yotion in a Straight Line | position. Path length and |" placement | Dspla average Velocity andl Average speed « nsiantaneous Velocity and syeed . Aecleration s Kinematic Equations for tnformly Accelerated Motion + Relative Velocity a Introduction When we look around, we see a number of activities happening around us such as moving leaves of trees when the wind blows, vehicles moving on roads, children playing etc. Even in our body we can see the examples of movements like the movement of air in and out of our lungs during breathing, beating of heart, flowing of blood etc. Our solar system belongs to the milky way galaxy in which all the planets including earth are moving around the sun. Sun is also moving in the milky way. The galaxy itself is not stationary, it is also moving in a group of galaxies known as local group. In all these cases, there is something common i¢., ‘movement’, but how can we say that the objects are moving?They are moving as their position is changing with time, which is known as motion) So we can say that motion is that ‘something’ which is commorrfeverything in the universe. Now question arises. How does the position of object change with time? While moving in a bus or a train when we look out, trees or buildings appear to be moving backwards. What is the reason behind this illusion? How can we compare the motion of two objects? To answer these questions we have to study motion in detail. ‘Kinematics’ is a branch of physics which deals with the study of motion without considering the factors which causes motion In this chapter_we shall confine ourselves to the study of rectilinear motion ie., the motion of objects along a straight line and to simplify our study, we will consider the object in motion as point objects. This is an imaginary concept which is valid if the distances covered by the object ina given duration of time is very large as compared to its size. For example a car travelling hundreds of kilometre can be taken as a point object. In this chapter we will study How to describe straight-line motion in terms of average velocity, instantaneous velocity, average acceleration, and instantaneous acceleration. Position-time, velocity-time and acceleration-time graphs for straight line motion of objects. Equations of motion for uniformly accelerated motion, to solve problems involving straight line motion. The concept of relative velocity, to compare the motion of two objects. “ash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Offce : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110006 Ph, 011-47623456 —POSITION, PATH LENGTH AND DISPLACEMENT of In previous classes, we have studied that if tho Leis Mt rest So to describe the position of an er aid to be in motion. ornerw! (xy and Zaris) As we are dealing with att ke sie that it coincides with the pap aah i been 7 ‘an object is changing with ME WF its sur, ate axes then the object is si need a reference point or a set of cordingle. Tay yay motion in this chapter, hence(we need ius! pet ame (2 0, "the Car is at point A and at y Suppose you are observing a CAr Oe piimapectvely. As its position is changing with ting! » 1= 20s and = 308, car is al point B. for this observation AS YOU started observing itg the car is in mation, and point A is the reference point M8 mag, when it was at point A c o A 8 s 1=308 120 jets 17208 Fig. | Motion of a car along @ straight tne (2-05) fare the observer. bit (OF A HArSON sin in ‘0 'motion” and “rest” are refatiyg "he ja fon the car is moving as YOU a vm and you are moving. S him and y" ther person. This depends on the ops,” ora t some ol a ; car in a frame of reference ay./™"s be in motion WE body at rest w.r.t. one person might ae ing tho mation O is the motion of the car in a frame of reference ay attached to an observer nan? Vn frame of reference. in the above example, YO En to you and the person sitting in the car is observ! ice i ference is a system of coordinate h wit sel Tae ame wr wth Re can describe the motion of a moving object a 3 nl. a person standing al the bu; bus w.rl. a pel 8 SrA ag Now, according to your observal cat, the car is at rest all the time wt clock with him to record time, wrt, which Example 1: What is the state of a person sting In moving stand, the person who is inside the moving bus is in mot, 1g with time wa.r.t. him ion why? Solution: For the person standing at the bus as the position of person inside the bus is changin eee sa Try Yourself 1, What is required to specify the position of an object? 2. Assays that B is in motion, But C says that B is at rest. Is this possible? [Hint : Motion and rest are relative terms.) th Length Consider the motion of a boy along a straight line say x-axis and let the origin of x-axis be the reference point de., the point from where the boy started moving. A, B and C represent the positions of the boy at different origin. Now lets consider the two cases of motion, hi on of time. At t = 0 the boy was at point A /. le first case the boy moves from A to B and in the second case he moves back from B to C. c Au B +80 om -40 0 +x -x Fig. : x-axis, origin and position of boy at different instants of time Jucational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa R 110005 Ph. 011-47623456 imnit i , 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi , ;J RON ALI Hat OW ee Me of x DUL MIG ORCUNTNG the Hhatar ea 9 sonnet ae ; side 190 Vatance travet Aeterna ive oe pecause the distance tenveried by » body can never be MOE on tt warns any th ng from Ato CTHOUGH. He je MOVING HY the Negatinn NPN re RAE Hee thay he Hart aie BT pistance 18.8 Scalar quantity ig has onty magnetite PET AG ire Away thy iad ws am itive moves first from A to F then trek f, ANC Se the totat ARAN tveayen pov m YOM HY Wty ay wa ne oo m THIS Is the path tengin so wet can de DAMN Kanath ae the ay ial hatistin 0 ee il =2 . i) 4 during Hts MONON INA Give IMteryat of mel Bath Nangth is ater a wemtay on ao we ude and no direction . 