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Components and frequencies of interest | Power-MI

Aug 21, 2023 3:44 PM

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AC induction motors
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Components and
frequencies of interest
By Alfonso Fernandez

Introduction to maintenance

Vibration analysis fundamentals

Vibration sensors and measurement devices

Vibration standards

Imbalance and phase measurement

Low frequency fault diagnosis

Plain bearings

Gears

Rolling element bearings

AC induction motors

Introduction
 Components and frequencies of interest

Troubleshooting

Resonance

Asynchronous induction motors are probably the simplest and most robust of
electric motors. The rotor is constituted by several conductive rods arranged parallel
to the axis of the motor and by two conducting rings at both ends. The set is similar
to a squirrel cage and is therefore also called a squirrel cage motor. The stator
consists of a set of coils, so that when the three-phase alternating current passes
through them, a rotating magnetic field is formed in the vicinity of the stator. This
induces current in the rotor, which creates its own magnetic field. The interaction
between both fields produces a torque in the rotor. There is no direct electrical
connection between stator and rotor.

Figure 10.2: Components of an AC induction motor

The line frequency of the alternating current determines the speed at which the
magnetic field of the stator rotates. The rotor follows this field by turning more
slowly, the difference in velocities is called slip. A normal slip is around 5%.

There are certain parameters and frequencies that must be identified:

 FL: Frequency of the electric power grid, usually 50 Hz (3,000 cpm) in the US 60
Hz (3,600 cpm).

2x FL: The alternating current is supplied as a sinusoid, in each cycle, each of the
motor poles receives energy two times, once with a positive peak and another
with a negative peak. This means that the most common vibration frequency that
occurs is not the line frequency but twice the line frequency.

P: Number of motor poles. The number of poles determines the motor turning
frequency. The higher the number of poles, the slower the motor speed. Normally,
the number of poles is an even number (2, 4, 6, etc.).

NS: Synchronous speed. It is the speed of rotation of the magnetic field

generated and the speed that the rotor tries to achieve but never reaches.

2 × FL
NS = × 60
P

FS: Slip frequency.

FS = NS − RPM

FP: Pole pass frequency.

FP = P × FS

WSPF: Winding Slots Pass Frequency.

WSPF = Number of stator winding slots × RPM

RBPF: Rotor Bar Pass Frequency.

RBPF = Number of rotor bars × RPM

The most important thing to keep in mind when dealing with vibration related
electrical problems is to look for amplitude increases and not just the presence of a
peak or peak patterns. Once the problem has been detected by vibration, the next
step should be to increase the monitoring frequency to detect a rising trend. In
addition, some tests (surge testing, current analysis test, etc.) could be performed,
but no action should be taken until the condition of the motor is known. Vibration is
NOT the best way to monitor most electrical problems and this fact must be
acknowledged.

IN THIS PAGE:

AC motor components
Parameters and frequencies

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