CHAPTER SEVEN THE SLOPE-DEFLECTION METHOD 7.1 General Description The slope-deflection method is a general method by which all beams and rigid frames, whether statically determinate or indeterminate, can be analyzed under the ass.:mption that all deformation is due to the effect of bending moment only. ‘Certainly the method has more appeal for the analysis of statically indeterminate beams and rigid frames; however, because of the method's generality, a computer program can be formulated, thus making it useful in the solution of both determinate and indeterminate problems. The most striking feature of the slope-deflection method is that the rotational and translational displacements of the rigid joints cre taken as the $i imary unknowns, and their values are determined prior to those of the ending moments at the member ends. In this way the degree of in- determinacy is no longer relevant because the | led compe Ry Som Gitions in the force method are always satisfied to begin wheat the Foint e joint displacements (rotations and translations) are taken as the \ t will be shown that, by means of the slope-deflection equations to be Ttived in Secs. 7.2 and 7.4, all member-end moments and shears can be expressed in terms of the unknown joint displacements. It will also be shown that for each unknown joint rotation or translation, there is a corresponding condition of join force ‘equilibrium. Consequently, there are always as ions of equili rium as there are unknown joint displacements. Once the joint displacements are found, the slope-deflection equations are called upon again to give the member-end moments. Required in the analysis of beams and rigid frames by the Slapeaietieetion method are the relative values of the moment of inertia of the members in the‘THE SLOPE-DEFLECTION METHOD 191 ’ case of analysis for applied loads, and their absolute values in the case of analysis for yielding of supports. For determinate structures, this requirement places an unnecessary burden on making préliminary assumptions for the ‘member sizes, but for indetermit fructures this same requirement holds in the force method of analysis . 4 and 6. a As a simple example to show thi it of the slope-deflection method, consider the rigid frame in Fig. 7.1.14, loaded as shown. Although the fact is not pertinent to the slope-deflection method, one may note that this rigid frame is statically indeterminate to the sixth degree. The force method could be used, but the amount of work involved would make that method too laborious. Because this rigid frame is kept from horizontal movement by the fixed support at A and from vertical movement by the fixed bases at D and E, and since axial deformation of the members is to be neglected, all five joints must remain in their original locations. (The case in which some joints may change positions when the rigid frame is deformed will be taken up later. ) Clockwise joint rotations @ and 6c are considered to be positive, as shown in “Fig. 7.1.1a. The free-body diagrams of all members are shown in Fig. 7.1.1b. Note that, at any one end of each member, there may be three forces: direct te a gilt! mO| - |OM (a) Rigid frame 3) lM oe te Gaps 3M me ol__ } V7 a? |O™ My My Z (©) Free-body diagrams of joints (only moments are shown) | Om (0) Free-body diagrams of members Figure 7.1.1 Typical rigid frame without joint translation.192 INTERMEDIATE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS pull or thrust, end shear, and end moment (a moment is considered as a generalized force). Let the eight end moments acting at the ends of the four members be denoted by M; to Ms. Clockwise moments acting at the member ends are considered to be positive, as shown in Fig. 7.1.1b. It is possible, by mearis of the slope-deflection equations to be derived in the next section, to express the two end moments acting on each member in terms of the two end rotations and the loads on the member. Thus the moments M, to M, in Fig. 7.1.1b can be expressed in terms of the two unknown joint rotations 0s and 6c. The free-body diagrams of joints B and C are shown in Fig. 7.1.1c. Of course, the action of the member on the joint consists of a force in the direction of the “member axis, a force transverse to I-ic, only the moments are shown. These his sete joint_on_the member: Tn Fig. moments are shown i in their wn in their pos ry M,+ M;+Ms=0 The above two equations are necessary and sufficient to determine the values of 63 and 6c, All end moments can then be found by substituting the known joint rotations back into the slope-deflection equations. Finally, by using simple statics, the axial force, shears, and moments in each member can be determined. To summarize, one can see that the continuity requirements are satisfied at the outset by taking the joint rotations as the unknowns, and the conditions of statics, requiring that the sum of moments acting on each joint with unknown rotation be zero, are used to solve for the unknown joint rotations. When the results of an analysis satisfy both statics and compatibility, their correctness is assu. 7d. 7.2 Derivation of the Slope-Deflection Equations— Without Rotation of Member Axis For convenience in treatment, the slope-deflection equations for the simple case of Fig. 7.2.1a will be derived in this section, and those for the general case of Fig. 7.2.1b in Sec. 7.4. In this simple case, a straight line joining the LA ym aay LS os: AA’ yy i B mO| ie” |Om MOR mere (@) Simple case (0) General case Figure 7.2.1 Slope-deflection equations.‘THE SLOPE-DEFLECTION METHOD 193 ends of the elastic curve A’B' either coincides with the original member axis AB or is still parallel to it; thus there is no rotation of the member axis. In the general case, a straight line joining the ends of the elastic curve A’B’ makes a clockwise,angle R equal to 4/L from the original member axis AB. The name slope-deflection equations, however, comes from the general case, because they express the end moments M, and Mg in terms of the end slopes @ and 4, and the relative transverse deflection A of the ends; while A is equal to zero in the simple case. For the simple case of no member-axis rotation, the problem is now to derive expressions for M4 and Mg in terms of 64 and 6, and the loads acting on AB. This condition of Fig. 7.2.2a can be separated into two conditions shown by Fig. 7.2.2b and c: Fig. 7.2.2b is called the fixed condition, in which the moments Moa and Mop are capable of maintaining zero slopes at A and B with loads acting on AB; and Fig. 7.2.2c is called the joint-force condition, in which the moments M4 and Mare capable of maintaining the slopes 64 and 6g without loads acting on AB. Thus, . Ma=Moat+Mi (7.2.14) Mp = Mos + Mp (7.2.16) The fixed-end moments Mo, and Mog can be separately determined by the force method described in Chap. 4; their expressions for a prismatic member subjected to a uniform load or a single concentrated load are shown in Fig. 7.2.3. The end moments M4 and M3 required to maintain the meee 64 and 6p can a be obtained by referring to Fig. 7.2.4, to which the conjugate-beam’ Ww 95 spike ty + Ade ae capac 5-0) Moa Mile | (a) Given condition (0) Fixed condition (©) Joint-force condition Figure 7.2.2 Basis for slope:deflection equations: Simple case. Ww . a b so CEEEETETEEES 20, ieee L Mog Maa HE Mayne Figure 7.2.3 Fixed-end moments for uniform load and for single concentrated load.194 INTERMEDIAVE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Figure 7.2.4 Statics and deformation of an unloaded member in bending, without member-axis rotation. method is applied. Thus, MiL_MsL 04 = +6q)~ Og = + MAL Mi (7.2.2a) 05 = — 651+ 852 = Mak + Mah (7.2.26) Solving Eqs. (7.2.2a and b) for Mj and Mj, * Mi~+4Elo, +2Elo, (7.23a) Mi=+28lo, .4EIy, (7.2.36) Substituting Eqs. (7.2.34 and b) into Eqs. (7.2.1a and b), Ma =Mon+7EL 009, + 65) (7.2.44) Mp = Mos +2Elog, +) (7.2.4b+) Or, in general, q 2EI Maca ent = Mo na ent) + F—(20 pea cad + Ota ed) 7.25) 4 Equation (7.2.5) is the slope-deflection equation for a member in bending without member-axis rotation; it says that the moment at any end of a member in bending is equal to the fixed-end moment due to loads acting on the member plus 2EI/L times the sum of twice the slope at the near end and the slope at the far end. . 