9 git mag’ ny nt . ene arted his joumrey from A and finally reaches point © to) me The total distance tarver see y st motion is 200 m. But What is the char of Btry Pim dures N98 in his position during tie Journey? Fp Na Chane iF hues * ing his journey Is from A to Cig 40 m towards Negative x-axis uri wt” in position is known as displacement which is a vector quantity 1 has pet. magritietey o rection (towards negative x-axis). As we 8F0 dealing with motion along a Straight tine 1 ene “ 1am motion So, an object can have two directions i.e., fo, 0 » fonward and backward (for honzornt, hese directions can be specified by tye and henge n a quantity is denoted by a Greek foto, A(delta) A and B are the initial and final positions of boy during poeta be x(0 m) and x,(+ 80 rm) at time ¢, and ¢ respectively be ston f al rnotien,, 18 tigre Ow lol us discuss the displacement of toy his journey from A to & (ig (a)}. Let these —40 +80 m (6) oO (it) 4x Fig. (a) : Motion of boy from A to B change in his position in time At = (Qt) is ax ~ iitude 80 and is directed in the positive x-directi a s back from B to A in time At = (t, — 6) and then from A to c in tir tt Bto A [fig. (b)] his position changes from X, to x, in time at = =X%,-x,= 80-024 80 m. The displacement has a ON as indicated by the +ve sign. In the second case he ime At = (t, — t,). While coming back (t, — t,) and this change is given by ax=x,-x,=0-80=-80m c A B —40 (x, 6) (Xt) Fig. (b) : Motion of boy from B to A Here the displacement has Magnitude 80 m and ~ve sign indicates that it is directed towards the Now he moves from A to C fig. (c). Position ve x-axis. Of boy at C is X, So he is moving from x, to Ett), x, in time sh Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Del ee thi-110005 Ph, 011-47623456Board & Competitive 96 Motion in a Straight Line tive Examg Ley | , B c A 40 oO +800°m (x, 0) 4) x-axis Fig. (c) : Boy moving from Ato © = — 40 - 0 = ~ 40m, the magnitude Of dspharse, S s given by Ax = X,~ © the change in Postion is Qe ie directed towards negative x-axis)The change in the Gostien 40 m and( The magnitude of displacement is always, than or equals to the total distance i.e. the path length traversed by the body i... e [Displacement] < Distance If an object is moving along a straig For example, when boy was going from A to after his journey, the total distance or the pat is 40 m. Similarly the displacement of an obje by him can never be zero. ht line without turning back then, the distance and displacement are gq. B his displacement and path length were equal ie., 80 mg, h length traversed by him is 200 m while his displacemen ct can be zero but the distance or the path length traverse Nete : Distance is a scalar quantity while Displacement is a vector quantity both having same dimensions : (L) and SI unit [metre]. (i) The magnitude of Displacement is equal to straight distance between two positions; so Distance > | Displacement |. (ii) — For motion between two points Displacement is single-valued while Distance depends on actual path and so can have many values. (i) Fora moving particle Distance can never decrease with time while Displacement can. (y) Fora moving particle Distance can never be negative or zero while Displacement can be. (9 CAn object is said to be in uniform motion in a straight line if its displacement is equal in equal interval of time, however small the interval may be. Otherwise the motion is said to be non-uniform) = Example 2: A person walks along a semicircular path from A to B as shown in the figure given below. | A B | Calculate the distance and displacement traversed by the person. Solution : Distance travelled by the person from A to B is equal to the circumference of the semicircular | path =n. | The shortest distance between the final position (B) and initial position (A) is AB = 2R The displacement traversed by the person is 2R. ee “kash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 01147623456competitive EXAMS (Lovey, ye (ey “Y / ~ ™ Try Yourself | : "20K Ling o 3 A particle traverg Alon caleate the pa gana mt? SN80 balay gen 200m, ent tron gps boy ; LHIPE: Use Pythagoras theora 4, What is the ratio of i CUlate the di © dire, back to its initia Positions ™ENt to th on Pace Mert 7 Nath ta 7 {Hint : When object "versed by an Obie the - Ween, the Ba "YS lege If the distance covered by 5 Peres 1 AS the distance covereg » atale is 2. ution * stationary. He, 7 Se "0, what wi NCE, its display/ath® Partcl be its E Pre Sisplacement is guy <= IS dspace ms A boy moves, 400 m tow. Calculate the displacement of tee ns 1 the initia Hint : Dispi, eek Positio t # Displacement of an Object is the Shortest distance between j . 6. Explain with the help of an oem en its initial and final Position] 80 necessary that the distant traversed by it splacement °F @ Patice is zero [Hint : If obj tual ple 4: Displacement of a person eating from A to B along a sag jus R is 100 @ | ‘bat What is the distance travelled by him? long a ‘Semicircular path Of radius R is 100 m. Solution + Displacement = 2R ual => 100=2R im m) = R=50 The distance travelled by the Person is xR. So, the distance travelled by the Person is 3.14 x 59 = 187 Fee earn ts m Try Yourself 7 Is displacement a scalar or a vector quantity? [Hint : Displacement has both magnitude and direction.] What is the S.I. unit of displacement? [Hint : It has the unit of length] 8. i 7623456 *iosh Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110006 Ph. 01/4 6 =itive Exar 98 Motion ina Staght tine gown cone eee Position- on Time Graph and Uniform Motion an object thrauah araehs Pasion sti en of an = oe ‘Lis more revealing to study the information regarding mation 0 it ration of 37 object. As we are dealing ifferent aspects with time and thersfor, ra Graph is a powerful tool to represent and understand ate is changing with objects moving in straight line in this chapter, 8° OF Position-time graph can also be known as x1 graph not changing wi" Sy w-c0rdi h time and therefore its position-time graph, A stationary object is the one whose position Is iS a straight line parallel to time axis [figure (a)) ; anf? x ele ‘ { aii Tt ject - position-time graph of 8 stationary 0 ee . ion, ts position changes with time. But how fast is the Now it is clear to you that, when an object is in moti on to eect na poston Me yooh gerbe position changing with time: This isgiver bythe quantity velo Ea {figure (b)] 7 t x} : i) % tt oO t 4, | Fig, (b) : Position-time graph of an object in uniform mation Let x, x, and x, be the position of object corresponding to instants fy, fy» 4: Let ‘AB be inclined to time-axis at 26. Now fro ‘overing equal distances in equal intervals of ime. In time angle 0. Now from figure we can see that the object is covering e4! in equal \ ition of object Is Ax = (> Xo), and in time interval At = (t, ~!,), the in the posi ye change i pe position and the time interval interval At= (t,— 9) thé x i change in the position of the object is Ax= (X2-%) and thefatio of this change in fmahich the change occurs gives the uniform velocly ofthe object. %y-% MO ie, ¥ ie b Framsgue. we ‘can see that x,— x, = BC and b > v= BE =tand which isthe slope of the given position-time graph. So, we conclude tale slope ofthe poston-ime graph of an object in uniform motion, gives the uniform velocity with which the Bbjectis moving.) > Note Grace velocity of objects the displacement or change in positon divided by the matin in whe aplacemon occur and average speed o th object the actual distance covered by the abject in that interval dvd by