= 6/75 8. (Discuss briefly refraction from rarer to denser medium at a concave spherical refracting surface, 9. Discuss refraction from denser to rarer medium at a convex spherical refracting surface. 10. Derive lens maker's formula for a thin convex lens. [Art 6(b).11] {Art, 6(b).12] (Chhatisgarh Board 2012, Bihar Board 2012, J & K Board 2012, 2011, Jharkhand Board 2011) 11. Derive lens maker's formula from ab-initio for a convex lens. 12. Derive lens formula for a convex lens. [Art. 6(b).14] (CBSE 2011) [Art, 6(b).16] [Art. 6(b).18] 13, Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the image of an object placed between the optical centre and foous of a convex lens. Deduce the relationship between object distance, image distance and focal length of lens. 14. Derive lens formula for a concave lens. [Art. 6(b).18] [Art. 6(b).18] 15. Trace the rays of light showing the formation of an image due to a point object placed on the axis of @ spherical surface separating the two media of refractive indices n and n,. Establish the relation between the distances of object, image and radius of curvature from the central point of the spherical surface. Hence derive the expression for the lens maker's formula. (CBSE 2009) (Arts. 6(b).11 and 6(b).14] 16, Obtain an expression for focal length of a combination of thin lenses in contact. (Uttarakhand Board 2012) [Art. 6(b).22) > ROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE REFRACTION THROUGH A COMPOUND PLATE, REAL AND APPARENT DEPTHS 1. Calculate the speed and wavelength of light (i in glass (ii) in air, when light waves of frequency 6 x 10'4 Hz. travel from air to glass of W=tS. (Ans. () 2x 108 m/s ; 33 x 10-7 m (i) 3 « 108 mis ; 5 x 10-7 m] 2. ‘The refractive index of diamond is 2-47 and that of glass is 1-51. How much faster does light travel in glass than in diamond ? (Ans. 1-635 time] 3. A pond of depth 20 cm is half filled with an oil of [t= 1-4 and the other hal is filled with water of refractive index 1-33. Calculate apparent depth of the tank when viewed normally. [Ans. 14:66 cm] A ray of light is incident at an angle of 60° on one face of a rectangular glass slab of thickness 0-1 m, and refractive index 1-5. Calculate the lateral shift produced. [Ans. 0-0513 m] Bpigd LAWs OF REFRACTION, LATERAL SHIFT, aA [Aig TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION B 5. The refractive indices of glycerine and water are 1:46 and 1-33 respectively. What is the critical angle when the ray passes from glycerine to water ? [Ans. 65° 38'] 6. When a fish looks up the surface of a perfectly smooth lake, the surface appears dark except inside a circular area directly above it. Calculate the angle that this illuminated region subtends. Given 41 of water = 1-333. [Ans. 97:2") 77. A right prism is to be made by selecting a proper ‘material and the angles A and B (BSA), as shown in Fig. 6(b).59. It is desired that a ray of light incident normally on AB emerges parallel to the incident direction after two internal reflections. (a) What should be the minimum refractive index It for this to be possible ? (b) For y = 5/3, is it possible to achieve this with the angle A equal to 60 degrees ? A bo S., Y c fans. J2 ; No] 8. In Fig. 6(b).60, light rays of blue, green and red wavelengths are incident on an isosceles right angled prism. Explain with reason which ray of light will be transmitted through the face AC. The refractive index of the prism for red, green and blue light are 1-39, 1-424 and 1-476 respectively. (CBSE 2009, 2008)6/76 SSS F UNDAMENTAU PHYSiCS|(xiI SOR A c—+—+ s—>—+} 90° 8 c [Ans. Red rays will be transmitted) ). Calculate the speed of light in a medium whose critical angle is 45°. (HP Board 2013) [Ans. 2-12 x 108 m/s] Baa REFRACTION AT SPHERICAL Cc SURFACES 10. An air bubble in a glass sphere (yt = 1-5) is situated at a distance 3 cm from a convex surface of diameter 10 cm. At what distance from the surface will the bubble appear ?