RULESfordet
erminingsigni
fi
cant Rul
esf
ormat
hemat
icaloper
ati
ons
f
igur
esi
nameasur
edvalue
•t
hegeneral
rul
eisthatthecert
aint
yofacal
cul
ated
r
esul
tisl
i
mitedbytheleastcer
tainmeas
urement
1. Allnonzerodigitsaresi gnif
i
cant i
nvol
vedi
nthecalc
ulati
on.
2. Zeroesbet weennonz erodigitsaresi gni
fi
cant
ADDI TI
ONANDSUBTRACTI ON
3. Leadingzer ostot heleftofthef i
rstnonzero
•t heresul
tisroundedoffs
othati
thast
hesamenumber
digi
tsarenots ignifi
cant
ofdecimalplacesasthemeasur
ementhav
ingt
he
4. Trail
i
ngzer oest hataret other i
ghtofa fewestdecimalplaces
decimalpointinanumberar esignif
icant
MULTI
PLI CATI ONANDDI VISI
ON
5. Whenanumberendsi nz eroesthatar enot
•theresultshoul
dberoundedof fsoastohavethe
totherightofadec i
malpoi nt,thezer oesare
samenumberofsi gnif
icantfi
guresasintheoper
and
notneces sari
lysignif
icant wit
ht heleastnumberofsigni
fi
cantfi
gures
©Dr
.Jami
lAhmed 11 ©Dr
.Jami
lAhmed 12

Rul
esf
orROUNDI
NG OFF Us
ingCal
cul
ator
s
1. Ifthedigitf ol
lowi ngt helastsi
gnif
icantfigure
i
sgr eatert han5,t henumberi sroundedup (5.00 / 1.235) + 3.000 + (6.35 / 4.0)
tot henex thi
gherdi git = 4.04858... + 3.000 + 1.5875
2. Ifthedigitf ol
lowi ngt helastsi
gnif
icantfigure = 8.630829...
i
sl esst han5,t henumberi sroundedt ot he
pres entv alueoft helastsigni
f
icantfigure
3. Ifthelas tdigitisa5,t henumberi sr ounded
offtothenear estev endi gi
t
4. Allnon- signif
ic antdigitsshoul
dber ounded
offallatonc e
©Dr
.Jami
lAhmed 13 ©Dr
.Jami
lAhmed 14

Handl
i
ngLOGARI
THMS Handl
i
ngLOGARI
THMS
Ex
ampl
esus
ingc
alc
ulat
or:
Exponential Log
Number
Form (base-10)
l
og10134=l
og10(
1.34102)=2.
1271047…
10000 104 4
3
1000 3
6108)=8.
748188027…
10
l
og10(
5.
100 102 2
1
10 10 1
1 100 0 l
og10(
3.725410-6)=-
5.42882708977…
0.1 10-1 -1
0.01 10-2 -2 l
n( 95107)=1
3. 7.
491811…
0.001 10-3 -3
0.0001 10-4 -4

I
dent
if
ychar
act
eri
sti
candmant
issa
©Dr
.Jami
lAhmed 15 ©Dr
.Jami
lAhmed 16

Dr
.Jami
lAhmed 2(
of3)
Respect
ingNumber
s Appl
iedTher
modynami
cs

Handl
i
ngLOGARI
THMS Handl
i
ngLOGARI
THMS
Ex
ampl
esus
ings
igni
fi
cantf
igur
es: Whatist
hepHofanaqueouss
oluti
onwhenthe
conc
entr
ati
onofhy
drogeni
oni
s5.010-4M?
l
og10134=l
og10(
1.34102)=2.
127
l
og10(
5.6108)=8.
75
pH=-
log[
H+]=-
log(
5.010-4)=-(
-3.
30)=3.
30
l
og10(
3.725410-6)=-
5.42883
l
n( 95107)=1
3. 7.
492

©Dr
.Jami
lAhmed 17 ©Dr
.Jami
lAhmed 18

Handl
i
ngANTI
LOGARI
THMS Handl
i
ngANTI
LOGARI
THMS
Ex
ampl
esus
ingc
alc
ulat
or: Ex
ampl
esus
ings
igni
fi
cantdi
gi
ts:

104.203=15958.
791472… 104.203=15958.
791472… =1.
59587.
.104=1.
60104

10-15.3=5.
0118723… =5
10-15.3=5.
0118723…
e-273.15=2.
3575573…10-119=2.
410-119
e-273.15=2.
3575573…10-119

©Dr
.Jami
lAhmed 19 ©Dr
.Jami
lAhmed 20

1. 104.
630+27.
08362+0.
61=
2. 125-0.
23+4.
109=
3. 2.
022.
5=
4. 600.
0/5.
2302=
5. 0.
0032273=
6. (
5.5)
3=

7. 0.
556(
40-32.
5)=
8. 453.
00=
9. 3.
00105-1.
5102=
10.Fi
ndtheaver
ageof0.1707,0.
1713,0.
1720,
0.
1704,and0.
1715?
©Dr
.Jami
lAhmed 21

Dr
.Jami
lAhmed 3(
of3)