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MONSOONS AND CAUSES

1.1What is monsoon

• A monsoon is a shift in winds that often causes a very rainy season or very
tri season all the monsoons are usually associated with parts of Asia they can
happen in many tropical and subtropical regions including several locations
in United States

• When people think of a monsoon the often think of heavy rain that pour
down for weeks why the rainy season it is a part of monsoon a monsoon is
more than just rain in fact monsoons are also cost drive weather monsoons
are caused by a change in direction of wind that happens when seasons
change in fact even the word monsoon comes from Arabic wording which
means season

1.2 What causes a monsoon

Monsoon is caused by seasonal shift in wings the wins shift because the
temperature of the land and the temperature of the water are different as
season change for example at the beginning of Summer the land warms of
faster than bodies of water monsoon winds always low from cold to warm in
the summer warm A raising of the land creates conditions that rivers the
direction of the wind.

1.3 Where do monsoons happen

 Most well known monsoons are in Asia monsoons can happen

anywhere there is a seasonal difference in temperature between the
land and water this is usually in tropical and subtropical climates

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  The North American monsoon is a seasonal change in wind that
occurs as the summer Sun he is the land of North America during
much of the year the strongest wind over North Western Mexico
Arizona and New Mexico or dry 8 blowing from the west
 As the land heat sub in the summer the wins begin to change
direction blows from the South these new win those moist 8 from
the Pacific Ocean and Gulf of California into the region resulting
in thunderstorms and rainfall.
1.4 How monsoon works :

1.5 Why does a monsoon cause rain

 The monsoon that cause heaviest rainfall or summer monsoons near the
Indian Ocean. Warm water in the ocean evaporates rising into the air. This
causes the wind to change direction and moisture blow towards the land in

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 country such as India and Sri Lanka. The warm, moist air then condenses
and becomes rain the result is a period of humidity and heavy rainfall that
can lost for months.
 When the wind changes Direction in in the winter it is called as winter
monsoon winter monsoons in these reasons near the Indian Ocean are
usually dry.

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 2. TYPES OF MONSOONS

2.1The southwest monsoon in India

The southwest monsoon is generally expected to begin around the beginning of

June and fade away by the end of September. The moisture-laden winds on
reaching the southernmost point of the Indian Peninsula, due to its topography,
become divided into two parts: the Arabian Sea Branch and the Bay of Bengal
Branch.

The southwest monsoon in India image

2.2 Directions

This is the general movement of air in June from the Equatorial region of Indian
Ocean to the Indian Subcontinent in the South-West to North-East direction. This
is exactly opposite to the direction of Trade Winds (North-East to South-West) that
prevail during winter in India.
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 Image of Directions of monsoons in India

2. 3 Progress of SW monsoon 2023

The onset of the southwest monsoon over Kerala happened on June 8, 2023, a
week later than its normal onset date of June 1. Monsoon 2023 has almost covered
the entire country by June 30

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 PROGRESS OF SW MONSOON 2023 IMAGE

ADVANCE OF PROGRESS OF SW MONSOON 2023 IMAGE

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2.4 North East monsoon

The North East monsoon enters India from the northeast .the wind blows from the
sea to the land in this type of monsoon .from the Indian Ocean is carried by the
monsoon winds .the North East monsoon is limited to South India bringing rain to
Tamil Nadu Puducherry and Andhra Pradesh Kerala and South India Karnataka
from October to December .low pressure systems depression and cyclones cause
the associated rainfall also known as winter monsoon .rainy season with the state
receiving 48% of its annual rainfall during the three months.

NORTH EAST MONSOON IMAGE

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2.5 The temperature during North East monsoon

The cloud fade as the monsoon retreat and sky became clear. The temperature
begins to drops significantly during the day .due to lack of cloud cover that didn’t
temperature range wildness.

During North East monsoon

 The monsoon weakens and shift South word as the monsoon as result the
pressure gradient is minimal the onset of North East monsoon is not well
define unlike the Southwest monsoon. Local pressure condition influences
the direction of winds in large parts of the country.
 The North East monsoon aids in the intensification of rain bands associated
with tropical cyclones increasing the likely hood of daily rainfall
significantly. Agricultural production and many other sector such as water
resources are affected by the variability of the North East monsoon rainfall
in South Peninsular. India seasonal rainfall from the North East monsoon
has a impact on rice producing Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh there has
many significant degrees in the agricultural production across the region
during ears when the monsoon is deficient.

