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Detection and elimination of resonance | Power-MI

Aug 21, 2023 3:48 PM

https://power-mi.com/content/detection-and-elimination-resonance
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Resonance
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Detection and elimination of

resonance
By Alfonso Fernandez

Introduction to maintenance

Vibration analysis fundamentals

Vibration sensors and measurement devices

Vibration standards

Imbalance and phase measurement

Low frequency fault diagnosis

Plain bearings

Gears

Rolling element bearings

AC induction motors
Resonance

Introduction

Detection and elimination of resonance

Detection methods
Various techniques are commonly used to calculate the resonance frequencies of a
system. These techniques require special software and instrumentation that are not
required for a Predictive Maintenance program. The most relevant are defined below.

Start-up and shut-down test

It is required to use an FFT analyzer and a tachometer. The analyzer is responsible for
collecting and storing the overall level of vibration at the same time as the
tachometer sends the realtime rotating speed signal of the rotor. It requires the use
of a fast analyzer that allows a large number of measurements to be stored in a short
period of time.

Figure 11.1: Bode plot

Cascade plot
It is a graphic representation of the frequency spectrum of a machine as a function of
the running speed. A vibration spectrum is captured at fixed intervals of the rotational
speed after which they are consecutively cascaded as shown in Figure 11.2. The
amplitude of the forcing frequencies, such as 1x RPM, should increase progressively
with speed. Critical speeds are identified by observing that the amplitude of the
vibration increases considerably when passing through them.

Figure 11.2: Cascade plot

Impact test
To perform an impact test requires the use of a hammer and an FFT analyzer.The
process consists in hitting the system with a rubber or plastic hammer, never metallic
because it could distort the analysis by producing contact resonances. The hammer
hits the system exciting the resonance frequencies and simultaneously the analyzer
takes and stores the spectrum. The spectral peaks indicate the possible resonance
frequencies of the system. The result will be the obtaining of a Bode plot, like that of
Figure 11.1, which consists of an amplitude vs. frequency and a phase versus
frequency graph. The existence of a high amplitude frequency where there is a phase
change of 180° will indicate the presence of a resonance frequency.
Figure 11.3: Bump test

Elimination of resonance
As explained, the critical speeds cause high amplitudes of vibration that can be
catastrophic, so it must be avoided at all costs to work at these speeds. The aim is to
separate the operating frequency from the natural frequency by at least ±20%. The
natural frequencies can not be eliminated, but their effects can be minimized or they
can be moved to other frequencies by several methods:

Reduce or eliminate the excitation force: through precision balancing, precision

alignment of shafts and belts, replacement of worn or broken insulators, etc.

Modify the mass or rigidity of the structure.

Change of rotation speed in the equipment.

Add damping to the system: Damping is the internal ability of any system to
dissipate vibratory energy. You can, for example, mount the machine on anti-
vibration pads.

Sometimes it is necessary to isolate or dampen equipment to avoid damage that

would be caused by vibrations transmitted through the ground, structures or pipes to
other more sensitive equipment.

IN THIS PAGE:
 Detection methods
Start-up and shut-down test
Cascade plot
Impact test
Elimination of resonance

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