Professional Documents
Culture Documents
အောင်ထူး တင်မောင်ဦး အမေ့ခံသူရဲကောင်း
အောင်ထူး တင်မောင်ဦး အမေ့ခံသူရဲကောင်း
2
qvd k i f ; ud k w if a rmif O D ;
atmif x l ;
a&;om;jyKpk o nf ?
3
aus;Zl;wifv$m
qvdkif; udw
k ifarmifOD; rdom;pk (uae'g EkdifiH)
4
rlydkifcGifh
Tpmtkyf. rlykid fcGifhudk qvdkif;udkwifarmifOD;. rdom;pkrsm;tm;vHk;ukd,fpm; 4if;. nDr jzpfol rvSjrdKif (c)
rdik fykyd ku
d &,lxm;ygonf? jrefrmedkifiHtwGif;Y ,ae hwdkifwnf&dS usifhoHk; vSsuf&daS om ppf tm%m&Sifpepftm; wdkuf
zsufekid fa&;twGuf “qvdkif;udkwifarmifOD;/ ar havsmhaecJh aom tm&Swdkuf. ol&Jaumif;” pmtky. f Tjrefrm bm
om pmrlwckvHk;udk tifwmeufraS eI vdktyfovdk jzef ha0&efcGifhjyKygonf? jynfolwdk htaejzifh txl;ojzifh jynfwGif;
&Sd vli,frsm; taejzifh us,fus,fjyef hjyef havhvmcGifh &avav w&m;rSswr+/ vGwfvyfr+/ jidr;f csrf;r+ wdkufyJt G wGuf
tusdK;&Sdavav [k cH,laoma}umifh jzpf ygonf? odk h&mwGif pmtkyfwtkyv f Hk;tm; yHkeSdfyfvdkonfjzpfap/ pmtkyxf JrS
tpdyt f ydkif;wckcktm; xkwf,ljyD; tjcm;wae&m&mwGif oHk;pGv J dkonfjzpfap rdrdxHrS cGifhjyKcsufawmif;,l&ef yef}um;
ygonf?
a':vSjrdKif (c) rdkifydkydk
978-0-9869240-1-9
================================================================================
rsufeSmzHk; eSifh aemufa}umzHk;
tifwmeufwGif wifoGif;jzef hcsDaom Tpmrl. rsufemS zHk;rSm OD;atmifxl; t*Fvdybf mom jzifh jyKpkaom
“Tin Maung Oo: A Forgotten Hero of Asia” . rl&if;rsufemS zH;k jzpfygonf? xdkenf;wl Tpmtkyef Sifh pyfvSsOf;
I jAdwdoSs 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; *dk'ef ba&mif;/ ASEAN Inter-Parliamentary Caucas (AIPMC) . 'k OuUX
Kraisak Choonhaven/ ordkif;ynm&Sif ygarmuQ *sdL;Zuf aq;vfAm; pwdkif; eSifh tar&duef jynfaxmifprk S David
Kramer (Former Assistant Secretary of State and Executive Director of Freedom House) wdk h.oabmxm;rSwfcsuf
rsm; az:jyxm;cJhonfh aemufa}umzHk;rSmvnf; tqdkyg pmtkyfryS if jzpfygonf?
trsdL;om;'Drku
d a&pD tzGJ hcsKyfrS q&m}uD; OD;0if;wif. oabmxm;rSwfcsufudkrl txl;tom;ay;I 4if;.
rl&if;a&;om;xm;csuf twdkif; t*Fvdyb f momjzifhyif pmtkyf. a&S hqHk;ae&mwGif az:jyxm;ygonf?
xkwfa0ol
5
Forgotten Political Prisoners of Burma’s Gulag Archipelagos
About 35 years ago, a hero of Burma, a hero of Asia, Salai Tin Maung Oo, was murdered in Insein Jail,
the most notorious prison in the whole world. Salai Tin Maung Oo was a university student of the Chin
nationality, a great lover of humanity, freedom, justice and peace. As a student leader, he was at
logger’s head with the military rulers. He led many student demonstrations. At long last, he was arrested
and sentenced to death. Then he was sent to the gallows. He is the very first student leader to be
hanged during the time of Ne Win’s military dictatorship.
He was dead. Unsung. Activists used to say Salai Tin Maung Oo had done a great service to the cause of
liberty and democracy. He is a hero. But he is a forgotten hero of Burma. This was not true when I was
put behind bars. When I was put behind bars, already two decades had gone since Salai Tin Maung Oo
was hanged. Nevertheless, the legend of Salai Tin Maung Oo was the talk of the prison. He was still a
legendary hero among us political prisoners. His name, his strifes, his struggles, his sacrifices are lavishly
talked about among us.
Nowadays, thanks to the thorough and investigative research and lovingly care-intensive prose by the
author, U Aung Htoo, Salai Tin Maung Oo is no more a forgotten hero. His life and struggles are unveiled
to the people of Burma, Asia, and the world over. He now becomes an icon of all the political prisoners
in Burma.
While one of the most submerged and unknown figures in Burmese history is unveiled for the first time,
there still are more than two thousand political prisoners languishing in various dirty, unhealthy and
narrow cells in the gulags, which are widely scattered over Burma. All those political prisoners are
serving terms ranging over 100 years to over 30, 40, 50, 60 years, and so forth. Some of those political
prisoners’ names crop up sometimes in the overseas media. The media reports just mention their
names, not their living conditions. Hence, they virtually are forgotten prisoners anyhow.
6
Over two thousand political prisoners are here in Burma now. There are many kinds of demands for
their release; political resolutions, appeals, requests, prayers, etc. to no avail. Recently the so-called
civilian government, headed by Thein Sein, formerly a general and prime minister of the military junta,
decreed an amnesty order reducing one year for every prisoner. It is a big political joke. A great shame
for the country. A huge insult on top of injury. The whole world has cursed the half-military government
in diplomacy-coated language. The shameless government remains unperturbed, looking foolish to the
whole wide world.
There are over two thousand forgotten political prisoners waiting in the gulags of Burma. Where are
authors, writers, poets like Aung Htoo? Authors wanted; writers wanted; poets wanted for each and
every forgotten political prisoner of Burma. You are highly welcomed. Come ye all.
For the moment, Aung Htoo is more than good enough. He has done his best.
~U Win Tin
National League for Democracy
7
jrefrmEkdifi&H Sd arhaysmufae+yD;jzpfaom ol&Jaumif;wpfOD;ta=umif; pl;prf;avhvmjcif;
udw
k ifarmifOD;. cE<mudk,fudk csKyf+idr;f atmif jyKvkyjf cif;jzifh vGwfvyfr/_ w&m;r#wr_ wdk heiS fh pyfvSsOf;I 4if;.
,Hk=unfcsufrsm;udk z,f&mS ;okwfoifEdik fvdrhrf nf[k ppftm%m&Sifrsm;u xifrw S fxm;cJh}uonf? odk@aomfvnf; vGwf
vyfIw&m;r#w+yD; +idrf;csrf;onfhvl@tzG@J tpnf;udkwnfaqmufvdkaom udw k ifarmifOD;. oHEdÏN mefrsm;onf ausmif;ol
ausmif;om;rsm;eSifh vlxkxHodk@ ysH@E@SH oGm;cJhonf? xdk@a=umifh ppftpdk;&u 4if;. cE<mudk,fudk owfEdik fcJhonfrmS rSeaf omf
9
vnf; 4if;. pdwf"mwftm;rmefrSmrlum; qufvufI&SifoefaeqJjzpfonf? 1988ckEpS f=o*kwfvwGif jrefrmEkdifiHw0Srf;
Y jzpfyGm;cJhaom ausmif;om;rsm;OD;aqmifonfh qENjyyGJrsm;wGif tqdkyg pdwf"mwftm;rmefrsK;d udk txift&Sm; awG@jrif
Ekid fonf? aemufykid f;wGif T qENjyyJGrsm;onf ‘(8)av;vHk; vlxkta&;awmfyk’H [lI trnfwGifvmcJhonf? tqdkyg
ta&;awmfykw H Gif ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh omref jynfolwdk@u vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m awmif;qdkcsuf rsm;ukd wnD w!Gwf
xJ [pfaºuG;cJh=uonfrmS jrefrmhordkif;wGifyxrOD;qHk;t}udrjf zpfcJhonf? qENjyolrsm;udk ppfwyfu t}urf; bufEdrS ef if;
cJhjcif;a=umifh vlaygif; (3000)ausmf aoa=ucJh&aomfvnf; ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk qef@usifaom ausmif; om;v_y&f Sm;
r_rsm;/ vlxkwdkufyGJrsm;udk ZGJrav#mhwrf; qufvufjyKvkyv f mcJh=uonfrmS ,ae@wkdifyifjzpfonf?
tqdkyg umvrsm;rS pwifum ppftpdk;&onf jynfolvlxkwdk@. &oif&h xdkufaom vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk jyif;
xefq;dk &Gm;pGm csdK;azgufvmcJhonf? txl;ojzifh jrefrmvlrsKd;r[kwfaom wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm; aexdkif&ma'o rsm;
wGif ydkrkd qdk;&Gm;cJhonf? jypfr_usL;vGeo
f lrsm; vGwfjidr;f cGifh&aeonfhtajctaewGif EkdifiHawmf w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfonf
ppftpdk;&. vufatmufY vHk;0OoHk c,0yfwGm;ae&onf? jypfr_usL;vGeo f lrsm; vGwfjidr;f cGifh&aeonfhtcsufrmS ppf
tm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk oufq;dk &Snfaeapaom ta&;ygonfh ta=umif;&if;wpfckjzpfonf? ppftpdk;&u vlxk
. +idrf;csrf;pGm qENjyv_y&f Sm;r_rsm;udk &uf&ufpufpuf ypfcwfEdrS ef if;jcif;rsm; tygt0if vlom;jzpfr_udk qef@usifonfh
jypfr_rsm;ESifh txl;ojzifh wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm;udk qef@usifaom ppf&mZ0wfrr_ sm;udk qufvufusL;vGeaf evmcJh
aomfvnf; wpHw k &m ta&;,lcH&jcif; r&Sdao;acs? xkd@a=umifh jrefrmedkifiH Oya' eSifh w&m;pD&ifa&;e,fy,fwGif oHk;E_;H
avh&daS om ‚w&m;r#wr_udk az:aqmif&rnf‛qdkonfh a0g[m&twdkif; vufawG@jzpfrvmonfrmS q,fpEk Spfaygif;
rsm;pGm =umjrifhcJhyg+yD? jynfoljynfom;taygif;wdk@. vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;&&Sad &; qdkonfrmS tvSr;f a0;aeqJ jzpfonf?
txufY az:jyxm;aom jzpf&yfrsm; jrefrmEkdifiHwGif &Sv d mcJhaomfvnf; EkdifiHa&; acgif;aqmifrsm;pGm wkd@onf
‚vufwke@f jyefjcif;‛ qdkonfxuf ‚cGifhv$wfjcif;‛udk vnf;aumif;/ ‚trkef;w&m;‛ qdkonfxuf ‚arwWm‛ udk vnf;
aumif;/ ‚t=urf;zuf yËdyuQjzpfjcif;‛ qdkonfxuf ‚+idrf;csrf;pGm toGiu f l;ajymif;jcif;‛udk vnf;aumif; ydrk I dk vdkvm;
=u&rnfjzpfa}umif; a}uG;a}umfvm}uonf? xdk@tajccHjzifhvnf; ‚trsKd;om;&if=um;apha&;‛qdo k nfh Ekid fiHa&;a0g[m&
ay:aygufvm&jcif; jzpfonf? odk@aomf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif jzpfysufaeaom tajctaersm;tay: rlwnfum ‚trsKd;om;
&if =um;apha&;‛ odk hr[kwf ‚trsK;d om;jyefvnfoihfjrwfa&;‛ [lonfudk rnfuJhodk@ t"dyg` ,faumuf,lum vufawG@
usifhoHk;rnfenf; qdkonfrmS ar;cGe;f xkwfp&mjzpfvmonf? jypfrKS usL;vGe}f uolawGtay: bmwckrsS ta&;,l jcif;r&Sd
bJ cGifhv$wfjcif;rSm jypfrSK usL;vGecf H&olrsm;. tcGifhta&;udk vHk;0rsufuG,fjyK&ma&mufa}umif;udkvnf;aumif;/ jypfrSK
usL;vGe}f uolawG tay: rSmom arwWmw&m;xm;jcif;rSm bufvdkufaom arwWmom jzpfvdrhrf nf [lonfudk vnf;
aumif;/ t=urf;zufyËdyuQjzpfrnfudkpdk;&drfI rw&m;jyKrlrSKrSeforSsudk iHk hcHae}uorSsumvywfvHk; tm%m&Sifrsm; om
oufq;dk &SnfaernfjzpfjyD; rnfonfhtcgwGifrsS w&m;rSswrSK&&Sed idk frnfr[kwf [lonfudkvnf;aumif;/ ‚trsKd;om; &if
=um;apha&;‛udk us,favmifpmG [pfa}uG;ae}uolrsm;u rodjcifa,mif aqmifvSsuf&d}S uonf? TonfrmS 2008ckEpS f
zG@J pnf;yHk tajccH Oya'. yk'fr (445)ESifhtnD ppftpdk;&tm; tºuGif;rJh vGwf+idrf; csrf;omcGifh ay;xm;jcif;udk axmuf
cHonfh oabm aqmif+yD; vl@tcGifhta&; csK;d azgufrq _ kdif&m twdwfumv jzpf&yfrsm;udk vHk;0arhxm;vkdufjcif;yif jzpf
onf? xdkvky&f yfrsm;. tusKd;qufa=umifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif ‚tarSmifxk}uD;‛ xm0&zHk;v$r;f aernf jzpf+yD; ‚trkef;
w&m;‛udk rnf onfhtcgr# acszsufI&Ekdifrnf r[kwfouJhokd@ ‚t=urf;zufyËdyuQrsm;‛jzpfymG ;jcif;udkvnf;a&Smifwdr;f
Ekid fvdrfrh nf r[kwfacs?
10
vlxk.vGwfvyfrKS udk zdeSdyf/ w&m;r#wr_qidk f&m udp&P yfrsm;udk vpfvsL&_xm;+yD; ppftm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfa&;udk
Oya'pepfwpHjk zifh az:aqmifaeor# umvywfvHk; ppfreS faom ‚trsKd;om; &if=um;apha&;‛ onf rnfonfh tcgr#
ay:aygurf nfr[kwfacs? udw k ifarmifOD; touf&dpS Ofumvrsm;wGif ‚trsKd;om;&if=um;apha&;‛[laom Ekid fiHa&; a0g
[m&rSm jrefrmEkdifiHYacwfpm;cJhjcif; r&Sdao;acs? odk@aomf 4if;taejzifh ‚w&m;r#wr_‛ESifh ‚vGwfvyfr‛_ wkd@. qufpyf
r_udk &Sif;vif;pGm oabmaygufem;vnfxm;cJhonf? vlvlcsif; pmemaxmufxm;pdwf&do S l qvdkif; wifarmifOD;onf vl@
tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;Y jzpfysufaeaom rw&m;r_rsm;udk awG@}uHK od&dS +yD;onfhaemufwGif jynfolvlxk vGwfajrmufa&;
v_y&f Sm;r_rsm; udk pwifaqmif&u G fcJhonf? tm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfra_ tmufwGif vl@tzG@J tpnf; wnf&daS eor# umv
ywfvHk; ‚w&m;r#wr_‛ESifh‚vGwv f yfr_‛wdk@udk&&SdcHpm;Ekdifrnfr[kwf[k udw
k ifarmifOD;u vl trsm; wdk@udk odjrifvmap
cJhonf? TonfrmS wjznf;jznf;ESifh udkwifarmifOD;. ‚,Hk=unfcsufrsm;‛ jzpfvmcJh=uonf? tqdkyg ‚,Hk=unfcsuf‛
tm; 4if;xHY yifudk,f&daS e+yD;om;jzpfaom ‚&JprG f;owWd‛ESifh ‚}uD;pGmaom cspfjcif;arwWm‛wkd@udk aygif; pyfvkduf&mwGif
qvdkif;wifarmifOD;onf txl;pGr;f tif&do S lwpfOD; jzpfvmcJhonf? Ttcsufonf OD;ae0if; acgif;aqmifaom ppftm
%m&Siftpdk;&tm; ‚xdwfvef hajcmufjcm;‛apcJhonf? xdk@a=umifhvnf; udkwifarmifOD;udk enf;pepfwusjzifh tqHk;
pD&ifcJh+yD; 4if;. rdom;pk0ifrsm; tm;vHk;tay: vlrqefpGm jyif;jyif;xefxef ta&;,laqmif&GufcJhjcif; jzpfonf?
11
tepfemcHay;qyfonf[kqdk&mwGif wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; tajctaerwlnD=uacs? udw k ifarmifOD; rdom;pk0ifrsm;.
tajctaersm;onfyifvSsif wifarmifOD;uJhodk@ r[kwfcJhacs? nDrjzpfol rvS+rdKifEiS fhnDjzpfoludkvSa&$ wkd@udk avhvm=unfh
rnfqv dk #if rdrdwdk hvdktifqENjzifh ay;qyfcJhonfrsm;&So d uJhodk@ rdrdwdk hqENeiS fh qef husifv#uf ay;qyfcJh&onf rsm;vnf;
&Scd Jhonf? udwk ifarmifOD; xde;f odr;f cHvdkuf&csdew
f Gif 4if;wdk@u ol. vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf wpfpkw H pfck vky&f ef qHk;jzwf
cJh=uonf? odk hjzpfI rSdKif;&mjynfhwGif ausmif;om;qENjyyJGrsm; jzpfay:vmap&ef tpjyKaqmif&GufcJh=u onf? 4if;wkd@om
tepfemcHvdkcJhjcif;r&Sdygu bmwckrsS rvSKyf&Sm;bJ rdrdbmomaevdkuf&Hkomjzpfonf? 4if;wdk htpfudk}uD;. ajc&mudk eif;
rnfqv dk #if rdrdwdk@vnf; zrf;qD;ESyd fpufcH&Ekdifonf[lonfudk &Sif;vif;pGm em;vnfcJh=u onf? odk@aomfvnf; w&m;
r#wr_EiS fh vGwfvyfrSKwdk htwGuf udw k ifarmifOD;v_y&f Sm;wdkufyJG0ifaerSKrsm;tay: ouf0if ,Hk=unfum 4if;wdk@onf
tpfudk}uD;. ajc&maemufodk@ vdkufcJh=uonf? ,if;rSmrdrdwdk h. vdktifqENudk tajccHum Tvrf;udk a&G;cJhjcif;jzpf
onf [lIvnf; qdkEkdifayonf? xdk@a=umifh aemufyidk f;wGif rdrdwdk@. vky&f yfrsm;twGuf ESpf&n S fv rsm; axmif'%f
csrSwfjcif; cHcJh&aomfvnf; 4if;wdk@taejzifh pd;k pOf;r# aemifw&cJhjcif; r&Sdajc?
rvS+rdKifEiS fh udkvSa&$wkd@ tygt0if jrefrmEkdifiH&dS vl@ tcGifhta&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDa&;twGuf v_y&f Sm;olrsm;onf
‚trsKd;om; &if=um;apha&;‛qdak om t,ltqESifhtnD rdrdwdk@. ‚tmCmw‛rsm;udk arhxm;vdkufEkdifaomfvnf; jypf
rSK usL;vGecf Jhaom &mZ0wfaumifrsm;udk ‚tºuGif;rJh cGifhv$wfEdik fa&;‛qdo k nfrmS rl 4if;wdk@twGuf vG,fulrnf r[kwf
acs? ‚trsKd;om; &if=um;apha&;‛ udk az:aqmifbdk h}udK;yrf;&mwGif wdkif;jynftm%mudk &,lxm;aom ppftm%m&Sif
rsm;eSifh ajyvnfapa&; wckwnf;udkom t"duxm;OD;wnf}udK;yrf;aeorSs umvywfvHk; vl htzGJ htpnf;wGif w&m;
rSswrSK qHk;&SKH ;aernfjzpfonf? tiftm;csnfheJ hI jypfrSKusL;vGefcHae&aom jynfolrsm;rSm tm;udk;&mrJhaernf jzpfonf?
tvGeq f dk; &Gm;aomjypfr}_ uD;rsm;udkpepfwus usL;vGe&f efpDpOfolrsm;/ !$ef =um;olrsm;ESifh jypfr_usL;vGeo f lrsm; teuf
wpfOD;wpfa,muf ukdr#yif ta&;,ljcif;rjyKEkid fv#if vl@tzG@J tpnf; Y w&m;Oya'pd;k rdk;a&; jzpfxGe;f Ekdif&ef qdkonfrmS
vGerf if;pGm tvSrf;a0; uGmaeayrnf? Oya'pd;k rdk;a&; qdwfokOf;aevSsif jynfolvlxk pD;yGm;a&; zG@H +zdK;wdk;wufa&; ESifh
ppfreS faom ‚trsKd;om; jyefvnfoifh jrwfa&;‛ &&Sda&; qdkonfrmS pdwful;,Of tdyfrufrSsom jzpfaeygrnf? jypfr_usL;
vGeof lrsm; taejzifh ‚vGwf+idrf;cGifh‛ udk t}uGif;rJh &&SdcHpm;aeorSsumvywfvHk; aemufxyfjypfrKS }uD;rsm; tqufrjywf
usL;vGejf cif;rS vlxkrsm;tm; umuG,f&ef rnfodk h aqmif&u G fekid fygrnfenf;?
ESpf&n
S fvrsm;=um axmifcscHcJh&+yD;aemuf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif rif;udkEdik fonf axmifrS vGwfajrmufvmcJh
onf? wzef 2007ckEpS f oHCmta&;tcif; qENjyyJGrsm;wGif yg0if&krH sS jzifh 4if;ESifhtwl tjcm; ausmif;om;acgif; aqmif
rsm; tzrf;cHcJh&+yD; axmif'%fESpfaygif; (60)ausmf csrSwfcHcJh&jyefonf? OD;cGex
f Ge;f OD;ESifh tjcm;aom &Sr;f wkdif;&if;om;
acgif;aqmifrsm;onfvnf; t=urf;rzuf Ekid fiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;vkyaf qmif&HkrSsjzifh axmif'%f (75)ESprf S (106)ESpftxd
toD;oD; csrSwfjcif;cHcJh&onf? tvm;wlrw&m;jypf'%fcsrSwfcH&olOD;a&rSm wjynfvHk;Yajrmufrsm;vSpmG &Sad eayonf?
ppftpdk;&u wdkif;jynf. w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfudk zdESyd cf sKyfcs,fr_qdkif&m vufeufwpfck tjzpf toHk;jyKvmaecJhonf qdk
onfum; odomxif&mS ;vSayonf?
12
t&yfbufqidk f&mw&m;pD&ifa&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. }uD;=uyfuGyu f Jra_ tmufrS cGJxGufI ppfbuf qdkif&mw&m;&H;k rsm;udk
oD;jcm; zG@J pnf;wnfaxmif vdkufjyefonf? TuJhokd@aom tajctaersKd;wGif wifarmifOD;/ rif;udkEkdif/ OD;cGefxGef;OD; wdk h
tygt0if tjcm;aom tjypfrhJ tzdk;wefvli,frsm;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&; v_y&f Sm;olrsm;wdk@ awG@}uHKcHpm;cJh}u&onfh tjzpf
qdk;rsm;udk xyfrHr}uHK}udKufapEkid f&ef vl@tzG@J tpnf;u rnfuJhodk@umuG,fwm;qD;rnfenf;? vHk+cHKa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;eSifhvGwf
vyfaom w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfwdk hudk t"duxm;vSsuf zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fwwfaomoabm&Sdonfh tpdk;& ,EW,m;rsm; udk
jyKjyifwnfaqmufjcif; rjyKygu ‚trsKd;om; &if=um;apha&;‛[lonfrmS vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGuf a&&Snf tusKd;jzpfxGe;f
Ekid fygrnfavm? jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ‚w&m;Oya'pd;k rdk;a&;‛tygt0if ‚trsKd;om; &if=um;apha&;‛ESifhoufqdkifaom tajccH
usonfh jy\emrsm;udk ,cktcsdet f xd ajz&Sif;Ekdifjcif; r&Sdao;acs?
trsdL;om;&if}um;ap ha&;eSifh qufpyfum qvdkif;wifarmifOD;. taetxm;udkvnf;aumif;/ 4if;. nDr jzpf
ol rvSjrdKif ac: rdkifykyd dk eSifh nDjzpfol udkvSa&$wdk h. taetxm;udkvnf;aumif;/ a&S hwGif edik f;,SOf wifjycJhygjyD? wzef
wifarmifOD;. rdbrsm;ESifh tjcm;aom nDtpfudk armifESrrsm;. taetxm;udk oHk;oyfvSsif wrluGJjym; aea}umif;
awG h& jyefygonf? tb,fa=umifhqkad omf 4if;wdk@udk,fYu pGef@v$wftepfemcHrnf[lI qHk;jzwfcJh=ujcif; r[kwfaom
a=umifh jzpfonf? 4if;wdk@. vdktifqENEiS fhqef@usifum tepfemcH cJh=u&jcif;om jzpfonf? tvm;wlyif jrefrmEkdifiH &Sd
oef;aygif; rsm;pGmaom jynfolvlxk/ txl;ojzifh jrefrmr[kwfaom wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;wdk@onf 4if;wkd@. vdktif
qENESifh qef@usifum pGef@v$wftepfemcH=u&+yD; vl@tcGifhta&;csK;d azgufrr_ sm;ESifh &ufpuf,kwfrmaom jypfru _ sL; vGefr_
rsm;udk cHpm;aevmcJh=u&ayonf? twdwfwGif jzpfysufcJhonfrsm;ESifhywfoufI 4if;wdk@. epfemcsufrsm;udk xkwfaz:
um vl@tzG@J tpnf;u 4if;wdk@udk todtrSwfjyK vmEkdifapa&;/ pdwfykid f;qdkif&mt& aomfvnf;aumif;/ &kyyf idk f; qdkif&m
t& aomfvnf;aumif; jyKpkukor_rsm; &&SEd ikd fapa&;ESifh jzpfEkdifygu avsmfa=u;aiGrsm; &&SEd ikd fapa&;wdk@twGuf tcGifh
tvrf;rsm;r&&Sd=uao;ay? 0rf;enf;zG,f&maumif;onfrmS 2008ckEpS fzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf twdwfu jzpfysuf
cJhonfrsm;udk udkifwG,fajz&Sif;a&;ESifh pyfvsOf;I vHk;0vspfvsL&_xm;jcif;yifjzpfonf? xkd@jyif zG@J pnf;yHktajccH Oya'onf
1988ckEpS frS 2011ckEpS ftxd tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyv f mcJhonfh ppftpdk;& tzGJ h0ifrsm;tm;vHk;udk ‚tºuGif;rJh vGwf+idr;f cGifh‛
ay;xm;jyefonf? TuhJodk@aom tajctaersKd;wGif ‚trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;‛ qdkonfrmS udw k ifarmifOD;.
rdom;pk0ifrsm; tygt0if jypfr_usL;vGecf HcJ&h olwdkif;&if;om;aygif;pHk vlxkrsm;tm;vHk;twGuf pd;k pOf;rSs t"dyg` ,f r&Sd
awmhacs?
udwk ifarmifOD;om toufxif&mS ;&SdaeOD;rnfqydk gu ppftm%m&Sifpepfoufq;dk &Snfapa&;tajccHwGif wdkif;jynf
taqmufttHkrsm;udk w&m;0ifwnfaxmifrKS ESifhtwl,SOfwGJwnf&aSd ernfh twkta,mif ‚trsKd;om;&if=um;apha&;‛
qdkonfudk vufcHekid fbG,f r&Sdacs? tb,fa=umifhqkad omf tm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfrp_ epfudk tºuGif;rJh zsufodr;f jcif;rjyKv#if
vGwfvyfrE_ Sifhw&m;r#wr_wdk@rSm jynfolvlxktwGuf tdyrf ufwpfckrSsom jzpfaernfqdkonfh tcsufudk&Sif;vif;pGm em;
vnfcJhjcif;a=umifh jzpfonf? ‚vGwfvyfrE_ Sifhw&m;r#wr_‛ r&Syd gu ‚trsKd;om; &if=um;apha&;‛qdo k nf rSm tay:,H
[efjyrSsom jzpfayvdrhrf nf? xdk@a=umifhvnf; ol.b0wpfav#mufvHk;wGif tm%m&Siftyk fcsKyfrKS pepfudk jywfjywfom;
om; qef@usifum ZGJrav#mhwrf;wdkufyG0J ifcJhjcif;jzpfonf? tm%m&SiftkyfcsKyfrSKESifh ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk ppfwyftwGif;
wGifyif qef@usifawmfvSev f dkpdwf&daS om ppft&m&Sdrsm;ESifhvnf; udkwifarmifOD;uvufwJG&ef}udK;yrf;cJhonfrmS trSeyf if
jzpfonf? udw k ifarmifOD;onf ppftm%m&SiftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk tjrpfjzKwfvdkaomrnfonfh ppfwyfESifhrqd(k odk@r[kwf)
rnfonfh tpdk;& tm%mydkifESifhrqdk nd‡E_dif;aqmif&u G f&eftwGuf aESmifah ES;cJholwpfa,muf r[kwfacs?