the time interval n which the distance is covere CVG Anoriectcan move it postive as wells wih negative velocity. Let the object be changing its position w.t. te song ne ea oe, mors, we can say that change ints position i. Axis posive ten the “ofthe objects positive. Its posiion-time graphis given by a strai inclined tot v ’ ya straight line incl inthe graph given below [gure (c].Thisis the same case that we have discussed in Theabove section “vm ‘Aakash i ash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47625456sive Exams (Level. ee iy = Motion in 9 x im] OM Line 9 $+ (bw va Fig. (c): Position-time ray change in the Position Of the obj wil wi Jocily. I's position-time graph jg aa neat vane Strai Axis in 'egatiy MMcined to posi” Ths ioe that sm i ‘ving with Shown below thy rinf serv twa. otf r Fig. (d) : Position-time ‘Qray . Ea Ph of an, Object Moving with ‘os; Oraw the position-tine Graph of a Stations je = = jas the object is stationary, so j ne ‘ht fi © is position ig - J isa straight line parallel to time avg as shown pena with time hence, the posto . x inf i Try Yourself time graph 9, Whatis the slope of x- graph of a tata : A Mary Object? [Hint : It is a straight tine parallel to tim 1 axis] 40. The positon-time graph of an objects given below, ‘What is the velocity of the object? * a L—_, va i . (8) [Hint : Object is stationary) ‘ple 6: Draw the x-t graph of an object in uniform motion, idan: As the object is in uniform motion this im interval of time. Therefore, the position-tim axis as shown below. vol ts) ae - & 7 “2h Etucational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dehi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456 plies that the object covers equal distance in equal } graph of such object isa straight line indined to time |Try Yourself 11. The position-time graph of an object is given below. What is the velocity of the objects 50 40 30 x4) 29 10 I 072345 t(s) > [Hint : Object is moving with uniform velocity.) ; - ; 42. The x-t graph of an object is a straight line inclined to time-axis. What does this statement indicate [Hint : Velocity of object is constant.) Example 7: An object was at x = 50 m at t = 0, then it starts moving uniformly towards origin at time 1285 [tis at origin, Draw the position versus time (x-t) graph for the object under this situation Solution; From the given values we can draw the following position-time graph. 50- 40 t 30: | X(M) 99: 10. 012345 t(s) —— Try Yourself 43. The position-time (xt) graph of an object in uniform motion is shown below, the velocity of objects (1) Positive oct “ (4) None of these [Hint : The slope of given graph is negative] The position time (x-t) graph of an object in uniform motion is given below. Calculate the velocity with which the object is moving. 0123 4 t(s)—> [Hint : Calculate the slope of the given x-t graph] Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456save Exams (Lovol) paneer seit ae a veLociTY AND AVERAGE SP we yelocity is defined ag the a =e Fe eb te time Inorval in wa th py ‘are driving a car 4 a ine ven yOu let home cea : 5100 variable speed depending u Slarteg stan variable seed depending “a o ee are stuck in trac your spagy lie cong, gg toad YOU travel FASt So yoy hay, “OCC aGEs ON On ty si ce, your aver Covarey You HRN. HEME, YOU BYrag® Veen Venn a change in position 4, _ [seen ry 7 + lyre moving along straight ng {oye the average veloctyig, same a ah ena o re Aistance { total interval dur © average g Ato the magn ety Which he maton go sh ce magni 148 of disp 8S the total, ith a is Totalpatlengy *.) Bath length travel Total time interval what will happer{if you will not m, ibn case your pathTength willbe greater nyo tS OMINi. you to nists vena be Senor eater apes t0,each your destnat acer, }0Ve along sty 'acement. In that case your averas it ereeae vel "ude of average speed De greater than the magn syecanclude that, ifthe motion of gnerage velocity eqUalto the ave "bets along a staght ing without garage veloaly. "OEE Speedaningone pai turing back, then the magnitu ‘Speeds greater than the magnitude average velocit Ggvacement is zero, therefore your average velocity zero but aes ea R fore So 220 Note : ) Average speed is a scalar (i) Average speed of a particle in (il) The magnitude of average velocity () An object may have varying velocity without having varying speed as in case of a unifom Gircular motion because velocity can change even by changing direction, (If velocity is constant then speed will also be constant but if the ‘speed is constant the velocity may or may not be constant as in case of uniform circular motion, (w) It is not possible to have a situation in which the speed of the particle is never zero but th average speed in an interval is zero, (vi) It is not possible to have a situation in which the speed of a particle is alvays zero but th average speed is not zero. (vil) Average speed or velocity depends on tie interval over which itis defined. (®) For a given time interval average velocity has single value while average speed can have man values depending on path folowed. ; (9) If after motion the body comes back to its intial position then average velociy is zero bu nd finite the average speed is greater than 200 a (3). For a moving body average speed can never be negative or zero (unless t—> =») while averag velocity can be zero. -itcanb (x) In general, average speed, isnot equal to magnitude of average elo. However it can 0 if the motion is along a straight line without change in direction. 110006 Ph. 0114762345 “St sucational Services Limited - Regd. Office: Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road New Deli110005102 Motion ina Straight Line Board & Competitive Exams (4, Example 8; Ram covors a distance of 100 km with variable speed. During the first hat of Ms fournoy speed was 20 km/h and during the rest of his journey his speed was alculata the average speed of Ram during the whole course of his motion. Solution : Distance covered = 100 km 50 Time taken by Ram to cover 50 km with speed 20 km/h (t;) = 0 50 Time taken by Ram to cover next 50 km (f) = 0 Total time = h+=5+3=—g 4 Total distance travelled Average speed = +12] time taken to cover that distance 100.4 = 80 = 26.66 kmin | 15 Try Yourself 45. What is the average velocity of the object during its course of motion, if its initialand final positions are same? I. Hint : Displacement of object Is zero in this situation. 46. If the displacement of an object during its motion is 100 m in a time interval of 20 s, then calculate the average velocity of the object with which it was moving through out his journey. Example 9: What is the significance of average velocity or average speed? Solution: The speed or velocity of an object need not be constant. In most cases, objects will be in non-uniform motion. Therefore, we describe the rate of motion of such objects in term of their ve describe the rate of motion of such objects in tem_o er reeevrane SpCUM OF velocity. — \_ Try Yourself 17. An object travels 20 m in 4 s and then another 20 m in is the object? 