7.3 Application to the Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Beams for Applied Loads The slope-deflection equation, Eq. (7.2.5), for a member in bending without member-axis rotation may be used to analyze statically indeterminate beams for applied loads. The procedure involved is as follows: V1. Determine the fixed-end moments at the ends of each span, using the formulas for uniform and concentrated loads shown in Fig. giaTHE SLOPE-DEFLECTION METHOD 195 2° Express all end moments in terms of the fixed-end moments and the joint rotatoaey using the slope-deflection equation without member-axis rota- tion. 3. Establish a system of linear simultaneous equations in which the joint rotations are the unknowns, using the equilibrium condition that the sum of _- the counterclockwise moments acting on each joint should be zero. ~“4. Solve for the unknown joint rotations. 5. Substitute the known values of the joint rotations back into the slope- deflection equations to obtain the end moments. 6. Determine all reactions, draw shear and moment diagra..1s, and sketch the elastic curve. Example 7.3.1 Analyze the continuous beam of Example 6.3.1 by the slope-deflection method. Draw shear and moment diagrams. Sketch the elastic curve. SOLUTION (a) Fixed-end moments. The given beam is shown in Fig. 7.3.1a. If the slopes at A, 'B, C, and D are held to be zero, the given beam may be separated into three fixed-end beams, shown in Fig. 7.3.1, and a cantilever beam, which is not shown in Fig. 73.1b. The’ cantilever portion DE is not regarded as a bona fide member, so no ‘slope-deflection equations will be written for it. The fixed-end moments Mo: to Mas are, folowing the sign convention that a clockwise moment acting on the member end is positive, Moi = We -TkN-m Ma=+72kN-m 2 Moy = ~4602" 206. rn Mo = +312kKN-m oe +32kN-m . Mas = -72QXS" = 64 4N-m Ma > (b) Slope-deflection equations. M,= Mo +7EG0(26, + 69) = ~72+ 21.84 + Elbe Mz= Mat E1265 + 64) = +72+2Blebs + Ele Ms= Ma +2200) (265 + 0c) = -312 + 3.333E 6s + 1.667 Ele6c Ma= Mo + FEUD 2c + 9) = +3124 3.333E LO + 1.667EL Oe a 18 Ms = Mos + (28c + Op) = —64+ 1.333 El. 8c + 0.667EI.0p sale eee gh 667 elec (c) Simultaneous equations in @,, 88, 8c, and 8. The free-body diagrams of the members AB, BC, and CD, as well as those of the joints A, B, C, and D, are shown in Fig. 7.3.1c. Note that the end moments M; to Me are not yet known (even M; and Mg should obviously be equal to zero and +36, but these are the joint-moment conditions at joints A and D), so they must be shown in their positive directions. For rotational equilibrium of the 1 joints, Mi=0 Mit+Ms=0 Mi+Ms=0 Mc-36=0196 INTERMEDIATE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 80 kN T2kN thm My 4 Cc () Three members in the fixed condition 80kN 4) (TUM) (85 ttt, (8) ™ Ml fe % sal cme 36kNem ¢ D al a im (©) Free-body diagrams of four joints and three members Figure 7.3.1 Beam of Example 7.3.1. Substituting the slope-deflection equations for Mi to Me in the above equations and rearranging, +2.000EI.0, + 1.000EI.03 =+ 720 + 1O0DELG, + 5.333 El Op + 1.667 Ele = +2400 + 1.667 ElcOn + 4.666El-6c + 0.667 El6 = —248.0 +0.667El.6c + 1.333EL@p =+ 4.0 Note that if a diagonal is drawn as shown downward to the right on the left side of the above four equations, not only are the coefficients on this diagonal predominant in their own equations, but the other coefficients are symmetrical with respect to this diagonal. This can be proved to be always true by the nature of the slope-deflection equations end the joint-moment conditions. In order to observe this phenomenon, it is important to arrange the unknowns in the order of 64, 6s, @c, and p along the horizontal direction, and the joint-moment conditions in the order of joints A, B, C, and D in the vertical direction. In ahd 16 kN/m oh ety, gp) gly a athTHE SLOPE-DEFLECTION METHOD 197 ‘Chap. 11, one will find a rigorous proof for this symmetry and the physical interpretation of (d) Solution of the simultaneous equations. The simultaneous equations in 94, 68, 8c, and 6p may be solved by the forward elimination and backward substitution procedure. The results are El-@p = +45.62 El-6c = —85.23 Eleés =+71.60 — Ele6,= + 0.20 Note that the results are exactly the same as those obtained in Example 6.3.1 and shown in Fig. 6.3.4d. (e) Back Substitution. My = ~72+2(+0.20) + 71.60 =0 Mz = +72 + 2(+71.60) + 0.20 = +215.4 My = ~312 + 3.333(+71.60) + 1.667(—85.23) = -215.4 Me= +312 + 3.333(—85.23) + 1.667(+71.60) = +147.3 Ms = ~64 + 1.333(—85.23) + 0.667(+45.62) = — 147.2 Mo = +32 + 1.333(+45.62) + 0.667(—85.23) = +36.0 Note that the results for Mi to Me do satisfy the four joint-moment conditions o M: 0, @ .Mi+ My = 0, (3) Me+ Ms =0, and (4) Me— 36 = 0. () Reactions, shear and moment diagrams, and elastic curve. These have Leen done in Example 6.3.1 and shown in Fig. 6.3.4. Note, however, when placing the moments computed in part (e) above on the free-body diagrams of Fig. 6.3.4a, a positive moment acts clockwise at the member end and a negative moment acts counterclockwise at the member end. This sign convention is often called the slope-deflection sign convention, different from the designer's sign convention, which states that any bending moment causing compression on the top part of the cross section is positive. At the left end of the member, both sign conventions call a clockwise moment positive; yet at the right end, the slope-deflection sign convention calls a clockwise moment positive, while the designer's sign convention would call it negative because it causes compression on the lower part of the beam there. Example 7.3.2 Analyze the continuous beam of Example 6.3.2 by the slope-deflection method. Draw shear and moment diagrams. Sketch the elastic curve. SOLUTION The given beam is shown in Fig. 7.3.2a; the only difference between this beam and the one of the previous example is that the support at A is now fixed instead of its being a simple support. Therefore @4 is zero for this beam. Letting @4=0 in the slope-deflection equations shown in part (b) of Example 7.3.1, -T2+ Eleés Mz= +72+2EL6s My = ~312 + 3.333165 + 1.667Ele6c +312 + 3.333EL0c + 1.667EI-65 64+ 1.333El6c + 0.667El6p +32+ 1.333EI.8p + 0.667El-6c In fact, the three simultaneous equations in 6x, 6c, and @p for this problem are identical to the second, third, and fourth equations of Example 7.3.1 except that the terms involving198 INTERMEDIATE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 80kN kN km 31, ie 10h, 2, L 6m an | om _| 1 (a) The given beam 80kN eitty, 9 a. P) ‘ 4) y M4 2 Me Ms B C Mw fe oD (®) Three members in the fixed condition : 80kN SUN B 16 kN/m | c Cu it) CB) C& >) Ad | [4% % x| |e Me Ms T2KN | D 36kNem ce 712 CB) Ms Me Mg (0) Free-body diagrams of three joints and three members Figure 