13
odk@aomfvnf; tm%m&Siftyk fcsKyfa&;pepfudk a&&SnfwnfwHhapvdkaom tm%mydkif(odk@r[kwf)ppfwyf t&m&Sd
rsm;udk udkwifarmifOD;u a&SmifusOfcJhonf? rdrd txdef;odr;f cHaecJh&csderf sm;wGifvnf; 4if;wdk@ESifhyl;aygif;aqmif&u
G frKS vHk;0
rjyKcJhacs? ppfzed yfatmufwGif 'l;axmuftnhHcH rnfhtpm; aojcif;w&m;udk &J&J0H0h Hh&ifqidk fcJhonf? qvdkif; wifarmifOD;
usqHk;oGm;onfrmS (35)ESpfwkdif =umjrifhcJh+yDjzpfaomfvnf; 4if;. &nfwnfcsufEiS fh rl0g'rsm;rSm &Sif;vif;jywfom;r_ &Sd
aeqJ/ rSefuefaeqJyif jzpfonf? Todk@qdkv#if udkwifarmifOD; taejzifh wdkif;jynfudk tm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfrKS atmuf rS
vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf jyD;qHk;atmifjrifonftxd tb,fa=umifhraz:aqmifEdik fcJhyg oenf;? txufY qdkxm;ouJh
odk@yif 4if;.&nfwnfcsufEiS fhrl0g'rsm; rSefuefaecJhaomfvnf; opPmazgufwpfOD;.owif;ay;r_a=umifh udkwifarmifOD;udk
ppftm%m &Sifrsm;uapmpD;pGmzrf;qD;Ekid fcJhIjzpfonf? rSKd if;&mjynfh vlxkqENjyyJ}G uD;ay:aygufvmap&ef ausmif;om;rsm;
twGif; OD;aqmifppD Ofaecsdew f Gif udw k ifarmifOD; tzrf;cHcJh&jcif; jzpfonf? xkd@aemuf tm%mydkifrsm;onf w&m;r#w
aom ppfaq;pD&ifrKS rjyKbJv#uf 4if;udkuGyrf sufch=J uonf? xdkpOfu udkwifarmifOD;omzrf;qD;cHcJh&jcif;r&Sdygu ,ae@
jrefrmEkdifiH. ordkif; rSm wrsKd;wzHk jzpfae Ekdifayonf?
wdkif;&if;om;a&;&m jy\emrSm jrefrmEkdifiHwGif }uHKawG@ae&onfh ajz&Sif;&tcufq;Hk jy\emrsm;xJwGifwpfck
tygt0if jzpfonf? +idrf;csrf;aomenf;vrf;/ pepfusaom enf;vrf;jzifh 4if;wkd@. epfemcsufrsm;udk oifhav#mfreS fuefpGm
az:xkwfajz&Sif;jcif;rjyKEkdifygu jrefrmEkdifiHwGif +idrf;csrf;a&;udk a&&SnfwnfwHhcdkif+rJatmif rnfodk@r# zefwD;I &Ekdifrnf
r[kwfacs? wdik f;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;. &_axmifhrS=unfhygu qvdkif;wifarmifOD;onf udkvdkeDacwfrS pwifum ,ae@tcsdef
txd jrefrmEkdifiHwGif txif&Sm;qHk; wkdif;&if;om; csif;trsdL;om; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwpfOD; jzpfayonf? 4if;onf
csif;vlrsKd;udk cspfjrwfek;d ol/ csif;vlrsKd;jzpf&onfudk *k%,
f lol jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh 4if;udk rsKd;cspfpdwf"gwf jyif;xefol [k
qdkv#iv f nf; rSm;rnfr[kwfacs? od@k aomfvnf; 4if;onf csif;vlrsKd;rsm;twGufom wdu k fyG0J ifcJhjcif;r[kwfbJ jrefrmEkdifiH
&Sd wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; tm;vHk;twGuf wdkufyJG0ifv_y&f Sm;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;&Sd vlrsm;pk jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm ;
tay:Yaomfvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;aom jrefrmr[kwfonfhwkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; tay:Yaomfvnf;aumif; wpHkw&m
aom trke;f w&m; r&Sda=umif;udk 4if;u oufaojycJhonf? 4if;onf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdL;tm;vHk;udk cspfjrwfEd;k ol jzpf
onf? jy\em. tajccH&if;jrpfrSm wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;t=um;Y xm;&Sdaom vlrsKd;a&;rkef;wD;rSKa=umifh r[kwfbJ
tm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfa&; pepfa=umifhom jzpfonfudk 4if;u em;vnfoabmaygufcJhonf? 0rf;enf;zG,f&maumif;onf
rSm udkwifarmifOD;usqHk;oGm;+yD;onfhaemufykid f;wGif wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;. jy\emrSm ydrk I dk &_yfaxG;vmcJhjcif; jzpf
onf? wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;. epfemr_rsm; tqrwefykrd kI d qd;k &Gm;vmcJhonf? ppftm%m&Sifrsm;u ‘r[mvlrsKd;}uD;
0g'’udkusifhoHk;ojzifh wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;wrsdL;eSifh tjcm;wrsdL;t=um; ,Hk=unfrr_ sm;,kd,Gi;f ysufjym;cJh&onf? odk@aomf
vnf; wkdif;&if;om; jy\emeSifh pyfvSsOf;I udkwifarmifOD;. &yfwnfcsufEiS fh todw&m;wdk@rSm ,ae@wkdifrSefuefaeqJ
jzpfonf? qvdkif;wifarmifOD;onf ‘vlrsKd;pkE, G fuav;wckcsif;pDtvdkuf oD;jcm;pkzGJ@aexdkifr’_ udkt"duxm;a&; twGuf
vSKyf&Sm; aqmif&GufcJhjcif;r&Sdyg? vlrsdL;aygif;pHkyg0ifonfh ‘zuf'&,fjynfaxmifp’k pepfudk wnfaxmifusifhoHk;&efyrdk dk xuf
oefcJhonf? qvdkif;wifarmifOD;onf,ae htcsdet f xd wkdif;&if;om;vli,ftm;vHk;twGuf *k%, f lbG,f oauFwwpfck
jzpf aeayao;onf?
14
OD;a}umifh jzpf&onf[lI tjypfzdk@&ef enf;enf;rSsyifpw d frul;cJh=uacs? udkwifarmifOD;u vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGuf aumif;
usK;d jyKcJhonfhtay: rdom;pk0ifrsm;u tvGeaf v;pm;wefbdk;xm;=uonf? 4if;twGuf*k%, f l=uonf? om;awmfarmif
(odk@r[kwf) tpfudk}uD;jzpfoltay: cspfjcif;arwWmrsm; 'Da&tvm;wdk;yGm;cJh=uonf? udw k ifarmifOD;udk rdom;pk0ifrsm;u
cspfcifav;pm;ouJhodk@yif rdom;pk0ifrsm; tcsif;csif;t=um;wGifvnf; wpfOD;udkwpfOD; ,cifuxuf ydI k tjyeftvSef
cspfcifav;pm;vm=uonf? ydkI pnf;vHk;vm}uonf? TonfrmS udkwifarmifOD; a}umifhyif jzpfonf[k qdkedkifonf?
Tae&mY xl;jcm;csufrSm tb,fenf;? udw k ifarmifOD;tepfemcHpeG f@v$wfcJhjcif;rsm;onf ta=umif;wdkufqdkif r_a=umifh
r[kwfbJ 4if;.yifudk,fp&kdufESifh qufE, $ faeonfudkrdom;pk0ifrsm;. pdwfxJY od&daS ecJh=uonf? uav;b0 uwnf;
uyif wifarmifOD;.tusifhp&du k fudk rdbrsm;u owdjyKrdcJh=uonf? udw k ifarmifOD;ESifhywfoufI 4if;wdk@od&Sdxm; onf
rsm;udjk zpfEikd fygu wurBmvHk;odk@r#a0today;jcif;jzifh vuf&drS sKd;qufrsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ tem*wfrsKd;quf opfrsm;
onfvnf;aumif; udw k ifarmifOD;. tawG ht}uHKrsm;eSifh pGrf;aqmifrSKrsm;rS ocFe;f pm ,lekid fap&ef &nf&G,fum T
pmtkyu f dk a&;om;xkwfa0&jcif; jzpfonf?
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif&ifeifhzG,f&mjzpf&yfaygif;rsm;pGm&Sdonfhteuf udkwifarmifOD;ESifh4if;.rdom;pk0ifrsm;awG@}uHKcHpm;
cJh&onfh jzpf&yfrsm;rSm jrefrmEkdifiHtwGufomruurBmhEkdifiHtrsm;pktwGufyg r}uHKpzl;xl;jcm;aomjzpf&yfrsm;jzpfonf?
&JpGr;f owWdEiS fhjynfhpkaH omudkwifarmifOD;onf zrf;qD;xdef;odr;f cH&um ao'%fcsrSwftjypfay;pD&ifjcif;cHcJh&onf? tpfudk
}uD; tzrf;cH&+yD; &uftenf;i,f t=umwGif 4if;. nDEiS fh nDrrsm;u ausmif;om;qENjyyGJrsm;udk qufvuf OD;aqmif
vSKyf&Sm;cJh}uojzifh xyfrHzrf;qD;cHcJh&+yD; wpfOD;v#if axmif'%f(9)ESpf eSifh (7) eSpfpD csrSwfjcif;cHcJh&onf?tqdk;qHk;rSmum;
Ekid fiHa&; v_y&f Sm;r_rsm;wGif vHk;0yg0ifcJhjcif; r&Sdaom/ &kd;om;vSaom rdbESpfyg;udkyg zrf;qD;+yD; wpfOD;v#iaf xmif'%f (5)
ESpfpD csrSwfcJhjcif;jzpfonf? udw k ifarmifOD;. nDi,fwOD;udkvnf; axmifxJwGif &SpfvrSs csKyfaeSmifxm; cJhonf? pkpkaygif;
rdom;pk q,fOD;&Sdonfhteuf wOD;udk ao'%fcsrSwf/ av;OD;udk eSpf&n S faxmif'%frsm;pD&if/ wOD;udk csKyfaeSmifxm;onfh
tcsdew f Gif aetdrfY vlrr,f uav;i,f av;OD;om usefcJhonf? ppftm%m&Sif.vufyg;aprsm;u xdk uav;i,frsm;
udkyg +cdr;f ajcmufEdyS pf ufjcif;rsm; jyKvkycf Jh=uonf?
qvdkif;wifarmifOD;rSvGJI 4if;. rdom;pk0ifrsm;tm;vHk; axmifrS touf&SifvGwfajrmufvmcJh}ujyD jzpfaomf
vnf; awG@}uHK cHpm;cJh&aomtwdwfq;dk rsm;onf 4if;wdk htay: ,ae@wkdifv$r;f rdk;xm;qJ jzpfonf? tqdkyg jzpf&yfrsm;
onf 4if;wdk@twGuf tdyfrufq;dk rsm;om jzpf+yD; tdyf&mrS Ek;d xvmcsdew f Gif t&m&mtm;vHk; jyefaumif;oGm;rnf[k
ar#mfvifhxm;=uaomfvnf; vufawG@wGifrlxdkuJhokd@ jzpfrvmcJhacs? tdyfrufqdk;rsm;u 4if;wkd@udk t+rJwap ajcmufvSef@
aeonf? pifppftm;jzifh ,if;wdk hrmS tdyfrufqdk;rsm;jzpf&o Hk mru ,ae hwdkif4if;wdk h awG@}uHKcHpm;ae&qJ jzpfaom 'kuQ
a0'emrsm;yif jzpfonf? udkwifarmifOD;rSm ol&aJ umif;yDopGm usqHk;oGm;cJhyg+yD? tdk;rif;&ifha&mfae+yD jzpfaom rdbESpfyg;
rSm 4if;wdk@.cspfvSpmG aom om;awmfarmifudk ayG@zufEikd fcGifhr&awmhyg? xdk@jyif udkwifarmifOD;.nD/ nDrrsm;onftpfudk
}uD;jzpfol. wnf}unf cef hnm;aomrsufEmS udk awG@jrifEdik fcGifh r&}uawmh? udkwifarmifOD;eSifhtwlwuG rdom;pkrsm;
tm;vHk; jyHK;&$if&,farmcJh}uonfh tcsderf sm;udk rnfonfhtcgwGifrsS jyefvnf&&Sd}urnf r[kwfawmh? udkwifarmifOD;
qHk;yg;oGm;onfh aemufyidk f;rSpI 4if;wkd@twGuf t&m&mqHk;&_;H oGm;ouJhodk@ cHpm;=u&onf? 4if;wdk h. eSvHk;onf;yGwf
onf udw k ifarmifOD;eSift
h wl ygoGm;cJhygjyD? toufEiS fh cE<m wnf+rJae=uao;aomfvnf; 4if;wkd@. pdwf0n d mOfrsm;rSm
rlum; ysufokOf;oGm;cJh}u+yD jzpfonf?
15
rdom;pk0if tm;vHk;wdk@teuf rdcifrmS a0'em tcHpm;&qHk;jzpfonf? udw k ifarmifOD;onf olr. urBm/ olr
twGuf tzdk;rjzwfEikd faom om;aumif;&wemwpfyg;yif jzpfonf? w&m;r#wr_udk i,f&, G fpOfuwnf;u &SmazGvkd
cJhaom udkwifarmifOD;.pdwf"gwfudk rdcifuod&daS v;pm;/ wefzk;d xm;cJhonf? rnfuJhodk@aomtajctaewGifrqdk olrudk
ulnDaxmufyhcH Jhol/ cspfjcif;arwWmay;cJholrSm udkwifarmifOD;yifjzpfonf? ajratmuf ausmif;om; v_y&f Sm;r_ rsm; vkyf
aqmif aeojzifh udw k ifarmifOD; tdrfjyefaemufusI rdcifjzpfolrsuf&nfus&onfhtcgwkdif;wGif ‚ ridkygeJ htar? olwdk h
om;awGtwGuf ylaqG;ae}uwJhtarhvdkrsK;d wjcm;tarawGyg tckvdk rsuf&nfusp&m rvdkawmhatmif vl@tzG@J tpnf;
taumif;bufudk jyKjyifajymif;vJzdk@ om; }udK;pm;aeygw,f tar‛ [kqu dk m ESpo f drhaf y;wwf aom om;jzpfonf?
}udK;ay;uGyfrsufjcif; rcH&rD wpf&uftvdkwGif ‚tar/ usaemf tqifajyaeygw,f? usaemfwdk@ rdom;pk0ifawG tm;vHk;
axmifxJrmS &Sad e=u+yD;awmh tm;vHk; aeaumif;usef;rm=uw,f tar?‛ [k rdcifudk ESpfodrhf ay;cJhaom om;jrwfjzpf
onf? pifppftm;jzifh axmifxJwGif 4if;wdk@ }uHKawG@ae&onfh vuf&dt S ajctaerSm xdkuJhodk@ r[kwfcJhyg? odk h &mwGif
omreftcsderf sm;wGifyif om;orD;rsm; tdrfjyefaemufusonfh tcgwdkif;Y pdwfylavh&w Sd wfaom tarhudk jyef vnfjrif
a,mifum udw k ifarmifOD;u ,ckuJhodk@ ESpfodrhaf y;cJhjcif; jzpfEkdifayonf? 4if;udk ESyd fpufvdku ESyd fpufap/ owfvdk u
owfap tm%mydkifrsm; pdwf}udKufvkyEf ikd fonf/ odk@aomf rdbESpfyg;tm; axmifrv S $wfay;&ef wifarmifOD; udk,fwdkifu
axmiftm%mydkifrsm;xH awmif;cHcJhonfh jrifuGif;rSm wouf ar h&ufeidk fp&m r&Sdyg?
16
uif;rJhaejcif;a=umifhavm? rdcifwpfa,muf. ‘cspfjcif;arwWm’udk urBm}uD;utodtrSwfrjyKawmhjyDavm? vGefcJhaom
(35)ESpftwGif;wGif udw k ifarmifOD;. rdcif cHpm;cJh&aom a0'emrsm;ESifh ywfoufIpHpk rf;ar;jref;ol r&Sdoavmuf&Sm;yg;
cJh onf? jrefrmedkifiHY xdkuJhodk haom rdcifrsLd ;rsm;. &ifwGif;a0'emudk az:xkwfcGifhrSsyif r&aom tajctaeatmuf
wGif ‘trsK;d om; &if=um;apha&;’ [lonfudk rnfonfhtcsdefY taumiftxnfaz:Ekdifygrnfenf;? jrefrmEkid fiH tjzpf
tysufrsm;. aemufuG,f&dS trSew f &m;udk az:xkwfEdik fa&;twGuf pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&;aumfr&SifzJ@G pnf;a&;ESifh ywfoufI
jynfwGif;rSmvnf; rnfonfhvkyfief;pOfrSs r&Sd/ ukvor*~tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;uvnf; aESmifhaES;ae&onfrmS tb,fa}umifh
yg enf;? udw k ifarmifOD;. rdcif tygt0if rdom;pk wpkvHk;onf T onfwdk heiS fh pyfvSsOf;I rnfodk hrsS em;vnfekid fjcif;
r&Sdyg? udkwifarmifOD;. rdcif a':eSif;jrdKifudk wpHw
k &m*k%fjyKonfhtaejzifh Tae&mrSpI olrudk ‘tar’[k ac:a0:oH;k
E_ef;ygrnf?
17
vSsuf ppftm%m&Sifrsm;eSifhvnf;aumif;/ vuf&dt S csdew
f Gift&yfom;toGifaqmifxm;aom ppftpdk;&ESihfvnf;aumif;
yl;aygif;aqmif&u G fae}uolrsm;eSifh pyfvSsOf;I jzpfonf? 4if;wdk h. vkyaf qmifrSKrsm;onf tm%m&Sifpepf oufq;dk &Snf
a&;twGuf wdkif;jynf,EW,m;rsm;wnfaxmifvnfywfrSKudk w&m;0ifulnDyhyH k;d ay;&ma&mufaeapayonf?tusdK;quf
taejzifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; ppfykoH Gif;jcif; cHae=u&um jynfoljynfom;wdk@. vGwfvyfcGifhrSmvnf; uif;rJhvSsuf
&Sad e&jcif;jzpfonf?
odk hjzpfI vlom;csif;pmemrSKtajccHwGif vGwfvyfr_/ w&m;r#wr_ESifh +idrf;csrf;r_wdk@udk vdkvm;aom jrefrmEkdifiH
twGif;&Sd vlxkrsm;omru urBmtESH@tjym;&Sd jynfoljynfom;taygif;wdk@uyg qvdkif;wifarmifOD;. &Sif;vif;jywfom;
aom &yfwnfcsufrsm;udk od&deS m;vnfEk;d =um;vmEkdifap&ef eSifh 4if;. pGrf;aqmifrKS rsm;udk avhvmcGifh&}uap&ef&nf&, G f
vSsuf 4if;. twˆKy`wWdudk a&;om; wifjyvdkuf&jcif; jzpfonf? urBmajrjyifwae&m&mwGif tm%m&Sifpepf wenf;
wzHk oufqdk;&Snfaeor# umvywfvHk; ‚rif;wdk hppfbdeyfatmufrmS igb,fawmhrS 'l;raxmufbl;uG‛ [k }uHK;0g;&if;
tm%m&Sifpepfukd jywfjywfom;om; wdkufyGJ0ifcJhaom qvdkif;wifarmifOD;. owWd/ ,Hk}unfcsuf eSifh &yfwnfcsufwdk@
onf tpOftjrJ&iS foefaernf rkcsjzpfonf?
18
1
=umyef;wpfyGifh zl;yGifhvmjcif;
19
zdcsI tidkwdwfap&ef ajymaomfvnf; tcsD;ESD;yif jzpfcJhonf? aemufqHk;wGif om;jzpfol xdckdufemusifoGm;rnfudk
pd;k &draf om tazu ol.acgif;udk jyefv$wfay;cJh&onf?
20
olwyg;wdk@. ‘pmemr_’ESifh ‘oem;=uifemr_’wdk@udk ar#mfvifhawmifhw/ &SmazGaeum ‘xifa,mifxifrmS ;jzpfjcif;’/
‘wdusjywfom;jcif; r&Sdjcif;’/ ‘avmbpdwf’/ ‘rvdkwrmpdwf’/ ‘a'gopdwf’ESifh ‘remvdkpdwf’rsm;xJwGif EGeH pfaeol
wpfOD; r[kwfcJhacs? wifarmifOD;onf ol. b0wpfav#mufvHk;wGif ‘tjynfjzpfwnfr_ t&mrsm;’udk pl;prf;&SmazG
aecJhol jzpfonf? i,f&,
G fpOf uav;b0uwnf;u pwifum aemufq;Hk xGufouftxd olonf urBmavmu}uD;udk
taumif;bufu =unfhjrifcJhonf? taumif;jrifaom pdwfxm;&Sdolwpfa,muf jzpfcJhonf? ol. jyKrlaqmif&u G fcsuf
rsm;rSmvnf; taumif;bufu jzpfcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh ol. tawG;rsm;uJhodk@yif ol. rsufEmS xm;rSm ausmufusa&
uJhodk@yif =unfvifaecJhonf? ol. tjyKtrlrsm; vef;qef;jzwfvwf/ cef@nm;aecJhonf? ol. rsufEmS ay:wGif
t+rJwapawG@Ekdifaom rxdwxd t+yHK;onf pl;prf;vdkpdwf/ cspfcifrE_ Sifh qJGaqmifr_ wdk@udk jyqdkaeEkid fayonf?
[mo^m%f &$ifol
22
wifarmifOD;onf rdrdykid fqidk fxm;aom [mo^m%fprG f;jzifh rdom;pk0ifrsm;ESifh oli,fcsif; taygif;toif;rsm;
tm; &,f&i$ fz, G f&mrsKd;pHkwdk@udk ay;pGrf;cJhonf? wifarmifOD;ESifhtwl ae&olrsm;onf rdrdwdk@. ae@pOfb0rsm; ydrk I dk
vef;qef;wufºuGr&_ o Sd nf/ tjyKoabmaqmif+yD; wdk;wufr_rsm; &&Sdaeonf [lI cHpm;cJh=u&onf? wifarmifOD;.
yifudk,fpw d f&if;udk tajccHI ajym&rnfqv dk #if 4if;onf vl@b0. aysmf&i$ fr_ okcrsm;udk t&dk;cHpw
d fjzifh wpdu
k frwfrwf
&SmazGaecJh&HkomrubJ rdrd&&SdcHpm;ae&aom aysmf&i$ frr_ sm;tm; tjcm;olrsm;ESifhvnf; r#a0cHpm;cJholwpfOD; jzpfonf?
wifarmifOD;onf rdwfaqGa&mif;&if;rsm;ukd aumif;rGepf Gm qufqHcJh&HkomrubJ &efol+ydKifbufrsm;tay:Yvnf;
rvdkrke;f xm;pdwf &Scd JholwpfOD; r[kwfacs? pdwfEv S Hk; jzLpifoef@&Sif;ol [kqdkv#if rSm;rnfr[kwfyg? tqdkyg pif=u,fr_
rsm;udk wifarmifOD;u rnfuJhodk@ &&Sdydkifqikd fvmcJha=umif;udk rnfolr# rod&dcS Jhacs? odk@wnf;r[kwf xdktcsif;t&monf
ol. yifukd,fp&dkuf yifavm? ol. }udK;pm;usifh}uHra_ =umifh jzpf&dv S mcJhonfh &vm'fwpfckavm?
23
2
qefpyg; jywfvwfrt _ ay: vlxku rcsifhr&Jjzpfaecsdew f Gif wkdif;jynfwcGifY jzpfyGm;aecJhaom vk,ufrr_ sm;ESifh
pyfvsOf;I Adv k fcsKyfae0if;u w&kwfvlrsKd;rsm;udk tjypfzk@d cJhjyefonf? Todk@jzifh jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wkd@. a'gotdk;
aygufuJGcJh&onf? vltyk f}uD;rsm;onf w&kwfvlrsKd;rsm; ykid fqdkifaom tdr, f mrsm;udk rD;&_@d zsufqD;+yD; w&kwfvlrsKd;rsm;udk
pwif owfjzwf&mrS vlrsKd;wHk; owfjzwfr_ tajctaetxd a&muf&cSd Jhonf? w&kwfvlrsKd;rsm; toufvkI a&Smifajy;
chJ=u&onf? 4if;wdk@. tusK;d &vm'fa=umifh +rdK@jya'orsm;&Sd w&kwf pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm; tm;vHk;eD;yg; jyKwfjyKwfjyKef;
cJh&+yD; vl@tokdif;t0kdif;twGif;&Sd tjypfrJholrsm;rSmvnf; rw&m;ojzifh qufqHjcif;cHcJh&onf?
24
w&kwf rdom;pkudk u,fw,fjcif;
xdktcsdew f Gif touf(15)ESpf &S+d yDjzpfaom wifarmifOD;onf vltyk f}uD;. vky&f yfudk apmifh=unfaecJhonf?
vltyk f}uD;onf wpftrd fwuf wpftrd fqif;umjzifh w&kwfvlrsKd;rsm; ykid fqkdifaom tdrrf sm;udk rD;&_@d =uonf? rD;avmif
aeonfh tdrftwGif;rS vlrsm; ajy;xGufvmaomtcg vltyk f}uD;u tjyifraS pmifhI 0kid f;&kduf=uonf? ajy;v$m;aeaom
w&kwfro d m;pkwpfpk. wGe;f wdkufr_a=umifh wifarmifOD;onf vrf;ab;odk@ ,dr;f ,dkifvJusoGm;rvdk jzpfcJh&onf?
uHaumif;axmufrojzifh xdkrdom;pkonf vltyk f}uD;u rD;&_@d zsufqD; &SmazG+yD;oGm;aom tdrw f pftdr.
f axmifh
wpfae&mwGif ykef;cdkaeEkdifcJhonf? a=umuf&H@G r_twdjzifh jzLzwfjzLa&mfjzpfaeaom w&kwfvlrsKd;wkd@. rsufEmS rsm;udk
wifarmifOD;wouf rarhEkdifcJhacs? &SOfhºuGufwd&p>mef rsm;uJhodk@yif 4if;. rdom;pkonfvnf; aemufrS vkdufvHowfjzwf
rD;&_@d jcif;cHcJh&v#if rnfodk@jzpfrnfenf; [laom tawG;rSm wifarmifOD; acgif;xJ 0ifvmonf?
rdrd ,cifu odu|rf;cJh bl;jcif; r&Sdaom w&kwfro d m;pktay: *&k%moufoGm;onf? xdkrdom;pk cdkatmif;
ae&mtdrf &d&S mbufodk@ vltyk f}uD; aemufwpftyk f a&mufvmcsdew f Gif wifarmifOD;u +cHwHcg;0Y&yfum TtdrYf
rnfolrS r&Sdawmh aoma=umifh tjcm;tdro f dk@ qufoGm;=uyg[k ajymonf? vltyk f}uD;u xdktdru f dk ausmfjzwfoGm;+yD;
aomtcgwGif wifarmifOD;onf tdrfwGif;okd@ ajy;0ifoGm;+yD; xdkrdom;pktm; tjcm;wpfae&modk@ oGm;oifha=umif;
pk;d &drw
f }uD; ajymavonf? Tenf;jzifh olu tqdkyg w&kwfrdom;pk0ifrsm;tm;vHk;. toufudk u,fwifcJhonf?
wzef wifarmifOD;onf &yfuGufxJwGif aexkdifaom w&kwfoli,fcsif; rdom;pk tdrfwpftdru f dk owd &um tultnD
ay;Ekid f&eftwGuf tajy;tv$m;oGm;a&mufonf? bke;f }uD;ausmif;wpfausmif;wGif tqdkyg oli,fcsif;rdom;pk
oGm;a&mufykef;cdkEkdif apa&;twGuf tultnDay;cJh+yD; bkef;}uD;ausmif;wGif 4if;wdk@ &ufowW wpfywfcef@ cdkatmif;
aexdkifcJhum touf&iS f vGwfajrmufcJh=uonf?