[Ans, -2-5 cm] 1. A convex refracting surface of radius of curvature 20 cm separates two media of refractive indices 4/3 and 1-60. An object is placed in the first medium (1 = 4/3) at a distance of 200 cm from the refracting surface. Calculate the position of image formed. [Ans. At 234-15 cm in denser medium) A sphere of glass (i = 1-5) is of 20 cm diameter, A parallel beam enters it from one side. Where will it get focussed on the other side ? TAns, 5 em] 13. A beam of light strikes a glass sphere of diameter 15 cm converging towards a point 30 cm behind the pole of the spherical surface. Find the position of the image, if 1 of glass is 1-5. [Ans. 15 em from the pole] ‘One end of a horizontal cylindrical glass rod (ual '5) of radius 5 cm is rounded in the shape of ahemisphere. An object 0-5 mm high is placed Perpendicular to the axis of the rod at a distance ‘of 20 cm from the rounded edge. Locate the image of the object and find its height. [Ans. 30 cm ; 0-5 mm] spherical convex surface separates object and image space of refractive index 1-0 and 4/3. If radius of curvature of the surface is 10 em, find its power. (Ans. 2-5 D] 12 14, 15. Rea LENS MAKER'S FORMULA D AND LENS EQUATION 16, ‘A convex lens made.up of glass of refractive index 1.5 is dipped in tum (@ in a medium of refractive index 1.65 Gi in.a medium of refractive index 1.33, (@) Will it bchave as converging or diverging lens in the two cases ? (®) How will jts focal length change in the two media"? (CBSE 2011) (Ans. (a) diverging lens in medium of ref. index 1-65; converging lens in medium of ref. index 1-33 Of, =-55f,f,=39f) 17. A converging lens of refractive index 1-5 and of focal length 15 em in air, has the same radii of curvature for both sides. If it is immersed in a liquid of refractive index 1-7, find the focal length of the lens in the liquid. (CBSE 2008) [Ans. ~ 63-75 cm] 18. A convex lens of focal length 20 cm and made of lass (jt = 1-5) is immersed in water of = 1:33, Calculate change in focal length of the lens. (CBSE 2011) [Ans. 58.23 cm] A convergent beam of light passes through a diverging lens of focal length 0-2 m and comes to focus 0.3 m behind the lens. Find the position of the point at which the beam would converge in the absence of the lens. (Ans. 012 m] 19, 20. The radii of curvature of the surfaces of a double convex lens are 20 cm and 30 cm. What will be its focal length and power in air and water tespectively ? Refractive indices for glass and water are 3/2 and 4/3 respectively. (Uttarakhand Board 2012) [Ans. 24 cm, 4-17 D ; 96 cm, 1-04 D) 21. A biconvex lens is made of glass with j= 1-52. Each surface has a radius of curvature equal to 30 em. An object of height 3 cm is placed 14 cm from the lens. Find the focal length of the lens and the position and size of image. [Ans. 28.85 em, ~ 27.19 em, 5.82 em ; enlarged, erect and virtual] 22. A concave lens has same radii of curvature for both sides and is made of material of refractive index 1-6. It is immersed in a liquid of = 1-4. Calculate ratio of focal lengths of lens in air and liquid. [Ans, 0-238] ‘The image obtained with a convex lens is erect and its length is four times the length of the object. If the focal length of the lens is 20 cm. Calculate the object and image distances. [Ans. ~ 15 em, ~ 60 em}mw 25. ve 26. oe 29. 3. ‘A double convex lens of glass of refractive index 1-6 has its both surfaces of equal radii of curvature of 30 cm each. An object of height 5 cm is placed ata distance of 12-5.cm from the lens. Calculate the size of the image formed. (CBSE 2007) (Ans. 10 em] ‘An illuminated object and a screen are placed ‘90 cm apart, Determine the focal length and nature of the lens required to produce a clear image on the screen twice the size of the object. (CBSE 2010) [ Ans. 20 cm] COMBINATION OF LENSES Find the focal length and power of a convex lens, ‘which when placed in contact with a concave lens of focal length 25 cm forms a real image 5 times the size of the object placed 20 em from the combination TAns. 10 em, 10 D] Find the focal length and nature of lens which should be placed in contact with a lens of focal ength 10cm so that the power of the combination becomes 5 dioptre. [Ans. ~ 20 cm. ; concave] ‘A convex lens of focal length 25 cm is placed co- axially in contact with a concave lens of focal Iength 20 cm. Determine the power of the ‘combination. Will the