7.3.2 Beam of Example 7.3.2. @4 are deleted; thus 5.333EIOp +1.667El6c = +240.0 1.667EL-0s + 4.666EI-6c + 0.667 Elen = —248.0 + 0.667 Elebc + 1.333El@p=+ 4.0 Solving the above three equations, Ele@p=+71.64 — Elec =—85.25 Ele6p = +45.63 Substituting the values of 6s, @c, and @p found above back into the slope-deflection ‘equations, My = —72+71.64 = -0.36 Ma = +72 + 2(+71.64) = +215.3 My = ~312 + 3.333(+71.64) + 1.667(—85.25) = —215.3 Ma= +312 + 3.333(—85.25) + 1.667(+71.64) = + 147.3 Ms = —64 + 1.333(—85.25) + 0.667(+45.63) = — 147.2 Mg = +32 + 1.333(+45.63) + 0.667(—85.25) 36.0THE SLOPE-DEFLECTION METHOD 199 Note again that the above results for Mi to Ms satisfy the three joint-momeat conditions (1) M2 + My = 0, (2) Me+ Ms = 0, and (3) Me— 36.0 = 0, as required by the free-body diagrams of joints B, C, and D in Fig. 7.3.2c. The reactions, shear and moment diagrams, and the elastic curve can be obtained as usual. ‘ One must note at this point that even though the end moments as finally obtained satisfy equilibrium at the joints, there is no guarantee of the correctness of the analysis, because the fixed-end moments themselves may have been incorrectly computed and the 2EI/L values may have been incorrectly incorporated into the slope-deflection equations. For absolute assurance, it will be necessary to recompute the joint rotations from the final moment diagram and see that these joint rotations satisfy the continuity requirements at all joints. 7.4 Derivation of the Slope-Deflection Equations— With Rotation of Member Axis The slope-deflection equations derived in Sec. 7.2 are only for the simple case of Fig. 7.2.14 where there is no rotation of the member axis. In the general case, one end of the member, say the right end, may be deflected by an amount A more than the left end so that the member axis has rotated through a clockwise angle R equal to A/L, as shown by Fig. 7.2.1b. The derivation of the slope-deflection equations for the general case follows the same pattern as that for the simple case. Again the given condition of Fig. 7.4.1a is separated into the fixed condition of Fig. 7.4.1b and the joint-force condition of Fig. 7.4.1¢; thus Ma =Moat+Mi (7.4.1a) = Mos +Ma (7.4.1b) However, as shown in Fig. 7.4.1c, it is the end rotations 4 and og from the rotated member axis A’B’ to the elastic-curve tangents that are caused by the end moments Mj and M¢, not the end slopes @4 and 6, from the original member axis to the elastic-curve tangents. This fact has been emphasized in Chap. 2 in the application of the conjugate-beam theorem 1 «ad also in (@) Given condition (b) Fixed condition (©) Joint-force condition Figure 7.4.1 Basis for slope-deflection equations: General case.200 INTERMEDIATE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Example 4.5.2. Consequently, Eqs. (7.2.24 and b) become 4L_MbL oa=0—R= +Mak_ Mak (7420) $0 = 0—R=—Mak , Mib (74.26) and Eggs. (7..:.3a and b) become Mi= “El (0,—R) +722 (0,—R) (7.43a) M5=22(0,- Rr) +4=L(6, - R) (7.4.36) L L Substituting Eqs. (7.4.3a and b) into Eqs. (7.4.14 and 5), Ma = Mon +7=4(20, + 65 ~3R) (7.440) Ms = Mos + ==X(205 + 0, -3R) (4b) Or, in general, 2EI Mace = Mo anes + FE 20, nt + Bret ~ 3R) (745) Equation (7.4.5) is the slope-deflection equation for a member in bending with member-axis rotation. Of course, when there is no rotation of the member axis, R is equal to zero and Eq. (7.4.5) for the general case reverts to Eq. (7.2.5) of the simple case. 7.5 Application to the Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Beams for Uneven Support Settlements The general slope-deflection equation, Eq. (7.4.5), can be used to analyze statically indeterminate beams due to the combined action of applied loads and uneven support settlements. In such cases, there are fixed-end moments due to loads acting on the members, as well as some known values of R before analysis begins. But, as discussed previously, usually the effect of the yielding of one support is investigated at a time, and the results obtained may then be combined with those of applied loads or settlements at other supports. Example 7.8.1 Analyze by the slope-deflection method the continuous beam shown in Fig. 7.5.1a for a 15-mm settlement of support B. Draw shear and moment diagrams. Sketch the elastic curve. (Note that this problem is identical to Example 6.4.1.) SOLUTION One may note at the outset that for this problem, the end moments Mi to My as shown in Fig. 7.5.1b will have to depend on the actual values of E and J., but the joint‘THE SLOPE-DEFLECTION METHOD 201 E=200x 10 kN/m; [= 400x 10-6 m* @ B B M, — 5 [Ps Seppe a 2m Gea Pa ub (b) Free-body diagrams of four joints and three members Figure 7.5.1 Beam of Example 7.5.1. rotations @4, 68, 6c, and @p depend only on the relative magnitudes of the moment of inertia of the members and not on the actual values of E and J, at all. For convenience, however, the actual values of El/L of all spans will be used in the slope-deflection equations; thus EII/L of AB = 200(1200)/6 = 40,000 kN-m EIIL of BC = 200(4000)/12 = 66,667 kN-m_ EIIL of CD = 200(800)/6 = 26,667 KN-m ‘ The known R values are (note that clockwise rotation of the member axis is positive), 0.015 Ray = +228 - +0,0025 =-0.00125 Reo =0 The slope-deflection equations are ‘My = 2(40,000)(26, + Os — 0.0075) = 160,008, + 80,0006 — 600 Mz = 2(40,000)(268 + 84 — 0.0075) = 160,0006s + 80,0000, — 600 Ms = 2(66,667)(288 + Oc + 0.00375) = 266,6676s + 133,3336c +500 Me = 2(66,667)(28c + 8p + 0.00375) = 266,667 8c + 133,3336p + 500 Ms = 2(26,657)(28c + @p) = 106,6666c + 53,3338 Me = 2(26,667)(28p + 6c) = 106,667 8p + 53,3330c Substituting the above slope-deflection equations into the joint conditions (1) Mi =0, (2) Mz+ My = 0, (3) Ma+ Ms=0, and (4) Mg 160,008, + 80,0006s = +600 80,0008, + 426,6670s+ 133,3336c = +100 + 133,333@p + 373,3336c + 53,3336 = -500 + 53,3336c + 106,668 = 0202 INTERMEDIATE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS (On the left side of the preceding four equations note the symmetry in the coefficients of the joint rotations with respect to the principal diagonal downward to the right. ‘The ssiution of the simultaneous equations follows the usual pattern of forward elimination and backward substitution; thus p= +0.7167% 10? =~ @c = —1.4335 x 107 ‘ 3 = 0.0229 10? 4 = +3.7615x 10” Substituting the above @ values back into the slope-deflection equations, Mi=+0.01 9 Mz=—302.74 = My= +302.76 Dj=4114.68 © Ms=—114.68 = Me=0.00 The above results for M, to Ms clearly satisfy the four joint conditions. For an absolute independent check, however, it is necessary to compute the slopes from the moment diagram and see that the two compatibility conditions at joints B and C are satisfied. ‘The reactions, shear and moment diagrams, and the elastic curve have been worked out in Example 6.4.1 and shown in Fig. 6.4.1. ‘ Example 7.5.2 Analyze by the slope-deflection method the continuous beam shown in Fig. 7.5.2 for a 15-mm settlement of support B. Draw shear and moment diagrams. Sketch the elastic curve. (Note that this problem is identical to Example 6.4.2.) SOLUTION The only difference between the beam in this problem and the one in the previous example is that the support at A is now fixed instead of its being a simple support. E=200x 10° KN/m?; /,= 400 10- m* @ “pb = oe B B Pp" mB ng * os mB (0) Free-body diagrams of three joints and three members Figure 7.5.2 Beam of Example 7.5.2.