25
w&kwf-Arm ta&;tcif;wGif vnf;aumif; tjcm; tjzpftysufrsm;wGifvnf;aumif; =unfhrnfqv dk #if
udkwifarmifOD;onf rdrd. pdwfESvHk;udk ,Hk=unfudk;pm;+yD; udk,fhqHk;jzwfcsufEiS fhudk,f aewwfoljzpfonfudk
awG@Ekdifayonf? tjyifvlrsm;. zdtm;a=umifh ol. pdwfaeoabmxm;rsm; tvG,fwul udkif;!GwfoGm;jcif; r&Sd?
w&kwf-jrefrmta&;tcif;wGif ol. taygif;toif;tcsdK@onf w&kwfvlrsKd;wdk@. td;k tdrpf nf;pdrf rsm;udk zsufqD;jcif;/
aetdrrf sm;udk rD;&_@d jcif; ponfh vky&f yfrsm;wGif yg0ifywfoufcJh=uonf? ppftpdk;&uvnf; twkta,mif jrefrm
rsKd;cspfpdwfEiS fhtnD jrefrmvlrsKd;wdk@bufraS eum tqdkygvky&f yfrsm; jzpfay:vmapa&;twGuf pD;vm;vdkufaecJhcsdef
jzpfonf? wifarmifOD;rSmrlum; xdkuJhodk@ r[kwfcJh? tjcm; vli,frsm; vkyo f vdk vdkufrvkycf Jh? tjcm;olrsm;
t=um;wGif rdrdemrnf ysufoGm;Ekid fonfudk riSJ@uGufbJv#uf w&kwfro d m;pk0ifrsm;udk tultnDay;cJhonf? TuJhodk@
ulnDjcif;onf vlom;wpfOD;taeESifh vkyo f ifhvkyx
f dkufonf[k [lqaoma=umifhyif?
26
wGif udkwifarmifOD;onf vltyk f=um;xJodk@ wdk;0ifvm+yD; rl;arhvJusaeaom tzGm;tdu k dk n‡ifompGm ayG@vkdufum ‚
cifAsm;wkd@ bmvyfae=uwmvJ? ol@udk csufcsif;aq;&Hkydk@&r,fav?‛[k atmfavawmhonf? Todk@rSomv#if
vltyk f}uD;u touf0ifvm+yD; tzGm;tdu k dk aq;&Hkydk@&ef tjrefq;Hk pDpOfcJh=uonf? tzGm;td. k '%f&mrS aoG;rsm;u
ol. tusôwGif pGef;usHaeonfudk tr_rxm;bJv#uf udkwifarmifOD;onf tzGm;tdu k dk aq;&Hka&mufonftxd
um;ay:wGif ayG@csDxm;ay;cJhonf? aq;&Hkodk@a&mufonfh tcgwGif tzGm;tdt k wGuf ta&;ay: toHk;jyKEkdif&efqudk m
rdrdtyd fuyfxJY ygvmaomaiGtcsdK@udkyif ukdwifarmifOD;u xm;&pfcJhayao;onf? uHaumif;axmufrojzifh
xdktzGm;tkdonf aq;&HkY &uftenf;=um aq;ukor_ cH,l+yD;onfhaemufwGif jyefvnfoufom aumif;rGev f mcJhonf?
Todk@jzifh &yfuGufxJY tm;tifoefpGr;f owWd&do S l[k emrnfausm=f um;aom wifarmifOD;. aetdro f dk@
vltcsK@d u oGm;a&muf tultnDawmif;cH=uonf? "g;jywkdufcHae&aom tdro f nf udkwifarmifOD;aetdrrf Sqdkv#if
rdik fw0ufcef@ a0;uGmonf? udkwifarmifOD;u vufEdyS "f gwfrD;ESifh vSHwpfacsmif;udkqJu G m 4if;wkd@ESifhtwl
csufcsif;vdkufvmcJhonf? "g;jywdkufcaH e&aom rdom;pktwGuf rnfodk@ tultnDay;&rnfudk 4ifwkd@u
aqG;aEG;wkdifyifae=ucsdew f Gif tjcm;aom tdrfe;D csif;rsm;vnf; vma&mufpak 0;=u&mY pkpak ygif; vl
ta,muf(20)cef@&SdoGm;onf? 4ifwdk@txJwGif udkvSa&$vnf; yg0ifonf? udkwifarmifOD;u 4if;wkd@udk
‚tm;vHk;em;axmif=u? usaemfwdk@ tJ'Dtrd fem;udk oGm;=ur,f? 'gayr,fh usaemfwdk@ bmoHrrS xGufbJ wdwfwdwfav;
oGm;zd@k vdkw,faem? tJ't D drfa&mufawmhrS rD;pif=unfh u=uwm ayghAsm?‛[kajymonf? Todk@jzifh vltyk f}uD;onf
opfyifrsm;jzifh ydwfz;Hk aeaom xdktdr&f &Sd mqDodk@ wdwfwqdwf csOf;uyfoGm;=uonf? &yfuGuftwGif; rD;tvif;a&mif
r&Sdaoma=umifh vrf;rsm;rSm ydef;ydwfatmif arSmifae=uonf? tdref m;odk@a&mufonfhtcgwGif idk,kdjrnfwrf;um
toufcsrf;omay;&ef olcdk;"g;jyrsm;xHrS toem;cHawmif;qdk aeaom tdrf&iS ftrsK;d orD;. toHudk
twkdif;om;=um;vdkuf&onf? xdktcsdew f Gif "g;jywpfOD;onf tdrfjyifbufrS vufEdyS f"gwfr;D tvif;a&mifwpfckudk
owdjyKrdoGm;onf? TwGif "g;jyrsm;u avxJodk@ aoewfEpS fcsuf ypfazgufum ‚'Dtdref m; vmwJhvlawG tm;vHk;
romjzpfoGm;r,f‛[k atmf[pfajcmufvSe@f cJhonf?
28
tqdkyg tjzpftysufa=umifh tdrfe;D csif;rsm; t=um;Y cifrif&if;EDS;r_rsm; ydrk w
dk dk;yGm;vmcJhonf? xdk@jyif
ta&;ta=umif; }uHKvmygu 4if;wdk@ tcsif;csif; wpfOD;udkwpfOD; ulnDapmifr =u&rnfjzpf+yD; pnf;vHk;jcif;onf
tiftm; jzpfa=umif;udk em;vnfoabmaygufcJh=uonf? xdktcsdeu f pwifum &yfuGufxJwGifvnf; ydI k owd0&d d,
&Sv
d mcJh=uonf? toufi,f&, G f aomfjim;vnf; vlom; wpfa,muf. usifh0wfrsm;udk &SmazG usifhoHk;cJhaom
udkwifarmifOD;onf xdktcsdef uwnf;uyif tdref D;csif;rsm;. av;pm;r_udk &&SdcJholjzpfayonf?
29
3
wuUodkvfausmif;om;b0 atmufarhb,
G f&mrsm;
30
&efuke+f rdK@wGif aexdkifaom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;onf &efukew f uUodkvfodk@ ae@pOf vkdif;um;pDI
vma&muf=uonf? e,frS vma&mufynmoif=um;aom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;uom wuUodkvftaqmif
rsm;wGif aexkdif=uonf? udkwifarmifOD;. tdrfrmS wuUodkvfEiS fh odyrf vSrf;acs? bwfpum; pD;vmygu (15)rdepfjzifh
a&mufEikd fonf? tcgtcGifhoifhygu olonf pdwfajyvufaysmuf tif,m;uefabmifay:rS vrf;av#mufum
wuUodkvfodk@ vma&mufavh&Sdonf? ol@tdrrf S wuUodkvfodk@ vrf;av#mufvmv#ifrl wpfem&DcGJcef@ av#muf&onf?
udkwifarmifOD;onf &efukefwuUodkvfudk tvGecf spfcif wG,fwmcJhol jzpfonf?
31
qdkifrmS xdkifI a&;aEG;}urf;ylyljzifh pkaygif;pg;aomuf um pum;awG w0}uD; ajymcJh}uonfudk rnfonfhtcgwGifrsS
arheidk fbG,fr&Sdyg?
Todk@jzifh vkyt
f m;ay; oufwrf;rSm (2)vjynfhoGm;cJhonf? wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm; ae&yfjyef&rnfhae@rSm
tm;vHk;twGuf 0rf;enf;p&m ae@wpfae@ jzpfcJhonf? 0rf;enf;rsuf&nf uscJh&olrsm;vnf; r&Sm;yg? &Gmol&mG om;
rsm;onf aiG;a=u;tm;jzifh csK@d iJh=uaoma=umifh 4if;wdk@wGi&f aSd om aumufn‡if;qefrsm;/ i&kwfoD;ajcmufrsm;ESifh
yJrsm;udk ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;ESifhtwl twif;xnfhay;=uonf? &Gmom;rsm;. qif;&JErG f;yg;r_ tajctae
tvHk;pHu
k dk od&dx
S m;aom udkwifarmifOD;url 4if;wdk@xHrS bmwpfckr# ,lroGm;vdkay? odk@aomf &Gmom;rsm;u
twif;xnfhay;=uonf? udkwifarmifOD;ESifh ol. twef;az:wdk@onf vkyt f m;ay;umvrsm;wGif woufwm
tawG@t}uHKrsm; &&SdcJh=uonf? 4if;wkd@u tm;oGecf Gepf u
kd f pmoifjyay;cJhonfrsm;. tusK;d &vm'fudk awG@}uHKcHpm;
&onfrSm =unfE;l p&m taumif;qHk;yifjzpfonf? 4if;wdk@a=umifh &Gmol&mG om;tawmfrsm;rsm;onf pm a&;wwf/
zwfwwf/ tajccH *%ef;ocsmFrsm;udk wwfvmcJh+yDjzpfonf?
34
qufvuf pl;prf;&SmazGaer_rsm;udk vnf;aumif; ausmif;olausmif;om;tm;vHk;u *&k%moufcJh=uonf? 4if;wdk@.
ae@pOfb0rsm;ESifhpyfvsO;f I aemufykid f;wGif wuUodkvf0if;twGif; twef;+yD;csderf sm;Y ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;t=um;
ajymqdkaqG;aEG;r_rsm; &SdvmcJhonf?
xdk@jyif &Gmol&mG om;rsm;. &d;k om;r_/ az:a&Gr/_ yGifhvif;r_/ =uifemr_/ aysmfaysmf aewwfrE_ Sifh opPm&Sdr_ tp&So
d nfh
vl@wefzk;d rsm;a=umifh udkwifarmifOD;ESifh oli,fcsif;rsm;u 4ifwdk@tay: av;pm; txif}uD;cJh=uonf? pdwfydik f;qdkif&m
tm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ vufawG@b0wGifaomfvnf; tysufoabm aqmifaom tjyKtrlp&dkufrsm;udk u|Ekfyfwkd@
awG@jrifEdik faomfvnf; a,bk,stm;jzifh vlom;wdk@xHwGif tjyKoabm aqmifaom pdwfaepdwfxm;&Sda=umif;udk
od&dcS J&h onf? Todk@qdkv#if tjyKjzpfwnfr_ wefzdk;rsm; qufvuf jzpfwnfaeapa&;twGuf yHyh ;dk jr‡ifhwif ay;&if;wbuf
tysufoabmaqmifaom tjyKtrlp&kdufrsm; avsmhyg;oGm; apatmif rnfuJhodk@ jyKvkyaf qmif&Guf Ekid frnfenf;?
vli,frsm;omomyif &Scd Jhao;aom udkwifarmifOD;ESifh oli,fcsif;rsm;onf Tonfwdk@twGuf tajzaumif;wpfckudk
&SmazGaz:xkwfjcif; r&SdEkdifcJhaomfvnf; vlom;wdk@. tysufoabmaqmif tjyKtrlp&dkufrsm;udk ukpm;Ekdif&eftwGuf
enf;vrf;&S&d rnf[k ,H=k unfcJhonf?
35
4
36
uJhokd@ jyKrlqufqHEkdifaom udkwifarmifOD;. trlt&mESifh ajymqdkyHkrsm;a=umifh q&mru ol@udk txif}uD; av;pm;
oGm;cJhonf? udkwifarmifOD; jyefoGm;aomtcgwGif q&mru vSa&$tm; ‚eifhtpfudk}uD;u eife@J rwlbl;? eifu
t&rf;n‡ufwmbJ? eifu *spfwpfwpfeJ@bJ? eifhtpfudk}uD;u ajymvdu k fwmeJ@ ig oabmaygufoGm;w,f? aemufwpfcg
eifausmif;ajy;w,fq&dk ifvJ ig eifhtpfudk}uD;bJ ac:ajymawmhr,f‛[k ajymavonf?
37
&,farmaysmf&i$ f csrf;ajr@=uaom nDtpfudkarmifESrrsm;
olu tb,fa=umifh Ekid fiHa&;v_y&f Sm;r_rsm;wGif yg0ifywfouf&a=umif;/ Ekid fiHa&;ESifh ywfoufI olu
rnfuJhokd@ xifjrif,lqa=umif; ponfwdk@udk udkwifarmifOD;u ol. nDi,f/ nDri,frsm;tm; ajymjyavh&dcS Jhonf?
1962ckESpf ppfwyf tm%modr;f +yD;onfh tcsderf S pwifum tpdk;&onf qENjy ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udk zdESdyf
ESrd feif; onf? 4if;.tusKd;qufrmS txl;ojzifh tvkyform; vlwef;pm;rsm;onf ukeaf ps;E_ef;av#mhcsa&;ESifh
vpmwkd;ay;a&;wkd@twGuf awmif;qdkvmcJhjcif;yif jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; 4if;wkd@onf ppfwyf. aoewf
usnfqHrsm;atmufwGif jym;jym;0yfcJh=u&onf? ppftpdk;&. rw&m;r_EiS fh &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfrr_ sm;udk cHpm;aevm
cJh&onfh ausmif;olausmif;om;/ tvkyo f rm;ESifh &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm; tygt0if jynfolvlxk wpf&yfvHk;wdk@.
vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf Ekid fiHa&;v_y&f Sm;r_rsm;wGif yg0ifywfouf&jcif; jzpfonf[k udkwifarmifOD;u qdkcJhonf?
odk@rSomv#if wkdif;oljynfom;tm;vHk; vGwfvyfrE_ Sifh w&m;r#wr_wkd@udk &&SdcHpm;Ekdifrnfjzpf+yD; vlom;rsm ;uJhodk@
aexdkifEdkifrnf[k olu ,Hk=unfcJhonf?
38
udkwifarmifOD;. ti,fq;Hk nDrav; &if&ifvSonf olr (4)wef;a&mufonftxd ausmif;wGif t*Fvdyfpm
oif=um;cJh&jcif; r&Sdacs? tajccH t*Fvdypf mvHk;rsm;ESifh toHk;tE_ef;rsm;udk udkwifarmifOD;uomv#if olrudk oif=um;
ay;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? ol. oifjyr_a=umifh nDi,f/ nDri,frsm; t*Fvdypf m atbDp'D Dudk tprStqHk;xd tvGwftm*Hk
aqmifEkdifcJh=uonf? tcgtcGifhoifhonfh tcsdew f dkif;wGif oGm;yGwfwH/ oGm;wdkufaq;/ acgif;+zD;/ aqmif;vdr;f qD/ cJwH/
pmtky/f abmyif/ tusô/ abmif;bD/ zdeyf/ xD;/ rdk;umtusô/ vG,ftw d f/ opfoD;/ [if;oD;[if;&Guf/ xrif;/ tom;/ ig;/
ajryJ tp&Sdonfh t*Fvdypf um;vHk;rsm;udk oif=um;ay;cJhonf?
tpfudk}uD;tjzpf jyKrlusifh}uHjcif;
udkwifarmifOD;onf 4if;. nDi,f/ nDri,frsm;udk r=umc% qkdqk;H rum oGefoif !$ejf yonfrmS
rSefaomfvnf; rdrdukd,fwkdifrmS um; armifErS rsm;. a&S@wGif [dwf}uD;[ef}uD;jzifh aewwfavh&do
S l r[kwfacs? nDi,f/
nDri,frsm;udk pvm;/ aemufvm;jzifh aewwfolwpfa,mufjzpfonf? udkwifarmifOD;}udKufaom oD;csif;rsm;udk
a&'D,kdu v$ifhae+yDqkvd #if armifESrrsm;ESifh twl ucke=f uonf? ti,faumifrsm;uvnf; oDcsif;udk ryDuvm
yDuvmjzifh vdkufq=dk uonfrmS aysmf&i$ f=unfE;l zG,f&maumif;onf? rdrdwdk@. om;orD;rsm; aysmf&i$ fjrL;xl;ae=uonfh
jrifuGif;udk=unfhum rdbrsm;rSmvnf; =unfE;l rqHk;jzpfcJh&onf?
40
wpfa,mufpD. tajctae/ 4if;wdk@ rdom;pktajctaersm;udk avhvmoHk;oyf+yD; 4if;wdk@awG@}uHKae&aom
pdwfyidk f;qdkif&m (odk@r[kwf) cE<mudk,fykdif;qdkif&m qif;&J'kuQrsm;udk wwfEdik for# ukpm;ay;onf? odk@aomfvnf;
rdrdta=umif;udk qdkv#if ar;rSom ajymavh&d+S yD; oli,fcsif;rsm;xHrSvnf; rdrd. udk,fa&;udk,fwmtwGuf
tultnDawmif;cHjcif; r&Sdoavmufyif jzpfonf?
‘arwWm’ESifh ywfoufaom tvkyw f pfckudk woufvHk; vkyo f Gm;rnf [lIyif olu ajymqdkcJhbl;onf?
wpfae@wGif udkwifarmifOD;u ol. rdbrsm;xHodk@ csOf;uyfum wuUodkvfausmif; qufwufvdkpdwf r&Sdawmha=umif;/
c&pf,mefbke;f }uD; vkycf sifa=umif; wkd@udk ajymvmonf? txl;ojzifh uufovpfbke;f }uD;tvkyu f dk pdwf0ifpm;onf[k
olu qdkonf? odk@rSomv#if vltrsm;udk xdxda&mufa&muf tultnDay;Ekdifrnf[k olu xifrw S fcJhaoma=umifh
jzpfonf? bke;f }uD;wpfyg;taejzifh qdkygu vltrsm;wdk@twGuf pdwfyidk f;qdkif&mt&aomf vnf;aumif;/ cE<mudk,fykid f;
qdkif&m t&aomfvnf;aumif; vufawG@b0wGif ulnDaxmufyhrH r_ sm; ay;Ekid fvdrhrf nf[k olu ,Hk=unfcJhonf?
c&pf,mefbke;f }uD;rsm;u ausmif;ESifh rdbrJh a*[mrsm;udk vnfywfaeyH/k aq;&Hkrsm;wGif ulnDaqmif&u G fay;aeyHw
k kd@udk
wifarmifOD;u ESpo f ufcJhonf? Todk@jyKvkyjf cif;jzifh vltrsm;udk tultnDay;vdkaom ol.pdwfqENudk jznfhqnf;
ay;Ekid fvdrhrf nf[k ,Hk=unfcJhonf? odk@&mwGif uufovpf bmomw&m;. t,ltqrsm;udk }udKufEpS foufI olu
xdkuJhodk@ qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfcJhjcif; r[kwfacs? c&pf,mef bkef;}uD;rsm;onf rdbrJh uav;a*[m/ aq;&HkESifh ausmif;
rsm;wGif vdktyfcsuf&daS eolrsm;twGuf ulnDaqmif&u G f ESpfodrhrf r_ sm; ay;Ekid fonf[laom tcsufuomv#if ol@udk
qJGaqmifaecJhjcif; jzpfonf? trsm;wumuJhodk@ tdraf xmif&ufom;usum rdom;pk ysKd;axmif&aom b0rsKd;udk olu
rESpo f ufcJhacs? b0udk wpfudk,fa& jzwfoef;jcif;jzifhomv#if rdrd. &nfreS f;csufrsm;ukd taumiftxnfaz:&eftwGuf
ydrk t
dk m&Hkxm;Ekdifrnf[k ,Hk=unfcJhonf? TonfEiS fhpyfvsO;f I wpfae@wGif tazu wifarmifOD;ESifh ajymqdkaqG;aEG;
onf?
41
aqGrsK;d awG bufrSmyg wuUodkvfbJG@&bl;wJhol wpfa,mufrS r&SdcJhzl;bl;uG? tck rif;u yxrqHk; 'gudk vkyEf ikd fawmhrmS
r[kwfvm;? igwkd@ rdom;pkwpfpv k Hk;twGuf rif;u pHjywpfa,muf jzpfvmrSmayghuGm?‛ [k tazu ajymonf? wzef
tazu ‚wuUodkvf bJG@&+yD;wJhtcgus&if rif;}udKufwm vkyaf wmhaygh?‛[k azsmif;zsjyefonf? TonfESifh ywfoufI
tpydik f;wGif ukdwifarmifOD;u csnfwHkcswHkjzpfaeaomfvnf; zcifjzpfudk av;pm;or_jzifh zcif. vdktifqENtwkdkif;
vky&f ef qHk;jzwfcJhonf? odk@aomf c&pf,mef bke;f }uD; jzpfvm&eftwGuf bJG@wpfck&dxS m;&rnf jzpf+yD; usrf;pmoif
ausmif;wGifvnf; (2)ESpf (3)ESpf OD;pGm oGm;ae&onf? xdk@a=umifhvnf; olu ausmif;qufwuf vrf;udkom qufvuf
a&G;cs,fcJhjcif;yif?
Ak'<bmomwGif a*g"rR jrwfpmG bk&m;u ‘tusK;d ESifh ta=umif; qufE, $ fr’_ oabmw&m;udk a[m=um;
cJhonf? rdom;pk0ifrsm;/ oli,fcsif;rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh vltrsm;wkd@tay: xm;&SdcJhaom jrwfpmG bk&m;. tEd_if;rJh arwWm
w&m;a=umifh vltrsm;wdk@uvnf; jrwfpmG bk&m;tay: arwWmtjynfht0&SdchJjcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; Tae&m
wGif jrwfpmG bk&m;onf vltrsm;wdk@xHrS wpHkw&m jyefvnfar#mfvifhawmifhwaoma=umifh xdkuJhodk@ arwWmw&m;
xm;cJhjcif; r[kwfacs? TuJhodk@aom ‘arwWmurBm’ tajcjyKjcif;jzifh jrwfpmG bk&m;onf cufcJyifyef;r_/ &ufpuf
,kwfrmr_EiS fh +cdr;f ajcmufrw
_ kd@udk &ifqdkif&eftwGuf tHrh cef;aom ,Hk=unfcsufrsm;udk &&Sdydkifqikd fvmum vl@tzG@J tpnf;
udk ajymif;vJ&ef aqmif&u G fEdik fcJhjcif; jzpfonf?
42
5
‘rw&m;r_rsm;’udk wku
d fzsufjcif;ESifh ‘*k%foduQm’udk umuG,fxed f;odrf;jcif;
xdktcsdeu
f 4if;wdk@ausmif;wGif tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;udk tEkdifusihf Akv
d fuswwfaom ausmif;om;wpfOD;
&Scd Jhbl;onf? 4if;onf wifarmifOD;xuf vlaumif yd}k uD;onf? wpfae@wGif wifarmifOD;ESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkifrS
vrf;av#mufvmaom tqdkyg ausmif;om;u wifarmifOD;udk ykcHk;jzifh wrifwum 0ifwkdufum &efpavonf? ‚'D
iydefu av;vHk;bJuG?‛[lI wifarmifOD;udk avSmifajymifum ‚rif;eJ@igeJ@ csrvm;uG‛[k tom;vGwf pdefac:avonf?
xdktcg wifarmifOD;u ‚igrif;eJ@ rcscsifygbl;? rif;u bmjzpfvkd@ wjcm;vlawGudk jy\em&Smcsif&wmvJ? rif;u
tm;vHk;udk &ef&SmaewmbJ? bmjzpfvdk@vJuG‛[k jyefajymonf?
43
TwGif &kwfw&ufqo dk vkd xdkausmif;om;u wifarmifOD;udk vufoD;jzifh xdk;avonf? v#yfwysuf
twGif;rSmyif wifarmifOD;u ol. vufoD;ukd b,fbufvufjzifh wm;+yD;onfESifh w+ydKifeuf nmbufvufjzifh
ol@rsufEmS udk vufoD;wpfvHk; ypfoGif;vkdufonf? t&m&mtm;vHk; rsufpdwrSwftwGif; jzpfoGm;aoma=umifh
xdkausmif;om;rSm thHtm;oifI h rqHk;rD wifarmifOD;. vufoD;csufa=umifh zifxkdifoGm;onf? ESmacgif;rSvJ aoG;rsm;
usvmonf? olu wifarmifOD;udk qJa&;um jyefxvm+yD; csrnftvkyw f Gif teD;tem;&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;u
4if;wkd@ESpaf ,mufudk twif; 0ifq=JG uonf? xdk@aemuf q&m/ q&mrrsm;vnf; tcif;jzpfymG ;&mae&modk@ csufcsif;
a&muf&v Sd m+yD; 4if;wdk@ESpaf ,muftm; ausmif;tky}f uD;&Hk;cef;odk@ yd@k vdkufonf?
vrf;o&J *d%
k f;om;rsm;udk &ifqdkif}uHKawG@jcif;
1960 pkESpfaESmif;ykdif;ESifh 1970 pkESprf sm;Y &efuke+f rdK@EiS fh jrefrmEkid fiH&dS ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif vrf;o&J
*d%
k f;rsm; acwfpm;aecJhonf? ukdwifarmifOD; rdom;pkaexdkif&m ordik f;+rdK@e,fwGifvnf; vrf;o&J*k% d f;rsm; txl;
aomif;usef;cJhonf? vrf;o&Jrsm;udk tcef@roifI h armfrsm;=unfhrdv#if ae&mYyif &du k fEu
S f/ vk,uf jcif;cH&Ekdifonf?
44
vrf;o&Jrsm;u wpfpkwH pfa,mufudk =unfhr&I +cdrf;ajcmufv#if +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;cH&olonf vrf;o&Jrsm;udk
tEl;tnGwfawmif;yef&onf?
45
ordkif;+rdK@e,fwGif cifarmifwif (odk@r[kwf) "g;cifarmifwif [kac:qdkaom vrf;o&JwpfOD; &Scd Jhbl;onf? vlwpfOD;udk
"g;jzifh ypfaygufum t}uD;tus,f '%f&m&oGm;apEkdifaom pGrf;&nf&daS oma=umifh ol@udk "g;cifarmifwif[k
ac:=ujcif;jzpfonf? udkwifarmifOD; vrf;axmifhwpfae&mu opfyif}uD;wpfyifudk jzwfav#mufvmcsdew f Gif
"g;cifarmifwifonf opfyifaemufwGif yke;f uG,faecJhonf?
‚igq
h Dudk t&yfqHk; uyfvmwJhaumif ao+yDbJrw S f‛[k udkwifarmifOD;u cyf=urf;=urf; }udr;f 0g;vdkufonf?
vrf;o&Jrsm;onf tkyfpEk Sifh rdu
k fae=ujcif;omjzpf+yD; wpfOD;csif;qdkv#if owWdr&Sad =umif;udk olu &dyrf dxm;cJhonf
a=umifhyif? vrf;o&Jrsm;uvJ 4if;wkd@txJu rnfol p0ifrnfvJ qdkonfudk apmifhae=uonf? TwGif wifarmifOD;u
olwdk@udk pum;pajymavonf? ‚igu wuUodkvfausmif;om; wpfa,mufbJ? vrf;o&J*dk%;f 0if r[kwfbl;? igu
46
udk,fhtvkyuf dk vky+f yD;vdk@ tdrfjyefaewm? igu rif;wdk@eJ@ &efjzpfzk@d bmta=umif;rS r&Sdbl;? rif;wdk@&@J tajctaeawG
udkvJ igem;vnfw,f? rif;wkd@b0u qif;&Jwma=umifh tckvdkrsK;d tcuftcJrsKd;pHk awG@ae&w,fqdkwm igodw,f?
'ga=umifhvJ rif;wdk@u tckvdk 'kp&ku d fra_ wG usL;vGeaf e=uwm r[kwfvm;?‛
47
csde;f yJG&uf eD;uyfvmaomtcg udkwifarmifOD;u *syefuif'k"d g;udk toHk;jyKI avhusifhonf? TuJhodk@
avhusifh&mwGif ol. v_y&f Sm;r_rsm;rSm jrefqefvGe;f ojzifh "g;oGm;. v_y&f Sm;aeonfudkyif rjrifEdik facs? uif'k"d g;rSm
ol.vufxJwGif =uufar$;av; ouJhokd@ aygyh g;vSonf? csde;f yJGwGif wkdufcku d f&eftwGuf tqifoifhjzpfaecJhonf?
tpfudk}uD; udkwifarmifOD;onf &kyf&iS fum;xJwGif ygaom qmrl&kid f;"g;orm;uJhodk@yif jzpfonf[k vSa&$u
jyefajymif;ajymjyonf?
