rRAL GEOGRAPHY I1.

geography, >auer was concerned to counter the influence

of
ot
lev School the
BeT eminism while recognizing the significance of the physical environment as
human cultures act (ideas from Ratzel's Anthropogcography)
through which
w .

and animals included

environment such as watercourses, plants are

u f the physical or have becn

so tar as they evOxe human responses and adaptations,
landscape in
r ulhural

for example, nydroogical management

and plant domestication.) It is

h m a n activity: visible forms as the principal features

for study in the
model that he regarded
j er's to t was highly empirical
(Johnston 1994).
and that nis approach
landscape. anthropologist.
of culture was strongly influenced by the American

Suacr's
understanding Landschaft which he
(Sauer)
he borrowed the concept
German geography he outlined the
Kneher. From morphology of landscape',
1925 his paper, "The
id
Landscape. In
as American South West
and Spanish America.
his work on the
cultural geography. In landscapes. He also introduced
of distinction
b e t w e e n natural and cultural
to
mdified his early
commitment

diffusion of innovations and strong

iuer
domesticalion,
and aninmal historically.
u s on plant were understood
societies into cultural geography that
folk
1950s' decade
Development of
the Subject in becoming increasingly
the human use of the Earth was
found
concern in later life that This concern
Suuer's environmental
degradation.
about and
1956). Its
worries
his anticipated essays
upulous through Earth (Thomas,
in Changing the
Face of the and his global
in Man's Role cultural geography
his conception of
pression
breadth of urbanized life. The
continued
demonstrate the moden,
aspects of
*uSsions

mitment, as well as his resistance to many

cultural gcography
is evidenced by a recent
re
to Humarn
of this ecological approach as Transtormed by
gmihcance The Earth
considered in Turner's (1990)
mination of the issues

4cton
the
decade who place
Development in 1960s' modern cultural
geographers
attacked by to questions
Culture has been centrality given
concept of
s
reproduction. 1The
ucr of production
and Sauer's
death has
culture in social relations
since
in the years
O within critical social
science and the
humanities
aligned to social theory
than

re that is m o r e closcly cuftural

ot
'new cultural geography
"Foundations
proclaim a
1960s in the senies
or
the of the late
tcxts the symboism
history. In fact, and
communication,

nd issues such as
culture
on the ^hodeur
shoe

Wagner address (7Traces

U.S.A. Elsewhere,
brue diversity of the to
quest
and
the cultural
intellectual
with
history respect tnte**"
**

7). Glacken examines European renewed

sche1ar
for
CCC be regarded as foundational
It
b cntal relations. may

Eraphy of environmental altitudes.

to.tT
culfur
in 1980s' decade
Hew wnat nas o

pount
elopment and landscape
was a starting
of culture
number of c u l u r a l geogtajhie al
or Sauerian concepts A re
o te
te
n since the 1980s.
culural gegaphy
was

Cultural gcography decade. New

urnals w 1990s. In the 1990s aition
in
Anethe an
a u n c h e d in the early ethnograph*
ecological
and
itoduced s i r e a m s of thinking of
concepts
of c u l t u r e lanais a a
Sauerian
utural e of siee
the

above, criticism

py
As stated
'new culural geogaphy
Martin
arting t what has come to be termed
O
 ANO CUL
APPROACHES TO CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY
JLTURAL ECGRA
Man is of the tovls for the landseape
one
always ch evolution. Man is
for his own material and economic necds. In fact, the
imprint of hunman athchangin
that no overall explanation of landscap* can e given ignonng humans A d *

cultural geography and landscape evolution caused by the human distinct a

interferere
Some methodological differences between geography and cultural
geography can k
geography. cultural geography, too, emphasises on regional difterentiation,
areas achieving these targets cultural expiain
geographers apply the cultural ideas hem
Many ideas of cultural gcography are borrowed from Ratzel's
hranch of Geography has intluenced two schools of ideas of 'eulure
Geographers spera
French Regional Geography School.
to
emphasis culture along with
on
There a
long tradition among Frenh is

regional concept. They explained the cuntrol

techniques of human civilisation, and of

Cultural Landscape School. Berkley School

of U.S.A paid more California,
landscape. other wornds, their main objevt ima
tocultural landscape rather than
how cultural
physical In
development and change put impint on the was v

landscape into cultural landscape and coavert the phyu

landscape. Carl O. Sauer was a stalwart
both schools
emphasised on material culture. of cultural geography (n
Norton (1989) has, however,
proposed four major areas of
approach
evolutionary
ecological
behavioural
symbolic
DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY
Development of the subject cultural
landscape". Traditionally, the principal object ofgeography is intimately correlated with
the classic definition
is Carl Sauer's cultural study
in Cultural Geography is cultural cuhun
landscape goes as under lanN
The cultural
landscapc is fashioned from a natural
the
agent, the natural area is the medium, landscape by a culture gnur Cuut
the cultural
s

of a
given culture, itself changing landscape is the result. Under the nthenr
through phases, and probably through time, the landscape
reaching ultimately the end of itsundergoes development. pu
Drawing a clear parallel with W. M. Davis' cycle of development
landscapes, Sauer ideas of cyelical evolution
of
sought to stress the
agency of Culture
over tinx m

delimited regions on the foree in shaping the vistdie

as a
Earth's surface.
In his
conception, which came tw dominake us
Less attention is now
paid cultural
in
physical environment. landscape studies the diret
rasa Empinically, it is recognized that to
upon which culture inscribed the
relations betwecen hunman s
'natural
itself cannot be landscape' that Saucr
Theoretically. recognition that "he meanings ofestablished with any certainty over nstegarnku
the
ngnes
single, stahle object tor study in cultural Nature itself vary
betwoen culurs
geography.
natural' state Although landscape thus remains Thus all nwans
landscapes may e
regarked as cunua n
the
phrase culturul landscape usually stil
a
significant concept within cultural
mplies the
traditional Sauerian
concepe
gengApny
 A TEXT BOOK OF SOCIAL AND CULTURAL
Il.6 .

'Gender. place and Cullure published

and in 1993 has been.a SEOGRAPHY
oumal named as
forum for
d the
mder issues in cultural geography.
Bhaduri (2007) has niccly portrayed the recent revearch
and socicty such as gobalization, bringin. trend
Contemporary trends in cconomy
immediate contact with one another,
the growth and
inging people
econom..
ever closer and moe economic significane
and media in
of such 'culure industries as advertising, the arts, sport
many economies
information technologies, and the end of Geopolitical d SOCial
impacts of virtual space and
hy sNio-donomie ideologies, have all contributed to a material increase in the significance
cultural matters within human allairs
at the turn ol the millennium and account for the si o
increase of interest in
of Space, PluCe and Tervitoriality
geographical qucstion within el al
studies