‘THE SLOPE-DEFLECTION METHOD 203 Letting 64 = 0 in the slope-deflection equations of the previous example, | ‘M, = 80,0008» — 600 ‘Mz = 160,00062 — 600 ‘Ms = 266,6676s + 133,336 + 500 ‘Me = 266,667 0c + 13,3330» + 500 Ms = 106,6676c + 53,3336 ‘Me = 106,667 6p + 53,3330 There are only three joint conditions in this problem instead of the four in the previous example because joint A is now fixed and it can furnish any nonzero moment Mi. The joint conditions (1) M:+ Ms=0, (2) Mc+ Ms=0, and (3) Me=0 as shown in Fig. 7.5.26 now become 426,6676n + 133,3336c = +100 133,3336p + 373,3336c + 53,3336 = -500 + 53,3336c + 106,6660= 0 Solving the preceding three equations, Op = +0.8709x 10 @c = - 1.741810 = +0.7787 x 10 Substituting the above @ values back into the slope-deflection equations, My =~537.70 Mz=—-475.41 My = +475.41 Mi=+139.34 Ms -139.34 Me=0.00 The above results for Mi to Mg clearly satisfy the three joint conditions. For an absolute independent check, however, it is necessary to compute the slopes from the moment diagram and see that the three compatibility conditions at joints A, B, and C are satisfied. 7.6 Application to the Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Rigid Frames—Without Unknown Joint Translation The slope-deflection method is extremely suitable for the analysis of statically indeterminate rigid frames. It is, of course, applicable to statically determinate rigid frames as well, but almost all rigid frames actually built in practice are statically indeterminate. Unlike the 180° rigid joints a. the supports of con- tinuous beams, more than two member ends may enter the same rigid joint, in which case the equilibrium condition corresponding to the unknown rotation of that joint will involve more than two end moments. For example, the equilibrium condition for the rigid joint shown in Fig. 7.6.1 is © -Mz+ M3+Mie+ Mi=0 (7.6.1) As discussed previously in Chaps. 2 and 4, common rigid-fraiae analysis is based on the assumption that the axial deformation, being many times smaller compared with bending deflection, may be ignored. Under this204 INTERME;*IATE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS My f A Near Ms Figure 7.6.1 Joint-moment condition in slope-defiection method. assumption the geometry of many rigid frames is such that none of the joints can undergo unknown change of position under applied loads or yielding of supports. Thus the unknown displacements involve only joint rotations, and all end moments can be expressed in terms of these unknowns through the slope-deflection equations. Then the joint conditions such as the one shown by Eq. (7.6.1) can be expressed in terms of the unknown rotations. Since there are always as many joint conditions as there are unknown joint rotations, these unknown joint rotations can be solved. By substituting the values of the jdint rotations back into the slope-deflection equations, end moments are obtained. With all end moments known, the axial force, shears, and moments in all members can be found by applying the laws of statics to the individual members. Finally, the free-body, shear and moment diagrams, as well as the elastic curve, may be drawn. Example 7.6.1 Analyze the rigid frame shown in Fig. 7.6.2a by the slope-deflection’ method. Determine the axial force, shears, and moments in all members. Sketch the elastic curve. SOLUTION The load applied at A of the given rigid frame may be transferred to B with the action of a moment of 54kN-m acting counterclockwise on joint B, as shown in Fig. 7.6.2. Analysis spay then be performed on the equivalent frame of Fig. 7.6.2b. Without axial deformation, joint B must remain 5m to left of the fixed support C and Sm above the fixed support D; thus joint B cannot move under any applied loads, and R is zero for all‘THE SLOPE-DEFLECTION METHOD 205 (©) Free-body diagrams Figure 7.6.2 Rigid frame of Example 7.6.1. members. Writing the slope-deflection equations and noting that 6c = @> = 0, 2B. 5 M:=0+72£ (26, + 6p) = 0.80EI-te 1 = 0+ eH (260 + 05) = O.40E IO M= HAS EQN o9, + 6c) = -135 + 1.60EI-05 Me + Saey + PEI 290 + 65) = +135 + 0.80EL02 The joint condition may be observed from the free-body diagram of joint B in Fig. 7.6.2c, or Mz+ M3+54=0 O.80EI.0» — 135 + 1.60EI-0s + 54=0 Els = +33.75206 INTERMEDIATE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ‘Substituting the value of El-6s found above back into the slope-deflection equations, My = 0.40(+33.75) = +13.5 Ma = 0.80(+33.75) = +27.0 My =~ 135 + 1.60(+33.75) = -81.0 Mg = +135 + 0.80(+33.75) = + 162.0 The end moments obtained above are used to work out the complete solution as shown in Fig. 7.6.3. The moment diagrain of Fig. 7.6.3b is plotted on the compression side; no Positive or negative signs are indicated on it. A qualitative sketch of the elastic curve is ‘shown in Fig. 7.6.3c to conform with the moment diagram and with the known fact that ihe rotation of joint B is clockwise. — 64.8 kN/m B. o— a1 8 he 8.1 AH3e" SCT Toe! aCe ue Tove 6 360 | "145.8 = 162 + 162 os +MS.8 $178.2 181.8 181.8 oe Bee Di—> 8.1 ORs 181.8 (@) Free-body diagrams 83.025 a—B ei & 81] f 162 2 Si|p (©) Moment diagram (© Elastic curve Figure 7.6.3 Solution of rigid frame in Example 7.6.1.THE SLOPE-DEFLECTION METHOD 207 Example 7.6.2 Analyze the rigid frame shown in Fig. 7.6.4a by the slope-deflection method. Determine the axial force, shears, and moments in all members. Sketch the elastic curve. SOLUTION Joints A, B, C, and D cannot have linear displacements; so R=0 for all members. The unknown joint rotations are 04, @s, and @c. Using the end-moment number designation in Fig. 7.6.4b, My = 2000) , 2ECI) 29, + 65) =~120+ 0.80164 + 0.40 EL 0 M= (2402829, + 04) = +120 + 0.80E I-03 + O.40EI-04 5 My = 2OOYOF 5 EAT 265 + 8c) = -172.8+ 0.80El-bs + 0.408 My= + INQ" , 2EGL 5. + 09) = +1152-+ 0.80El.8c +0.40E Lb 2E(1.Sk) Ms = 0+ "(26c) = + 1.00EL-8c Me=0+ on 16.) = +0,50El.tc Using the joint conditions (1) Mi =0, (2) Mz+ Ms= simultaneous equations in 64, 8s, and 6c are obtained: ), and (3) Me+ Ms =0, the following + 0.80.0, +0.40EI-O8 = +1200 + O.40EI-64 + 1.60E IO» + OMDEL-Gc = + 52.8 + 04DEL.bs + 1.80E.¢ = -115.2 Note again the symmetry of the coefficients with respect to the main diagonal of the preceding three equations. Solving these equations, © Bc =67.12 Edo = +1403 El-Oq = +142.98 (@) The given rigid frame (0) End-moment number designation Figure 7.6.4 Rigid frame of Example 7.6.2.+66.842 | Bi16.780 16.780, B 16.780 a2 T.seal Dise.02 wat f POs. ¥ 66.342] 84.130 150.972 120 kN 16.780, B 16.780 16.780, lel set 2B 0 Bafa. nite 780 , 12 35.870 57.12 J+ 16.180 ol 16.780 3.56 35.870, (@) Free-body diagrams 145.79 148.10 (© Elastic curve Figure 7.6.5 Solution of rigid frame inTHE SLOPE-DEFLECTION METHOD 209 Substituting the above values of joint rotations into the slope-deflection equations, ‘My = — 120 + 0.80(+ 142.98) + 0.40(+ 14.03) = 0.00 = +120 + 0.80(+ 14.03) + 0.40(+ 142.98) = + 188.42 ‘Ms = ~172.8 + 0,80(+ 14.03) + 0.40(—67.12) = — 188.42 Ma= +115.2 + 0,80(—67.12) + 0.40(+ 14.03) = +67.12 Ms = +1.00(—67.12) = -67.12 Mg = +0.50(—67.12) = -33.56 The free-body diagrams, the moment diagram, and the elastic curve are shown in Fig. 165. Example 7.6.3 Analyze the rigid frame shown in Fig. 7.6.6a by the slope-deflection method. Determine the axial force, shears, and moments in all members. Sketch the elastic curve. SOLUTION Joints D, E, and F are fixed. Joints A, B, and C cannot move in the vertical direction, but each may shift the same distance in the horizontal direction. In the present problem, however, on account of the symmetry both in the properties of the rigid frame itself and in the applied loads, joints A, B, and C will not have any horizontal displacement. Thus R is equal to zero for all members. In addition, 8» has to be zer» by reason of symmetry, and éc has to be equal in magnitude but opposite in sign to @q. Thus there is really only oné unknown joint rotation, which is @s. Using the end-moment number ° designation in Fig. 7.6.66, My = 256+ 2EGID 99, + 04) = -286+ 2E104 Mz= +256 + 2EGID 265 + 6,) = +256+ Ele My = ~256+2EGID 99, + a) = -256- Elta Ma= +256 + 2h. (26c + 65) = +256—-2EIOn Ms=0+ PEL 00, + Op) = +0.6667 E104 Me= 0422 2t + 6) = +0.3333EL04 My=0+7EE (265 + 66) =0 My=047E/ (206+ 09) =0 My=0+7E (26 + 67) = ~0.6667El.0x Mie= 0+ 72H (20p + 6c) = -0.3333EL0n From the joint condition Mi + Ms =0, -256 + 2EI-04+0.6667EI.0,= 0 El, = +96210 INTERMEDIATE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 1 23 4 7 9 6. 