48
owday;onf? odk@aomfvnf; udkwifarmifOD;u ‚=unfh&wm olu tpfudk}uD;udk wu,f pum;ajymcsifvdk@eJ@
wlygw,fuGm? bmrS pdwfryle@J ? tpfudk}uD; ole@J pum;oGm;ajymr,f?‛[kajymonf?
49
udkwifarmifOD;eSifh oli,fcsif; wpkvHk;rSm &kwfw&uf rSifoufro
d vdk jzpfoGm;}uonf? trSwfwrJh bmjyefajym
&rSe;f rodcJh}u? rdrw
d dk@udk tovGwf &efpaejyD [k odvdkufonf? c%av; }umjyD;aemuf udw k ifarmifOD;u
50
jzpfonf? ajcmufvHk;yl;awG h&vSsif a}umuf&HG hjyD; udkwifarmifOD; a&SmifxGuf oGm;vdrhrf nf[k wGufvdkufykv
H nf;&onf?
twGufrmS ; oGm;ygjyD?
xdkvli,f ajrjyifay: vJusaecsdew f Gif ajcaxmufjzifh uefzdk@ &nf&G,fcsuf r&Sda=umif;/ ol@ vufxJu
ajcmufvHk;jyL;jzifh rypfEkdifap&eftwGufom vli,fqDokd@ tv#iftjref oGm;a&mufcJhjcif; jzpfa=umif;wdk@udk aemufykid f;
wGif udkwifarmifOD;u oli,fcsif;rsm;udk &Sif;jyonf?
wpfpkw
H pfOD;. cdkif;apr_a=umifh r[kwfbJ rdrdbmom vkyo
f ifhvkyfxdkufonfudk vkycf Jhjcif;a=umifh a=ueyfyw
D d
jzpfaeyHkawmh &onf?
‚wifarmifOD;/ rif;u woufvHk; uufovpfbke;f }uD; vkycf sifw,fvdk@ t+rJ ajymaecJhw,f r[kwfvm;?
'gayr,fh vufawG@b0 vlawGe@J qufqHwJhtcgrSm ‘onf;cHjcif; w&m;’ r&Sdbl;qdk&if rif;u b,fvdkvky+f yD; bkef;}uD;
jzpfEikd frmS vJ?‛
udkwifarmifOD;u-
51
‚pdwf&n
S fzk@d vdkw,f qdkwmawmh rSefygw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'Dvdk tajctaersKd;rSmqdk&if 'gu tjypfvkyo
f ludk
tm;ay;&ma&mufw,fav? cH&wJholbufuaevJ xnfhwGuf&r,f? udk,fu rw&m;r_udk cHae&wJh tcsderf sKd;rSmqdk&if
udk,fh&J@ ‘vl@ *k%o f duQm’udkvJ xnfhpOf;pm;&rSmaygh? igu omrefvlwpfa,mufbJ jzpfaeygap/ bkef;}uD;wpfyg;bJ
jzpfaeygap wpfpkw H pfa,mufu igh&@J *k%o f duQmudk vmrxdyg; ao;oItxduawmh igu ‘onf;cHjcif; w&m;’udk
usifh}uHaetH;k rSmbJ? tckcsdefrSm igu omrefvlwpfa,muf jzpfaevdk@om ol@udk tJ'DvdkrsK;d udk,fxdvufa&muf
wke@f jyefcJhwm? wu,fvdk@ igom bke;f }uD;wpfyg; jzpfaer,fq&dk if wrsKd;pOf;pm;&rSmaygh? aemufwpfcku wu,fvkd@
igom ol@udk rqHk;rcJhbl;qdk&if oluvJ wjcm;vlawGtay: tJ'DvkdrsK;d quf+yD; tEkdifusifhaetH;k rSmbJ r[kwfvm;?‛[k
jyefajzonf?
52
6
‚usaemfwdk@u 'gudk }udKufvdk@ vkyaf e=uwm r[kwfygbl;Asm? usaemfwkd@ rdom;pkawGu wu,fudk iwfjywf
ae=uwma=umifhAs? usaemfwdk@twGuf tvkyu f vJ r&Sdbl;av?‛
*d%
k f;0ifwpfa,mufonf ol@tar. aq;zdk;0gctwGuf ydu
k fqH&Smae&a=umif;/ cg;ydkufEd_ufjcif;jzifhom aiG&mS
wwfa=umif; ajymonf? TwGif wifarmifOD;u
53
ynm oif=um;cGifh r&Sd=ujcif;
54
r&&S=d uawmhacs/ 4if;wdk@ ynmrwwfaoma=umifh tvky&f zdk@ qkdonfrmS vnf; rjzpfEdkifawmhacs? ynmrwwfI
ydu
k fqHr&SmEkdifaoma=umifh 4if;wdk@ rdom;pk0ifrsm; iwfjywf=u&onf? Todk@jzifh vli,frsm;onf vk,uf"g;jywkdufjcif;/
+cdrf;ajcmufI aiGn‡pjf cif;/ cg;ydkufEdu
_ fjcif; paom 'kp&du
k frr_ sm;wGif yg0ifywfoufvmcJh=uavawmhonf? tcsdK@aom
olrsm;. rdom;pk0ifrsm;rSm tonf;toef zsm;emae+yD; aq;ukor_ay;Ekid f&eftwGuf aiGa=u;vdktyfaeaoma=umifh
omv#if 4if;wdk@u cg;ydkufE_dufpm;ae&jcif;jzpfonf?
55
av;pm;oGm;onf? rdrdabmyifudk jyef&onfhtwGuf udkwifarmifOD;tay: aus;Zl;wifrqHk; jzpfum ‚udkwifarmifOD;u
b,fvdkvkyf+yD;awmh olwdk@udk 'Dwkdif;av; ajymvdu
k f&kH abmyifudk jyef&wmvJ? vHk;0 r,HkEikd fp&mbJ‛[k awG;ae
avonf?
56
ocsFmcsdef a&mufaomtcgwGif tdrfpmr+yD;aom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udk q&mru twef;a&S@
ac:xkwfavonf? +yD;aemuf q&mru olvkyaf eustwkdif; xdkausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udk wpfa,mufcsif;
em;ov,fwGif ydwf&u kd fonf? rvS+rdKiftvSnfhodk@a&mufaomtcg olru tpfudk}uD; rSmxm;ouJhodk@yif vufz0g;
ay:wGif &dkuf&ef q&mrudk ajymavonf? TwGif q&mru ceJ@aom avoHjzifh-
‚usru Adv k frLS ;orD;awmh r[kwfygbl;? 'gayr,fh usr rdbuawmif usrudk em;ov,frmS wcgrS
r&dkufchzJ ;l bl;? tJ'ga=umifh usrudk vufrmS bJ &dkufyg?‛
q&m}uD;u ‚eifh tdrfudkjyef? +yD;awmh eifhrdbwpfa,mufudk 'Dudk ac:vmcJh? 'grSr[kwf&if eif ausmif;udk
jyefrvmeJ@‛[k qdkonf?
57
"g;&SnfudkvJ awG@oGm;+yD; ‚xkdifyg/ xkdifyg‛[k jymjymovJ ajymavonf? q&m}uD;ay;aom xkdifcHkwGif udkwifarmifOD;
vHk;00ifxkdifjcif; rjyKbJ-
58
7
vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:ydkifcGifhESifh awG;ac:r_ vGwv
f yfjcif;
‘vGwfvyfr’_ ukd arG;&mygwefzk;d wpfcktjzpf vlom;wdk@u &SmazGvmcJh=uonfrmS ordkif;OD;umvuwnf;u
,ae@tcsdex f d jzpfonf? t*FvefEdik fiH 0ef}uD;csKyf a';Apfuifr&Gef u‘urBmvHk;qkdif&m vGwfvyfr_’twGuf r=umao;
rDuyif axmufcHajym=um;oGm;cJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; vGwfvyfr_ qkdonfha0g[m&udk rnfuJhodk ht"dy`g,fziG fhqrdk nf/
em;vnfcH,lrnf/ vufawG husifhoHk;rnf [lonfwdk hrmS ta&;t}uD;qHk; jzpfonf? Todk@qdk&mwGif tjynfjynfqidk f&m
vl@tcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf;xJY xnfhoGi;f jyXmef;xm;onfh vGwfvyfpmG xkwfaz:ajymqdkydkifcGifh/ vGwfvyfpmG
pnf;&Hk;ykdifcGifh/ vGwfvyfpmG toif;tzG@J zG@J pnf;ykdifcGifh tp&Sdonfh vufqkyfvufudkif jyEkdifaom tajccHvl@tcGifh ta&;
rsm;udk rpOf;pm;rDwGif vufqkyfvufudkif jyEkdifjcif; r&Sdaomfjim;vnf; vl@tcGifhta&;rsm; tm;vHk;. tajccH jzpfaom
vGwfvyfpmG awG;ac:jcif; qdkonfEiS fh pyfvsOf;I OD;pGm pOf;pm;qifjcifoifhayonf? vly*k K~d vf wpfOD; wpfa,mufonf
vGwfvyfpmG awG;ac:wwfjcif; r&Sdygu xdkolonf tjcm; vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk &,lusifhoHk;ae onfhwdkif tjcm;
vly*k K~d vfrsm; eSifh vl@tzG@J tpnf;wpfckvHk; twGufomrubJ rdru d dk,fYtwGufyg tusKd;&S&d ef rvG,fulvSacs?
59
&efbufjyKvkdaom t,ltqw&yf&yfudk jzpfap/ 4if;ESifh qufpyfaeaom rl0g'udkjzpfap wdkufzsuf&ef}udK;yrf;
&mwGif tm%mydkif (odk hr[kwf) EkdifiHa&;ygwD(odk@r[kwf) edkifiHa&;zGJ hpnf;wnfaqmufrw _ pfckckonf teD;uyf r[mrdwf
jzpfEikd fonf [laom ta=umif; jycsufjzifh tqdkyg tm%mykid f (odk@r[kwf) EkdifiHa&;ygwD (odk@r[kwf) edik fiHa&; zGJ h
pnf;wnfaqmufr_. raumif;aom vky&f yfrsm;ESifh pyfv#Of;I vspfvsL&_xm;jcif;onf ‘EkdifiHa&;bufvdkufr’_
jzpfonf? wlnDaom t,ltq w&yf&yfudk jzpfap/ 4if;eSifh qufpyfaeaom rl0g'udk jzpfap taumiftxnfaz:
usifhoHk;edik fa&;twGuf }udK;yrf;&mwGif tm%mydkif (odk hr[kwf) Ekid fiHa&;ygwD(odk@r[kwf) edik fiHa&;zGJ hpnf;wnfaqmufr_
wpfckckonf teD;uyf r[mrdwf jzpfEikd fonf [laom ta=umif; jycsufjzifh tqdkyg tm%mykdif (odk@r[kwf) Ekid fiHa&;
ygwD (odk@r[kwf) edik fiHa&; zGJ hpnf;wnfaqmufr_. raumif;aom vky&f yfrsm;ESifh pyfv#Of;I vspfvsL&_xm;jcif;onf
vnf; ‘EkdifiHa&;bufvdkufr_’ jzpfonf?
60
r[kwfbJ xm0& &SifoefEdkifayrnf?‛ (&Sifa,m[ef; 3;16) ponfwdk@ uJhokd@aom c&pf,efbmomw&m;.
t,ltqrsm;udk udkwifarmifOD; i,fpOfuwnf;uyif ol@zcifxHrS oif,lod&dcS Jhonf? udkwifarmifOD;u
c&pf,mefbmomESihf ywfoufaom todynmrsm;udk ol. oli,fcsif;rsm;tm; today;ajymqdkcJhonfrmS
t}udraf ygif;rsm;pGmyif jzpfonf? ol. oli,fcsif;rsm;udk c&pf,mef bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;odk@ vdkufcJh&ef zdwfac:um
bk&m;ocif. oem;=uifemr_atmufwGif aexdkif&onfrmS +idrf;csrf;r_ &Sad =umif;/ vlom;wdk@u bk&m;ociftay:
,Hk=unfudkif;&_dif;r_ &Sjd cif;rSm aumif;jrwfaom t&mjzpfa=umif;wkd@udk &Sif;jyonf? odk@aomfvnf; udkwifarmifOD;onf
tcgtcGifhoifw h kdif;wGif tjcm;bmomw&m; wkd@. qdkqk;H rr_rsm;udk avhvm&ef t+rJ tqifoifh jzpfaecJhonf?
Todk@jzpfaoma=umifhvnf; olonf bm&mw&m; rsm;udk E_id f;,SOfavhvm&ef pdwfxufoefcJhonf? Oyrmqdk&v#if
c&pf,mefbmom. ‘xm0& &Sifoefr_’ qdkaom t,ltqESifh Ak'<bmom. ‘r+rJjcif; w&m;’qdak om t,ltqwkd@udk
E_id f;qcsifhcsdecf Jhonf?
61
‚'gayr,fh tJ'Dyef;yifu a&udk pkyf,l+yD;wJhtcgus&if a&udk jyefrxkwfvkyb
f l;? yefyiG fhudkbJ xkwfvkyw
f ,f?
tJ'gudk rif; owdxm;=unfhayghuGm?‛
vlrsKd;a&; cJGjcm;qufqHru
_ dk qef@usifjcif;
udkwifarmifOD;onf csif;vlrsKd;u qif;oufvmoljzpfonf? vlOD;a&t&=unfhv#if csif;vlrsKd;rsm;onf
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif vlenf;pk jzpfonf? olonf csif;vlrsKd;udk cspfjrwfEd;k ol/ csif;vlrsKd;jzpf&onfudk *k%,
f lol jzpfonf?
&efukewf uUodkvf csif;pmay eSifh ,Ofaus;r_toif;wGifyif taxGaxG twGif;a&;r_;tjzpf wm0efxrfaqmifcJhbl;ol
jzpfonf? wpfae@wGif olonf jrefrmESifh csif;vlrsKd;t=um; cJGjcm;qufqHr_ jzpf&yfwpfckudk }uHKawG@cJhavonf?
64
ESifh ol. rdom;pk0ifrsm;tm;vHk;onf csif;vlrsKd;tygt0if tjcm;wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;rsm;ay: av;pm;or_&Sdonfh omref
jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;ESifh awG@}uHKqufqHcJh&onfh tajccHa=umifh omrubJ 4if;wdk@onf ‘vufpm;acsjcif;’qdkonfxuf
‘cGifhv$wfjcif;’udkvnf;aumif;/ ‘trkef;w&m;’qdkonfxuf ‘cspfjcif;arwWm’udkvnf;aumif;/ ‘tqdk;’qdo k nfxuf
‘taumif;’udkvnf;aumif; ydI k ESpfoufjrwfEd;k aoma=umifh jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh udkwifarmifOD;xHwGif ‘vlrsKd;a&;
rkef;wD;r_’pdwfxm; vH;k 0r&SdbJ ol. pdwfEv
S Hk;rSm yuwdoef@pifaejcif; jzpfonf?
vlrsKd;a&;pdwf"gwf
65
udkwifarmifOD;onf jrefrmEkdifiH&dS wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pHt
k wGuf &yfwnfwdkufyGJ0ifaom csif;trsKd;om;wpfOD;
jzpfcJhonf?
+Adwdo#udkvdkeDtkycf sKyfrv
_ ufatmufrS vGwfajrmuf&eftwGuf }udK;yrf;wkdufyG0J ifpOf tcsdeu f mvrsm;wGif
OD;atmifqef; tygt0if edkifiHa&; acgif;aqmiftawmfrsm;rsm;wdk@onf uGejf rLepfEiS fh qdk&S,fvpf0g'rsm;udk ouf0if
,Hk=unf cJh=uonf? 1939ckESpfwGif udkatmifqef;onf ‘Armjynf uGejf rLepfygwD (Auy)’. taxGaxGtwGifa&;rSL;
jzpfcJhonf? xdktcsdeu f tm&Swkduf/ tmz&duwkdufESifh vufwif tar&duwkduf&Sd Ekid fiHrsm;pGmwdk@. &nfreS f;csufrmS
qdk&S,fvpf Ekid fiHrsm;udk wnfaxmif&ef jzpfonf? 'kwd,urBmppf aemufyidk f;wGif qdk&S,fvpf0g' t&Sdeft[kef
aumif;vmcJhonf? TaemufcHwGif jrefrmEkdifiHonf 1948ckEpS f Zefe0g&DvY vGwfvyfa&;&cJhonf? 1962ckESpf
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ppfwyf tm%modr;f &jcif;. tjcm;&nf&, G fcsufrmS qdk&S,fvpf wnfaqmuf&ef jzpfonf[k
ta}umif;jycJhonf? a&S;,cif uwnf;uyif jrefrmEkdifiHudk pwifwnfaxmifcJholrsm;u qdk&S,fvpf edik fiHtjzpf
wnfaqmufvdkcJh=uaomfvnf; 'Drdkua&pD tpdk;&tqufqufu vpfvsL&_cJh=ua}umif; toHaumif;[pfcJhonf?
tqdkyg &nfrSef;csufudk taumiftxnf az:&eftwGuf 1962ckEpS f Zlvdkifv (4)&ufae@wGif ppftpdk;&onf ‘jrefrmh
qdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwD (rqv)’udk wnfaxmif+yD; ‘jrefrmh qdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf’[k qkdum ‘vlEiS fh vl@
ywf0ef;usiw f kd@. tjyeftvSef qufE, $ fr_ oabmw&m;’qdkonfh rl0g'wpfckudk xkwfjyefa=unmjcif;jzifh
qdk&S,fvpfjynfaxmifpu k dk wnfaxmif rnf[k jynfolwdk@tm; ouf0if,Hk=unfvmapcJhonf? xdktcsderf Sm 'Drdkua&pD
tpdk;& tkyfcsKyfra_ tmufY txl;ojzifh jrefrmEkdifiH&dS 'Dru dk a&pDpepf Eke,faeao;aom 1948ckEpS frS 1962ckEpS f
umvrsm;twGif;Y Ekid fiHa&;ygwD tuGJt+yJrsm;/ EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm; t=um;z&dzk &J ,SOf+ydKifaecJrh _rsm;tay: jynfolvlxk
tawmfrsm;rsm;u wpHkw&m pdwfysufaecJh=ucsdejf zpfonf? tqdkyg tajctaersm;a=umifhvnf; 1962ckEpS fwGif ppfwyf
u tm%modr;f edik fcJhjcif;jzpfonf? ppfwyf tm%modr;f csdewf Gif wifarmifOD;. touf (11)ESpfom &Sdao;onf?
ppftpdk;&u xdkodk@aom Ekid fiHa&; y&d,m,fudk zefwD;vkduf&mwGif TuJhodk@ ppfwyf tm%modr;f jcif;onf
qdk&S,fvpf t,l0g'ESifh qufpyfaeonf[k tcsdK@u xifa=u;ay;=uum ‘EkdifiHa&;bufvdkufr_’onf 4if;wdk@.
odpw d fxJwGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ rodpw d fxJwGifaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfwnfvmcJhayonf? qdk&S,fvpf t,l0g'udk
67
vdkufpm;ol Ekid fiHa&;acgif;aqmifEiS fh tkyfpk rsm;pGmwdk@u ppftpdk;&udk axmufcHcJh=uonf? xdk@jyif ppfwyfESifh eD;uyfr_&do
S l
trsm;tjym;onf ppftpdk;&. a&mif;&if;rsm;taejzifh wenf;r[kwf wenf; yl;aygif;aqmif&u G fcJh=uonf? rdrd
udk,fusK;d &Smol AsL&dku&uf t&m&Srd sm;ESifh ynmwwfrsm;u ppftpdk;&udk tvkyftau|;jyKcJh=uonf? ppftm%m
odr;f jcif; udkta=umif;jyKIom ppftpdk;&u wkdif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfaejcif;jzpfonf[k ,lqv#if rSm;oGm;rnfjzpfa=umif;/
rqvu &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm az:xkwfvmcJhaom jrefrmh qdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfonf urBm. acwfa&pD;a=umif;ESifhtnD
wkd;wufys@H ymG ;r_rsm; &&Sdaeonf[k xifjrif&a=umif; wdk@udk jrefrmEkdifiHwGif vlodrsm;aom Ekid fiHa&;orm; 0d"l& ocif
cspfarmifu a=unmcsuf xkwfjyefcJhonf? jrefrmEkdifiH ol&aJ umif; Akv d fcsKyfatmifqef;. tpfudk OD;atmifoef;uyif
‚jrefrmEkid fiHrmS qdk&S,fvpf jynfaxmifpk wpf&yfudk wnfaxmifwJhae&mrSm jrefrmh qdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfu tvkyfjzpf
vdrhrf ,fvdk@ usaemf ,Hk=unfw,fAs?‛ [lI ajym=um;cJhonf?
68
jzpfayonf? ocifpd;k tnHhcHcJhcsdew f Gif oHk;oyfr_wpfckudk xkwfjyefcJhonf? 4if;rSm- ‘ordkif; qdkif&m &kyf0g'’ESifhtnD
qdk&v#if t&if;&Sifpepf. txGwftxdyo f kd@ a&muf&aSd eaom Ekid fiHonf ‘qd&k S,fvpfpepf’odk@ ul;ajymif; usifhoHk;&rnf
[lonfyif jzpfonf? tar&duef Ekid fiHonf ‘t&if;&Sifpepf’ . txGwftxdyo f dk@ a&muf&aSd ecJhcsdew
f Gif qdk&S,fvpf
wkdif;jynfwpfcktjzpf ajymif;vJapa&;twGuf wpHw k &m t&dyf vuQ%mrsm; r&SdcJhacs? tb,fa=umifhqkad omf
tar&duefEkdifiHonf 4if;. ‘t&if;&Sifpepf’udk jyKjyifajymif;vJEdik fcJh+yD; tvkyform;tpnf;t&H;k rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm
&SifoefvnfywfcGifh ay;um tvkyo f rm;rsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk jr‡ifhwifay;cJhojzifh ‘ordkif; qdkif&m &kyf0g'’
t,ltqrSm rSefuefr_r&Sdawmh[lI jzpfonf? ppfreS faom qdk&S,fvpfpepfEiS fh uGejf rLepfpepfwdk@. t,ltqrsm;udk
avhvmvSsuf&do S lvli,frsm;onf ocifpdk;. oHk;oyfr_udk }um;od&aomtcg awGa0oGm;cJh=uonf? jrefrmEkdifiH .
vltzGJ@tpnf; tajccHwGif omrefvli,frsm;taejzifh rnfonfhbufu &yfwnf&rnf qkdonfudk
cGJjcm;qHk;jzwfEdik fa&;rSm tawmfyif cufcJ&y_ faxG;aom udp&P yfjzpfonf? odk@aomf udkwifarmifOD;ESifh
oli,fcsif;rsm;twGufrl xdkodk@ r[kwfcJhacs?
qdk&S,fvpfpepftawG;tac:wdk hteuf ‘tcGifhta&;ESifh tcGifhtvrf;rsm; wef;nDr#r_’qdkaom t,ltqudk
udkwifarmifOD;u oabmwlEpS f+cKdufcJhonf? xkd@twlyif vpfb&,fpepfwGifvnf; ‘udk,fydkif vGwfvyfr_ESifh
tuef@towfjzifh tkyfcsKyfaom tpdk;&’qdkaom oabmw&m;rsm;udk vufcHcJhonf? odk@aomf udkwifarmifOD;onf
Ekid fiHa&; t,ltqrsm;ukd udk;um;um jrefrmEkdifiH vl@tzG@J tpnf;wGif jzpfysuf aeaom tajctaersm;udk
oHk;oyfavh&dcS JholwpfOD; r[kwfacs? tjcm;olrsm;. xdkodk@aom oHk;oyfcsufrsm; tay:Yvnf; a0zefajymqdkjcif; r&SdcJh?
Todk@jzifh udkwifarmifOD;onf ol. vGwfvyfpmG awG;ac:r_udk xde;f odrf; xm;EkdifcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf;olu
tqkdyguJhodk@aom E_dif;,SOfoHk;oyfr_wpfckudk xl;xl;jcm;jcm; vkycf Jhbl;avonf? wnaecif;wGif
&efukefwuUodkvf0if;twGif;&Sd *syfqyf taqmufttHka&S@Y oli,fcsif;wpftkyf pkqHkcJh=upOfujzpfonf? tcsderf Sm nae
(6)&Dcef@&+Sd yDjzpf+yD; wuUodkvfausmif;0if;xJwGif vlajcjywfp jyKae+yD? TwGif udkwifarmifOD; ajymqdkonfrsm;rSm
rSwfom;zG,f&maumif;ayonf? olajymaom t&mrsm;rSm- *smreDEdik fiHwGif [pfwvm OD;aqmifum qdk&S,fvpf
trnfcH ygwDwpfckudk wnfaxmifcJha=umif;/ ’emZD’qdkonfrmS trsK;d om; qdk&S,fvpf [k t"dyg` ,f&a=umif;/
qdk&S,fvpf0g'Dudk rsufEmS yef; jyxm;aomfvnf; tqdkyg ygwDu vufawG@usifhoHk;aeonfrmS zufqpf0g'Dom
jzpfa=umif;ESifh jrefrmh qdk&,
S fvpf vrf;pOfygwDudkvnf; tqdyk guJhodk@yif owfrw
S fI &Ekdifa=umif;wkd@ jzpf=uonf?
udkwifarmifOD;u tqdkyguJhodk@ oHk;oyfajymqdkcJhjcif;onf rqv ygwDudk pwifwnfaxmif+yD;aemuf (10)ESpf
cef@ t=um/ rqvygwD t&Sdefaumif;aeaom tcsdew f Gif jzpfonf? xdkacwfumwGif vli,frsm;pGmwdk@onf rqv
ygwDu wnfaxmifxm;aom ’vrf;pOfvli,f’/ ’a&S@aqmifvli,f’ESifh ’awZvli,f’tp&Sdonfh toif;tzGJ@rsm;wGif
0ifygcJh=uonf? rqvygwD ta&mifjyxm;aom ppftm%m&Sifrsm;onf jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd vli,frsm;udk xde;f csKyf
Ekid f&eftwGuf 4if;wdk@. acgif;xJwGif rSm;,Gif;aom t,l0g'rsm;udk pnf;pepfwusjzifh &duk foGif;cJhonf? xdkacwf
umvwGif jrefrmEkdifiHwpf0Sr;f &Sd ppftm%m&Sifrsm;. taygif;taz: rdom;pkrsm;/ tpdk;& tm%mydkifrsm;/ jynfol@0
efxrf;rsm;/ rqv todkif;t0dik f;/ tvkyform;ESifh v,form; tpnf;t&H;k rsm; uJhodk@aom rqv. vufyg;ap
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wdk@xHrS qif;oufvmonfh oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom vli,fvl&, G frsm;onf ppftpdk;&u pOf;0g;vdkuf
ay;onfh oHpOftwkdif; urSef;rod uaecJh=uayonf?