10 s. What is the average speed of Total distance [Hint : Average speed = —°* CS'ance_ Total time taken 48. Sl unit of velocity is (1) mis (2) mis? (3) m 4) s Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph, 011-47623456gottive Exa8 (LevOl) oo! 4 — Osha he aMerOMCO bebvCen ayn cee 10: locity is th ott ad a ronnie °F Valo oF an cpg a fie displacement occurs Averant penbsemon betel Pr ee foal me ta EY the objegt M224 Is Sblect dui motion can Be Zero but ihe’ 7 . peak a ie > the object to the the ratio gp geet to th on Hal time interval in wich a path length 1 op course f motion ‘Average VING object CAN never be 49. Under what condition the Magnitude of SNEr298 Velociy ig Aalto the average speed? int : Distance ang displacem, ee ] lent are, equal when Object moves, along a straight ing without A boy swims in a 100 m tong poo, He covers 60 m 1: 20. rest of the distance with a Velocity of 19 mre a aah 7 ANEOUS VELOCITY AND speen rant} wf ie previous example that we disey D n° Inthe last section, you mmogn roving toughout your journey You knew the average Velocity with which you But if some One asks you of time during your journey? 7; inst that, what /a8 your speed at a Particular ee 904 answer your average SER Velocity of 20 mis and covers the Sverage velocity of the boy, 9 4.0 152.025 30354045 505.560 t(s) > Fig. : Position-time graph of non-uniform motion of the car sit raph tion of ig. : Po: line joining the jven time interval, is gven by the sore : the sit 7 ‘ nie ee aber sn an : : ABis a straight line ioining the Po this time interval of 2 s is hal and final point over that time interval ee thaverae valgel aug hha of 2 Mlenal St = 2s (t, = 4s, t, = 6 7 GET ALT ll lelasrarininneaui measly S5mis. If we decrease the time igi indauenaita fro inwnbeal icin bistine interval of 1s is 5 mis. Ph, 011-47623456 New Delhi-110005 Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, ‘Educational Services Limited - Regd104 Motion in a Straight Line Board & Compatitive & becomes Wee Faerun pane ae ime interval of 0.5 s. Se{(rom the graph we can see as long as wa keep on ae x: tothe given curve at starts approaching A and as Af approaches to zero, the line AB becom, aire % veloci at point A and the slope of this tangent with time axis would give the valuo ot non, ae 'y corresponding to point A) Thus the instantaneous velocity of an object at a give ree Nn Instant of) | is defi ined as the limit of ave¥age velocity as the time interval At, becomes infinitesimally oy 1" im . im OX : v ax al wk f joF ‘pnd the Jim of the ratio Ax/At as At approaches to zero is called the derivative of x y, te — wt ane dx “we wi ox ritten as “7. So in this manner we can calculate the velocity at each instant of motion. In the above example we have used the graphical method but it is not the convenient method have to be careful while plotting the position-time graph and calculate the value of average wast "g At becomes smaller and smaller. It is easier to calculate the value of velocity at different instante oY as we have( positions a8 @ functions of tim@. Then, we can calculate the velocity at a given wate \$differentiating the position w.rt time and substituting the value of ¢ for that instant. instant by WA Note: N ; v () Velocity is a vector and speed is a scalar. But both have same units and dimensions. (i) If the instantaneous velocity remains constant throughout an interval of time (i.e. in uniform motion) th it is also equal to the average velocity. But the converse may or may not be true, that means, if al instantaneous velocity at a moments equal to average velocity then the motion may or may not be: uniform, ie (ii)(For a a moving with constant velociy ts average velocity and instantaneous veocty are alvays equal) x. Ne? ’ 5 i wk (iy) Velocity can be positive or negative as it is a vector but speed can never be negative as it is the _—— magnitude. ( is possible to have a situation in which |dv/dt|#0 but d|v|/dt =0 as in the case ofa uniform 410 “ av cireular moton (22 means the time rate of change of seed lf acceleration. Note that these two quantities are equal when a particle moves with uniform velocity or ith constant acceleration along a straight line. Also note, it is never possible means the magnitude of when a particle moves wit tat 2141 20 white | dat |= 0 ‘) 1 af Differentiation Let a quantity say distance be represented by x. Also assume that the value of x = 5 metre. Now a small change say of imm may be represented by a notation Ax. we want smaller change, say of 0.01 finitesimally small change say 0.0000000024 mm then mm it may be denoted by 5x. But if we want int itis denoted by dx. Similarly if y denotes velocity then an infinitesimally small (or very small) change in itwill be denoted by deo, you should understand that ‘g/ or “dx is basically a notation which represents the infinitesimally small changes in y and x respectively)So, dy or dx should never be understood asd multiplied by y ord multiplied by x. d , Cre term x is called differentiation of y with respect to x. & represents that how fast the function 1x varies when we change x. i.e. it gives instantaneous rate of change of y w.r-t. x. h Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47629456 Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakas! —_—xams (Level-I) e np oie a Motion in a Straight Line FOS 4 88 metrical Significance a vel.) Wor a graph of y versus x then ii we have NOW you'll easily und yy i lerstand th: ically is easure of the slope of the graph at 2 Point on the graph, Ind that 7 basically is a measur tis eoncePt © being illustrated below, i We / as 1e if . by , rom the magnified circle you can see that tang = Perpendiculer = (Note : dy and dx represent . ase dx 4 D very small length). You also know that the slope of the tangent at a point = tané and tan6 = i s dj $0, a at a point indicates the slope of the tangent of the graph at a point. Or we can say slope of e graph represents the rate of change of y w.rt. x. [We need not to go into the details of differential calculus because just remembering the formula, will serve our purpose.) ox at. nx"; where n is constant du_du dx ; dt dx at dulv)_4{,du_dv dx dx dx f a(au) d(uv) ox du _ dulax ow dv/dx d = ; 4 (cosx)=-sinx Gy SiN) = osx ; ay (008%) 4 (cotx) =-cosec*x dx ! ttanx) = sec? x : ox cotx cosecx a Ss 7 am BOO*) = tanxsecx : x (cosecx) pos du ax Gye ay w= re gd e4)- et —(e’)=e' au! ) Nish Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456Board & Competiiive F, EO (long 106 Motion in a Straight Line -____ — = — Example 11: What is the difference between average velocity and instantaneous velocity? i is moving in a given interval of time, wha, Solution: Average velocity tells us how fast an object tharos joststtoi velocity gives the velocity of the abject at a particular instant of time in thay ta interval. ee — ace Try Yourself 21. the object is moving with uniform velocity in @ given interval of time, then the average speey and instantaneous velocity are equal, why? 22. particle moves with a uniform velocity of 50 mm/s for 20 min. What is the velocity of partic ap t=2min? = — Example 12: The displacement x of an object is given as a function of time, x = 2t + 3 Calculate the instantaneous velocity of the object at t= 2s Solution : x= 2t+ 38 =2+6t Substituting the value of t as 2, we get V=2+6x2 = 14 ms So the instantaneous velocity of the object at time t = 2 s is 14 m/s. ; ame - Z ¥ a y Try Yourself 23. The displacement s of an object is given as a function of time ¢ S=5f + OF Calculate the instantaneous velocity of object at ¢ = 0 ds (Hint : v=— [Hint a! 24. The displacement s of an object is given as a function of time ¢ by the following equation $= 21+ 5 + 3¢°, Calculate the instantaneous velocity of the object at t= 1 s.(4) -9sin (9-9!) (4) 9 SHI Ot} ACCELERATION In our discussion so far we have seen that in a non-uniform motion velocity of on is different at gi ferey instants of time and this change in velocity is described in terms of its acceleration [ Acceleration is defi " as the rate of change of velocity with time) Now/ if the velocity of object is changing by equal amount then the acceleration of object is uniform but What wit happen if it is moving with variable acceleration j, the velocity of object is not changing by equal amount and in that case, we calculate the average a) As in this chapter we are restricted to motion with constant acceleration. The average acceleration § o a time interval is defined the change of velocity divided by the time interval in which that change occurred, 0 > @) (o) ©) Fig, : Bostonsme grap for maton wth a) positive acoeerton, ative acceleration and (c) zero acceleration jh for the mation of object with constant acceleration. direction with postive acceleration then, the velocity-time graph to time axis. Velocity-time graph (a) in figure given below shov (b) (Af an object is moving the positive direction, but its velocity is decreasing with time then, the clocity-ime graph is 2 straight ine declined towards time axis. Velocity-time graph (b) of figure given below shows the motion of an abject moving with negative acceleration in the positive direction. el direction and its velocity is increasing then, the acceleration of (b) nes Now, let's see the velocity-time gray 9 in the positive (@) If an object is movin nt line inclined of the object is a straia! the motion of such object ig moving in the negative Oa! oon negative. The velocitytime graph (c) of the figure given below shows the negative Ee i vation ‘of an object whose speed is increasing with time in the negative direction”) z_0 scelel cS - : _—— tu ject is moving In the positive direction with negative acceleration tll some time t, and then turn (@) tran obk yalve aceleaton ten, the velotyime graph of object in that situation is a velocity-time graph (4) of figure is as shown in the figure. Consider the same back wih «towards the time ax usa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456 straigntline deaines ited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, P ai services Limite akash Education >110. Motion in a Straight tine Pie een ei Conpeslive ey given below’ (ire graph shows that the object was moving with negative acceleration andits speed ae, til ¢, and afer that it starts moving with negative acceleration, but its velocity increasing yj, > ) 0 eae : eration. (a) Motion in positive Fig. : Velocity-time graph for motion with constant accel n ection py positive acceleration, b) motion in positive direction with negative acceleration, (c) Motion in ney, ‘ Jatin of an object with negative acceleration that ¢,22 direction with negative acceleration, (d) i irecti ig it moves in positive x-direction and between t, ang f Le direction at time t,. Between times 0 moves in the opposite direction) ; But if the velocity of object is constant then the velocity-time graph of the object is a straight line parajy bb time axis as shown in the figure given below. 4 The area under the velocity-time graph represents the displacement over a fu lA given time interval. The v-t graph shows that the object is moving with Serial constant velocity w for interval 0 to t, hence the area under the curve is given : by the area of rectangle OABC, which is equal to ut which is the le iisplacement in this time infSrval Now as the object is moving along a Orel Straight line therefore the displacément and distance are equal. (Ss) + Note { The x-, v4, and a-t graphs shown in several figure have sharp kinks at some points implying that the-fanctions are not differentiable at these points. In any realistic situation, the functions wit be differentiable at all points and the graphs will be smooth. What this means physically is that acceleration and velocity cannot change values abruptly at an instant. Changes are always contnucdes) x - Example 13 : Draw the position-time graph of an object moving with positive acceleration. Solution : As the acceleration of object is positive hence, its velocity is increasing with time. So we may say that the motion of object is non-uniform and its position-time graph is shown below. At} _/ a Try Yourself 25. Ifthe velocity of an object is increasin of the object is (1) Positive (3) Negative 1g and changing at a uniform rate then the acceleration (2) Zero ii (4) Not defined 26. Draw the position-time graph of a Moving object, Moving with zero acceleration sh Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-4762345Motion ta Steaiaty re veloc of a9 ob change nh 2 Straight Line HEE ; rom 5, +I) qh eration of the object ove, "OVS to #9 i acco! "that intervay 1 n20 seconde Wha «tno a = Chi rage acceleration = NANQE in vo), averag' Time in Which the poet rd hANG occutted 80-50 _ 19 20 99-05 mis? Acceleration may result due to the the magnitude ofthe Velocity (ie, ooo In the direction of veocty without th fy ithe velocity is zero at an in, Ist ve case of motion under Gravity at 85 any change in tant, the a \cceley ft the topmost hone Need not be zero at that stant as in If a particle has non. ZeF0 acceley it i) 7 rat 6) i direction or in both) '0M lls velocity has fo vary. (either in magnitude There is no definite relation betwe, 7 eI » Ww acceleration vector. So oie the