8. 10 (0) End-moment number designation Figure 7.6.6 Rigid frame of Example 7.6.3. Substituticy the value of 84 found above back into the slope-deflection equations, Mi=-64 = M:=+352 My=-352 Ma= +64 Ms= +64 Me=+32 Mr=0 My=0 © My=-64 = Mw=-32 The free-body diagrams, the moment diagram, and the elastic curve are shown in Fig. 7.67. 7.7 Application *» the Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Rigid Frames—With Unknown Joint Translation It has been stated repeatedly that for common rigid frames the axial defor- mation of the member is usually so small when compared with deformation due to bending moment that it is altogether ignored. Coupled with the first-order assumption that transverse displacements of the ends of any member do not affect its length, the problem that remains with rigid-frame analysis by the slope-deflection method is to determine, by observation or otherwise, whether the joints can have translation (linear displacement) in some direction. If so, such translations are unknown quantities in addition to unknown joint rotations in the making of the slope-deflection equations. Furthermore, for each unknown translation, there ought to be a corresponding equation of equilibrium so that there can always be as many equations of equilibrium as there are unknown joint rotations or translations. sl aialitial:‘THE SLOPE-DEFLECTION METHOD 211 48 kN/m 4stN/m 16 es 6 6+ 2.16 16. 16 A B B Cc OT 412 iz [O, | saiiteniee oe 382 wt Poo iis ae ge 2, aise ings ae 16 fe Fs 156 456 156 coy ro 4 A 16 3 Cc OF Dl—> 16 Z| eis On 132 156 456 136 (@) Free-body diagrams 189.5 189.5 (©) Elastic curve Figure 7.6.7 Solution of rigid frame in Example 7.6.3. When all members in a rigid frame are either horizontal or vertical, it is called a rigid frame with rectangular joints. When nonhorizontal or non- vertical members enter a rigid joint, the angle between the original member axes there will be different from 90°, resulting in a rigid frame with non-212 INTERMEDIATE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS rectangular joints. Only rigid frames with rectangular joints will be treated in this section; gable rigid frames, typically with nonrectangular joints, will be considered in Sec. 7.10. For rigid frames with rectangular joints, the unknown joint translations ate usually horizontal in direction; therefore they may be called unknown sidesways. Furthermore, the number of unknown sidesways should be equal to the number of stories in the rectangular rigid frame. Consider, for instance, the one-story rigid frame of Fig. 7.7.1a. The only possible unknown trans- lation is that of the sidesway to the right of joints A, B, or C. Just like the equilibrium condition for the unknown clockwise rotation of joint B, as shown by Fig. 7.7.16, that the sum of counterclockwise moments acting on joint B is zero, or M2+M3+M,=0 (7.7.1) the equilibrium con the unknown sidesway of joints A, B, or C to the right is that the si the horizontal forces to the left acting on the » combined free-body diagram of joints A, B, and C, as shown by Fig. 7.7.\c, is Zero, or ' -W,-Hs- H;— H,=0 0.72) wherein Hs, Hy, and Hy may be expressed in terms of the end moments from_ the free-body diagrams of the columns, as shown in Fig. 7.7.1d.. ‘or the typical two-story rigid frame shown in Fig. 7.7.2a, there are six unknown joint rotations and two unknown sidesways which aré designated as A, to the right of joints A, B, or C and A; to the right of joints D, E, or F. The W, +H, +H, +H, (©) Sidesway condition MS My MM A, #, Hy Wy B M, M, ee a > _ Mo 3G —> mM My, Mw (0) Joint-moment condition (@) Free-body diagrams of columns Figure 7.7.1 A typical one-story rigid frame.‘THE SLOPE-DEFLECTION METHOD 213 w, +H Hy My Ay +H, Hy, Wy is hy Hy . Figure 7.7.2 A typical two-story rigid (0) Sidesway conditions frame. two equilibrium conditions corresponding to the two unknown s.desways are obtained from equating the horizontal forces to the left acting on the com- , bined free body of joints A, B, and C and then of joints D, E, and F, to zero. Thus, -W,- He- An- Hs =90 (7.7.3a) and 0 =Wait H+ Hat Hu- His— Hn — Hy =0 (7.7.3b) Note that the subscripts used in the preceding two equations are the numbers assigned to each of the 20 member ends. The conditions expressed by Eqs. (7.7.2) or (7.7.3) can be called the horizontal shear conditions, or simply the shear conditions, because if there are no horizontal forces acting between the member ends on the columns themselves, the H forces are the shears in the columns. In the following examples, the shear conditions are established by equating to zero the sum of the forces toward the left acting on a hot joint re wil jiterally” obeyed unt je simi jeous Equations in the joint eo oer214 INTERMEDIATE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS \ rotations and translations are numerically established. The purpose is to show that the coefficients in the system of linear equations are symmetric with respect to the principal diagonal. In Chap. 12it willbe proved that these coefficients form ‘wsquare matrix which is always symmetric. Without this objective, the two shear “conditions Corresponding to the unknown sidesways A, and A, for the rigid cox | frame of Fig. 7.7.2 could be alternately written as P Wi=Hwt+ Hat A (7.24) and Wit Wi= Hist Hist Hw (1.7.4b) As shown by Fig. 7.7.3, Eqs. (7.7.4a and b) simply state that the sum of all horizontal forces to the right acting on the rigid frame from the top down to the bases of a set of columns in the same story is equal to the sum of shears acting to the left at the column bases. The use of Eqs. (7.7.4a and b) instead of Eqs. (7.7.3a and b) will in no way affect the correctness of the solution; however, the symmetry of the coefficients with respect to the principal diagonal may not be observed in the simultaneous equations. Example 7.7.1 Analyze the rigid frame shown in Fig. 7.7.4a by the slope-deflection method. Draw shear and moment diagrams. Sketch the elastic curve. (Note that this problem is identical to Example 4.6.1.) SOLUTION Joints A, B, C, and D can all rotate. Joints B and C may shift an equal amount to the right; this unknown sidesway is A, as shown by Fig. 7.7.4b. Thus there are altogether five unknown displacements (note that rotations and translations are both called displace- ‘ments to conform with the terminology used in the matrix displacement method of Chap. 12). Writing the slope-deflection equations for the six member-end moments, 48(4.5)3)" , 2EIe A x Min cor ae TS dS) = —34.56 + 0.53333 E164 + 0.26667 El-6s — 0.10667 EIA = +5184 + 0.53333 El. 6p + 0.26667 E164 — 0.10667 EIA +0-34 Ho A Sei Figure 7.7.3 Alternate free-body diagrams for sidesway.THE SLOPE-DEFLECTION METHOD 215 Oe Wo” My Ms al 2m den, o— 1D A 1Due, (©) Free-body diagrams 4.63 147.08 AZ dQ Hp yee Ale—Ha 1% (@) Check for shear condition Figure 7.7.4 Rigid frame of Example 7.7.1. ae = -72+1.33333E IO» + 0.66667El.6c My= +260. 