69
odk@aomf uHaumif;axmufronf[k qdk&rnfvm; rod? udkwifarmifOD; tygt0if vli,ftcsdK@wkd@onf
vl@tzG@J tpnf;. tajctaerSefEiS fh jy\em t&if;cH ta=umif;w&m;rsm;udk cGJjcm;odjrifEdik fcJh=uonf? &_wfaxG;
eufev J Saom EkdifiHa&; t,ltqrsm;t=um;wGif 4if;wdk@ vrf;aysmufoGm;jcif; r&SdcJhacs? ’'Dru dk a&pD’/ ’qd&k S,fvpf’/
’ppftpdk;&’ odk@r[kwf rnfonfh pepfudk vufudkifusifhoHk;aeumrl tm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfa=umifh qdk;usK;d rsm;udk
jzpfapa=umif;/ vlxktcGifhta&;rsm; t}uD;tus,f epfemqHk;&_;H &a=umif;ESifh omref jynfoljynfom;wkd@ qif;&J
c|wf+cHKus&a=umif; wkd@udk vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:EkdifprG f;&Sdol udkwifarmifOD;u &Sif;vif;pGm odjrifem;vnfcJhonf? ol.
oHk;oyfcsufrsm;rSm &d;k &Sif;aomfvnf; ajr}uD;vufcwfrvJG rSefuefaecJhonf? ta&S@tv,fykid f;a'o tm&yfEkdifiH
(10)EkdifiHwGif vuf&djS zpfysufaeaom tm%m&Siftyk fcsKyfr_udk qef@usifonfh vlxk tHºk uGrr_ sm;udk=unfhrnfqv dk #if
udkwifarmifOD;. oHk;oyfcsufrSm ,ae@wkdif rSefuefaea=umif;udk awG@Ekdifayonf? xdk@aemuf ol. rdwfaqGa&mif;&if;
tcsdK@EiS fh twlwuG udkwifarmifOD;onf jrefrmEkdifiH&dS ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk wdkufzsuf&eftwGuf ausmif;om;
vli,ftawmfrsm;rsm;udk aqmf=opnf;&Hk;Ekid fcJhonf?
orRw rlbm&wfu usifhoHk;cJhaom tm%m&Sifpepfudk qef@usifwdkufzsufcJh=uonfh tD*spfEkdifiH&dS vli,frsm;udk
ukvor*~ taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL; befuDreG f;/ tar&duef orRw tdkbm;rm;ESifh EkdifiHaygif;rsm;pGm&Sd acgif;aqmif
rsm;wdk@u csD;r$r;f *k%fjyKcJh=uonf? 2011ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv (25)&ufrS azaz:0g&Dv (11)&ufae@twGif; jzpfyGm;cJhaom
qENjyyGJrsm;wGif oef;csDaom vlaygif;rsm;pGm yg0ifcJhonfhteuf (60)&mckid fEe_ f;rSm vli,frsm; jzpfonf? csD;rGr;f zG,f
&maom vky&f yfrsm;yif jzpfonf? jrefrmEkdifiHudk =unfhrnfqv dk #if 1962ckEpS f Zlvdkifv ausmif;om;qENjyyJGrsm;rS
pwifum &J&ifhowWdEiS fh jynfpkaH om vli,frsm;wkd@. paw;cJh&jcif;rsm;udk ordik f;wGif rSwfwrf;wifcJhayonf?
udkwifarmifOD;ESifh a&mif;&if;rsm;onf tqdkyguJhokd@aom pdwf"gwf&do S lrsm; jzpfonf? 4if;wdk@. vGwfvyfaom
awG;ac:r_jzifh wkdif;jynftajctaeudk avhvmoHk;oyfcJhonf? qef@usifv_y&f Sm; wkdufyG0J if&eftwGuf r[mAsL[mrsm;
a&;qJGcJhonf? 1974rS 1976ckEpS ftxd vlxkEiS fh ausmif;om;qENjyyGJrsm;udk pwif taumiftxnfaz:ay;cJhonf?
Ekid fiHa&; udprP sm;ESifh pyfvsOf;I pOf;pm; qifjcif&mwGif udkwifarmifOD;. awG;ac:ar#mfjrifro _ nf vGwfvyfr_ tjynfht0
&Scd Jh+yD; ’vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:r_’udk aumif;rGepf Gm usifhoHk;Ekid fcJhonf?
70
8
b0wdk;wuf&ef ud,
k fusdK;&SmazGr_ ESifh twWpdwu
f dk cGJjcm;az:aqmifjcif;
vlom;wpfa,muftaejzifh rdrd. ukd,fusK;d twGuf &SmazGonf qdkonfrmS xl;qef;aom t&mr[kwfacs?
vlom;wdk@onf pOf;pdrOf pPm/ tm%m/ ausmf=um;r_/ *k%o f duQm/ cspfcsif;arwWm/ vlra_ &; tqifhtwef; ponfwdk@udk
&SmazG=uonf? udk,fusK;d twGuf &SmazGvkyu f dkifjcif;a=umifh vl@b0onf t"dyg` ,f &Sdvmonf? Ek;d =um;wufºuGr_
&Sv
d monf? vkycf sifudkifcsifpdwfrsm; wdk;yGm;vm+yD; rdrd. &nfreS f;csuf yef;wdkifodk@ ta&mufvSr;f Ekdif&eftwGuf
wwfEdik for#aom enf;vrf;aygif;pHkudk &SmazGum rdr. d vkyu f dkifzefwD;EkdifpGrf;udk tuef@towfr&Sd csJ@xGiaf v
awmhonf? Todk@jzifh rdrd. &nfreS f;csufyef;wkdifudk ta&mufvSr;f Ekdif+yD;onfhaemufwGif vlom;wdk@ 0rf;omyDwd
jzpf=u&onf? xdk@a=umifh rdrdudk,fusK;d twGuf &SmazGvkyu f dkifjcif; qdkonfrmS b0t"dyg` ,fwpfck jzpfvmonf?
udk,fusK;d =unfhjcif; ESifh twWpw d fwkd@udk u¾wpfckxJwGif twlwuG xm;&SdEkdifaomfvnf; 4if;wdk@onf
tajccHtm;jzifh uJGjym;=uonf? vl@tzG@J tpnf;tygt0if wyg;olwdk@. tusK;d pD;yGm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;um rdrd
ukd,fusK;d twGuf &SmazGvkyu f dkifjcif;onf rdrdtwGuf omru wyg;olrsm;ESifh vl@tzG@J tpnf;udkyg tusKd;jzpfxGe;f
aponf? TuJhodk@aom udk,fusK;d =unfhjcif;onf aumif;aomt&mjzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; wyg;olrsm;udk
ab;csdwfxm;+yD; rdrd. vkdtifqEN/ avmbpdwfEiS fh wG,fwmpdwfrsm;udkom xnfhoGi;f pOf;pm;wwfaom twWpw d fonf
yifukd,ftm;jzifh raumif;t&m jzpfonf? twWpw d fonf wzufowfjrifwwfaom pdwfjzpfonf? wyg;olrsm;.
pk;d &dryf lyefr_/ 'kuQa0'emESifh tajctaersm; OyuQmjyKaeaom oabm&Sdonf?
vl@tzJ@G tpnf;onf vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;. udk,fusK;d &SmazGEdik fr_ tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk zefwD;ay;um
udk,fusK;d twGuf &SmazGaeaom woD;yk*v ~ rsm;udk wyg;olrsm;u (okd@r[kwf) tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;u 0ifa&muf
aESmifh,Sufjcif; rjyKEkdifap&eftwGuf tumtuG,f ay;&rnf? TuJhokd@jyKvkyf&mwGif jzpfay:vmEkid faom
tpGe;f a&mufr_ ESpfck&doS nf? yxrwpfckrmS vl@tzG@J tpnf;u vlwOD;csif;wkd@. udk,fusK;d &SmazGrE_ Sifh ywfoufI
pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf; owfrw S fxm;&Sdr_rsm;/ vrf;!$efjyr_rsm;ESifh }uD;=uyfr_rsm;ukd jyKvkyjf cif;jzpfonf? tm%m&Sif
tkyfcsKyfaom vl@tzG@J tpnf;wGif xdkuJhodk@aom tjzpfrsKd;udk }uHK&wwfonf? tjcm; tpGe;f a&mufrw _ pfckrmS
wOD;csif;vlyk*d~Kvfrsm;u vl@tzG@J tpnf;wpfckvHk;. ta&;yg t&ma&mufru _ dk tºuGif;rJh ypfy,fxm;jcif; (odk@r[kwf)
jiif;qefjcif;yifjzpfonf? tqdkyg wOD;csif;vlyk*d~Kvfrsm;. pdwfEv S Hk;xJwGif twWpdwf ude;f atmif;aeaom tajctae
rsm;Y xdkuJhodk@jzpfwwfonf? ‘twWpw d f’ }uD;xGm;vmvSsif ‘avmb’/ ‘b0ifjrifhaompdwf’/ ‘vSnhfzsm;vdak ompdwf’/
‘tysufpw d f’ ‘tmCmw’ eSifh ‘&efjidSK;odkr_’ wdk@udk jzpfaponfESifhtnD wpfpkw H pfOD;xHwGif twWpw d f
jzpfwnfvmonfEiS fh w+ydKifeuf 4if;. odpw d fxJYaomfvnf;aumif;/ rodpw d fxJYaomfvnf;aumif; pdwf.
oef@pifrr_ Sm aysmufysuf oGm;avawmhonf?
71
tcsKyftwnf;r&Sad om twWpdwf&djS cif;. &vm'frsm;
72
tiwfab;qdkufch&J onf? 4if;. tusK;d &vm'fa=umifh EkdifiHaygif;rsm;pGmwk@d wGif vlra_ &; o[Zmjzpfr_ESifh w&m;r#wr_
rsm; csKyf+idr;f cJh&onf?
73
rqHk;Ekdifaom oHo&mvnfaecJhonf? TonfrmS jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd jynfolvlxktrsm;pkwdk@ awG@}uHKcJh=u&onfh &H;k rxGufEkdif
aom 0J=oCqdk;}uD;yif jzpfonf?
74
wpfpkw
H pfa,mufudk tusKd;ta=umif;&Sif;jy&mwGif wbufom;. tm&Hkudk zrf;pm;Ekdif+yD; rdrd. t}uHjyKcsufudk
wyg;olvufoifhcHvmEkid fatmif azsmif;zsEikd fprG f;onfh arG;&myg t&nftcsif;&Sdonf?
jrefrmEkdifiH&dS vli,fvl&,
G f rsm;pGmwd@k onf txufwef;ausmif; r+yD;ao;bJ ausmif;xGufum
xkdif;jrefrme,fpyfodk@ oGm;a&mufum arSmifcdkypPnf; ckd;oGif;ol txrf;orm;rsm;tjzpf vkyu f kdifpm;aomufcJh=uonf?
4if;wdk@ wifoGif;aom ypPnf;rsm;rSm rl;,pfaq;0g;ESifh vufeufypPnf;rsm; r[kwfaomfjim;vnf; ppftpdk;&u 4if;wdk@udk
arSmifcdkypPnf;rsm;tjzpf owfrSwfcJhonf? *syefEdik fiHu xkwfaom tcsdKr_ef@/ tif'dek ;D &Sm;Ekid fiHuvmaom t0wftxnf
tp&So d nfh omrefvloHk;ukeyf pPnf;rsm;udkom 4if;wkd@u wifoGif;cJh=ujcif;jzpfonf? qdk&S,fvpf tpdk;&tjzpf
ta,mifaqmifxm;aom ppftm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfr. _ vufatmufwGif vGwfvyfpmG ul;oef;a&mif;0,fcGifhudk
ydwfyifxm;aoma=umifhomv#if 4if;wdk@udk arSmifcdkypPnf;rsm;tjzpf owfrw S fcJhjcif;jzpfonf? tcsK@d aom vli,fvl&, G f
75
rsm;onf tqdkyguJhodk@aom vkyif ef;rsm;wGif yg0ifywfoufjcif;jzifh 0ifaiG&mS Ekid fcJh=uonf? odk@aomfvnf;
udkwifarmifOD; uJhokd@aom ynmwwf vli,frsm;rSmrl tqdkygvkyif ef;rsm;udk pdwfr0ifpm;cJhacs?
77
pme,fZif;q&mrsm; jzpfvmvdkol vli,fvl&, G frsm;onf 4if;wdk@. tdyfrufudk taumiftxnfaz:&ef
tcuftcJrsm;pGm }uHKawG h&onf? w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfonf tpdk;&atmufwGif c,0yfwGm;ae&jcif;a=umifh
aomfvnf;aumif;/ Oya'ynmudkom tajcjyK&yfwnfaom vGwfvyfaoma&S@aersm;. toufarG;0rf;ausmif; zdeSdyf
xm;ojzifhvnf;aumif;/ Oya'bJG@&+yD;olrsm;twGuf atmifjrifaoma&S@aersm;taejzifh &yfwnfekid f&efqo
dk nfrmS
wu,fha&S haetrsm;pk}uD;twGuf rjzpfEikd fcJhacs?
TuJhodk@aom vl@tzG@J tpnf; tajctaewGif rdrdwdk@. tem*wf aiGa=u;cdkifvHkr_twGufudkom =unfhaom
vli,frsm;t=um;wGif Adv k favmif;oifwef; wufa&mufum ppfwyftwGif;odk@ 0ifjcif;onf tvGeaf &yef;pm;aom
toufarG;r_wpfck jzpfvmcJhonf? xdk@jyif rdrdwkdif;jynfudk umuG,f&eftwGuf ppfwyfxJ0ifjcif;jzifh *k%o f a&ESifh
jynfhpHkaom ppfAkv d frsm; jzpfvmvdrhrf nf [lI vli,frsm;pGmwdk@u t&dk;cHpw d fjzifh ,Hk=unfaecJh=uonf? 4if;wkd@xJwGif
udkwifarmifOD;ESifh &if;ESD;aom oli,fcsif;wpfa,mufonfvnf; yg0ifcJhonf? olu txufwef;ausmif; pmar;yJG
atmif+yD;onfhaemufwGif ar+rdK@ Adv k favmif;oifwef;ausmif;udk wufa&muf&eftwGuf av#mufxm;cJhonf?
yHrk Seftwkdif; oGm;rnfqv dk #if Adv
k favmif;oifwef; (4)ESpf wuf+yD;onfhaemufwGif Adv k f&mxl;udk &&Sd+yD; xdkrSwqifh
oufwrf;&ifhvmonfEiS fhtr# &mxl;wdk;oGm;rnf jzpfonf? cE<mudk,fEiS fh pdwfyidk f;qkdif&m }uH@ckdifa&; ppfa=umr_
0ifcGifhpmar;yJGrsm;udk atmifEikd f&eftwGuf olonf pdwfa&m udk,fyg usef;rmoefprG f;aecJhonf? ta&;}uD;qHk;tcsufrmS
Advk favmif;oifwef; av#mufxm;olrsm;. rdom;pk0ifrsm;xJwGif vuf&dt S yk fcsKyfaeaom ppftpdk;&udk qef@usifonfh
v_y&f Sm;r_rsm; (odk@r[kwf) uGejf rLepf (odk@r[kwf) wdkif;&if;om; vufeufudkif tzGJ@rsm;Y yg0ifywfoufaeolrsm;
r&Sd&acs? Ttydik f;wGifvnf; olu uif;&Sif;aecJhonf? xdk@a=umifh vli,fAkv d favmif;oifwef; wufa&muf&eftwGuf
ol ta&G;cHcJh&onf? Tta=umif;udk rdbrsm;u od&do S Gm;aomtcg tarjzpfolonf ajr}uD;ay:Y vl;vSdrhI f
tjyif;txef idkaºuG;um om;jzpfol Adv k favmif;oifwef; wufa&mufrnfhta&;udk txyfxyftcgcg cg;oD;pGm
uef@uGufcJhonf? aemufq;Hk wGif tarjzpfol pdwfcsrf;omapa&;twGuf olu Adkvfavmif;oifwef; wufa&muf&ef
t}uHtpnfudk pGef@v$wfvdkufonf? jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd =unf;wyfonf ppftpdk;&u jynfolvlxkudk ESyd fuGyf&eftwGuf
toHk;csaeaom &kyfao;&kyfwpfckomjzpfonfudk aemifESpftenf;i,f =umoGm;aomtcg olu &dyfpm;rdvmcJhonf?
TwGif ppfwyfxJodk@r0if&ef wkdufwGe;f cJhaom tarjzpfoltay: olu aus;Zl;wifrqHk; jzpfcJh&onf? xdktcsdeu f
udkwifarmifOD;tygt0if ppfxJodk@0if&ef pdwfrul;cJhaom ynmwwf vli,f tenf;i,f&dcS Jhonf? ppft&m&Srd sm;
jzpfvmEkdif&eftwGuf t&nftcsif; jynfhrSDcJhaomfvnf; jrefrmEkdifiH ppfwyf. tajctaerSefudk oHk;oyfEdik fcJhjcif;
a=umifhomv#if 4if;wdk@u xdkuJhodk@ oabmxm;cJh=ujcif;jzpfonf?
tm%m&SifpepfEiS fh twWpdwf
tm%m&Sifpepfonf jrefrmEkdifiHYom r[kwfbJ urBmt&yf&yf&dS tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;wGifvnf; qufvuf
wnf+rJaeao;onf? twWpw d f ude;f 0yfaeaom woD;yk*v ~ rsm;u tm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk usm;uefay;
aejcif;uvnf; tm%m&Sifpepfudk oufq;dk &Snfaponfh ta=umif;&yfwpfckjzpfonf? twWpw d f ckdif+rJpGm tjrpfwG,f
oGm;csdewf Gif &k;d om;ajzmifhrSefr_ uG,fzk;H oGm;+yD; pdwfESvHk; oef@&Sif;pif=u,fru _ dk rnfaomtcgr# r&Ekdifawmhacs?
txufu qdkcJhouJhodk@yif wpfpHkwpfOD;xHY twWpdwf v$r;f rdk;oGm;+yDqv dk #if xdkolonf rdrd. vkyaf qmifr_a=umifh
tjcm;aom woD;yk*v ~ rsm; twd'u k Q }uHKawG@&onfh tajctaersm;udk xnfhwGufjcif; r&Sdawmhacs? xdkolonf rdrd.
rSm;,Gif;aom vky&f yfrsm;udk zH;k uG,f&eftwGuf ta=umif;jycsufrsm; &SmazGvmonf? tqdkyg qifajcrsm;
78
rSefuefr_&daS =umif;ESifhpyfvsO;f I wyg;olrsm;udkomru rdrdudk,fukdyg vdrv f nfvSnfhjzm;Ekdif&ef ta=umif;jycsufrsm;
&SmazGvmonf? Tokd@aom tajctaewGif xdkolxHY &d;k om;ajzmifhrSerf _ r&Sdawmhacs? udkwifarmifOD;. xl;jcm;csuf
wpfckrmS - vGwfvyfpmG awG;ac:jcif;a=umifh qxufwdk;yGm;vmaom ol. pdwfEv S Hk;oef@pifru_ dk tajccHI &d;k om;
ajzmifrh Sefru
_ dk usifh}uHEdik fEdik f+yD; twWpw
d fudk y,fzsufEdik fcJhonf qdkonfyifjzpfonf?
wkdif;jynfudk tcsdeu
f mv =umjrifhpGm tkyfcsKyfvmcJhol. pdwfEv S Hk;wGif twWpdwf tjrpfwG,faeygu 4if;onf
tm%m vufv$wfq;Hk &_H;&rnfh ta&;udk vGerf if;pGm a=umuf&G@H ae+yD; 4if;. tkyfcsKyfyHkpepf rSefuefr_&daS =umif;
qifajcay;Ekid ftwGuf enf;vrf;rsm;udk &SmazGavonf? tD*spfEkdifiHwGif rlbm&wfu wkdif;jynf.zcifwpfOD; taejzifh
olonfomv#if wkdif;jynftwGif;Y +idrfcsrf;r_udk azmfaqmifay;rnfh/ vlxkqENudk jznfhqnf;ay;rnfh wpfOD;wnf;aom
orRwjzpfa=umif; rdrdudk,fudk o&kyfaz:cJo
h nf? ,DrifEdik fiHudk (32)ESpfwkdif tkyfcsKyfcJhol orRw tm(bf)'lvmpmvJu
twdkuftcHrsm;onf wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyf&ef t&nftcsif; rjynfhrSDa=umif; a=unmcJhonf? vpfbsm;EkdifiHudk (42)wkdif
tkyfcsKyfvmcJhaom rltmrm *g'gzD uvnf; vwfwavm jzpfysufaeaom vlxktkºH uGrr_ sm;udk wHk@jyefonfh taeESifh
4if;onf Ekid fiHh&mxl; w&m;0if ,lxm;jcif; r&Sdaoma=umifh E_wfxGufay;&ef rvdktyfa=umif; tckdiftrm qdkcJhonf?
ol. twdwfuvkycf Jhaom ol&aJ umif; vky&f yfrsm;/ tepfemcHcJhr_rsm;ESifh &JpGrf;owWd ponf wdk@a=umifh
tvdktavSsmuf&&Sx d m;aom }uD;jrwfrr_ SaeI E_wfxGufay;&ef rvdk/ eKwfxGufIr& [k ajymqdkcJhonf?
4if;wdk@tm;vHk;onf tm%m vufv$wfq;Hk &_H;&rnfudk a=umuf&H@G aom/ ‘&kd;om;ajzmifrh Sefjcif;’udk paw;um
‘twWpw d f’udk qufvufayG@zufxm;vdkaom tm%m&Sifrsm;. vdrn f mr_rsm;yif jzpfonf?
tpdk;&tkycf sKyfa&;,EW,m;rsm;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom 0efxrf;rsm;. pdwfEv S Hk;wGif ‘twWpw d f’
tjrpfwG,f aeygu jynfolwkd@. vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk csK;d azguf& apumrl rnfonfhtajctaeYrqdk 4if;wdk@twGuf
vuf&dS &mxl;rS jyKwfusroGm;a&;rSm ta&;}uD;qHk; t&mjzpfonf? xdkolrsm;onf 4if;wdk@udk tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyf
aeolrsm;u ay;onfh ta=umif;jycsufrsm;ukd axmufcHay;=uonf? vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGif; jzpfysufaeaom
‘trSefw&m;’ESifh tkyfcsKyfcH vlwef;pm;wdk@. ‘twd'u k Q’udk =unfhjrifoHk;oyf&eftwGuf wGe@f qkwfaeolrsm;jzpfonf?
tm%m&Sifpepfudk jzKwfcscJh+yD;jzpfaomfvnf; yGifhvif;+yD; wm0efcHr&_ aSd om AsL&dkua&pD,EW,m; topfwpf&yfudk
wnfaqmuf&rnfhtpm; 4if;wdk@onf ‘vmbfvmb’rsm;udk &,lpHpm;um &ke@f &if;aom‘AsL&du k &ufwpf ,EW&m;’udk
qufvufvnfywfaeaponf? Ekid fiHwpfEkdifiHwGif 'Drdkua&pDpepfodk@ toGiful;ajymif;EkdifcJhonf qdkaomfjim;vnf;
tpdk;&tkycf sKyfa&;,EW,m;rsm;wGif tqihftoD;oD; 0efxrf;rsm;taejzifh wm0ef,lvkyaf qmifaeaom yk*dK~ vfrsm;onf
‘twWpw d f’udk usifh}uHaeor# umvywfvHk; tm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfr_ vufxufu pwifvmcJhaom tysufoabm
aqmifonfh Ekid fiHa&;qdkif&m tpOftvmrsm;udk acszsufEkdifrnf r[kwfacs? TwGif zdvpfydkifEdkifiHudk OyrmjyEkdifonf?
1986ckESpwf Gif zdvpfydkifEdik fiHonf tm%m&SifpepfrS 'Drdkua&pDodk@ ul;ajymif;cJh&m vGecf Jhaom (25)ESpt f wGi;f wGif
ajymif;vJwdk;wufr_ wpHkw&m &Sv d mcJhonfqdkaomfjim;vnf; Twkdif;jynfwGif txufaz:jyyg tajctaersm;udk
}uHKawG@ae&onf? wzef jrefrmEkdifiHudk =unfhrnfqv dk #if ppftm%m&Sifrsm;u wdkif;jynfudk qufvuf tkyfcsKyfae
ao;aoma=umifh tajctaerSm zdvpfydkifEdik fiHxuf tqaygif;rsm;pGm qdk;&Gm;aeonf[k qdkEdik fayonf?
twWpw
d f tjrpfwG,faeaom Ekid fiHom;wdkif;onf rdrd. aumif;&maumif;usKd;twGuf/ aumif;pm;a&;
twGuf/ om,m tqifajyr_twGufudkom tcsdejf ynfh pOf;pm;aeonf? vly*k K~d vfwOD;csif;jzifh zGJ hpnf;xm;aom
vl@tzG@J tpnf; wpfckwGif vly*k K~d vfwOD;csif; tusKd;jrwfjzpfxGe;f rSomv#if vl@tzG@J tpnf;wpfckvHk;taejzifh
79
a&S@odk@wufvSr;f Ekdifrnf qdkonfhtcsufudk jiif;Ir&acs/ TonfrSm &_axmifhwpfck jzpfonf? T&_axmifhu =unfhv#if
vly*k K~d vfwOD;csif;. udk,fusK;d &Smr_udk xde;f odr;f umuG,f jr‡ifhwif&ef vdktyfayonf? wcsdew f nf;Yyif
tjcm;&_axmifhwpfck udkvJ xnfhoGi;f pOf;pm;&ygrnf? 4if;rSm vl@tzG@J tpnf;Y w&m;r#wr_/ vGwfvyfr/_ +idrf;csrf;r_ESifh
zG@H +zdK;wkd;wufr_rsm; jzpfxGe;f aerSomv#if vly*k K~d vfwOD;csif;wdk@. tusKd;pD;yGm;udk jzpfxGe;f apEkid frnf qkdonfhtcsufyif
jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh vly*k K~d vfwOD;csif;rsm;ESifh vl@tzG@J tpnf;wdk@ t=um;&Sd tjyeftvSef qufE, $ fr.
_ ta&;ygyHkudk
av#mhwGufI r&acs? Todk@qdkv#if vl@tzG@J tpnf;. t&if;cHusaom jy\emrsm;udk tm&Hk;pl;pdu k f&ef/ 4if;wdk hudk
ajz&Sif;I vl@tzG@J tpnf;udk aumif;usdK;jyKedik faprnfh enf;vrf;rsm;&SmazG&ef / vl@tzG@J tpnf;. tqifhtwef;
jrifhwifvmap&ef&nf&G,fum vly*k K~d vfwOD;csif;pDu tm&HkjyKvkyaf qmif&ef vdktyfonf? odk@rSomv#if 4if;wdk@onf
vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGufomru wdkif;jynftwGufyg wm0efcHr_&daS om Ekid fiHom;rsm; jzpfvm=uayrnf? tqdkyg
Ekid fiHom;wdk@. pdwfEv S Hk;xJwGif ‘twWpw
d f’tjrpfwG,f aev#ifrl 4if;wdk@onf vl@tzG@J tpnf;. aumif;&maumif;usKd;
udk vHk;0O\Hk OyuQmjyKxm;+yD; rdrdwdk@ aumif;pm;a&; twGufudkom vdktyfonfxufykI d tm&Hkxm;ae=urnf
jzpfonf?
rdrd. ‘twWpw d f’udk zH;k uG,fvdkaom woD;yk*v~ rsm;onf ‚igh&@J }uD;yGm;csrf;r_udk t&ifq;Hk &Smr,f?
+yD;awmhro S mv#if wjcm;vlawG&@J b0udk ulnDa xmufyHah y;r,f?‛[k r=umr=um qifajcay;avh&d=S uonf?
tyifwpfyif aumif;rGepf Gm }uD;xGm;&SifoefEkdifro
S mv#if tjcm;tyifrsm;. &Sifoefr_udk taxmuftyhHjyKEkid frnf
[kqdkum rdrw d dk@. twW}uD;aom vky&f yfrsm; rSefuefa=umif; oufaojy&ef }udK;yrf;=uonf? em;0ifuawmh
csKad yonf? odk@aomf vufawG@wGirf l 4if;wdk@trsm;pkonf rdrdwdk@. twWyifrsm; tuef@towfrhJ }uD;xGm;&Sifoef
vmEkdifap&eftwGufudkom tcsdejf ynfh vkyaf qmifaeavh&dSonf? rdrw d dk@. &nfreS f;csufrsm; jynfhrSDoGm;cJh+yD;onfhwkdif
4if;wdk@onf tjcm;tyifrsm;. &Sifoefr_twGuf wpHkw&m tav;rxm;=uacs? rdrw d dk@. twWyifrsm; tawm
rowfEikd fatmif &Sifoefa&;twGufukdom ae@a&mnyg tm&Hkxm;aeaoma=umihf tiftm;jynfh+zdK;aom tyif.
t&dyaf tmufwGif tm;EGJ@aom tyifrsm;rSm aea&mifjcnfr&awmhbJ aoa=uysufokOf; =u&onf? 4if;.
tusKd;&vm'fa=umifh vlra_ &;o[ZwjzpfrE_ Sifh obm0a*[pepfwdk@ +ydKvJysufp;D =u&um 0J=oCqdk;}uD; wzefjyefvnf
jzpfxGe;f vmayonf?