system be converging or diverging in nature? (CBSE 2013) [Ans. - 1D ; diverging] COMBINATION OF ALENS AND A MIRROR ‘A point objectis placed 60 cm in front of a convex ens of focal length 15 cm. A plane mirror is placed 10 em behind the convex lens. Where is the image formed by the system ? (NCERT Exercise) [Ans. At optical centre of convex lens] ‘A convex lens of focal length 15 cm, and a concave mirror of radius of curvature 20 cm are placed co-axially 10cm apart. An object is placed in front of convex lens so that there is no parallax between the object and its image formed by the combination. Find the position of the object. (NCERT Exercise) [Ans. At 30 cm from lens} Fig. 6(b).61 shows a plane mirror M placed at a distance of 10.cm from a concave lens L. A point “object is placed at a distance of 60 cm from the Jens. The image formed due to refraction by the va 32, 33. f Jens and reflection by the mirror is 30 cm behind the mirror. What is the focal length of this lens ? (NCERT Exercise) [Ans. - 30 cm] 40.cm—>4 TYPICAL PROBLEMS: ‘Monochromatic light is incident on the plane interface AB between two media of refractive indices 1, and fly (Hy > Hy) at an angle of incidence 0 as shown in Fig. 6(b).62. The angle 6'is infinitesimally greater than the critical angle for the two media so that total internal reflection takes place. Now, if a transparent slab DEFG of uniform thickness and of refractive index 13 is introduced on the interface as shown in Fig. {6(b).62, show that for any value of 1, all light will ultimately be reflected back into medium II. See pp MEDIUMI(Hy) MEDIUM III (ug) F B MEDIUM II (1) ‘The image of a needle placed 45 cm from a lens is formed on a screen placed 90 cm on the other side of lens. Find displacement of image if object is moved 5 cm away from lens. [Ans. 15 em] ‘A biconvex thin lens is prepared from glass (w= 155), the two bounding surfaces having equal radii of 5 cm each, One of the surfaces is silvered from outside to make it reflecting. Where should aan object be placed before this lens so that the mage is formed on the object itself ? TAns. ~ 12-5 cm] ‘A concavo-convex lens made of glass (jt = 1-5) has surfaces of radii 20 cm and 60 cm. (a) Locate the image of an object placed 80 cm to the left of6/78 37. the lens along the principal axis. (b) A similar lens is placed coaxially at a distance of 160 cm onthe right of it, Locate the position of the image. [Ans. 240 em ; 34:3 cm] A converging beam of light forms a sharp image ‘on a screen. A lens is placed in the path of the beam at 10 cm from the screen. It is found that the screen has to be moved 8 cm further away from the lens to obtain a sharp image. Find the focal length and nature of the lens. (Ans, - 22:5 em, concave] ‘Rays of light are falling on a convex lens of focal length 40 cm. as shown in Fig. 6(b).63. Deter- mine the position of the image. (ea FUN DAMENTALPHYSICS) (x) ke SONS For Difficult Problems ———— Here, v=6 x 10'* Hz. w= 1-5, (In glass, speedoflight, v = bast 2x108 m/s » wavelength of ight, 2, = “E = ae x =33x107m (i) Inair speed of light, v, = c= 3 x 108 m/s, v, _ 3x18 Wavelength of light, 2, = “# oa = =5x107m sin“! (0.5773) = 35.3" _tsin j=) 08%, _ D-1sin (60° -35:3°) ~~ €08353° 01x0-418 ~~ 086 Lateral shift O4tsin 24-72 0335: =00513m 1461 133 sinc * 6, Here, w= 1-333, 20=? mice eet H 1333 C= sin“! (0-75) = 48.6" Angle which illuminated region subtends =20=2C=2x48.6°= 97.2 7, In Fig. 6(b).52, the incident ray is normal to AB. Angle of incidence on AC = @ and angle of incidence on BC is 6 = (90° - 8). For total internal reflection, critical angle (C) must be less than smaller of @ and (90° - 8). sinc s L 2 5, calculate C. 075 Cs45° or ted ge wet ae +: Min, value of pp = J2 (6) For w=5/3, sini(3)- 7 If ZA were 60°, angle of incidence on CB would be 90° 60° = 30°, which is less than critical angle 7") Therefore, total internal reflection cannot take place from the surface CB, 8. As ABC is an isoceles right angled prism, angle of incidence of each ray is 45* Ifeitical angle C is less than 45°, the ray will be totally internally reflected at AC. When ZC > 45°, the ray will be transmitted through the face AC.