2EOE) 6. + 09) 1 = +7241.33333Ele8c + 0.66667El. Os Ms=0+2EE (200+ 00-32) = 0.80000E-8c + 0.400010 ~ 0.240001. = 0.80000 EI.6p + 0.40000E 6c — 0.24000EI.4216 INTERMEDIATE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS The joint-moment conditions are (1) Mi = 0, (2) M:+ Ms =0, (3) Ma+ Ms = 0, and (4) Ms =0. The shear condition is, from Fig. 7.7.4¢, -Hi— Hs=0 Expressions for H; and Hs may be obtained from the free-body diagrams of the columns in Fig. 7.7.4c; thus 4 48(4.5) | Mi + Ma _Ms+ Me Beery Ma PAs ‘The five simultaneous equations in which the unknowns are 64, 0s, 8c, @p, and A (D) from Mi =0, +0.53333E1.04 + 0.26667 El-6s — 0.10667 EI. A = +34.56 (2) from M:+M;=0, t +0.26067EI.04 + | 86666ELOy + 0.66667EI.6c —0.10667EI.A =C2).16 ©) from Mi+ Ms =0, +0.66667El.0s + 2.13333E1.0c + 0.40000EI.8p ~ 0.24000EI.4 = ~72 from M.=0, +0.40000E1.8c + 0.80000 El-p — 0.24000EI.4 = 0 (5) from -H— Hs =0, — [84.2 1228+ 080000814 + 080000616 2USSSELA) _ (1:20000E1-6c + 1.20000E1-6p ~ 0.48000E 1.4 (nas ital aaecaataaatane 0.10667 1-64 — 0.10667 El.» — 0.24000EI-8c — 0.24000EI-0p + 0.12444EI.A = +31.104 ‘The coefficients in the five simultaneous equations may be tabulated as follows: EL64 El-de Elebc ELA = +0.53333 | +0.26667 —0.10667 | +34.56 +0.26667 | +1.86666 | +0.66667 0.10667 | +20.16 +0.6667 | +2.13333 In Chap. 12, it will be proved that the 5x5 matrix to the left of the equals sign in the accompanying table has to be symmetric about the principal diagonal, and the column of constants below the equals sign contains the equivalent moments acting on joints A, B, C, and D and the equivalent horizontal force acting on the combined free body of joints B and C, wherein the equivalent system is defined as one which will cause the same joint rotations and sidesway as the original applied loads. ‘The method for solving a system of linear equations will be treated in Chap. 9. WithTHE SLOPE-DEFLECTICN METHOD 217 many kinds of electronic calculators easily accessible, the actual solution of the problem is no longer a difficult task either in concept or in execution. Solving for the joint displacements, EIA =+1432.7 Eley =+409.12 Elec = +41.40 EleOp = +29.82 — EleOa = +336.42 Substituting the above values into the slope-deflection equations, Mi=-0.01 Mz=+4.63 My=—4.64 Me=+147.08 — Ms=-147.08 Me=+0.01 Note that a quadrangular frame with two hinged supports is quite flexible in sidesway so that the large rotations at A and D and the large sidesway require a large number of significant figures in the slope-deflection equations in order to arrive at good values for the end moments. The end moments obviously satisfy the four joint-moment conditions. The shear condition may be checked by seeing if Ha + Ho in Fig. 7.7.4d is equa, to the horizontal load of 48 KN; or Hya+ Ho 248 [sP-s8]-C-0 18.583 +29.416~48 (OK) solution is correct so long as the values of El/L and the fixed-end moments are rectly entered into the slope-deflection ; For an absolute indepersdent check, the joint rotations and translations must be computed again from the final mom: xt diagram and the compatibility condition (one for this singly indeterminate structure) checked as Example 4.6.2. The free-body, shear and moment diagrams of the members, and the elas curve are available in Example 4.6.1 or Fig. 4.6.5. Example 7.7.2 Analyze the rigid frame shown in Fig. 7.7.5a by the slope-deflection method. Draw shear and moment diagrams. Sketch the elastic curve. (Note that this problem is identical to Example 4.6.2.) SOLUTION The only difference between the rigid frame in Fig. 7.7.5a and that of the previous example is that the supports at A and D are now fixed instead of being hinged. Consequently @4 and @p are both known to be zero to begin with, and the joint conditions ‘M, =0 and Me=0 no longer apply. The three simultaneous equations in which @», 6c, and A are the unknowns will simply be identical to the second, third, and fifth equations in the previous example, without the first and fourth columns before the equals sign. Thus Fame [a 00 Solving the three simultaneous equations in the table, ElA=+245.96 Ele6c=-15.586 — El6g = +30.422218 INTERMEDIATE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS fr iar (0) Sidesway and end-moment number designation ' 71.50 1217 IC = fs ae (©) Check for shear condition Figure 7.7.5 Rigid frame ~f Example 7.7.2. ‘Substituting the above values into the slope-deflection equations, as shown in the Previous example, except that @4 = 8 = 0, Mi = ~34.56 + 0.26567(+30,422) — 0.10667(+245.96) = - 52.68 ‘Ma = +51.84 + 0.53333(+ 30.422) — 0.10567(+245.96) = +41.83 ‘Ms = ~72 + 1.33333(+30.422) + 0.66667(~ 15.586) = — 41.83 Me= +72-+ 1.33333(— 15,586) + 0.66667(+30.422) = +71.50 Ms = 0+ 0.80000(— 15.586) - 0.24000(+245.96) = — 71.50 ‘Ms = 0+ 0.40000(— 15.586) ~ 0.24000(+245.96) = -65.26 Note that the two joint-moment conditions, (1) M:+M;=0 and (2) Mit M. 0, are obvicusly satisfied. The shear condition may be checked by seeing if Ha+ Ho in Fig. 7.7.5c is equal to the horizontal load of 48 KN; or Hya+ Ho 248 @ 506526) 248 20.647 + 27.352~48 (OK) [fps],THE SLOPE-DEFLECTION METHOD 219 The free-body, shear and moment diagrams of the members, and the elastic curve are available in Example 4.6.2 or Fig. 4.6.8. Example 7.7.3 Analyze the rigid frame shown in Fig. 7.7.6a by the slope-deflection method. Draw shear and moment diagrams. Sketch the elastic curve. SOLUTION Using the sidesway and end-moment number designation of Fig. 7.7.66, the 10 slope-deftection equations are My = 268) , 2E GE) 26, + 65) = 96+ 1 S0EL 04 + 0.75EleOs Mz~ +28), 2EGED 26, + 94) = +96+ 1.50EI6s + 0.75ELO My= 0+ 22 G12 00g + 6c) = +1.50E 6s + 0.7SEle6c M.=0+7EG1 260 + 65) = +1.50EIebc + 0.75ELs 2EQk) 10 =0+22Gh), = = Me= 0+ 2EGID(265 + 64-32) = +040E1-04~ 2.121 Ms=0+ 204+ 0-24) = +0:80E1.04-0.12E18 10, My= 0+ 2EGID (265 + 66-32) = +1.00EIe60 -0.187SEI-4 Ma=0+2E CLD (209 + 09 -3*) = +0.50EI.0 -0.1875E1.8 My= 0+ 2221) (260+ 6 —32) = +0.2008.6c—0.75EL Myy= 0+ 2EQED(26 + 6c -32) = + 1.00E1.¢ - 0.75 Ele ‘The joint-moment conditions corresponding to the unknown joint rotations @,, @s, and @c are (1) Mi+ Ms=0, (2) Mi + Ms + Mr=0, and (3) Ma+ Ms = 0. The shear condition correspond- ing to the unknown sidesway A can be obtained from taking the joints A, B, and C together as a free body and using the direction toward the left as positive; thus from Fig. 7.7.6c, —Hs— Hy— Hs=0 _Ms+Me_Mi+Ms_Mo+ Mw, 9 ‘ 10 8 4 ‘The three joint-moment conditions and the shear condition when expressed in terms of the unknown joint displacements, are as shown in the accompaaying table.10m (6) Sidesway and end-momnet number designation A 3 C eH, HK, + -H,-Hy-Hy=0 (©) Shear condition Joon 1Qa4 dl Des Hg= 1.518 ra Poss Hg=7.568 ‘je 1921.40 hOusss Figure 7.7.6 Rigid frame of Example (@ Check for shear condition 7.73.THE SLOPE-DEFLECTION METHOD 221 the four simultaneous equations in the table, EIA=+19.529 El6c=+i1.79 ElOp=-35.48 — El-0,= +54.33 Substituting the above values of the joint displacements back into the slope-deflection ‘equations, M)=~41.12 Mr=+83.53 9 My=-4438 = Mu=-8.92 Ms=+41.12 9 Mg=+19.39 9 M>=-39.14 Ms=—21.40 My= +893 Mw=-2.86 a The end moments obtained above obviously satisfy the joint-moment conditions (1) Mi + ‘Ms =0, (2) M2+ Ms+ M7 =0, and (3) Mc + Mo =0, with round-off error of +0.01. The shear