80
xdkpOfu udkwifarmifOD;onf wuUokdvfyxrESpw f Gif pwifynmoif=um;aecJhonf? trsm;ESifhpmv#if olonf
wuUodkvfausmif; wufa&muf&ef (1)ESpf aemufuscJhonf? udkwifarmifOD; (9)wef;ausmif;om;b0wGif tav;rjcif;/
a&ul;+ydKifyGJ0ifjcif; ponfh tm;upm;vdkufpm;r_rsm;wGif tvGeftrif;tcsdeu f kefcJhojzifh (9)wef;udk (1)ESpf
xyfxdkifcJh&onf? xdk@jyif um&maw;/ *sL'dkpaom udk,fcyH nm&yfrsm;udkvnf; olu tawmfvdkufpm;cJho nf?
xdk@a=umifhvnf; ol. oli,fcsif;tcsdK@rmS wuUodkvf 'kwd,ESp/f wwd,ESpf rsm;wGif ynmoif=um;ae=u+yD?
tm;upm;&HkxJwGif oli,fcsif; (15)a,mufcef h pka0;ae=ujcif; jzpfonf? ‘armifr,fopfvGif }udKqdkyJG’u &&Sdaom
rkef@yJom;a&pmrsm;udk pm;aomufum aysmf&i$ f&,farm ae=ucsdew f Gif armifarmifu TuJhodk@ ar;cGe;f xkwfvm
jcif;jzpfonf? Tt}uHtpnfudk udkwifarmifOD;u pcJhjcif;jzpfonf? tcsKd@aom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udk
rdbrsm;u rkef@zdk; ray;Ekdifaoma=umifh 4if;wdk@onf wuUodkvf0if;twGif;&Sd pm;aomufqikd frsm;wGif oGm;xkdifzk@d
rwwfEikd fcJh=uacs? udkwifarmifOD;udk 0kid f;&Hae=uaom oli,fcsif;rsm;onf pm;aomuf&if;u twlwuG tvmy
ovmy ajymqdk &,farmIom aevdkjcifcJh}uonf? ukd,fhar*sm [kwfonf r[kwfonfudk tyxm; wuUodkvf
twGif;&Sd ar*sm toD;oD;udk oGm;a&mufum armifr,fopfvGif }udKqdkyJGrsm;udk wufa&muf&eftwGuf t}uHjyKcJh
onfrmS udkwifarmifOD;yifjzpfonf? Tonfu t}uHaumif;wpfckyif? ar*smtoD;oD;&Sd }udKqdkyJGrsm;udk wufa&muf
jcif;jzifh {nfhonfawmfrsm;twGuf wnfcif;ay; xm;aom tpm;taomufrsm;udk ydu k fqH wpfjym;rS ay;p&mrvdkbJ
oli,fcsif;rsm;tm;vHk; aysmfaysmf&i$ f&i$ f pm;aomufEdik f=uonf? ,ckuJhodk@ aysmf&$ifpmG tm;&yg;& pkaygif;pm;aomuf
ae}uaom tcsdew f Gif bJG@&+yD;v#if bmvkyrf nfvJ[lI acgif;pm; &rnfh tem*wfta=umif;t&mrsm;udk rnfolur#
ajymqdkvdkpdwfr&Sd?
odk@aomfvnf; udkwifarmifOD;u armifarmifh ar;cGe;f udk ajzvkdufonf?
‚b,fvrf;a=umif;udk a&G;+yD;awmh bmtvkyv
f ky&f rvJ qdkwm igawmh rodao;bl;uG? rif;uaum
b,fvdkvJ?‛
armifarmifonf udkwifarmifOD;. oli,fcsif; &if;csmwpfa,muf r[kwfacs? olEiS fh &if;ESD;aom
oli,fcsif;wpfa,muf. oli,fcsif;jzpfonf? armifarmifu udkwifarmifOD;wkd@ tkyfpu k dk r=umr=umrS wpfcg
vmaygif;jcif;jzpfonf? armifarmifu ‚igvJ rodao;bl;? 'gayr,fh ausmif;+yD;oGm;wJhtcgus&if rif;wdk@}udKufwJh
tvkyaf umif;wpfckudk &Ekdifzk@d twGuf jyifqifzk@d udk ig t}uHwpfck ay;csifw,fuG?‛ [k qdkonf?
‚tJ'gu bmvJ?‛
‚igwkd@udk ajymjyuGm?‛
‚ajymav?‛
‚b,fvdkrsK;d jyifqif&rSmvJ?‛
armifarmif. rsufEmS xm;onf ppfEkdifvmaom ppfonfawmfOD;wpfOD;ES,f 0ifhºuGm;oGm;+yD; Todk@qdkonf?
81
‚'Dtpd;k &&J@ qdk&S,fvpf pD;yGm;a&;pepfatmufrmS aeae&wmqdkawmh rif;wkd@ bJG@&+yD;wJhtcgus&if
udk,hfbmomudk,f vGwfvGwfvyfvyf &Smpm;Ekdifzk@d / b0 wnfaqmufEikd fzd@k qkw
d mu vHk;0 raocsmwJh udp&P yfbJuG?
tpdk;&XmewckckrmS 0efxrf; jzpfatmif vkyfawmhrSbJ vpmaumif;aumif; &Ekdifr,f?‛
armifarmifajymonfh pum;udk rnfodk@jyefajz&rnf rodaoma=umifh tm;vHk;u wdwfwqdwf xkdifem;axmif
ae=uonf? TwGif armifarmifu qufajymonf?
‚igajymcsifwJh &Sif;&Sif;av;yguGm? ppfwyfu t&m&Sd}uD;awG&@J om;orD;awG/ tpdk;&0ef}uD;awG&@J om;orD;awG
'DwuUodkvfrSm vmwufae=uwmudk rif;wkd@vJ todbJ r[kwfvm;? rif;wdk@u olwdk@eJ@ cifatmifaygif;xm;? rif;wdk@
bGJ@&+yD;vkd@ 450 usyfpm; tpdk;&t&m&Sd tvkyfwpfckckudk oGm;av#mufr,fq&dk if a&;ajz pmar;yJGwpfck ajz&w,f?
+yD;awmh tifwmAsL;vJ xkdif&w,fav? 'gayr,fh rif;wkd@u tJ'gawGudk atmifw,f qdk&ifawmifrb S J b,fawmhrS
ta&G;cH&rSm r[kwfbl;? at; 'gayr,fh tvkyfcef@wJh bkwftzGJ@udk ppfwyfxJu tqifhjrifht&m&Sd}uD;wpfa,muf
a,mufu w,fvDzek f;wpfcsuf aumufquf+yD; rif;&J@emrnf ajymvku d fwmeJ@ t&nftcsif; &S&d Sdr&Sd&Sd rif; tJ'Dtvkyfudk
wef;&oGm;r,f? igajymwmudk rif;wdk@ em;vnfvm;?‛
armifarmif. t}uHtpnfudk =um;vkduf+yD;aomtcg tcsdK@u bmrSrajymbJ +idrfxkdifae=uonf? armifarmif
ajymwmudk vufcHonfh oabmyif? odk@aomf tjcm;olrsm;u wpfa,mufwpfaygufjzifh uef@uGuf=uavonf?
‚tpdk;&0efxrf; tvkyu
f dk ig pdwfr0ifpm;bl;?‛
‚iguawmh &Gmjyef+yD; v,fxGepf m;rSmuG?‛
‚igu ightazudk ulvkyaf y;+yD;awmh &Smpm;vdk@&w,f? "gwfykq
H &mwpfa,muf jzpfvmatmif tazhudk
oifckdif;r,f?‛
‚igu udk,fhbmomukd,f oD;oef@ pmtkyfqdkifwpfqkdif axmifrmS ?‛
‚iguawmh pma&;q&mwpfa,muf jzpfvmatmif vkyrf ,f? 'Dtvkyu f rcsrf;ombl; qdkayr,fhvJ
pm;vdk@aomufvkd@ &avmuftxdawmh ydkufqH&SmEkdifvdrhrf ,fvdk@ ar#mfvifhwmbJ?‛
TwGif tm;vHk;. toHwdwfoGm;+yD; xGe;f 0if;udk 0kid f;=unfh=uonf? xGe;f 0if;u ol. oabmxm;udk
xyfajymjyefonf?
82
‚bmjzpfvkd@ udk,fusifhw&m;eJ@ rnD&rSmvJ? 'gu olrsm;om;r,m;eJ@ azgufjyefaewmrSr[kwfbJ? rk'rd f;r_
usL;vGew
f mrS r[kwfbJ?‛
ynma&;pepfudk jyefvSefoHk;oyfjcif;
jrefrmEkdifiH ynma&;pepfwGif q&mq&mrrsm;udka&m ausmif;rsm;udkyg ynma&; toHk;taqmifypPnf;rsm;jzifh
tvHktavmuf axmufyHah y;jcif; r&Sdacs? ausmif;pmoifcef;rsm;xJwGif ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; tqrwef
rsm;jym;aeavh&doS nf? ausmif;q&mwpfa,mufu udkifwG,fEdik faom ta&twGufxuf tqrwef rsm;jym;ae
avh&doS nf? 4if;. tusKd;&vm'fa=umifh ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;onf vpfvsL&_xm;jcif; cH=u&um 4if;wdk@.
ausmif;pmrsm;ESifh ywfoufI ulnD&iS f;jyay;r_rsm; tvHktavmuf r&SdcJhacs? rlvwef;ESifh txufwef;rsm;wGif
ausmif;olausmif;om; trsm;pkonf ocsmF/ odyHE` iS fh t*Fvdyf bmom&yfrsm;wGif tcuftcJawG@cJh&onf? txl;ojzifh
wuUodkvf 0ifcGifh (10)wef; pmar;yJu
G dk atmifEdik f&eftwGuf ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; tpGr;f ukef}udK;pm;cJh=u&onf?
84
olu oifcef;pmwpfckudk ausmufoifyek f;ay:Y pa&;avonf? TwGif ausmif;olwpfOD;u qD;aphwpfaphjzifh
ypfayguf&m xkdq;D aphonf udkwifarmifOD;. OD;acgif;tem;&Sd ausmufoifyek f;udk oGm;a&mufxdreS fonf? ausmif;ol
rsm;u q&mtopfudk prf;vdkaoma=umifh ol.tidkufwGif xdkuJhodk@ jyKvkyfvkdufjcif; jzpfEikd fayonf? qD;aphudk
ypfayguf+yD;onfEiS fh w+ydKifeuf 4if;wdk@u rodcsifa,mifaqmifae=uonf? odk@aomf qD;aphvm&m vrf;a=umif;
bufudk rSef;qrdaom udkwifarmifOD;u csufcsif;vSnfh=unfhvkduf&mwGif tqdkyg ausmif;olrsm; tht H m;oifhoGm;
=uonf? olu xdkausmif;oltyk fpkudk tvGeyf if wnf=unfaom rsufEmS xm;jzifh pdu k f=unfhonf? udkwifarmifOD;u
wnf=unfav;eufaom rsufEmS xm;jzifh wpfpHkwpfOD;udk pl;pl;&J&J pdu k f=unfh+yDqdkv#if vrf;o&J *d%
k f;om;rsm;uyif
ol@rsufvHk;rsm;udk &ifrqkdif&=J uacs? csufcsif;qdkovdkyif ausmif;oltkyfpo
k nf toHwdwfoGm;+yD; wkwfwkwfr#
rv_y&f J=uawmh? 4if;wkd@udk wc%=umatmif pdkuf=unfh+yD;aemufwGif udkwifarmifOD;u ausmufoifyek f; bufodk@
vSnfhum pmqufoifavonf? xdktcsdeu f pwifum tqdkygausmif;oltkyfpk tygt0if twef;xJ&Sd ausmif;ol
ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vHk;onf udkwifarmifOD;tay: av;pm;vmcJh=uonf?
ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;u ol. pmoifjyyHkudk tvGeEf Spfouf=uonf? 4if;wdk@ em;rvnfaom
ocsmFypk >mrsm;udk udkwifarmifOD;u vG,ful&iS f;vif;oGm;atmif &Sif;jyEkid fprG f;&Sdojzifh ausmif;pmrsm;wGif wdk;wufr_
rsm;pGm &&SdvmcJhonf? csOf;uyf&vG,ful+yD; azmfazmfa&Ga&G&dSolwpfOD; jzpfonfEiS fhtnD ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;u
ol@twef;wuf&onfudk ESpf+cdKuf=uonf? &ufumvrsm; =umjrifhvmonfEiS fhtr# pum;ajymaumif;+yD;
[mo^m%f&i$ faom udkwifarmifOD;a=umifh twef;xJwGif aysmf&$if&,farmp&mrsm;jzifh touf0ifvmonfrmS
=unfE;l zG,f&maumif;vSayonf?
Todk@jzifh vuke&f ufwGif udkwifarmifOD;onf ol. yxrqHk;aom vpmudk &vmonf? jrefrmusyfaiG (100)/
tar&duef aiGjzifhqkv d #if (35) a':vmcef@ &Sad yrnf? xdktcsdeu f qdkv#if tawmfrsm;aom aiGyrm%yif jzpfonf?
vpmaiG &aoma=umifh tvGepf dwfv_y&f Sm;aeaom udkwifarmifOD;u rnfuJhodk@ vky&f rnfudk pOf;pm;avonf?
wuUodkvf ausmif;om; vli,fwpfOD; jzpfonfhtavsmuf ausmif;odk@ 0wfoGm;&ef t0wftpm; aumif;aumif;rsm;
(odk@r[kwf) tjcm;aom t&mrsm;twGuf rdrdpw d f}udKuf 0rf;csrf;Ekdifrnf jzpfaomfvnf; olu xdkuJhodk@ rvkycf Jhacs?
rdom;pk0ifrsm;u xdknaecif;udk aumif;rGepf Gm trSwf&aeayao;onf? xdknaeu ol tdrfjyefaemufuscJhonf?
xrif;[if;csufonfhtdk; topfcsyfc|wfrsm; 0,fjyefvmaom udkwifarmifOD;udk awG@aomtcg rdom;pk0ifrsm;tm;vHk;
th=H ooifhoGm;=uonf? 4if;wkd@ rdom;pkwGif TuJhodk@aom xrif;[if;tdk;rsm; vdktyfaeonfrmS twef=umjrifhcJhay+yD?
xdk@jyif olu pawmfb,f&o D D; vwfvwfqwfqwfrsm;/ Edk@qD/ o=um;ESifh a&cJwkH;}uD;wpfwHk;udkyg ,laqmifvmcJh
ao;onf? rdom;pk0if tm;vHk;twGuf TuJhodk@ 'umcH au|;arG;onfrSm aysmf&i$ fp&myif? nDi,f/ nDri,frsm;
tljrL;ae=uonf? vdkcsifaewm =umcJh+yDjzpfaom xrif;tdk; [if;td;k topfrsm;udk &&Sdvkdufaoma=umifh taru
0rf;omyDwdjzpfum bmrS rajymEkdifcJhovdk rsuf&nfrsm;yif 0kid f;vmcJhonf? tdk;opfwpfckxJwGif udkwifarmifOD;u
pawmfb,f&/D Ekd@qD/ o=um;ESifh a&cJwdk@udk xnfhar$um rdom;pk0ifrsm;twGuf pawmfb,f&aD zsmf&nf vkyaf y;onf?
4if;wdk@ rdom;pktwGuf aysmf&i$ f=unfE;l zG,f&maumif;aom aEG&moDnaecif;wpfck jzpfcJhayonf?
wuUodkvf 'kwd,ESpaf &mufonftxd olu usL&Sifq&mtjzpf vkycf Jhonf? tpdk;&qef@usifa&; ajratmuf
ausmif;om;v_y&f Sm;r_rsm;Y yg0ifywfoufcJhjcif;a=umifh 1972ckEpS f 'DZifbmv (5)&ufae@Y tzrf;cH&onfh
tcgrSomv#if usL&Sifq&mtvkyu f dk &yfem;cJh&jcif; jzpfonf? 1974ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv (3)&ufae@ axmifrS
85
jyefvnfvGwfajrmufvmcsdew
f Gif wuUodkvf 'kwd,ESpu
f dk qufwufcJhonf? xdktcsdew
f Gif ol ,cifu pmjyay;cJhaom
(10)wef; ausmif;olrsm;onfvnf; wuUokdvfwGif vma&muf ynmoif=um;ae=u+yDjzpfonf? 4if;wdk@ESifh TuJhodk@
jyefvnfqaHk wG@&onfrmS 0rf;omp&maumif;a=umif;udk olu rdom;pk0ifrsm;tm; ajymjycJhonf? wpfae@wGif
wuUokdvfausmif;0if;xJY tqdkyg ausmif;olrsm;u udkwifarmifOD;aemufodk@ vkdufum ‚q&m/ q&m‛[k
0rf;omtm;&atmf[pfeKwfquf cJ=h uavonf? udkwifarmifOD;twGuf trSwf&p&maumif;aom ae@&ufrsm;yif?
udkwifarmifOD;. b0 tbd"mefxJwGif ‘twWpdwf’[laom pum;vHk;rSm vHk;0r&Scd Jhbl;acs? ol.b0wav#muf
vHk;udk =unfhrnfqv dk #if udkwifarmifOD;onf rdrdudk,fusK;d twGuf w}udrwf cgom vkyu f dkifaqmif&GufcJhbl;avonf?
usL&Sifq&mtjzpf vkycf Jhjcif;yifjzpfonf? usL&Sifjyae&if;uwbuf ajratmufausmif;om;v_y&f Sm;r_rsm;wGif
yg0ifywfoufcJhjcif;jzifh vl@tzG@J tpnf;udkvnf; tusKd;jyKcJhonf? 1974ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv (3)&ufae@ axmifu
vGwfvm+yD;onfhaemufwGif udkwifarmifOD;onf udk,fusK;d &Smjcif; vHk;0rjyKawmhbJ vl@tzG@J tpnf; aumif;usKd;twGuf
udkom ol. aemufqHk;xGufouftxd vkyu f dkifaqmif&GufoGm;cJhonf? rnfonfh vlrsKd;bmomu qif;oufvmonf
jzpfap/ rnfonfh t&yfa'owGif aexkdifonfjzpfap urBmt&yf&yf&Sd vli,frsm;tm;vHk;onf b0udk wnfaqmuf
Ekid f&eftwGuf tcGifhtvrf;rsm; wenf;r[kwf wenf; &&Sv d m=urnfrmS trSeyf if jzpfonf? udkwifarmifOD;onf
udk,fydkiftcsderf sm;udk rdrdtwGufomru b0wav#mufvHk;wGif vl@tzG@J tpnf;aumif;usK;d twGufykrd kt d av;xm;jyD;
t"du toHk;cs oGm;cJhaom tm&S pHjyvli,fwpfOD;yif jzpfayawmhonf?
86
9
trSefw&m;ukd &SmazGolESifh ‘w&m;r#wr_’twGuf wku
d fyJG0ifol
*syefEkdifiH wdkusKd wuUodkvf&Sd ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udk Ekid fiHaygif;pkHrS bmoma&; q&mrsm;u r=umc%
vma&mufa[majymavh&do S nf? TwGif pl;prf;pyfpkvdkaom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;u ‚bmoma&; awG&@J
bmoma&;u bmvJ‛ [lI a[majymoludk ar;jref;avh&cSd Jh=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; q&mrsm;uay;aom tajz rsm;
tay: ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;u auseyfr_ r&SdcJh=u? wpfae@wGif tdENd,EkdifiH&dS emrnfausmf=um;aom a,m*D }uD;
wpfOD; wdkusKdwuUodkvfudk vma&muf&mwGif tqkdyg ar;cGe;f udk tar;cH&jyefavonf? TwGif olu bmoma&;wdk h.
bmoma&;onf ‘trSefw&m;’omjzpfa=umif; &Sif;vif;ajz}um;oGm;cJhonf? Todk@rSomv#if ausmif;ol ausmif;om;
rsm; tm;vHk;u ol.tajztay: auseyfoGm;cJh=uonf?
87
r#a0vdkaom pdwfxm;a=umifh +idr;f csrf;r_udk jzpfapjcif;
vlom;wkd@. aumif;rGeaf omvuQ%mrsm;udk udkwifarmifOD;u xdk&GmY &SmazGawG@&SdcJhonf? vlr_a&;qdkif&m
w&m;r#wr_. tcsufwpfcsufjzpfonfh ‘r#a0vdkaom pdwfxm;’udk avhvmcGifhcJh&onf? r#a0vdkaom pdwfxm;udk
vlom;wdk@u eufepJ Gm cH,lusifh}uH/ jr‡ifhwifay;v#if wyg;olwdk@. cHpm;&r_ a0'emrsm;udk oem;n‡mwm udk,fcsif;pm
wwfaom pdwfrsm; 4if;wkd@. pdwfESvHk;xJwGif jzpfay:vmayrnf? 4if;. tusKd;&vm'fa=umifh vlom;wdk@wGif avmb
ESifh awmifhwr_ pdwfrsm; avsmhenf;oGm;edkifonf? odk@aomfvnf; rdrd usifvnf&m vlra_ &;0ef;usifay:rlwnfI jzpfwnf
vmaom ‘vdktyfcsufrsm;’ udk jznfhqnf;Ekdifa&;twGuf woD;yk*v ~ wkdif;wGif ‘vdkcsifpdwfrsm;’ &Sad eygOD;rnf? ‘r#a0
vdkaompdwfxm;’udk t+rJwap usifh}uHygu vlom;tcsif;csif;=um;&Sd qufqHa&; ajymif;oGm;edik fonf? ‘r#a0vdkaom
pdwfxm;’ &So d lonf rdrd. ‘vdkcsifrr_ sm;’udkom rubJ tjcm;olrsm;. ‘vdkcsifrr_ sm;’ udkyg xnfhoGi;f pOf;pm;onf?
4if;onf tjcm;olrsm;xHrS av;pm;r_udk cH,lvdkouJhokd@ tjcm;olrsm;udkvnf; av;pm;r_&daS =umif; jyoonf? rdrdukd,f
usK;d twGuf &SmazGaqmif&u G f&mwGif tjcm;olrsm;. tusK;d pD;yGm;udkvnf; xnfhwGufonf? Todk@aom tajctae
wGif vlom;rsm;onf taumif;qHk;enf;vrf;jzifh qufqHaqmif&u G f ae=uonf[k qdkEdik fonf? Todk hjzpfygu vlra_ &;
qdkif&m w&m;r#wr_udkvnf; jr‡ifhwifay;onf? udkwifarmifOD;. awG@&Sdcsufrsm;rSm &d;k &Sif;aomfvnf; ,ae@xufwdkif
rSefuefaeqJ[k qdkEdik fayonf?
88
rufarmr_ESifh avmbpdwfwkd@ v$r;f rdk;vmaomtcg T ajcmufjypfuif;tajctae ysufokOf;oGm;&onf‛[k qdkcJhonf?
vlwef;pm;cJGjcm;r_ r&Sdaom/ r#a0jcif; pdwfxm;udk usifh}uHaom vl@tokdif;t0kdif; udk avhvmcGifh&cJhonfh udkwifarmifOD;
onf ‘',feD&,f abmfpwif’ uJ h odk hyif vlom;wkd@. aysmf&i$ frr_ sm;udk wpfpHkw&mtwkdif;twmtxd cHpm;od&dS Ekid fcJh
onf? ‚vlrb _ 0wdk;wufvmjcif; (odk hr[kwf) acwfrDw S dk;wufvmjcif; onf qif;&Jr/_ cdk;0Sufr/_ vlowfr/_ r[kwf rrSef
ajymqdkr_ ponfh ,kwfnhHaom vky&f yfrsm;udk jzpfaponf (odk@r[kwf) rsm;jym;vmaponf‛ [lIvnf; ',feD&,fu
rSwfcsufay;cJhjyefonf? ‚vlrb _ 0wdk;wufvmjcif; (odk hr[kwf) acwfrDw S dk;wufvmjcif;‛ eSifh pyfvsSOf;Irl
udkwifarmifOD;. &yfwnfcsufrmS ',feD&,f abmfpwif ESifh uJGjym;cJhonf? tjyKjzpfwnfrt _ jrif&do
S l
udkwifarmifOD;onf vlrb _ 0wdk;wufr_ odk hr[kwf acwfrDw S dk;wufru _ dk ar#mfudk;um vl@tzG@J tpnf;udk wqifhjcif;
ajymif;vJ oGm;apvdkcJhonf? TtwGuf rdrdb0wpfckvHk; ESpfjr‡KyfvkyfudkifoGm;cJhonf? TonfrSm &_axmifhwpfck
jzpfonf? tjcm;&_axmifhu=unfhv#if olonf ‘r#a0vkdaom pdwfxm;’udk vnf;aumif;/ vlom;wdk@ t&dkif;b0u
xJu pwifjzpfwnf vmonfh ‘ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sad omwefzk;d rsm;’udk vnf;aumif; qufvuf xde;f odrf;xm;vkdcJhonf?
‘ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sad omwefzdk;rsm;’ qdkonfrSm vl.tm&Hkig;yg;jzifhrl cHpm;od&djS cifrS od&deS kid fygrnf? pdwfjzifh tuJjzwfod&dS
edik faom t&mrsdL;udk qdkvdkonf?
vlrb
_ 0wdk;wufr_ &Sdjcif;ESifh r&Sjd cif;
vlrb _ 0wkd;wufr_ wenf;tm;jzifh acwfrDw S dk;wufr_ qdkonfrmS a&Smifv$JI&Ekid faom t&mwpfck r[kwfacs?
odk@aomfvnf; vlrb _ 0wkd;wufr_ &Sv
d mapa&; twGuf vl@tzG@J tpnf;udk aumif;usKd;jzpfaprnfh oGifjyifvuQ%m
rsm;udk jr‡ifhwifay;aepOf wcsdefwnf;wGif qdk;usK;d jzpfap rnfh t&mrsm;udk rnfuJhodk@ avsmhyg;oGm;atmifvky&f rnf
(odk@r[kwf) rnfuJhodk@ acsr_ef;okwfoif&rnfqo dk nfrmS ar;cGe;f xkwfp&m jzpfvmayonf? ‘aomrwf a[mh(bf)’.
xifay:ausmf=um;aom ‘e*dkrlvobm0tajctae’ qdkonfh t,ltqY qdkxm;ouJhokd@yif ordik f;OD;acwf vl htzGJ h
tpnf;Y vlwOD;onf tjcm;vlwOD; odk hr[kwf tjcm;vltrsm;wdk heiS fh pOfqufrjywf ppfcif;aeouJhodk h&yfwnf
&SifoefcJh&jyD; c%wdkif; c%wdkif;Y vlom;onf rvHkjcHKr_udk cHpm;cJh&onf?
xdka=umifh ,ae@acwfumvwGif vlom;onf e*dkrlv obm0tajctaeY qufvufwnf&daS ea&; qdkonf
rSm rawG;0Hhp&m jzpfouJhodk@ vlr_b0wdk;wufr_ r&Sdaom urBmonfvnf; qufvuf wnf+rJraeoifhay? odk@aomf
tay:,Htm;jzifh =unfhv#if vlrb _ 0wkd;wufoa,mif acwfrDv S l htzGJ htpnf;jzpfaeoa,mif xif&aomfvnf;
‘avmbESifha'go’pdwfwdk@rSaygufzmG ;vmaom &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfonfhtjyKtrlponfwdk@uJhodk@ vlom;wkd@. raumif;
aom oGifjyifvuQ%mrsm; avsmhenf; oGm;atmif rjyKvkyfEikd fv#ifrl vlom;wkd@onf e*kdrlv obm0tajctaeYom
&Sad ernfjzpfonf?
TonfrSm vpfbsm;EkdifiH bef*gZD+rdK@&dS jynfoljynfom;wdk@ }uHKawG@cJh&aom taetxm;yif jzpfonf? rmrl0g
*g'gzDu ol. tm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfrp_ epfudk qef@usifawmfvSeo f l rnfol@udkrqdk tjrpfjywfEdrS ef if;rnf[k 2011ckEpS f
rwfv (17)&ufae@wGif ajym=um;cJhonf? vuf&dt S ajctaewGif *g'gzDudk qef@usifonfjzpfap/ 4if;udk axmufcH
onfjzpfap vpfbsm;EkdifiH&Sd jynfolwdk@onf vHk+cHKr_ uif;rJah e&onf? e*dkrlv obm0tajctaeY aexkdifae&
ouJhodk@yif awG@}uHKcHpm;ae&onf? jrefrmEkdifiH&dS wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;/ txl;ojzifh jynfwGif;ppf jzpfyGm;&m ae&m
89
a'o rsm;wGif aexkdifolrsm;onfvnf; tvm;wlyif jzpfonf? rnfonfh Ekid fiHa&; t,l0g' (okd@r[kwf) Ekid fiHa&; pepf
atmufY &Sad eygap tm%m&Siftyk fcsKyfr_udk usifhoHk; aeor# umvywfvHk; ‘vlxu
k dk A[dkjyKaom’ vlrb
_ 0wkd;wufr_
b,faomtcgr# jzpfxGe;f vmrnf r[kwfouJhodk@ 'kuQa0'emrsm;rSmvnf; csKyf+idr;f oGm;rnf r[kwfa=umif;udk
udkwifarmifOD;u &Sif;vif;pGmem;vnf oabmaygufcJhonf? TonfrmS xm0& trSew f &m;yif jzpfonf?
