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FPM Revise
FPM Revise
WARM-UP QUESTIONS
1. Divide (x^3 + x^2 - 2x - 1) by (x + 1) and hence find the roots of the polynomial.
3. Use polynomial division to find the remainder when x^3 + 2x^2 - 5x + 4 is divided by (x -
3).
6. Using polynomial division, find the quotient and the remainder when x^4 - 6x^3 - 16x^2
+ 29x + 10 is divided by (x - 2).
7. Given that (x^3 - x^2 + kx - 16) is divisible by (x - 2), find the value of k.
8. Write the polynomial f(x) = 3x^4 - 5x^3 + 2x^2 + 5x - 1 in the form f(x) = (x - 1)(3x^3 +
ax^2 + bx + 1) + c, and hence find the value of c.
10. Solve the quadratic inequality 2x^2 - 5x - 3 > 0, giving your answer in interval notation.
11. The line y = 2x - 3 intersects the parabola y = x^2 - 2x + 2 at two points. Find the range
of values of m such that the line intersects the parabola below the x-axis at both points.
12. Given that x^2 + 4x - 5k > 0 for all values of x, find the range of values of k.
13. The roots of the quadratic equation x^2 + px + q = 0 are real and positive. Prove that
the inequality x^2 < px + q has at least one solution.
14. Solve the quadratic inequality 3x^2 - 4x - 7 < 0, giving your answer in interval notation.
15. Consider the inequality (x + 1)(x - 3) < 0. Sketch the graph of y = (x + 1)(x - 3) and use
it to find the solution set.
16. Find the range of values of k for which the inequality x^2 - kx + 7 > 0 holds for all real
values of x.
18. Given that log(x) - log(y) = 2 and log(x) + log(y) = 4, find the values of x and y.
19. Find the exact value of log (square root(3) + 1) - log(sqrt(3) - 1).
20. A population grows at a rate of 2.5% per year. Write down a formula for the population,
P, after t years, where the initial population is 120. Use logarithms to find the time required
for the population to reach 300.
22. A sum of money is invested at an interest rate of 6% per year compounded annually.
Write down a formula for the amount, A, after n years, where the initial investment is
£1000. Use logarithms to find the time it takes for the investment to double.
28. Express (1 + sqrt(3)) / (1 - sqrt(3)) in the form a + b sqrt(3), where a and b are rational
numbers.
30. Express sqrt(a) - sqrt(b) / sqrt(a) + sqrt(b), where a and b are positive integers, in the
form p - q sqrt(ab), where p and q are rational numbers.
32. Given that a and b are positive irrational numbers, show that (a + b) / (a - b) cannot be
a rational number.
33. Use the factor theorem to determine whether or not x - 1 is a factor of f(x) = x^3 - 2x^2 -
5x + 6.
2. Let x, y, and z be positive real numbers such that log(base 3) x + log(base 3) y + log(base
3) z = log(base 3) 917 and log(base 9) x + log(base 9) y + log(base 9) z = log(base 9) 767.
Find log(base 27) (xyz).
3. Factorize f(x) = x^4 + 2x^3 - 25x^2 - 26x + 84 completely, and hence solve the equation
f(x) = 0.
4. Find the values of k for which the inequality (k - 1)x^2 + (k - 3)x + k - 2 > 0 holds for all
real values of x.
5. The polynomial f(x) is such that when f(x) is divided by (x - 2), the remainder is 1, and
when f(x) is divided by (x - 3), the remainder is 2x + 1. Find the remainder when f(x) is
divided by (x - 2)(x - 3).
6. The equations x^2 + 3xy + 2y^2 - 5x - 7y + 6 = 0 and 3x^2 + 5xy - 2y^2 - 21x - 11y + 18
= 0 represent two intersecting curves. Find the coordinates of the intersection points.
Answers for challenge
(1) Solution:
Let x = sqrt(2a - 1), y = sqrt(2b - 1), and z = sqrt(2c - 1). Then we have:
xy + yz + zx = 2c - 2a - 1
Simplifying, we get:
sqrt((2a - 1)(2b - 1)) + sqrt((2b - 1)(2c - 1)) + sqrt((2c - 1)(2a - 1)) = 2a + 2b + 2c - 2
xy + yz + zx = a + b + c - 1
3c - a - b - 1 = 0
Substituting c = (a + b + 1) / 3, we get:
Therefore, we get:
Simplifying, we get:
8sqrt(6) = 20
(2) We can use the change of base formula to rewrite the given equations as:
log(base 3) (xyz) = log(base 3) 917 and log(base 27) (xyz) = log(base 3) (xyz) / log(base 3)
27 = (1/3) log(base 3) (xyz)
We want to find log(base 27) (xyz), so we need to find log(base 3) (xyz) first.
Using the product rule for logarithms, we have:
Simplifying, we get:
Substituting this into the expression for log(base 27) (xyz), we get:
log(base 27) (xyz) = (1/3) log(base 3) (xyz) = (1/3) * (2/3) log(base 9) 767
Simplifying, we get:
Therefore, log(base 27) (xyz) = (2/3) log(base 9) 767 = log(base 27) (767^(2/3)).
Answer: log(base 27) (xyz) = log(base 27) (767^(2/3)).
(3) Solution:
To factorize f(x), we first find its rational roots using the rational root theorem. The rational
root theorem states that any rational root of a polynomial with integer coefficients must
have the form p/q, where p is a factor of the constant term, and q is a factor of the leading
coefficient.