direction of velocity vector and the direction of 8 partick 7 © IS in motion, it 5 oe (y_ iis possible that an objet canbe ts acceleration may be in any direction as in case of a raindrop, ; Moreasing in speed when its acceleration is decreasing is possible that the fc qe (i) itis Secty ‘chang oe Of @ body changes its direction without its displacement or ve hae 9 _ ion. As in case of accelerating a car then Braking. vi) Ifthe velocity of a particle in straight ine motion ‘ has fo be 2er ata instant within tat ie ena” tera thon aocaleraton (vil) The velocity of an object can terval, constant. For example, in case v Jeverse direction even when the acceleration of the object is of motion under gravity, (i) It is not possible to have constant velocity and variable acceleration. If the magnitude of velocity is constant and only its direction changes with time, then acceleration is perpendicular to the velocity vector, (i) For @ particle moving in straight line, its acceleration must be along the same line. (xi) It is possible to round a curve with constant acceleration as in case of a projectile. (xl) When an object is thrown in a direction different from the line of constant force then it follows a parabolic path. Try Yourself 27. The velocity-time graph of an object is given below. Caloulate the average acceleration of the object in the time interval of 4 s to 6 s. 12 10 vents ; 4 02468 t(s) [Hint : Acceleration is given by the slope of v-t curve.] | I 147623456 ; Nash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-476234! eeBoard & Competitive Exam. 112) Motion in a 7 28. Which of the following x-f graphs shows an object moving with negative acceleration? 1 (m) (m) x(m) oO _, x(m) oo x(m) / L_, t(s)—> t(s)—> t(s)— ts) (2) (3) (4) (1) [Hint : Change in velocity is acceleration and the slope of x-t graph gives velocity] —__| Draw the velocty-time graph of an abject whose speed is increasing at uniform rate but moyn- "y Example 15 with negative acceleration. {As the acceleration of the object is negative and its velocity is increasing therefore, the objec Solution : is moving in the negative direction. Hence, the velocity-time graph of such object is a straight ing inclined to time axis in the negative side as shown below. Try Yourself 29, Draw the velocity-time graph of an object moving with uniform positive acceleration. 30. Draw the velocity-time graph of an object moving with uniform negative acceleration. KINEMATIC EQUATIONS FOR UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION As we discussed in the previous sections that uniformly accelerated motion is the case in which the veloci changes at the same rate throughout the motion. Since acceleration is constant, therefore the acceleratior time graph is a straight line parallel to time axis in figure (a) and the velocity-time graph has a constant slop so this graph is a straight line inclined to time axis at some angle as shown in figure (b given below ’ a (ms) f t(s)—> (a) (b) Fig. : Object under uniformly accelerated motion: (a) acceleration-time graph, (b) velocity-time graphive, exams (bevel) i raph — jocity-time QFAPN Of the object ~ i. a Tyatons hat relate dsplcomeny iy 9 MOM ay ton in Straight Lng abov Sime (0 ntat ye t? eto i ae wee ss the 8b0Ve Volocity.timg rap iad ital oct, i, rs 1 We can derive some simple or object n det n 7 "Al valecity (y) and accalaration We Hocity of object change from 1 in Ys) ‘ccelerated motion of an object Fig, : Velocity-time graph Showing Uniformly a tion of yelocity-time relatioy raph gives th : : gope of the QT@PN GIVES IN acceleration a ofthe object” )- u A) y va peat peiation of displacement-time relation aaa L area under tis Curve is ty te goad! SABC + area of rectangle OACD 1 = =x(V-U) peadt SABC = > (v-uyt oe sea ct tectangle OACD = ut das explained in the previous section, fe area under v-t curve represents the displacement Therefore, tte displacement S of the object is 2—(v-u)tt+ut s x Nt pit(v-u) = at [from equation (i)) subsituting this value in the above equation, we get 1 1 s=ut+ sat? all) Eqaton (i) gives us relation of velocity and time. Eqaton (i) gives us relation between displacement and time. ‘ Datvation of velocity-displacement relation ‘Now, the area of trapezium OABD = ; (sum of parallel sides) x perpendicular distance between the parallel Sides, 1 S=5x(0A+BD)xOD ‘eh educational Services Limited « Regd. Office: Aakash Tower, 8, Psa Road, New Delhi 110006 Ph 01-47623456114} Motion in a Straight Line — Board & Competitive Exams 1 S=S(usv)xt a! ) From equation (i), we get t Substituting this value of ¢ in the equation, we get aa (v-u) S= Slut y)xn = = = 2as) ) sis the displacement of object in time interval t and is given by change in the position from x, to x S = (x %) So the three kinematic equations of uniformly accelerated motion that we have derived so far are, vautat ] 12 X= Xp = ut+=al’ xox =utsd a(x — Xo) Example 16: A car was moving at a rate of 18 km/h. When the brakes were applied, it comes to rest in aistance of 100 m. Calculate the retardation produced by the brakes. Using the equation of motion Solution : -u? = 2as () 0, u= 18 kmih = 5 m/s, S= 100 m So, substituting the values in equation (i) we get 2 So, the retardation produced by the brakes is 0.125 ms. Try Yourself 31. A body starting from rest has an acceleration of 5 m/s2. Calculate the distance travelled by it in 4" second. [Hint : Calculate the distance travelled by the object in 3 seconds and 4 seconds, then subtract these two you will get the distance moved by the object in 4"" second.] 32, How can you determine the displacement and the acceleration of an object from its velocity-time graph? ash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456rina Sagi ne 4 i f i to eo" ortgraon ust the rovr80 of diterant, : : 5 - e symited A tial coefficient of a function YmbAI | 9 user to darete rtegrat nee difere lon. F(x) vith "S904 9 then (" Ne g(x) oF fa) dX = F(x de a mation of all the diferentials, we hay Sn) r= it a ane ati read as integral of f(x) dy i LOIFUx)) or Ltle) de = Fey proaches to zero, the summation ig ‘placed by integral Sq [lide er 12 eatin oF (0) With respect the “gan SIS used for summation of discrete values, uhile Sign fs used for summaton of continu yo to co ate ntettion pason oe HEN by y= 4° +c, where cis a constant of integration then fa a5 tion is reverse of differentiation, so i nea 5x shoul be equa to 8 + 6 But using the standars sega WE have [5x* dx = 8 seas 9 integration, @ constant does not appear. tis due to the fact thatthe diferential coefcen 13 constant is zero. Hence: - cannot Say definitely whether raion is known as indefinite integration, Therefore wean cis supposed to be present, petite integration vier a function is integrated between definite limits, the integral is called definite integral. J5x* de= x or x8 + 0. Such an in all the indefinite integrals, a constant of ; rorexample, J, f(x)dx is a definite integral of fx) between the limits a and b and is writen as » {ojor=[F(x), =F10)-Fla) Here a is called the lower limit and b is called the upper limit of integration. Note : There is no constant of integration involved in the integration of definite integrals. fundamental formulae of integration ; ro 1. [r'dr=— +0; provided ne~1 nt on dx =(x°dx =~ = x40 2 [or= [Pax mat 4 Jlu+v)oe ucts fue © Jeude cfu, where cis a constant and u = fe) " 8 [ht = 42 ! mat?’ 