90
+idrf;csrf;r_udk &SmazG&mwGif udkwifarmifOD;onf twGi;f pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_udka&m tjyifykdif; +idrf;csrf;r_udkyg
eSpfckvHk;twGuf OD;wnfcsufxm;cJhonf? olonf ueOD;ydkif;uwnf;uyif twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_tay: tm&Hkxm;um
‘pdwf. oef@pifjcif;’udk &SmazGcJhonf? pdwf. oef hpifro _ nf twGif;ydkif;jidr;f csrf;r_twGuf ta}umif; taxmuftyHh
jzpfonfudk olem;vnfcJhonf? ‘pdwfaxGjym;r_’ESifh ‘rodem;rvnfr_’ wdk hudk y,f&Sif;um rdrd. pdwfoef hpifru _ dk
t&if;jyKI ‘b0 &nfreS f;csuf’udk wpdu k frwfrwf pif}u,fpmG &SmazGekid fcJhonf? rdrd. rdom;pk0ifrsm;udk omru tjcm;
olrsm; tay:wGifyg ‘arwWm’xm;&SdcJhjcif;a=umifh ‘rESp+f rdK@jcif;’ [laom pdwfxm;udk wqifhcsif; z,f&Sm;Ekid fcJhonf? ol.
pdwfESvHk;twGi;f wGif ‘trkef;w&m;’ESifh ‘&efjidSK;odkr_’wdk@ uif;cJhonf? vrf;o&J *k% d f;0ifrsm;udk olu rkef;wD;ojzifh
wdkufcku
d fcJhjcif; r[kwf? 4if;wdk@udk qHk;rvdk cJhjcif;a=umifhomjzpfonf? &kyf&nf ajyjypfaom vli,fwpfOD; jzpfaomf
jim;vnf; olonf b0wpfav#muf vHk;wGif rdef;uav;&nf;pm; wpfOD;wpfa,mufudkr# xm;cJhjcif; r&Sdacs? jrifhjrwf
aomt&mtwGuf wpdu k frwfrwf }udK;yrf;vkyu f dkif aecsdew
f Gif ‘taESmiftzGJ@’ udk vufrcHcJhacs? xdk@jyif
vlom;rsK;d EG,fwdk@tay:Y v$r;f +cHKxm;&Sd aom ‘arwWmw&m;’ESifh vlwpfOD;wpfa,muf tay:Y xm;&Sdaom
‘ork',taESmift h zGJ@’wkd@udk cGJjcm;odjrifEdik fcJhonf? arwWm w&m;tay: tm&Hkxm;&SdcJhaomfvnf; aESmifzJ@G jcif;
uif;atmif aecJhonf? xkd@a=umifh ol. pdwfEv S Hk;rSm t+rJwap +idrf;csrf;ae cJhonf?
91
yk*~dKvfwOD;. pdwfEvS Hk;xJY aysmf&$ifr_ pd;k pOf;r# r&Sdv#if 4if;.b0onf opfyifwyifeiS fh tvm;wlaeayrnf?
opfyifonf cHpm;r_uif;rJhpGmjzifh a&eSifh t[m&udk pkyf,laeouJhokd@yif jzpfaeayrnf? w&m;r#wr_/ vGwfvyfr_EiS fh
+idrf;csrf;r_wdk@ jzpfxGe;f aeaom vl@tzG@J tpnf;wGif aexdkifolrsm;onf twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_udk &SmazGEdkif aom
tcGifhtvrf;rsm; &&Sd=urnfjzpfonf? rdru d sifh}uHaom enf;vrf;rsm;tay: rlwnfI &&Sdaom tusKd;cHpm;r_rsm;
wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; wlnD=urnf r[kwf aomfvnf; vlom;wdk@onf aysmf&i$ faom b0rsm;udk ydik fqidk fEkdif=urnf jzpfonf?
xdk@a=umifh vlra_ A'qdkif&m jzpfpOfEpS fckjzpfaom twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_ESifh tjyifydik f; +idr;f csrf;r_wkd@onf
tvGet f a&;ygaom tcsufrsm; jzpfonfhtjyif 4if;wdk@onf tcsif;csif; yhyH dk;ay;ae=uayonf?
jidr;f csrf;r_udk &SmazGjcif; eSifh ppfa&;enf;
92
tkyfcsKyfolrsm;u jynfolrsm;tay: &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfpmG jyKrlqufqHv#if vl@tzG@J tpnf;rSm y&rf;ywm jzpfaeay
vdrfrh nf? TuJhodk@aom jzpf&yfrsm;udk urBmhordik f;wGif txift&Sm; awG@jrifEdik fonf? +idr;f csrf;a&;&&Sad tmif jyKvkyf
aqmif&Guf &mwGif +idrf;csrf;aom enf;vrf; usifhoHk;jcif;udk tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufjyK&ygrnf? OD;pm;ay; az:aqmif&ygrnf?
odk@aomfvnf; txufyg jzpf&yfrsm;udk =unfhrnfqv dk #if ‘rw&m;aomppf’udk [ef@wm;Ekdifap&eftwGuf +idrf;csrf;aom
enf;vrf; wpfrsKd;wnf;jzifhomv#if rvHkavmufa=umif;rSm odomxif&mS ;ayonf? ‘ppf jzpfymG ;jcif;’onf raumif;
om t&mwpfck jzpfonfrmS tjiif;yGm;zG,f r&Sdacs? ppfyG+J yD;onfhaemufykid f;wGif ppfyG.J tusKd;&vm'fa=umifh axmif
aomif;ruaom aemufqufwJGjy\emrsm; jzpf&dv S monf? odk@jzpfaoma=umifh wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;ukd umuG,f&mY
aomf vnf;aumif;/ tvGe, f kwfrmaom jypfru _ sL;vGerf _rsm;udk umuG,f[ef@wm;&mY aomfvnf;aumif;
‘ppfa&;enf;vrf;’udk aemufqHk;tajzwpfcktjzpfom xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifah yonf? odk@aomf uHraumif; ta=umif;
roifo h nfrmS tm%m iwfrw G faeolrsm; (odk@r[kwf) tpGe;f a&muform;rsm; (odk@r[kwf) vlq;dk vl&rf;um;rsm;u
jyKvkyaf om ppfyGrJ sm;udk csKyf+idr;f oGm;ap&eftwGuf ppfa&;enf;vrf;udk rv$Jra&Smifom usifhoHk;&onfhtcgrsm;vnf;
&So
d nf? Todk@rSomv#if +idrf;csrf;aom EkdifiHa&; vkyif ef;pOftwGuf taxmuftuljzpfap+yD; +idrf;csrf;r_ az:aqmif
&mwGif yHhydk;Ekid fonf?
93
TuJhodk@ qdk;oGr;f aom tajctaetrsm;udk awG@}uHKae&or# umvywfvHk; jynfol jynfom;taygif;wkd@onf
twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_udk &SmazG&eftwGuf vrf;a=umif; ajzmifjh zL;rnf r[kwfa=umif;/ Ekid fiHhpD;yGm;a&; jy\emrsm;udk
udkifwG,fajz&Sif;+yD;onfhwkdif EkdifiHa&; vGwfvyfcGifhudk csKyfcs,fxm;v#if jynfolwdk htwGuf twGi;f pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_udk
&SmazG&mYtcuftcJ}uHKawG haernfjzpfa=umif;wkd@udk oluem;vnfoabmaygufcJhonf? xkd@aemufwGif udkwifarmifOD;
onf vl@tzG@J tpnf; twGi;f Y jzpfysufaeonfrsm;ESifh tusKd;ta=umif;rsm;udk eufeufeeJ J od&dv S dkvmcJhonf? vl@tzG@J
tpnf; twGuf trSefw&m;udk &SmazGvdkvmcJhonf?
yxrOD;qHk;taejzifh udkwifarmifOD;onf vrf;o&J*kd%;f 0ifrsm; tjzpf owfrw S fjcif; cH&ol vli,frsm;ESifh
&if;ESD;r_ &Sv d m &mrS 4if;wkd@ trsm;pkonf vl@tzG@J tpnf;udk 'kuQay;aeolrsm; qdkonfxuf vl@tzG@J tpnf;.
om;aumifrsm;om jzpfaea=umif;udk avhvmod&dcS Jh&onf? twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_twGuf &SmazGEkdifa&; qdkonfudk
tomxm; ae@pOfb0 &yfwnfa&;twGufudkom v_yf&Sm;&kef;uefae&aoma=umifh 4if;wdk@xHwGif pd;k &drfpdwfrsm;
t+rJwap zH;k v$r;f aecJhonf? xkd@aemuf vd_if/ r&rf;uke;f ESifh urm&Gwf +rdK@e,frsm;&Sd usL;ausmf&yfuGufrsm;wGif exdkifol
tedrhq f ;Hk vcpm; tvkyform; vlwef;pm;wkd@xH oGm;a&mufum pum;ajymqdkcJhonf? 4if;wdk@. ae@pOfb0rsm;udk
tcsde, f l avhvmonf ESifhtr# 4if;wdk@ }uHKawG@ae&aom twd'u k Q tajctaersm;rSm udkwifarmifOD; acgif;xJodk@
pl;epf0ifa&mufcJhonf? axmifwGif;Y (1)ESp=f um aecJh&onfh tcsdeu f mvrsm;wGifvnf; vl@b0tajctaersm;udk
ydrk adk vhvm tuJcwfcGifh& cJhonf? 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk usifhoHk;&mwGif vltrsm;pk. oabmqENwckwnf;tay:wGifom
tajccH&krH sS ESifh wkdif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfrnfqdkv#if wkid f;&if;om; vlenf;pkwdk@. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk jznfhqnf;&mY tm;enf;
aeedkifonfukdvnf;aumif;/ tm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfra_ tmufwGif wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;wdk@. tcGifhta&;rsm;/ txl;ojzifh
wef;wlnDr# tcGifhta&;rsm;ESihf udk,fydkif tkyfcsKyfykdifcGifhrsm; qHk;&_;H =u&rnfudk vnf;aumif; od&deS m;vnfvmcJhonf?
axmifu vGwfvm+yD;onfhaemufwGif udkwifarmifOD;onf wuUodkvf qufwufum oli,fcsif; taygif;toif;
rsm;ESifhtwl vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh ywfouf aom oabmw&m; t,ltqrsm;udk avhvmvkdufpm;cJhonf? 'Drdkua&pD
pepfatmufwGif wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pkrsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk wqifhcsif; wdk;jr‡ifhxm;&Sday;oGm;Ekdifaomfvnf;
tm%m&Siftyk fcsKyfr_pepf wnf&daS eygu 'Drdkua&pD ESifh vlrsKd;pk tcGifhta&;rsm; &moufyef jiif;qefaejcif;cH&rnfudk
em;vnfcJhonf? vll@tzG@J tpnf;ta=umif; ydrk edk ufeJpGm avhvmvdkufpm;vmonfEiS fhtr# vl@tzG@J tpnf;udk t"du
qdk;usK;d jzpfaeaponfht&mrSm tm%m&Sif pepfom jzpfa=umif;/ tm%m&Sifpepfudk pJu G dkifum tkycf sKyf rif;vkyfaeaom
tpd;k &onf omref jynfoljynfom;wkd@. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tumtuG,fay;&rnfhtpm; 4if;. tm%m oufq;dk
&Snfapa&;twGuf wdkif;jynf taqmufttHkrsm; eSifh tkyfcsKyfr, _ EW,m;rsm; udk zefwD;jcif;/ }udK;udkifjc,fvS,fjcif;/
tjynfht0 toHk;csjcif;jzifh jynfolrsm;udk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,faea=umif;wkd@udk &Sif;vif; jywfom;pGm odjrifcJhonf? Ttcsuf
onf jrefrmEkdifiH wpfEkdifiHwnf;twGufom r[kwfbJ tm%m&Sifpepfudk usifhoHk; aeaom tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;wGifvnf;
rSefuefaeayonf?
1966 ckEpS frS 1976ckEpS f udkwifarmifOD;. vli,fb0 tcsdeu f mvrsm;wGif tmz&duESifh ta&S@ Oa&mywdkuf&Sd
Ekid fiH trsm;pkonf tm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfrp_ epfatmufwGif usa&mufaecJh=uonf? 1968ckESpw f Gif qkdAd,uf
jynfaxmifpu k csufudkpvdkAm;uD;,m;EkdifiHudk usL;ausmfodr;f ydkufch+J yD; Ekid fiHtwGif;Y vGwfvyfcGifh ydrk &dk &Sda&;
v_y&f Sm;r_rsm;udk ysufp;D ap cJhonf? vufwif tar&duwdkuf&dS Ekid fiHaygif; (20)cef@wGifvnf; ppftm%modr;f r_rsm;
wacwfxcJhonf? xdkEkdifiHwGif ppftm%modr;f tpd;k & rsm;u 4if;wdk@onf pkpnf;r_tm;aumif;jyD; xda&muf xuf
94
jrufaom vufa&G;pif vlpjk zpfojzifh wkdif;jynftwGif; zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_ESifh wnf+idrrf _wdk@udk az:aqmif ay;edik frnf[k
a}uG;a}umfcJh=uaomfvnf; vufawG@wGirf l jzpfrvmcJhacs? tm&yfwkdif;jynfrsm;wGif bk&ifrsm;uomv#if Ekid fiHa&;
tm%mudk qkyfudkifxm;=u+yD; tm%m&Sifpepfudk oufq;dk &SnfapcJhonf? tD*spf/ wle;D &Sm;/ ,DrifEiS fh qD;&D;,m;
tp&Sod nfh orRw EkdifiHrsm;wGifvnf; tm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfr_pepfudk pwifusihfoHk;vmcJh=uonf? tm%m&Sif pepfrsm;
xJwGif tqdk;&Gm;qHk;jzpfaom ‚bk&ifrsm;. bk&ifpepf‛ udk usifhoHk;vmcJhol rmrl0g *g'gzDonf ,ae@tcsdet f xd
tm%mwnf+rJaeay ao;onf?
vpfbsm;EkdifiHudk bk&if tD'&pfu tkyfcsKyfaepOftwGif; 1969 ckESpfwGif *g'gzDESifhwuG &mxl;i,f ppfAkv d f
tcsK@d wdk@u ppfwyftm%modr;f cJhjcif;jzpfonf? ta&S@tv,fykid f;a'o&Sd vli,fwpfOD;jzpfol *g'gzDu tm%m&Sifpepfudk
pwif usifhoHk;vmcsdew f Gif tm&Swdkuf&Sd vli,fwpfOD;jzpfol udkwifarmifOD;uvnf; vl@tzG@J tpnf; ESifh ywfoufI
pwif avhvmvdkufpm;um tm%m&Sifpepfudk jzKwfcs&eftwGuf jyifqifrr_ sm; jyKvkyaf ecJhonf? Tae&mwGif
4if;wdk@ESpOf D; teuf rnfolu &JpGr;f owWdEiS fh ydjk ynfhpHkonfudk rnfolr# rod&dES dik facs? odk@aomfvnf; owdjyK&rnfh
tcsufwpfcsufrSm &nfreS f;csufyef;wdkifodk@ ta&mufvSr;f &eftwGuf 4if;wdk@. vkyyf u Hk dkifykrH sm; rwlnD=ujcif;
yifjzpfonf? *g'gzDu ppfwyf tiftm;udk rDcS dktm;xm;aecsdew f Gif udkwifarmifOD;u vlxkprG f;tm;udk trDSjyKcJhonf?
+idrf;csrf;aom vrf;pOfudk usifh}uH cJhonf? xdktcsdeu f vlxkprG f;tm;qdkonfrmS a&yef;pm;aom a0g[m&wpfck
r[kwfcJhacs?
95
udkwifarmifOD; t&G,fa&mufpjyKcsdef 1969ckESpw f Gif Adv
k fae0if;u wkdif;jynftm%modr;f +yD; tkyfcsKyfvm
cJhonfrSm (7)ESpf=um &SdoGm;cJh+yDjzpfonf? ppfat;umvrsm;wGif tif'dkeD;&Sm;Ekid fiH Akv d fcsKyf ql[mwdk/ zdvpfydkifEdik fiH
zm'Deef rm;udk@(pf)ESifh jrefrmEkdifiH Adv
k fcsKyfae0if;wkd@u ta&S@awmiftm&Sa'owGif uGefjrLepfpepf rjyef@yGm;apa&;
twGuf [ef@wm;ay;Ekdifvdrhrf nf[k tar&duefEkdifiHEiS fh taemufwkdif; 'Drdkua&pDEkdifiHrsm;u ar#mfvifhcJh=uonf?
wzufuvnf; tm&SEdik fiHtoD;oD;wGi&f aSd om uGejf rLepfygwDrsm;ESifh 4if;wdk@. v_y&f Sm;r_rsm;udk qdkAD,uf ESifh
w&kwfEdik fiHwdk@u axmufcHay;cJh=uonf? xdk@a=umifh ppftm%m&Sifrsm;udk qef@usifwkdufzsuf ae=uaom jrefrmEkdifiH
twGif;&Sd omref ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;ESifh jynfolvlxktwGuf Ekid fiHwum. ulnDaxmufyHrh u _ dk &&Sda&;
qdkonfrmS vHk;0 rjzpfEdik f cJhacs? TwGif udkwifarmifOD;u jrefrmEkdifiH. v_yf&Sm;r_onf wkdif;wyg; tultnDrsm;tay:
tm;udktm;xm;jyKaernfh tpm; jynfwGif;Yom tajcjyKoifha=umif;/ 4if;onf +idrf;csrf;aom v_y&f Sm;r_
jzpfoifhaomfvnf; wufºuGr&_ &Sd ef/ toufyg&efESifh vlxktiftm;udk tcsuftjcmjyKaom v_y&f Sm;r_ jzpf&ef
vkdtyfa=umif;wkd@udk od&eSd m;vnfcJhonf?
wuUodkvf wwd,ESpYf udkwifarmifOD; ynmoif=um;aecsdef 1973ckEpS fwGif zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'opf
rl=urf;a&;qJGa&; vkyif ef;pOfudk ppftpdk;&u zefwD;cJhonf? jrefrmEkdifiH. 1947ckESpf zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf
1962ckESpf tm%modr;f +yD; aemufykid f;wGif ysufy,foGm;+yDjzpfaoma=umifh ppftpdk;t&u zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'
opfwpfckudk a&;qJG&eftwGuf tpjyKcJhjcif; jzpfonf? jrefrmEkdifiH ordik f;udk=unfhrnfqv dk #if vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;
aemufyidk f;wGif 1947ckEpS f zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'ESifhtnD ygvDrefpepfudk usifhoHk;cJh+yD; OD;Ekonf jrefrmEkdifiH.
yxrqHk;aom 0ef}uD;csKyf jzpfvmcJhonf?
96
jzpf+yD; orRwjzpfolu pDrH cef@cJGa&; tm%mudk usifhoHk;&onf? orRwpepfwGif aumif;aom tcsufrsm; &So d uJhokd@
raumif;aom tcsufrsm; vnf; &Sad yonf? EkdifiHtwGif;Y vGwfvyfaom w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfuJhodk haom ckdifrmonfh
wdkif;jynftaqmufttHktcsdK@/ vGwfvyfaom vlxk tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ vGwfvyfaom owif;rD', D m ponfwdk h
wnf&d+S yD; jynfolvlxk. EkdifiHa&; todw&m; jrifhrm;aom tar&duefEkdifiHuJhodk@ Ekid fiHrsKd;wGif orRwpepf aumif;rGepf Gm
vnfywfEdik fonf? odk@aomf uHraumif; ta=umif;rvSonfrmS orRwpepfudk usifhoHk;vmcJhaom zGH@+zdK;qJEikd fiH
(33)EkdifiHwdk@wGif z&dkz&J tajctae rsm;udk }uHKawG@cJh=u&onf? Oyrm =unfhrnfqv dk #if orRwpepfudk usifhoHk;aom
vufwiftar&duwkduf&Sd Ekid fiHrsm; tm;vHk;wGif jy\emrsm; &Scd Jhonf? orRwonf tvGet f rif;tcGifhtm%mrsm;
usifhoHk;aomfvnf; orRwudk Oya'jyKtzGJ@ odk hr[kwf rnfonfhwdkif;jynftaqmufttHkurSs xde;f csKyf}uD;=uyfEdik fjcif;
r&Sd aoma=umifh aomfvnf;aumif;/ trsK;d rwl uJGjym;aom udk,fpm;vS,f tzGJ@rsm;t=um; wGif ygvDrefpepfrSmuJo h dk h
Ekid fiHa&;&mt& aqG;aEG; nd‡E_dif;r_ tajctaer&Sdjcif;a=umifhaomfvnf;aumif; orRwpepfudk usifhoHk;aom zGH@+zdK;qJEkdifiH
rsm; tm;vHk;eD;yg;Y jy\emrsm; }uHKawG@&jcif; jzpfonf?
jrefrmEkdifiHudk wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pHkwkd@ESifh zG@J pnf;xm;onfEiS fhtnD orRwpepfudk usihfoHk;&mwGif txuf
az:jyyg tajctaersm;tjyif jy\em(3)ck &So d nf? yxrwpfckrmS tm%mcGJa0r_jzpfonf? orRw wpfOD;wnf; uom
v#if qHk;jzwfydik fcGifh tm%mudk &&Sdxm;jcif;a=umifh wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;toD;oD;t=um;wGif tm%mudk oifhwifh
avsmufywfpmG cGJa0Ekid fjcif; r&Sad cs? 'kwd,jy\emrSm orRw jzpfoludk jynfolvlxk. rJtrsm;pkjzifh wkduf&kdufa&G;cs,f
wifajr‡mufojzifh jrefrmEkdifiH vlOD;a&. trsm;pkrmS jrefrmvlrsKd; jzpfonfEiS fhtnD orRwjzpfolonfvnf; t+rJwap
jrefrmvlrsKd;yif jzpfaeedkifonf? wwd,jy\emrSm orRwpepft&qdkv#if t}uD;qHk; EkdifiHa&;ygwD. axmufcHru _ dk
&&Sdaom udk,fpm;vS,fu orRw jzpfvmrnf qdkonfhtcsufyifjzpfonf? Ttcsufudk tajccHI oHk;oyf=unfhrnf
qdkv#iv f nf; wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pk wpfckudk tajccHI zG@J pnf;xm;aom EkdifiHa&;ygwDonf t}uD;qHk; Ekid fiHa&;ygwDwpfck
vHk;0 jzpfrvmEkid facs? odk hjzpfI jrefrmr[kwfaom tjcm; wdkif;&if;om;vlrsLd ;xJu orRw tjzpf a&G;cs,f wifajrSmuf
cH&&efrSm jzpfeidk fajcr&Sdavmufatmifyif enf;vGef;vSonf?
97
wdk@u 1974ckESpf zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk uef@uGufcJh=uaomfvnf; ratmifjrifcJhacs? 1973ckEpS f jynfvHk;u|wfqEN
cH,lyGwJ Gif ‘uef@uGufr’J aygif; ajrmufrsm;pGmudk ‘axmufcHr’J rsm;tjzpf ajymif;vkdufjcif;jzifh vkyZf mwfcif;um tqdkyg
zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk twif;t}uyf twnfjyKcJhonf? aemufyidk f;wGif AdkvfcsKyfae0if;onf orRwOD;ae0if;
jzpfvmchJayonf?
tD*spfEkdifiH. jzpf&yfonf jrefrmEkdifiHudk vma&muf&ku d fcwfcJhonfESifh pyfvsOf;I tcef;(5)wGif
az:jycJh+yD;jzpfonf? tD*spfEkdifiHrS tm(bf)'J emqmESifh jrefrmEkid fiHrS Adv k fcsKyfae0if;wdk@ ESpfOD;pvHk;onf ppfwyftm%m
odr;f jcif;jzifh tm%m &&Sdvmaom EkdifiHacgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfonf? 1961ckEpS fwGif tm(bf)'J emqmu ‘tm&yf
qdk&S,fvpfpepf’[k [pfaºuG;um tpPvrfbmomESifh qdk&S,fvpf0g'wdk@udk aygif;pyfcJhouJhokd@yif 1962ckESpw f Gif
Adv
k fcsKyfae0if;uvnf; ‘jrefrmh qdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf’[k [pfaºuG;um Ak'<bmomESifh qdk&S,fvpf0g'wkd@udk aygif;pyfcJh
ayonf? xdk@jyif t"duusaom tcsufwpfcsufrmS tD*spfEdik fiHY zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk w&m;0iftwnfjyKum
1971ckESpfwGif orRw pepfudk usifhoHk; cJhouJhokd@yif jrefrmEkid fiHYvnf; Adv k fcsKyfae0if;u zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'ukd
w&m;0iftwnfjyKum 1974ckEpS fwGif orRwpepfudk pwifusiho f Hk;cJhonf? vuf&dt S ajctaewGifrl wle;D &Sm;/ tD*spf/
,Drif/ qD;&D;,m; uJhokd@aom orRwpepf usifhoHk;aeonfh tm&yfwkdif;jynfrsm;toD;oD;wGif Edik fiHawmf zG@J pnf;yHk
tajccHOya' rsm;t& tmrcHay;xm;aom tm%m&SiftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk qef@usifonfh vlxkwdkufyGJrsm; jzpfay:
vSsuf&do S nf?
vlxk. tajccHvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;ESifh ywfoufI 1974ckEpS f zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'. jyÏmef;csufwpfckwGif
‚edkifiHom;wkdif;Y vkyo f m;jynfolrsm;. tusdL;pD;yGm; eSifh qdk&S,fvpftusdL;pD;yGm;eSifh rqef husifvSsif vGwfvyfpGm
ajymqdkcGifh/ vGwfvyfpmG a&;om;cGifh/ vGwfvyfpmG xkwfa0cGifh&Sdonf?‛ [kqx dk m;onf? 1974ckESpf zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'
xGufay:vmcsed fwGif tvkyform;rsm;onf zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya' pmtkyrf sm;udkudkifum vrf;rrsm;Y qENjycJh=uonf?
zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'ESifhtnD tmrcHay;xm;aom tcGifhta&;rsm;udk &ydkifcGifh&o Sd nf[k 4if;wdk@u xifrw S fcJh=uonf?
odk@aomfvnf; ‚qdk&S,fvpf0g'udk qef@usif+yD;awmh vkyv f kd@r&bl;qdkwmeJ@ ywfoufvdk@ zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'xJrSm
a&;xm;wm cifAsm;wdk@ rawG@bl;vm;? qdk&S,fvpf0g'udk qef@usifbdk@twGufq&dk if cifAsm;wkd@rSm pka0;ydik fcGifh/
qENjyydkifcGifheJ@ xkwfaz:ajymqdkydkifcGifh r&Sdbl;?‛ [kqu
dk m ppftpd;k &u qENjyyGJrsm;udk &uf&ufpufpuf ESdrfeif;cJhonf?
udkwifarmifOD; tawmftwef t&G,fa&mufvmaomtcsdew f Gif olEiS fh ol.a&mif;&if;rsm;onf zJ@G pnf;yHk
tajccHOya'ESifh ywfoufaom Ekid fiHa&;jyoemwpfckudk }uHKawG@cJh=u&onf? TonfrmS 1974ckESpf zG@J pnf;yHk tajccH
Oya'ESifh TzJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk ausmaxmufaemufcHjyKI jyKvkyu f sif;yrnfh a&G;aumufyGrJ sm;udk vufcH oifh
roifh qdkonfh jy\emyifjzpfonf? umvtydkif;tjcm;tvkdufjyKvkyfaom a&G;aumufyGrJ sm;onf 'Drdkua&pDpepf
twGuf atmifjrifaom avSum;xpfrsm;tjzpf rSwf,lEdik fonf qkdonfhtcsufukd jiif;I r&acs? odk@aomf tm%m&Sif
tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk tmrcHay;xm;aom zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'. pnf;rsOf;abmiftwGif;Y jyKvkyfaom a&G;aumufyGrJ sm;
jzpfygu Ekid fiHtwGif;wGif rnfaomtcgr# 'Drku
d a&pDyef;wdkifodk@ ta&mufvSr;f Ekdifrnf r[kwfouJhokd@ vlxktwGuf
vGwfvyfcGifh qdkonfrmS vnf; tdyfrufwpfckyif jzpfaeayrnf?