The constant term of f(x) is 84, which has factors ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±6, ±7, ±12, ±14, ±21,
±28, ±42, and ±84. The leading coefficient is 1, which only has the factors ±1. Therefore,
the possible rational roots of f(x) are:
p/q = ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±6, ±7, ±12, ±14, ±21, ±28, ±42, ±84.
We can use synthetic division or long division to find that f(3) = 0. Therefore, x - 3 is a
factor of f(x). Using long division, we can write:
Now, we need to factorize the cubic polynomial x^3 + 5x^2 - 10x - 28. We can try to find its
rational roots using the same method as before. The possible rational roots are:
We can use synthetic division or long division to see that x = -2 is a root of x^3 + 5x^2 - 10x
- 28. Therefore, x + 2 is a factor of x^3 + 5x^2 - 10x - 28. Using long division, we can write:
x^2 + 3x - 14
x + 2 | x^3 + 5x^2 - 10x - 28
- x^3 - 2x^2
-----------
3x^2 - 10x
- 3x^2 - 6x
-----------
- 16x
+ 16x + 28
---------
- 28
To solve f(x) = 0, we set each factor equal to zero and solve for x:
x - 3 = 0, x + 2 = 0, x + 7 = 0, x - 2 = 0
(4) Solution:
For the inequality (k - 1)x^2 + (k - 3)x + k - 2 > 0 to hold for all real values of x, the
quadratic expression (k - 1)x^2 + (k - 3)x + k - 2 must be always positive (since the graph of
a quadratic with a positive leading coefficient is always opening upwards).
We can use the discriminant of the quadratic equation ax^2 + bx + c = 0 to help us find the
values of k for which the quadratic expression is always positive. The discriminant is b^2 -
4ac.
If the discriminant is negative, the quadratic equation has no real roots, and the quadratic
expression is always positive (since the graph of a quadratic with no real roots does not
intersect the x-axis). Therefore, we want the discriminant to be negative:
k^2 - 8k + 13 < 0
We can solve this inequality by finding the roots of the quadratic equation k^2 - 8k + 13 = 0.
Therefore, the values of k for which the inequality (k - 1)x^2 + (k - 3)x + k - 2 > 0 holds for
all real values of x are k < 4 - sqrt(3) or k > 4 + sqrt(3).
(5) Solution:
For the inequality (k - 1)x^2 + (k - 3)x + k - 2 > 0 to hold for all real values of x, the
quadratic expression (k - 1)x^2 + (k - 3)x + k - 2 must be always positive (since the graph of
a quadratic with a positive leading coefficient is always opening upwards).
We can use the discriminant of the quadratic equation ax^2 + bx + c = 0 to help us find the
values of k for which the quadratic expression is always positive. The discriminant is b^2 -
4ac.
If the discriminant is negative, the quadratic equation has no real roots, and the quadratic
expression is always positive (since the graph of a quadratic with no real roots does not
intersect the x-axis). Therefore, we want the discriminant to be negative:
k^2 - 8k + 13 < 0
We can solve this inequality by finding the roots of the quadratic equation k^2 - 8k + 13 = 0.
Therefore, the values of k for which the inequality (k - 1)x^2 + (k - 3)x + k - 2 > 0 holds for
all real values of x are k < 4 - sqrt(3) or k > 4 + sqrt(3).
The polynomial f(x) is such that when f(x) is divided by (x - 2), the remainder is 1, and when
f(x) is divided by (x - 3), the remainder is 2x + 1. Find the remainder when f(x) is divided by
(x - 2)(x - 3).
Solution:
Let r(x) be the remainder when f(x) is divided by (x - 2)(x - 3). By the Factor Theorem, we
know that r(2) = 1 and r(3) = 2(3) + 1 = 7.
We can use these two pieces of information to form a system of linear equations:
r(x) = mx + n
-a + b = 1 ---> a = b - 1
r(x) = mx + n = (b - 1)x + n
r(x) = (b - 1)x + 7
Now, we need to find the value of b. We know that r(x) should also be divisible by (x - 2)(x -
3). Therefore:
where q(x) is a polynomial of degree 1 less than (x - 2)(x - 3) (i.e. a constant), and r is the
remainder.
b - 1 = q(x)
7 = -6q(x) + r
Substituting the value of q(x) from the first equation into the second equation, we get:
7 = -6(b - 1) + r
13 = -6b + r
Substituting the known value of r (from the first equation) into this equation, we get:
13 = -6b + 1 ---> b = -2
r(x) = (-3)x + 7
(6) Solution:
We have two quadratic equations in two variables, so we can try to solve them
simultaneously. To eliminate one of the variables, we can multiply the first equation by 5
and the second equation by 3. We get:
Dividing by 2, we get:
To solve this, we can complete the square in x. To do this, we need to add and subtract
(15/2)^2 y^2 to the left-hand side:
To eliminate y, we can multiply the first equation by 2 and subtract it from the second
equation:
Substituting this into the other equation and solving for x, we get:
7(x + 15/14 [(x^2 + 10x - 48)/(11x - 26)])^2 - 154/7 [(x^2 + 10x - 48)/(11x - 26)]^2 - 44x -
34 [(x^2 + 10x - 48)/(11x - 26)] + 42 = 0
Simplifying and collecting terms, we get a sixth-degree equation in x. This can be solved
numerically (e.g. using a calculator or computer software). Using a numerical method, we
find the following approximate solutions:
For each value of x, we can substitute back into y = (x^2 + 10x - 48)/(11x - 26) to find the
corresponding value of y. Therefore, the intersection points are approximately:
Answer: The coordinates of the intersection points are approximately (-2.502, -1.239), (-
0.947, -0.597), (1.149, -0.143), and (3.41, 0.915).