Mathayom 3 Date:

Science in English
2019-2020

Chapter six: ecosystem

An ecosystem is a community of animals and plants interacting with their environment and have
their own characteristics/features and functions.

1. Scales of Ecosystems

Ecosystems come in indefinite sizes. It can exist in a small area such as underneath a rock, a
decaying tree trunk, or a pond in your village, or it can exist in large forms such as an entire rain
forest. Technically, the Earth can be called a huge ecosystem.

Let classify the ecosystems into three main scales.

 Micro: 
A small scale ecosystem such as a pond,
puddle, tree trunk, under a rock etc. 
 Messo: 
A medium scale ecosystem such as a forest
or a large lake. 
 Biome: 
A very large ecosystem or many ecosystems
together with similar biotic and abiotic
factors such as an entire Rainforest with
millions of animals and trees, with many
different water bodies running through
them.

A biosphere is when we consider all the different

biomes, each blending into the other, with all
humans living in many different geographic areas;
we form a huge community of humans, animals and plants, and micro-organisms in their defined
habitats. A biosphere is the sum of all the ecosystems established on planet Earth. It is the living
(and decaying) component of the earth system.

They are often separated by geographical barriers such as deserts, mountains, oceans, lakes and
rivers. As these borders are never rigid, ecosystems tend to blend into each other. This is why a
lake can have many small ecosystems with their own unique characteristics. Scientists call this
blending “ecotone”

Ecosystems can be put into 2 groups. If the ecosystem exists in a water body, like an ocean,
freshwater or puddle, it is called an aquatic ecosystem. Those that exists outside of water bodies
are called terrestrial ecosystems.
 2. Abiotic and biotic factors

There are 2 big factors in an ecosystem:

 Abiotic: Non-living condition or thing that change an ecosystem and the organisms inside
it. ‘’A ‘’= without ‘’Bio’’ = life. Like the rain, sun, climate, temperature.
 Biotic: the living things in an ecosystem. It includes plants, animals, bacteria, fungi and
more. Man is the most important biotic factor. Biotic factors are divided into 3 groups.
1. Producer: (autotrophs): All green plants. They use solar energy and use inorganic
food (other than plants and animals) and water to make their own food.
2. Decomposers: They are very small organisms (being) like bacteria and fungi
(mushroom), which break organic part in dead plants and animals into inorganic
material. They recycle the organic part in an ecosystem.
3. Consumers: Plants or animals that eat other plants or animals. The consumers are
divided into 3 groups.
 Herbivores: eat plant.
 Carnivores: eat meat.
 Omnivores: eat meat and plants.

3. Food chain and food web

A food chain is made up of three groups – producers, consumers and decomposers – they interact
with each other in an ecosystem to get their energy and the food they need. It’s a direct line.

The food web shows all of the relationships between all food chain in an ecosystem. Many lines

4. Trophic level of food

chains
 Mathayom 3 Date:
Science in English
2019-2020

The sun  is the source

of all the energy in
food chains. Green plants, usually the first level of any food chain, absorb some of the Sun’s
light energy to make their own food by photosynthesis. Green plants (autotrophs) are therefore
known as ‘Producers’ in a food chain.

The second level of the food chains is called the Primary Consumer. These consume the green
plants. Animals in this group are usually herbivores. Examples include insects, sheep, caterpillars
and even cows.

The third in the chain are Secondary Consumers. These usually eat up the primary consumers
and other animal matter. They are commonly called carnivores and examples include lions,
snakes and cats.

The fourth level is called Tertiary Consumers. These are animals that eat secondary
consumers. 

Quaternary Consumers eat tertiary consumers.

At the top of the levels are Predators. They are animals that have little or no natural enemies.
They are the ‘bosses’ of their ecosystems. Predators feed on preys. A prey is an animal that
predators hunt to kill and feed on. Predators include owls, snakes, wild cats, crocodiles and
sharks. Humans can also be called predators.
When any organism dies, detrivores (like vultures, worms and crabs) eat them up. The rest are
broken down by decomposers (mostly bacteria and fungi), and the exchange of energy continues.
Decomposers start the cycle again.
 5. 3 big principles in an ecosystem
There are 3 big principles:
 Nutrient cycling: The use, movement and recycling of nutrients (food) in the
environment.
 Energy flow: Energy is needed to turn inorganic food (food that doesn’t come from
animals) into organic (living) tissues of an organisms. Energy is the most important force
of an ecosystem.
 Structure: Inter-relationships that exist between organisms in an ecosystem.

6. Definitions

Factor: something that can changes a situation like the climate, sun, weather.
Habitat: is the kind of natural environment in which a particular species of organism lives.
Organism: living thing.
Organic: always have carbon and are alive
Inorganic: do not have carbon, like elements as salt, metals