2.6 Advance monsoon

 The Southwest monsoon winds travel across warm waters, carrying moisture
and providing bountiful rainfall to India. The Monsoon rains blanket the
entire nation in roughly a month. The entrance of the monsoon winds causes
a shift in the country’s weather.
 Whenever the monsoon season approaches, the rainfall may rise sharply,
resulting in a rainy outburst. Mansoon winds deliver torrential rain on the

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 Western ghats’ Western flank. The heavy downpours have ‘brakes’ at times.
In other areas it only rains for a few days at first.
 While this rains heavily in the North- eastern region of the country, Kerala
and on the Western coast of the Western ghats, it rains slightly in the
country’s south and the indoganetic plains. Rainfall has been scarce in
Western Rajasthan, Punjab Haryana and Gujarat.

IMAGE OFADVANCE MONSOON

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2.7 Retreating monsoon

In northern India, the temperature begins to decline in October. This

weakens the low pressure, which eventually fails to attract the southwest
monsoon and begins to recede. Because the winds flowing from land to sea
are dry, they do not create rainfall. This time of year, from October to
November, is known as the receding monsoon.
The southwest monsoon provides the majority of India’s rainfall; however,
Tamil Nadu is an exception. It receives the majority of its rainfall during this
season, as the receding winds from the Bay of Bengal bring moisture and
create rain.
Starting in early September, the rainfall had left west Rajasthan. Well before
the end of the month, this will depart from Gujarat, the Western Ganga plain
Rajasthan, and the Central Highlands.
During the receding monsoon, the weather in north India is dry, but rain falls
in the eastern section of the peninsula. As a result, October and November
are the wettest months in this region.
Rain falls during this season as a result of cyclonic depressions that form
over the Andaman Sea and make their way to the southern peninsula’s
eastern shore. These tropical cyclones are extremely dangerous. The heavily
populated coastal areas of the Krishna, Godavari and Kaveri rivers are their
principal objectives.

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IMAGE OF NORTH EAST TRADE WINDS

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 3. EL-NINO AND LA-NINA

3.1 EL-NINO

 El Nino refers to the large-scale ocean-atmosphere climate interaction linked

to periodic warming in sea surface temperatures across the central and east-
central Equatorial Pacific. It is associated with high pressure in the western
Pacific. El Nino adversely impacts the Indian monsoons and hence,
agriculture in India.

3.2 What happens because of EL-NINO

 The cool surface water off the Peruvian coast goes warm because of El
Nino. When the water is warm, the normal trade winds get lost or reverse
their direction. Hence, the flow of moisture-laden winds is directed towards
the coast of Peru from the western Pacific (the region near northern
Australia and South East Asia). This causes heavy rains in Peru during the
El Nino years robbing the Indian subcontinent of its normal monsoon rains.
The larger the temperature and pressure difference, the larger the rainfall
shortage in India.

3.3 EL NINO effects of India

 Since 1950, out of the 13 droughts that India faced, 10 have been during El
Nino years and one in a La Nina year. This is because in general, an El Nino
means lesser than average rains for India. Indian agriculture is heavily
dependent on the monsoons and because of this, lesser rainfall during the
monsoons generally translates to below-average crop yields.

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 IMAGE OF EL NINO EFFECTS OF INDIA

3.4 LA-NINA

 Various parts of India, especially North India, have been experiencing a

severe cold wave. Warnings for the severe cold waves have been issued in
several northern states.
 According to the Indian Meterological Department (IMD) if the temperature
goes below 10 degree and minimum temperature is at 4.5 degree, it is a cold
wave for the plains. The criteria for hills is 0 degree.
 If the temperature is 6.4 degree below normal or down to 2 degree, it is a
severe called wave in the plains.

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  La Nina are part of the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle.

 In 2020, La Nina developed during the month of August and then dissipated
in April 2021 as ENSO-neutral conditions returned.