'Sutional Services Limited - Regd. Ofce “Aakash ower, 8, Pusa Road, New Deli-110005 Ph 011-76251 6 Jax = og, x+0 7. fe’ax=e" +e 8. femdx . x a’ dx = + 9. J jog, c 10. (i) [sinx dx =-cosx +6 cos nx ii) in =-— +e (ii) fsin(nx) dx a (iii) Joos xox =sinx+c sinnx (wv) Joos(nx) dx=—— +6 () [sec?x dx=tanx+c (W) [secxtanx=secx+e (vi) [oosec xcot x dx =—cosec x +e ‘aa nt ) . (ax+b Ve (ax+b (n+1)a 11. [(ax+b)" dx = (n+1).Z(ax+6) 12. J p= 2002+) log(ax +b) +c (ax+b) 2 (ax+b) ax Geometrical Significance of Integrals Suppose the curve for function y= f(x) is as shown in figure. oO a X xKtdh Let y is value of function at x. So, y dx is area of small strip of thickness dx at distance x and [iv 5 sum of the areas of all strips (each of width dx) taken from x = a to x= b > 30, J yx represent area under curve from x = a to x = b. arene Be Tareeenpettve Exams (Level 0 ‘ tions of Motion Using lua! siatheet ua yin Jon of velocity-time relation all pert tne 8y w je O° at = adt ting both sides we get fov- oft aoceleration is constant therefore, we take it outside the integral. On velocity we take limit u to v and ne fom ott Motion in Straight Line AR gefinition of acceleration, it is the rate of change of velocity, inte fov=alat a a 2 weet _yzat a voural g weet [y=urat Derivation of displacement-time relation Further we know velocity is given by the rate of change of position w.r-t. time ox at We get, vdt = dx v= Now in the above equation v is not independent of t. So we replace the value of v by v=u + at and get (u+ at)dt = dx Now integrating L.H.S. and R.H.S. from limits 0 to t and x, to x respectively, we get t t x ufat+aftat =f dx a a) A, Z = ut+zat® =(x-X9) 12 or x Xp tut+2 ° 2 1. Derivation of velocity-displacement relation Again we can write a= “ = am {Dividing and multiplying by dx} = asvt dx = adx = vdv akash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456 ———— eeBoard & Competitive Evams 118 Motion in a Straigh in limit x, to x and uv tov respectively we get Line ee Integrating LH.S. and RH S afar foo 2a(x - X0)] where (x — x,) is the displacement of the object. f this method is that it can be used for non-uniformly accelerated moti, Advantage : The advantage o Note : / Stopping distance : When brakes are applied to a moving vehicle, the distance it travels before stoping is called stopping distance. It is an important factor for road safety. eee stance of a vehicle if we know its initial velocity or braking acceleration We can calculate the stopping di i ; i that is caused by the braking by using kinematic equations of motions. v=u-2as where v= 0, sis the stopping distance, u is initial velocity, a is the retardation produced by brakes = dazu = [s-4 ° 2a S* ‘Stopping distance is proportional to the square of the initial velocity, Stopping distance is an important ;ctor considered in setting speed limits. = Example 17: The velocity of an object is changing with time and relation is given by the following equation. v= 2t+ 3t? Calculate the position of the object from the origin at t= 2s. Assume particle to be at origin at t=0 Solution : We know, v = oe, dt So position x is given by x = [vat 2t? 3t° + 23 = f(2t+3¢?at Substituting the value of t as 2 Ss, we get X= (2)? + (23 =4+8=12m Position of object is 12 m from the origin at t= 2 s. me ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Ofice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph, O11-47623485° 9 a curve is govemed by the siete Y= 008%. Then what is the area enclosad by the curse ant oxi between x =O and x= 3 Is shaded region? y Olne\ ani * The relation between the acceleration and time f a velocity with which the object is moving at t = 1 s, (ALT= 0, v= 0) " a=3t-4e [Hint = Integrate the given expression and substitute ¢ = 1s) gg. Ifthe relation between acceleration and time for an Object is given by 2t+ 4@ oO Calculate the position of object from the origin at t= 4 s. (At t= 0, v= 0, x = 0) a {Hint : First integrate the given expression to get velocity and again integrate it to get the position AYA vee Fall Motion with uniform acceleration occurs in everyday life. When we throw an object vertically upwards or downward, it is accelerated downward under the influence of gravity. If air resistance is neglected the object i¢said to be in free fall, and the(@cceleration Of the object is the acceleration due to gravity represented by 9) jnour previous classes we have discussed that g varies with height, But if the height through which the object fls is small as compared to the earth's radius, g can be taken as constant equal to 9.8 mis?. Free fall is tus a case of motion with uniform acceleration. Let the direction of motion of object is along y-axis and it ‘s accelerated along y-axis assuming the upward direction as positive and since we are assuming the upward ‘rection as positive and the acceleration due to gravity is always downward i.e., it is in the negative direction sowe have ‘a=-g=-9.8 mis?) a Note : Here —ve sign does not indicate that the value of acceleration due to gravity is (-9.8), — ve sign is indicating its direction i.e., along the —ve y-axis as we are assuming the upward direction as positive. If we assume the downward direction as positive then we will take a = g = 9.8 m/s? aaa When an object is released from rest at y=0 ea \ Therefore, u = 0 and the equation of motion becomes fe v=~gt af) > VE Ut t ) > go uk s Jeet wl -.