condition may be checked by considering the entire rigid frame as a free body and using the equilibrium condition F, = 0; or, referring to Fig. 7.7.64, +Hp-He+Hr 20 4112+ 19.39 _ 39.14+21.40 , 8.93 : 2.86 2 4 10 .568+1.518=0 (OK) As has been said repeatedly, the solution thus far has to be correct provided the fixed-end moments and the El/L values are entered correctly in the 10 slope-deflection equations. The free-body diagrams, the moment diagram, and the elastic curve are shown in Fig. 7.1.1. In order to make a good sketch of the elastic curve, the joint rotation and the joint translation must be in the correct proportion. To achieve this, the angles can be plotted by their tangent functions; thus if @4 in Fig. 7.7.7c is 54.33 kN-m’/El., the distance B,B’ in that figure should be equal to 8@4 or 434.6kN-m’/El.. Note agvin tha: the momeat diagram is plotted on the compression side, to which the curvature of the elastic curve must conform. +6.051— Example 7.7.4 Analyze the rigid frame shown in Fig. 7.7.8a by the slope-deflection method. ‘Draw shear and moment diagrams. Sketch the elastic curve. SOLUTION Using the sidesway and end-moment number designation of Fig. 7.7.86, the 12 slope-deflection equations for the six members are as follows (for convenience, the symbol EI. has been dropped in front of the 6"s and A’s): M, = 0+ 2226, + 65) =2.5004 + 1.2508 Mz = 0+22(265 + 64) = 2.5008 + 1.2504 Ms = 0+ 22) (26¢ + 60) =2.508¢ + 1.2500 Ms = 0+ 2D (260 + 6c) = 2.5000 + 1.2586 Ms =0+ Phos 8 a8) = 1.2504 + 0.6256 — 0.292974 + 0.292978 Ms =0+ Date +0 Has] = 1.250 + 0.62504 — 0.292974 + 0.292978: M: = 0+ 22 [20 + eM) = 1.2568 + 0.62500 ~ 0.292974, + 0.292978: My = 0+22)[260 + 09-245 9)] ~ 1.2560 + 0.62560 ~ 02929781 + 0.2929726.05_ A t 605 605, B12 1p cis a ws 1D sO [Sus of [em + 5.30 83.53 53.30 44. P * i +42.70 $3.30 137 59.96 42.70 59.96 6.66 5 95, oun ens Ar Gos Shae CTs 1.82 Fi 7,87 | E 786 Dl_--6.05 O20 Mie 419.39 59.96 42.70 (@) Free-body diagrams (© Elastic curve Figure 7.7.7 Solution of rigid frame in Example 7.73. 22THE SLOPE-DEFLECTION METHOD 223 + al 1-4, MM r= pie, = Mat -12-H,-Hy=0 A+ Hg+ Hy—Hy- Hy, =0 (©) Shear conditions Figure 7.7.8 Rigid frame of Example 7.7.4. =04+24, 342). é, My =0+ 29 (260 + 66-242) = 2.508 - 0.585544, ) Mu=0+29 (200 + 6-28) = 1.256¢- 0.585948 33) Mu =0+22(200 + 67 ~322) = 2.5060 ~1.1718842 Mu=0+22 20» + 60-342) = 1.2560 1.171884 ‘The joint-moment conditions are, for Mi + Ms = 0, + 3.7564 + 1.256n + 0.6250c — 0.292974: + 0.292974: = 0 for Mz+ M7=0, +1.2564 + 3.7565 + 0.6250 — 0.29297A; + 0.292972 = 0 for M;+ Ms+Ms=0, +0.62564 + 6.258 + 1.250 ~ 0.292974: — 0.292972 = 0224 INTERMEDIATE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS. and for Ms+ Ms+ Mu = 0, +0.62509 + 1.250c + 0.6256p — 0.292974; — 0.878914: = 0 The shear condition corresponding to the unknown sidesway A, is that the summation of the forces actin; on the combined free body of joints A and B to the left (opposite to the positive direstion for 41) is equal to zero; thus, from Fig. 7.7.8¢, — -12-Hs-Hr=0 —0.29297 8, — 0.29297 6s — 0.29297 6c — 0.29297 6p + 0.183106A; —0.18310642 = +12 The shear condition corresponding to the unknown sidesway A: is that the summation of the forces acting on the combined free-body diagram of joints C and D to the left (opposite to the positive directi..1 for 42) is equal to zero; thus, from Fig. 7.7.8¢, 24+ Het He— Hy Hn =0 ogg Mat Me, M+ Ma Ms + Mio Mut Mur _ eT ee 32 0 +0.292976, + 0.292976 — 0.29297 6c — 0.87891 6p — 0.1831064; + 1.09863842= +24 _ Note again the symmetry of the coefficients of the 6's and A's in the six simultaneous equations with respect to the principal diagonal. ioe ees, |Our [Piz joet-ae Jor | 55.96 z Hy=7.17 |Ox50 ‘igure 7.7.9 Check for shear conditions in Example 7.7.4.THE SLOPE-DEFLECTION METHOD 225 ‘Solving the six simultaneous equations, Im? mm? = +6e13ee 6s = +4650 sm? Oo = +15.7440 kN-m? KN-m? Arm 186.0105 a= +6455 Substituting the above values of the joint rotations and translations back into the slope-deflection equations, Mi=+22.36 Mz=+1992 My=+39.52 M,=+49.28 Ms=~-22.36 = Me=-21.53 Mr=-1992 My=-12.99 Ms=—17.99 = Mw=-2790 Mu=~36.28 Mn=-55.96 The end moments obtained above obviously satisfy the joint conditions of (1) Mi + Ms =0, @) Mi+Mr=0, (3) Ms+Me+Ms=0, and (4) Mc+Me+Mu=0. The check for shear conditions may be made by using the alternate free-body diagrams for sidesway as described in Fig. 7.7.3. Thus the base shears at points 6 and 8 in Fig. 7.7.9 should be equal to the lateral load acting on AB, and the base shears at points 10 and 12 in the same figure should be equal to the sum of the iateral loads acting on AB and CD. ‘The free-bedy diagram, the moment diagram, and the elastic curve of the entire rigid frame are shown in Fig. 7.7.10. {Ax (@) Menon Glee (0 Blaise curve 231 (@) Reactions Figure 7.7.10 Solution of rigid frame in Example 7.7.4. ,» 226 INTERMEL"ATE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS % ‘ 7.8 Application to the Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Rigid Frames due to Yielding of Supports The induced reactions and the axial forces, shears, and moments in the members of a statically indeterminate rigid frame due to yielding of supports can be found by the slope-deflection method. Take, for instance, the rigid frame shown in Fig. 7.8.1. It is required to determine all end moments due toa rotational slip of a rad of joint D, and a horizontal movement A, to the right | and a vertical settlement A; of joint E. Before writing the slope-deflection equations it is necessary to locate the possible displaced positions of the joints A, B, C, D, E, and F. The positions of D’, E’, and F’ are given data, as shown in Fig. 7.8.1. Joints A, B, and C may shift an unknown amount of sidesway A; to the right, but joint B must also move down an amount A; so that the length of member BE may not change. From Fig. 7.8.1, the R values for the five members are Ae Tac A; Rap = La dis it displacements are 04, 85, 6c, and As, since it is known in advance that @>=+a, 0¢=0, and 6-=0. The conditions of equilibrium corresponding to the four unknowns are the three joint-moment conditions and the shear condition. Generally the effect of one yielding is to be in- vestigated at one iime; the preceding discussion and the subsequent example, both containing more than one yielding, serve only to explain the procedure. Example 7.8.1 By the slope-deflection method determine all reactions induced to act on the rigid frame of Fig. 7.8.2a by a rotationai slip of 0.002 rad clockwise of joint D and a vertical settlement of 15mm at joint D. Use E = 200% 10° kN/m’ and I. = 400 x 10 m‘. (Note that this problem is identical to Example 4.7.1.) ie Ps. c 3] Figure 7.8.1 Rigid frame with yielding of supports.THE SLOPE-DEFLECTION METHOD 227 E=200x 106 KN/m* ‘T= 400x 10° m* @ rer a fe = Mth Bt pa ae pl temo (©) Shear condition — | Duss Hy=3.341 A | O20 (@) Check for shear condition Figure 7.8.2 Rigid frame of Example 7.8.1. SOLUTION Since there are no loads applied on the members, the fixed-end moments are all equal to zero. The possible displaced positions of the joints are shown in Fig. 7.8.2b. Joints B and C may shift a common sidesway A to the right, but joint C must also move 15mm downward, the same amount as joint D. The values of EI/L of members AB, BC, and CD are, respectively, EIIL of AB = 98) ~ 10,667 kN-m BIL of Bc = 200800) 26,667 kN-m BIL of CD = 2%) «16,000 kN-m Using the end-moment number designations shown in Fig. 7.8.2b, the slope-deflection228 INTERMEDIATE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS. equations are nae 3a M,= 0+ -10,667)(204 + 65 ~34) = 21,3330 -8533.38 Mz= 0+ 2(10,667)(200 + 04-23) = 42,6676 ~ 8533.38 M= 0+ 226,667)[26 +6 — 201) = 106,66765 + 53,3336c — 400 Mex 0+ 206,667)[20¢ + 05-2219] ~ 1966670 +53:33306~ 400 Ms=0+ 216,000)(26¢ + 0.002 -32) = 64,0000. +64— 19,2004 Me= 0+ 2(16,000)| 2(+0.002) + 6c -24] = 128 + 32,0008 — 19,2004 5 The joint-moment conditions are, for M:+ Ms = 0, + 149,3330s + 53,3336c — $533.34 = +400 and for M.