 For the upcoming winter season, which extends from December 2021
through February 2022, there is an 87% chance of La Nina.

3.5 Weather changes because of La Nina

 The Horn of Africa and central Asia will see below average rainfall due to
La Niña.
 East Africa is forecast to see drier-than-usual conditions, which together
with the existing impacts of the desert locust invasion, may add to regional
food insecurity.
 It could also lead to increased rainfall in southern Africa.
 It could also affect the South West Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone season,
reducing the intensity.
 Southeast Asia, some Pacific Islands and the northern region of South
America are expected to receive above-average rainfall.
 In India, La Niña means the country will receive more rainfall than normal,
leading to floods.

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 IMAGE OF LA NINA CONDITIONS

3.6 LA NINA in India

The Indian metrological Department (IMD) has suggested that moderate moderate
La Nina conditions are prevailing over the equatorial Pacific region. La Niña
conditions are likely to continue throughout the forecast period till September.

 La Nina conditions will support normal rains which may be countered a little
due to development of negative Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) conditions over
the Indian Ocean.
 La Nina has a cooling influence in India even as it recorded a very unusual
spring and summer dominated by extreme record-breaking heat spells.
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 4. TROPICAL CYCLONES

Tropical cyclone also called typhoon or hurricane intense circular storm that
originates over warm tropical oceans and it’s characterized by atmospheric
pressure high winds and heavy rains. Drawing energy from the sea surface and
maintaining its strength as long as it remains overwarm what are a tropical
cyclone generate wings that exceed 119 km per hour accompanying strong
winds are torrential rains and devastating phenomenon known as the storm
surge.

4.1 Characteristics of Tropical Cyclone

 This includes hurricanes Indian art Atlantic ocean and eastern North Pacific
region.

 While being referred to as typhoons in the Western and north Pacific region.

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 The nomenclature in the southern Pacific and the Indian Ocean severe
tropical cyclones or simply cyclones.

4.2 How are tropical cyclones are formed

 In the tropics there is a narrow zone of low pressure which stretches

across the equator the winds on the North side of this zone below from
the North East and on the southern side blow from the southeast.
 The low pressure area is heated over the warm tropical Ocean with leads
to the rice of air from these are in discrete parcels ultimately causing the
formation of thunderstorms.

IMAGES OF TROPICAL CYCLONE

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4.3 JET streams

Jet streams are currents of air high above at the Earth demo East word at altitudes
of about 8 to 15 km they from where lord the temperature differences exist in the
atmosphere and air current is a flowing moment of air with a large body of air jet
stream is a geography wind blowing horizontally through the upper layers of the
troposphere generally from west to east in the 1947 during the second World war
high flying aircraft encountered upper wings of very great velocity these are non to
be concentrated branch of rapid air movement which are termed jet streams.

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4.4 Types of jet streams

Polar front jet stream : it originated because of temperature differences.

Sub tropical jet stream: subtropical Jet streams has a lawyer speed then polar
Jet streams.
Eastern tropical jet stream: the tropical easterly jet stream easiest seasonal jet
stream.

4.5 Importance of jet streams

1. The westerly Justin is a cold wind the process downwind to the surface
creating high pressure.
2. The drive winds from this high pressure area.
3. These wins inter bring cold waves in the Northern part of the country.
4. When the swings reaches the cost of Tamilnadu the humidity from the bay
of Bengal causes rain.

4.6 Formation of jet streams

Jet streams follow the sun this means that as the sons elevation increases each day
in the spring the average latitude of the jet stream poleward the sons elevation
decreases as a term one approaches and the jet streams average latitude most
towards the equator the trouble is occasionally broken through by the jet stream the
lowest rate of stratosphere is next reached.

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IMAGES FORMATION OF JET STREAMS

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 5. CONCLUSION

 Indian Agriculture mostly dependent Monsoons, delayed monsoons go on

Food security, on set of results adverse effects end and it is GDP Growth of
the country as most of Agrawan state.
 Nearly half of India's farmland which has no-irrigation cover depend on
annual June- September rains. Monsoon provides 70%. of India's annual
Rainfall.

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