-(iiiy > ve 2 We 06 “ish Eéucatio nal Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456Board & Compottiiva Exam, 9 120 Motion in a Straight Line Equation (i) gives the velocity of object at any instant during Its motion, we just hava to substiuts © 8 val, 9 of time and the value of g is constant /e., 9.8 mis’, Equation (ii) gives the distance travelled by the object during its course of motion under gravity as : of time, To calculate the distance or displacement we just have to substitute the value of t and g/l, Equation (ili) gives the velocity as a function of distance. We use this equation to calculate the Velo the object when its displacement Is given. ty of We can also draw the various graphs for the motion of object under gravity. As we know that the acca) of object during free fall is constant so acceleration-time graph of object is a straight line parallel to ime" 24s)—> mi, o 1 ig > 2 (oe © a(m/s*)| _ 9 g|_ _————— gv set 98S amis Ne 10 Ay wh yn (jy * _s Fig, (a) : Acceleration-time graph of object during free fall From the graph we can see, that acceleration due to gravity is -9.8 mis’. Here also the Negative sign shows that it is acting in the downward direction as we are assuming upwards direction as positive. city-time graph is a straight line as v= ~ gt > va yg As the acceleration is constant therefore the velo jt directly proportional to fe, it increases with time as shown by the graph given below. Xs) —> 9 12345 rn 10 & 20 Ao ims) f 30 40 50 Fig. (b) : Velocity-time graph of an object under free fall Here also as we are considering the upward direction as +ve and the velocity of object is increasing in the downward direction which is negative. As the position of object varies with time and it is given by the equation s=- gf ie., se fas gis constant So the position-time graph of object under free fall is a parabola {s)—> yim f Fig. (c) : Position-time graph of an object under free fall As we are considering the upward direction as positive therefore, displacement is negative, as it is along the downward direction. Galileo's law of odd numbers : According to this law, the distance traversed by a body falling from rest, during equal intervals of time, stand to one another in the same ratio as the odd numbers beginning with unity [namely 1: 3:5: 7 ......]. The distance travelled by object during free-fall is related to time by the equation 1 3 gt? [since initial velocity is zero] h Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456 sowe ire of oton ofc! m __ Motion in a Straight Line in Man) tee wy ying 8uc028S1N0 OQUalinlarva of jing ' OqUal intervals + art fr vd the dintarce traversed “a at 3 "20 yro yee Age? = yo A i eh yergoet “yt =M% [ sono? travelled In the second interval «jg 4y,~ y= 4y, 2-7! alee? ped6 0 ry once waved the third interval tis 9y, —4y, = sy A _ tray vest see . me versed by the object during free fal in successive equal interval is in the ‘an object is thrown vertically upwards with @ velocity of 60 m/s. After what time wil it strike the ound? v9 9= 10m Let the time of ascent of the particle be t using v=U- ot ‘As the time of ascent is equal to the time of descent, therefore t=6+6=12s eee Ty Yourself is 36. Aball is thrown vertically upward. What is the magnitude of velocity at the highest point? {Hint : After reaching the highest point the ball will come back to the thrower.) 37. Aballis thrown vertically upward with a velocity of 20 mis. Calculate the maximum height attain by the ball [Hint : Use - u? = - 2gh] ‘ph 19: Is it possible, that a body is moving with negative acceleration still speeding up? Give reason for your answer. “thn: Yes, it is possible for e.g., when a ball is dropped from height, the acceleration acting on the ball isin the downward direction ie, -ve direction (as the upward direction is assumed to be positive) but still its ir time. meet slits speed increases wih “Steaional Services Limited «Regd. Office: Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delh-110005 Ph, Of1-47623456d & Co 122 Motion in a Straight Line __Board & p 38, A ball is thrown up, what is its velocity and acceleration at the top? 1 39. A stone is dropped from the top of a tower. If it hits the ground after 10 seconds, what ig te height of the tower? IMint: s= ut 39) When a situation demands our immediate action, it takes some time before we ‘really Reaction time : respond. Reaction time is the time a person takes to observe, think and act. For example, if a Person ig driving and suddenly a boy appears on the road, then the time elapsed before he slams the brakes Of the car ig the reaction time. Reaction time depends on complexity of the situation and on an individual, You can measure your reaction time by a simple experiment. Take a ruler and ask your friend to drop it vertically through the gap between your thumb and forefinger. 7, i After you catch it see the distance d travelled by the ruler, we can estimate the reaction time by using equation s=ut+dar? 2 As the ruler drops under free fall. Therefore, u = 0, and a is replaced by (g) i.e., 9.8 m/s? and we get 12 =- | Fig. (a) : Position-time graphs of two objects with equal velocities 2. IV < Ven Va — Vp is negative. Substituting this in equation (iv) we get X= Xp <0 X # ieioaties v, and v, are of coooste sions for 29 # otjects are moving in the opposite rectors ain 2 Sraight line men nm he above exercise 20 mis and the relative veiocty of 4 B vgs = Wg — Mg 7-10 - (20) = 30 mis and vz, = 30 mis. The magnitude of vz, oF v4 S when ss greater Ten me magnitude of v, oF ¥ Hf the objects under consideraton are two Tars ten. for 2 person sting on either of the two, the other train seems to go very fast The postomime gecr of coyect A anc under sugh situate is given beiow [figure (d)]. The graphs shows Tet Tey in opposite direct ng 9 - Aakash Toner, 8, Pusa Risad. New Delhe-110005 Ph. 011 47623656 aams (Level-!) Motion i Straight Line petitive Exe! oton in a Sraight Line “AT yo above discussion we concluded thal, if A and B are moving along the same direction then go with th A Ys ———_5, e Vy = Ya7 Ye Ven = Ya7 YA jfA and B are moving in opposite directions 00: Two 20: Two trains having lengths 120 m and 100 m are running in the opposite directions with velocities le 2U * gam 40 km/h and 50 km/h. In what time they will completely cross each other? in: Relative velocity of one train wrt. second = 40 ~ (~ 50) = 90 kmvh = 25 ms"! | ion : | o Total distance travelled = 120 + 100 = 220 m | Distance _ 220 | ime = == =88s | Time = Velocity ~ 25 —- ) Try Yourself sa 40. A train of length 120 m travels at a speed of 57 km/h. In what time it will pass a man who is walking at 3 km/h in the opposite direction? [Hint : Vag = Vq + Vp, relative velocity A w.rt. B] 41. Two objects A and B are walking with speed 6 km/h and 10 km/h respectively in the same direction. Find the relative displacement of B w.rt. A after 4 hours. {Hint : Relative velocity is the rate of change of relative position w.rt, time) 8. Two cars are moving along a stright line in opposite direction with the same speed v. The relative velocity of ‘Wo cars wrt, each other is (i) av (2) v ws (4) Zero 0. ~ tie as an 1B ro moving with speeds v, and v, respectively in the ‘same direction. The magnitude of relative () vy=vy 2) V+ v5 , ®) vy-v, (4) Val¥p robes A ns a ate moving in opposite directions with speeds v, and Ve Tespectively, the magnitude of (vy ~ vy 2) Yat ve 8) vy. ¥y 4) vilve ‘atash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-t 10005 Ph. O17 eggs > iii