+ Ms=0, +53,3336n + 170,6676c — 19,2004 = +336 The shear condition is, from Fig. 19,2006 + 9955.54 = + 38.4 Solving the three simultaneous equations for 6s, 6c, and A, O» = +2.4253x 107 rad Oc = +2.3992X107 rad = A= + 10.563 10 m Substituting the above values of joint rotations and translation back into the slope-deflection , Mi=-3840 M:=+1334 My=-13,34 Ma=~14.74 Ms= +14.74 Me= +1.96 The end moments obtained above obviously satisfy the joint-moment conditions of (1) Mz + Ms= 0 and (2) M.+ Ms =0. The check for shear condition may be made by computing Ha and Hp in Fig. 7.8.2d and seeing that H, is equal to Ho when the entire rigid frame is taken as a free body. The complete free-body, shear and moment diagrams, the elastic curve, and the compatibility check have been worked out in Example 4.7.1 and shown in Fig. 4.7.2. 7.9 Analysis of Gable Frames by the Slope-Deflection Method In the slope-deflection method, the primary unknowns are the joint displace- ments, which may include rotations and translations. For each unknown joint displacement, inere is always a corresponding equilibrium condition. For any rigid frame to be analyzed, it is a simple matter to count the number of rigid joints Which are free to rotate, and this number may be called the degree of freedom in rotation. The equilibrium condition corresponding to each un- known clockwise joint rotation is simply that the sum of the counterclockwise moments acting by the adjoining members on the joint is equal to zero.THE SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD 229 Next it is necessary to determine whether each rigid joint can have unknown translation. For instance, the typical one-span gable frame shown in Fig. 7. has five rigid joints A, B, C, D, and E. The horizontal displacement u to the right and the vertical displacement v upward of each joint are shown in the parentheses in that figure. In order to satisfy the assumption that axial deformation is to be ignored, joints B and D cannot have v-‘tical displace- ment because if they did, the lengths of columns AB and DE would change, The unknown joint translations are therefore four in number; namely, uy, uc, Uc, and Up. However, ug, uc, vc, and Up must be such that they do not change the lengths of the rafters BC and CD; thus only two of the four unknown joint translations are free independent unknowns. The number of free in- dependent unknown joint translations in a rigid frame is called the degree of freedom in sidesway. The word sidesway derives from the fact that in common rectangular rigid frames, the unknown translations are usually the deflections of the horizontal members in the horizontal direction. In building up the slope-deflection equations, the independent joint trans- lations, equal in number to the degree of freedom in sidesway, must be chosen from the unknown joint translations. For the gable frame of Fig. 7.9.1, one can choose any two of the four translations ug, uc, vc, and up and use = when Aor ++ Hy (0) Joint displacements (&) Equilibrium condition for uy mot Re loom, ieee Hee, eae Oh, yf YI 4Hy+ Hy We=0 ++ M=0 ++ y+ a0 (©) Equilibrium conditions for uc and ve (@ Equilibrium condition for up Figure 7.9.1 Sidesway conditions in gable frames.230 INTERMEDIATE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS them in the slope-deflection equations. In order to obtain the symmetry about the main diagonal for the coefficients of the joint displacements in the simultaneous equations, the equilibrium equations as shown in Fig. 7.9.1b to d must be strictly followed. If us, uc, or up is chosen as an independent unknown, the corresponding equilibrium equation is that the sum of the forces acting to the left (opposite to the positive direction of ug, uc or up) on joint B, C, or D must be zero. If vc is chosen, the corresponding equilibrium equation is that the sum of the forces acting downward (opposite to the positive direction of vc) on joint C must be zero. However, if symmetry is not desired, one can make use of any two of the four equilibrium equations shown in Fig. 7.9.1, not necessarily those corresponding to the independent joint translations chosen to be used in the slope-deflection equations. The proof for the symmetry as described here will be made in Chap. 12. Example 7.9.1 Analyze the gable frame shown in Fig. 7.9.2a by the slope-deflection method. Draw shear and moment diagrams. Sketch the elastic curve. SOLUTION (a) Fixed-end moments. The magnitude of the fixed-end moment at either end‘of ‘a horizontal span with length L, when subjected to a uniform vertical load of w per unit horizontal distance, is equal to wL?/12, as shown in Fig. 7.9.3a. For the inclined member in 18kN/m GcG (q@ The given gable frame (0) End-moment number (©) Joint-displacement diagram designation Figure 7.9.2 Gable frame of Example 7.9.1. “orn co) @ Figure 7.9.3 Fixed-end moments for an inclined member.THE SLOPE-DEFLECTION METHOD 231 Fig. 7.9.3b, the total load of wL is resolved into two components, one along the member and the other perpendicular to the member. The transverse load per ui * distance in the inclined direction is (wL cos a)|(L sec a) = w cos*a, and the magnivude of the fixed-end moment (FEM) at either end is FEM = jh(w cos! aXL sec a)*= wl? which is identical to that in Fig. 7.9.3a. For the present problem, using the end-moment number designation of Fig. 7.9.1b, the fixed-end moments are 2 Ma = -o =-S4kN-m Mu = +54KN-m Mos=—S4kN-m = Mw =+S4kN-m (b) Joint-displacement diagram. As far as joint rotations are concerned, the unknowns are Os, Oc, and @. Because of symmetry, 6c has to be zero and dp has to be equal i ‘magnitude but opposite in sign i of the joints are shown in the joint-displacement diagram of Fig. 7.9.2c. Here again, because of symmetry, let BB’ = DD’ = up. The parallelograms BCC;B’ and DCC:D' are drawn in Fig. 7.9.2c so that B’C; and D’C; are equal to BC and DC, respectively. Perpendiculars (not arcs) are erected at C; and C: to C:B’ and CD’ until they intersect at C’. Thus, following the first-order assumption, the lengths of B’C’ and C'D’ are equal to those of C:B’ and C:D’, respectively. The rotations of the member axes are ‘ Raa Ryn SiC VSuo _ , uo 6 BC, 3VS 3 aN aeat oie ee oe cD’ 3V5 3 (c) Slope-deflection equations. The slope-deflection equations for M, to Ms are 2E Mi= 04 2EPI (204+ 60 +382) = 2 + HEL Ma=0+ 2ERID (205 + 04+ 242) = $81.04 + 1 Blue M= ~54+ ECD (29, +6c nae) 54+ 1.7888El.0p ~0.8944E lu Mex +54+2EGI) (29. + 05 280) = 4544-0:9944E 165-0894 Elo 3V5 2 =-5442EGL), IM) tse My~~s442ECl (26+ 09+ “a 540.8944 E105 + 0.8944E Lup = 4544 2EGLy| Wo) = 454 Mom 45442804 (260+ a+ Dp +54—1.7888E0s +0.8944E up 2E My= 0+ 2B (200 + 02-42) = $5165 —1 Lp 2EQK: Men 0+ 2E2I (206+ 65-342) = 21.44 —!Btsu0 ® (d) Simultaneous equations in O and uo. The equilibrium conditions ing to 4 and up are (1) sum of counterclockwise moments acting on joint B is equal to zero, and (2) sum of horizontal forces to the left acting on joint D is equal to zero. Thus, from M:+ Ms=0 in Fig. 7.9.44, +3.1221ELe@s — 0.5611 El.up = +54