98
tajccHOya'opfonf tm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk t"du tmrcHcsufay;xm;a=umif;/ jynfvlolxkudk yl;aygif;yg0if
cGifhrjyKbJv#uf zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya' a&;qGJa&;vkyfief;pOfukd jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwDuom tºuGif;rJh xde;f csKyf
xm;a=umif;/ xkd@a=umifh 1974 zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya' eSifh TzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'ESifhtnD usif;yjyKvkyrf nfh
a&G;aumufyGrJ sm;udk vufrcHoifha=umif;wdk@udk udkwifarmifOD;u &Sif;vif;pGmod&Sdxm;cJhonf? zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccH Oya'jzifh
omru tjcm;aom wdkif;jynf tpdk;& taqmufttHkrsm;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;,EW,m;rsm;jzifhyg tm%m&Sifpepfudk ausm
axmufaemufcH jyKaeor# umvywfvHk; tqdkyg zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk tajccHI jyKvkyo f nfh a&G;aumufyGrJ sm;
onf vlxktwGuf vGwfvyfr_udk aqmifusOf;ay;Ekid frnf r[kwfouJhokd@ ppfrSeaf om 'Dru dk a&pDodk@vnf; ta&mufvSr;f
Ekid f rnf r[kwf a=umif;wkd@udk olu }udKwifreS f;qEkdifcJhonf? udkwifarmifOD;onf trSefw&m;udk &SmazGcJholwpfa,muf
jzpfayonf?
99
epfemqHk;&SKH ;r_rsm;tm; tjcm;aom wOD;csif; jynfolrsm;u vSspfvSsL&_xm;orSs umvywfvHk; w&m;rSswaom vl htzGJ h
tpnf;jzpfedkifygrnfavm?
100
jcm;em;csufrmS tb,fenf;? ‘pmempdwf’ &Sjd cif; r&Sdjcif;eSifh oufqidk fayonf? vl@ordik f;udk jyef=unfhrnfqvdk #if
‘w&m;r#wr_’twGuf wkdufyJG0if cJholrsm;rSm ‘pmempdwf’ }uD;rm; olrsm;jzpfa=umif;udk awG@Ekdifygrnf? udkwifarmifOD;
wGif &Sdaompmempdwfonf 4if;.,Hk}unfcsufudk tajccHum vltrsm;tay: }uD;rm;aomarwWmtjzpfodk hajymif;vJ
oGm;ojzifh ‘w&m;r#wr_’twGuf wkdufyG0J ifolwpfOD; jzpfvmcJh&jcif;yif?
jynfolwdk@. twd'u k Qrsm;tay: }uD;pGmaom pmempdwf xm;&So d l udkwifarmifOD;twGuf w&m;r#wr_r&Sdaom
Ekid fiHa&; ESifh vlra_ &;pepfa=umifh tjypfrhjJ ynfolwkd@. &ifeifhzG,f&maumif;aom b0tajctaersm;ESifh ywfoufonfh
tawG@ t}uHKrsm;ukd arhypf&ef rjzpfEdik fcJhacs? xkd@jyif udkwifarmifOD;onf vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGuf wm0ef,lr/_ wm0efcHr_
&Svd dkol wpfa,muf jzpfcJhonf? jynfoljynfom; taygif;wdk@ qif;&J'u k Qrsm; }uHKawG@ae&csdewf Gif rdrdwpfOD;wnf;
twGufom twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_udk &SmazGaejcif;onf wm0ef,lr/_ wm0efcHr_ &Sdaom vky&f yfwpfck r[kwfa=umif;udk
olu &dyfpm; rdcJhonf? ppftm%m&Sifrsm;udk qef@usifum vll@tzG@J tpnf;udk ajymif;vJa&;twGuf vkyu f dkif
aqmif&Guf&mwGif tvGef trif; }udK;yrf;tm;xkwf&a=umif;ESifh tepfemcH ay;qyfr_rsm; jyK&a=umif;wkd@udk
rdwfaqGrsm;u udkwifarmifOD;tm; owday;ajym=um;cJhonf? TwGif 1962ckEpS f Zlvdkifv (7)&ufae@wGif tpdk;&u
ausmif;om;or*~ taqmufttHkudk AH;k cGJjcif;jzifh wuUodkvfausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; aoa=uapcJhaom vky&f yfudk
Oyrm=unfhEkdif+yD; 4if;. tkycf sKyfru _ dk qef@usifvmol rnfol@udkrqdk tpdk;&u tjywftowfEdrS ef if;rnfrSm
aocsmaechJonf? odk@aomf udkwifarmifOD;onf pdwfykid f;qdkif&mt&aomfvnf;aumif;/ cE<mudk,fykid f;qdkif&mt&
aomfvnf;aumif; vkyEf ikd fpGrf;tjynfht0&So d nf[k rdrdudk,fudk ,Hk=unfcJhol jzpfonfESifhtnD a&ukefa&cef;
wdkufyJG0ifv_y&f Sm;&eftwGuf aemufwGe@f jcif; tv#Of;r&SdcJhacs? ppftpdk;&udk qef@usifwkdufcdu k fjcif;a=umifh rdrd.
toufudk pGef@v$wf&Ekdifonftxd tEW&m,frsm;vSonfh tajctae udkvnf; olu &dyfpm;rdcJhonf? odk h&mwGif
olonf ‚pGef hv$wftepfemcHr_‛ [laom pum;vHk;udkwrsdL;t"dy`g,faumuf,lonf? tjcm;olrsm;. tusdL;pD;yGm; odk h
r[kwf vl htzGJ htpnf;wckvHk;. tusdL;pD;yGm;twGuf (rdrq d ENeSifh qef husifum) rv$Jra&Smifom ay;qyfvkduf&olrsm;
twGufqv dk Ssif Tpum;vHk;onf t}uHK;0ifekdifayrnf?
rdrdudk,fusK;d twGuf r[kwfbJ vl@tzG@J tpnf;. aumif;&maumif;usKd;twGuf rdrd qENtavsmuf
vkyu f dkifaqmif&Gufolrsm;ESifh ywfoufvmv#if ‚pGef hv$wftepfemcHr‛_ [laom a0g[m&udk toHk;rjyK oifha=umif;
udkwifarmifOD;u qdkcJhonf? xdkolwdk honf trsm;aumif;usdL;twGuf rdrdwdk hu ‚pGef hv$wftepfemcH‛ ae&onf[k
awG;jrifae}uorSs umvywfvHk; pdwfqif;&Jae}urnf jzpfaoma=umifh tusdK;r&S[ d k 4if;u,lqonf? vl@tzG@J tpnf;
udk jyKjyifajymif;vJ&ef qdkonfh b0&nfreS f;csufudk rdrd oabmqENtavsmuf a&G;cs,fcJhjcif; jzpfa=umif;/ awG@}uHK&vm
Ekid fonfh tEW&m,frsm;ESifh raocsm ra&&mr_rsm;udk &ifqkdif&ef tqifoifh jzpfaea=umif;ESifh rdrd tem*wfwGif &ifqikd f&
rnfh rnfuJhodk@aomay;qyf&r_rsm;twGufrqdk aemifw&rnfr[kwf/ pdwfyifyef;qif;&Jrnf r[kwfa}umif; olu
,Hk=unfcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh aemufyidk f;wGif olonf 'kuQtcuftcJrsm;udk awG@}uHKvmcJh&aomfvnf; pdwfysuftm;i,f
jcif;vHk;0r&Scd Jh? rdrd.t&dk;cHpw
d fjzifh vl@tzG@J tpnf;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJEdik f&eftwGufom rqkwfrepf v_y&f Sm; aqmif&Guf
cJhonf? Todk haqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh jynfoljynfom;taygif;wkd@ twGi;f pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_udk &SmazGEkdif&ef tcGifhtvrf; rsm;
&&Sv d mEkdifvdrhrf nf[k ,Hk=unfcJhonf? tm%m&Sifpepfudk qef@usifv_y&f Sm;I tjyifykid f;jidrf;csrf;r_. tajccHwckjzpfaom
w&m;rSswr_udk &SmazGaeqJrSmyif tjyKjzpfwnfrt _ jrifxm;&Sjd cif;a=umifh olonf aysmf&i$ fru_ dk &&SdcHpm;Ekid fcJh onf?
101
xdk@a=umifhvnf; ol.rsufEmS ay:wGif t+yHK;w0uf tpOft+rJ &Sad ecJhjcif;jzpfonf? udkwifarmifOD; onf trSew
f &m;
&SmazGolwpfOD;rSsom r[kwfbJ ‘w&m;r#wr_’twGuf wdkufyGJ0ifcJholvnf; jzpfayawmhonf?
102
10
tvkyform; ta&;tcif;ESifh
vlxkt"du vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGuf udkwifarmifOD;. v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;
1962ckESpf ppfwyf tm%modr;f +yD;aemufykid f; wGif 1974ckESpfY jzpfyGm;cJhaom tvkyo
f rm; ta&;tcif;onf
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif yxrqHk;aom ‘vlxk A[dkjyK v_y&f Sm;r_’}uD;yif jzpfonf? Ekid fiHa&;ESifh ywfouf aoma=umifh
Tv_y&f Sm;r_ ay:aygufvmcJh&jcif; r[kwf? qif;&JwGif;eufaeaom tvkyo f rm;rsm;u tajccH vlr_ pm;0wfaea&;
tajctaersm; wd;k wufaumif;rGef vmap&eftwGufudkom awmif;qdkcJh=ujcif; jzpfonf? qef vkHavmufpmG &&dSa&;rSm
t"du usaom awmif;qdkcsuf wpf&yf jzpfcJhonf? xkdtcsdeu f vl}uD;tvkyo f rm; wpfOD;udk wpfvv#if qef
(6)jynfEiS fh uav;wpfOD;udk wpfv#if qef (3)jynfus 0,f,lcGifhjyKcJhonf? qefa&pyg;aygºuG,f0jyD; tm&Swdkuf.
pyg;usD[k eHrnfausmf}um;aom jrefrmedkifiHwGif tvkyform;rsm; tdrfY qef avmufiSatmif r&SSd? qef0,f&mwGif
aemufwae h0,f&eftwGuf ntcsdeu f wnf;u xkdacwf u toHk;jyKcJhaom uke0f ,fpmtkyrf sm; xyfum
apmifhae&onf? t&m&dStcsdK h vma&muf0,fonfh tcgwGifrl qdkifu a&mufa&mufcsif; xkwfay;onf?
qeftaumif;rsm;udk rqvygwD eSifh ta=umif;taygif; oihfolrsm;u xkwf,loGm;}uonf? tvkyo f rm;rsm;tm;
a&mif;csonfh qefrsm;rSm qefuGJ a&mxm;wwfonf? a&pdkonfh qefrsm; a&ma&mif;onfh tcg rsm;vnf; &So d nf?
wzufwGif ukeaf ps;E_ef;rsm; w&dy&f dyfwufvm aeaomfvnf; vpmwdk;jcif;r&dS/ 0ifaiGenf;vGef;vSonfh tcsdefwGif
tqdkyg rw&m;r_rsm;tm; awG@jrifae&aomtcg tvkyform;rsm; rausreyfjzpfcJh=uonf?
1974 ckEpS f rwfvtwGif; yvdyf csnfr#ifEiS fh txnfpuf&kHY vnf;aumif;/ arvtwGif;wGif jrpfi,f rD;&xm;
wGJjyif puf&kHYvnf;aumif;/ tvkyo f rm;qENjyyGJrsm; pwifjzpfyGm;vmaomtcg wjynfvkH;puf&kH toD;oD;&dS tvkyf
orm;rsm;t=um;wGifvnf; &du k fcwfrr_ sm;&dv S mcJhonf? tvkyo
f rm; ta&;tcif;rsm;onf jrefrmEkdifiHw0Srf;&Sd puf&Hk
trsm;tjym;wGif jzpfyGm;cJhaomfvnf; 4if;wdk@onf rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,muf (odk@r[kwf) rnfonfh tvkyo f rm;
or*~}uD;wckck. A[dak cgif;aqmifra_ tmufYrSs pepfwusay:aygufvmcJhjcif; r[kwfacs? 4if;. tusKd;&vm'fa=umifh
puf&kwH pf&Hk ESifh wpf&Hk. awmif;qdkcsufrsm;rSm uJGjym;aecJh+yD; tvkyform;rsm;ESifh puf&krH sm;onf wpkwpnf;xJ
taejzifh cdkifckdif rmrmawmif;qdkr_ vkyfEkdifjcif; r&SdcJhacs?
tvkyof rm;rsm;. vkyt f m;pGrf;&nfESifh puf&Hk t&nftaoG; usqif;&jcif;. t"du ta=umif;&if;rSm ppf
t&m&Srd sm; u puf&kt H vkyf&Hkrsm;udk }uD;=uyf!$e=f um; cJhjcif;a=umifh jzpfonf? ppfAkv
d fcsKyf wpfOD;onf
ppfajrjyifta=umif; aumif;aumif;em;vnfrnf jzpfaomfvnf; tvkyo f rm;wdk@. ae@pOfb0 cHpm;&r_
tajctaersm;ESifh puf&Hktvky&f Hk vnfywfr_ tajctaersm;udk od&deS m;vnfEdik frnf r[kwfacs? ppf t&m&Sdrsm;u
wkdif;jynfudk umuG,fay;&rnfhtpm; udk,fEiS fhrqdkifaom t&mrsm;Y 0ifa&mufpu G fzufaom tcgwGif wkdif;jynf.
zG@J pnf;wnfaqmuf vnfywfykrH sm; c|wfacsmf vJGrmS ;&awmhonf?
*Gsefavmhc.
f tqdkt& ‚vlxkt"du vl@tzG@J tpnf;‛qdkonfrmS vl@tzG@J tpnf;. tpdwftydkif; wcsdK@w0uf
om r[kwfbJ tpdwftydkif;rsm; tm;vHk;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm; jcif;udk &nfn$e;f onf? Tae&mwGif vlrsKd;/ bmoma&;/
pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESifh EkdifiHa&; tajctaersm; rnfodk@yif uJGjym;aeapumrl vl@tzG@J tpnf;. tpdwftydkif;wkdif;wGif
jzpf&v Sd maom yËdyuQtajc taersm;udk ajz&Sif;Ekdif&eftwGuf ‘tekyÉdavmrenf;us usK;d a=umif;qifjcifI trSef
w&m;udk qef;ppf&SmazGjcif;’ enf; vrf;udk oHk;um vlxk aqG;aEG;yJGrsm; jyKvkyjf cif; [laom qdkua&;wD;. tawG;
tjrifwpfckudk rS;D jirf;Ekdifonf? tkyfcsKyfjcif;ESifh tkyfcsKyfcH&jcif; qdkonfh aumif;jrwfaom vkyif ef;aqmifwmudk
Ekid fiHom;rsm;u r#a0,ljcif;ESifh oufqidk faom ‘toif;tzG@J rsm;. toif;tzG@J ’[lonfh t,ltqudk t&pf(pf)wdkw,f
u tus,fw0ifh az:jy&Sif;vif; cJhonf? Ttajctaeudk taumif;wumh taumif;qHk; Ekid fiHwpfcktjzpf
em;vnfoabmaygufEdik fonf? TuJhodk@ aom Ekid fiHrsKd;wGif yavwdku az:n$e;f onfh w&m;r#waom vl@tzG@J tpnf;
jzpfxGe;f edkifayonf?
vl@tzG@J tpnf;. tqkd;taumif; tajctae trsm;pkudk tpdk;&u zefwD;jcif;jzpfonf? vl@tzG@J tpnf;Y
wnf+idrrf _ &&Sdatmif zefwD;&mwGif wpkwpnf;wnf;jzpfaom EkdifiHa&; pGrf;yum;wpfcktaejzifh tpdk;&. tcef;u¾
onf tvGe@f tvGef ta&;ygvSayonf? odk@aomf Tae&mwGif tpdk;&. wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udk OD;pGm owfrw S f&ay
rnf? yxrqHk;taejzifh tpdk;&onf w&m;Oya'pd;k rdk;a&; ed,mrrsm;ay: tajccHonfh w&m;r#waom Oya'rsm;ESifh
tnD vl@tzG@J tpnf;udk pDpOfwus&Sdatmif xm;&Sd&rnf? 'kwd,taejzifh tpdk;&onf wyg;olwdk@. tcGifhta&; rsm;ESifh
udk,fydkifvGwfvyfr_wdk@udk xdyg;apmfum;olrsm;ESifh vl@tzG@J tpnf;wpfckvHk; ysufokOf;oGm;ap&ef }udK;yrf;tm;xkwf
aeolrsm;wdk@a=umifh ab;oifhcH&aom EkdifiHom;rsm;udk tumtuG,f ay;&rnf? wwd,wpfckrmS tpdk;&onf EkdifiHom;
wdk@ oifhwifah vsmufywfpmG aexdkifpm;aomufEdik faprnfh pD;yGm;a&; tajctaersKd;&Sv
d map&ef zefwD;jr‡ifhwifay;&rnf?
oifhwifah vsmufywfaom pD;yGm;a&;tajctaersdK; &Sv d map&ef zefwD;ay;&rnf[k qdk&mwGif tpdk;&onf
pD;yGm;a&; tm%m udk &,l+yD; vl@tzG@J tpnf;wpfckvHk;Y &Sdaom pD;yGm;a&;&m u¾udk uef@owfcsKyfcs,f&rnf[lI
t"dyg` ,f vJGrSm; aumuf,lr_ rjyKoifh? tpdk;& qdkonfrmS r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfaom ewfq;dk jzpfonf [laom
qdk&dk;wpfck&daS yonf? urBmh Ekid fiHaygif;rsm;pGmwk@d &dS qdk;,kwfaom tpdk;&rsm;udk Oyrm=unfhyg? Todk@jzpf&jcif;.
104
t"duta=umif;&if;rSm tpdk;&onf txufwGif az:jyxm;aom wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udk a&Smif=uOfum 4if;. tm%m
t&Sdeft0gudk vdktyfonfxufykI d jzef@=uufaoma=umifh jzpfonf? tpdk;& tcef;u¾udk vlxkt"du vl@tzG@J tpnf;
. tpdwftydkif;wpfcktaejzifh =unfhjrifoHk;oyf&mwGif tpdk;&u EkdifiHa&;tm%mudkom t"duxm; usifh}uH+yD; aiGa&;
a=u;a&; tm%mudk omref Ekid fiHom;rsm;tm; ay;tyfaom pHjyKyHpk Hwpfck &So d nf? rnfonfh Ekid fiHa&;t,ltqudk
usifhoHk;onf jzpfapumrl tpd;k & onf EkdifiHa&;tm%ma&m pD;yGm;a&;tm%mudkyg vHk;0vuf0g;}uD;tkyx f m;v#if
xdktpd;k &onf zdedyS af zgufjyef+yD; cspm;vm a=umif;ukd ordik f;u oufaojycJ+yD;jzpfonf? tpdk;& azgufjyef&jcif;.
tusKd;&vm'fa=umifh vlxkt"du vl@tzG@J tpnf;. r&Sdrjzpf vkdtyfaom wefzk;d rsm;jzpfonfh yGifhvif;r_ESifh wm0ef,l
wm0efcHrr_ sm; qHk;&_H;&avawmhonf?
txufaz:jyyg tajctaersm;udk a&Smif&mS ;Edkif&eftwGuf tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;onf vlxkt"du vl@tzG@J
tpnf; oabmw&m;udk vufcHusifhoHk;um tm%mudk tuef@towfjzifh &,l&ayrnf? odk@r[kwfygu tm%mrsm;
aygif;pkvm&mrSwqifh oufOD;qHydkifpepfodk@ toGiaf jymif;oGm;um tpdk;&u tm%mudk tuef@towfrhJ &,lusifhoHk;
jcif;a=umifh vl@tzG@J tpnf; wpfckvHk;wGif oufOD;qHykid fpepf v$r;f rdk;oGm;Ekid fonf? xkd@jyif vGwfvyfaom toif;tzG@J
rsm;/ tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzG@J rsm; ponfwdk@u tpdk;&. vnfywfr_qdkif&m ,EW&m;rsm;/ rl0g'rsm;ESifh vkyif ef;
aqmifwmrsm;udk apmifh=unfhppfaq;jcif;/ tpdk;&u 4if;. vkyif ef;aqmifwmrsm;udk vkdufemaqmif&u G faejcif; &Sdr&Sd
(odk@r[kwf) tm%mudk tvJGoHk;pm;vkyaf ejcif; &Sdr&Sd aphaphpyfpyf ppfaq;jcif;eSifh/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. tajccH
jy\emrsm; tygt0if 4if;wdk@. a}umif;usKd;qufE, G frr_ sm;udk az:xkwfjcif;/ jynfvlxk. cHpm;ae&r_rsm;
avsmhyg;oufomvmEkdifapa&;twGuf axmufjya0zefrr_ sm;/ pnf;&Hk;r_rsm;ESifh vlxkv_y&f Sm;r_rsm;udk vkyaf qmifjcif;
tygt0if vl@tzG@J tpnf; tqifhtwef;udk jr‡ifhwifay;jcif; wdk@rSm ydI k yif ta&;ygaom udp&P yfrsm;jzpfonf?
Todk@rSomv#if tqdkyg toif;tzG@J rsm;udk vlxk toif;tzG@J rsm;[k owfrw S fEdik fayrnf?
105
vky&f yfrsm;ukd aumif;aom vkyf&yfrsm;tjzpf owfrw S fEdik fonf? odk@aomfvnf; v,form;rsm;. ajr,m ydkifqidk fcGifhESifh
ywfoufI aomfvnf;aumif;/ tm%mydkifrsm;u v,f,majrrsm; twif;t"rR w&m;r0if odr;f qnf; jcif;udkaomf
vnf;aumif; rodusdL;uGsejf yKxm;r_rsm;/ rdrd pdwf}udKuf aumufyo J D;ESH pdu
k fysKd;ydkifcGifhESifh v,f,mxGuf ypPnf; rsm;
vGwfvyfpmG ukeo f G,fa&mif;0,fydik f;cGifhwkd@udk ydwfyifwm;jrpfjcif;rsm; tp&So d nfh tpdk;&. rl0g'rsm;ESifh pyfvSsOf;I
raumif;onfh tcsufrsm;udk axmufjy/ az:xkwf/ qef husif/ v_y&f Sm;I wdkufzsufjyD;ajymif;vJ&ef r}udK;yrf;v#if tqdkyg
toif;tzGJ@rsm;udk vlxk toif;tzG@J rsm;[k owfrw S fI r&Ekid facs? xdk@a=umifh ‘vl@tzG@J tpnf;’udk ‘vlxt k "du
vl@tzG@J tpnf;’tjzpf jyKjyifajymif;vJ&mwGif vlxk toif;tzGJ@rsm; wnf&dv S nfywfaejcif;rSm tvGeftrif; ta&;
ygonf? odk@aomfvnf; vlxk toif;tzGJ@rsm; wnf&daS e&Hrk #jzifh rvHk avmufacs? txufwGif az:jyxm;aom
tpdwftydkif; (4)ckteuf tpdk;&rS vGJI usef&Sdaom tpdwftydkif; (3)ckwdk@. tcef;u¾ rSmvnf; tvGef ta&;yg+yD;
4if;wdk@onf oufqidk f&m e,fy,fxJwGif xda&mufpmG &yfwnfvnfywfae&ef vdktyf onf? xdk@jyif xdk@xufykI d
ta&;ygonfrmS xdk tpdwftydkif;(4)ckt=um;Y tcsif;csif; apmihf=unfhppfaq;jcif;/ tjyeftvSe}f uyfrwfjcif;ESifh
[efcsufnDatmif xde;f n‡djcif;rsm; &SdaerSomv#if 4if;udk vlxkt"duvl@tzG@J tpnf;[k owfrw S fEdik fayrnf? vlxk
t"du vl@tzG@J tpnf;qdkif&m jy\emrsm;ukd jrefrmEkdifiHYomr[kwfbJ tm%m&Sifpepfudk yHpk HtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh
usifhoHk;aom urBmt&yf&yf&dS tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;wGifvnf; awG@jrifEdik fonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh tm&yfEdik fiHrsm;wGif
vufwavm jzpfysuf aeonfrsm;udk =unfhyg?
udkwifarmifOD; udk,fYu ‘vlxkt"du vl@tzG@J tpnf;’[laom pum;vHk;udk oHk;E_ef;jcif; r&SdcJhaomfvnf;
pifppftm; jzifh olonf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif vlxkt"du vl@tzG@J tpnf; ay:xGe;f vma&;twGuf }udK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJhjcif;
jzpfonf? Tonfudk tcsuf(3)csufjzifh oufaojyEkdifonf? yxrtcsufrmS ‘tpd;k &’. tcef;u¾ESifh
oufqidk fonf? ‘tuef@towfjzifh tkyfcsKyfaom tpdk;&’qdkaom t,ltqudk udkwifarmifOD;u cH,lonfEiS fhtnD
ol. b0 wpfav#mufvHk;wGif tm%m&Siftyk fcsKyfa&;pepfudk qef@usifv_yf&mS ;oGm;cJhonf? 'kwd,tcsufrmS wdkif;jynf
taqmufttHkrsm;ESifh oufqidk fonf? wyfrawmftygt0if vHkjcHKa&; tzGJ htpnf;rsm;onf wdkif;jynftaqmufttHk
wenf;tm;jzifh tkyfcsKyfa&;,EW,m;. tpdyt f ydkif;jzpfonf? tm%m&Sifpepfudk csKyfjidr;f apvSsif wyfrawmftygt0if
vHkjcHKa&; tzGJ htpnf;rsm;udk jyKifajymif;vJ zGJ hpnf;&rnfjzpfonf? udkwifarmifOD;onf ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk
csKyfjidr;f apvdkaom ppft&m&S}d uD;rsm; eSifh qufoG,fjyD; ppfwyftwGif;Y tajymif;tvJrsm; jzpfay:vmap&ef/
wyfrawmfjyKjyifajymif;vJoGm;ap&ef }udK;yrf;cJhonf? aemufqHk;tcsufrmS vGwfvyfaom vl@toif;tzG@J rsm;ESifh
oufqidk fonf? udkwifarmifOD;onf ausmif;om; or*~ zG@J pnf;Ekdifa&;twGuf vkyaf qmifcJhouJhodk@yif tvkyform;
or*~rsm; jzpfwnfvmapa&; twGufudkvnf; tvkyo f rm;rsm;udk tm;ay;cJhonf? xdk@a=umifh udkwifarmifOD;.
vky&f yfrsm;onf vlxkt"du vl@tzG@J tpnf; oabmw&m;rsm;ESifh wom;wnf;jzpfaeonf[k qdkEkdifayonf?
tvkyo f rm; ta&;tcif; jzpfyGm;csdew f Gif udkwifarmifOD;onf &efukef 0dZ…mESifh odyHw
` uUodkvfwGif owWaA'
'kwd,ESpf ausmif;om;tjzpf ynmoif=um;aecJhonf? tvkyo f rm;wkd@. ae@pOfb0 twd'kuQtajctae rsm;udk
udkwifarmifOD;ESifh oli,fcsif;rsm;u ae@pOfEiS fhtr# awG@}uHKjzwfoef;cJh=uonf? xdk@a=umifhvnf; ta&;tcif;
pwifjzpfyGm;onfEiS fh w+ydKifeuf 4if;wdk@ wwfprG f;or# ulnDaqmif&Gufay;&ef qHk;jzwfcJh=ujcif; jzpfonf? wpfae@wGif
tvkyo f rm; ta&;tcif;rsm; ysH@E@SH aeyHEk Sifh ywfoufI udkwifarmifOD;u wuUodkvf0if;twGif;Y pwifaqG;aEG; cJhonf?
TwGif 4if;. oli,fcsif; ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;onf tvkyo f rm;rsm; qENjy&jcif;. tajccHta=umif;&if;udk
106
csufcsif;yif em;vnfoabmaygufoGm;cJh=uonf? jzpfysufaeaom tajctaersm;udk apmifh=unfh&ef/ tjcm;
wuUodkvf&Sd oli,fcsif;rsm;udk qyfpyfxm;&efESifh qENjyyJGrsm; &efukeo
f dk@ ul;pufvmv#if tvkyo
f rm;rsm;udk
tultnDay;&ef twGuf eD;pyfaom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;t=um;wGif oabmwlnDcJh=uonf?
udkwifarmifOD;onf aumfvmrygaom &Syt f usôvuf&n S fudk yHu
k syef;us 0wfwwfonf? tjyifoGm;onfhtcg
wdkif;wGif olonf jrefrmh&dk;&m vG,ftw d fwpfvHk;udk ykcHk;ay: t+rJvG,fxm;avh&do S nf? vG,ftw
d fxJwGif pmtkyrf sm;ESifh
twl vufudkify0g/ abmif;bDwdk tydkwpfxnf/ tm;upm;vky&f eftwGuf ypPnf;ypP,rsm; xnfhwwf+yD; wcgw&HwGif
vrf;o&J*dk%;f om;rsm;. &efu umuG,f&eftwGuf "g;wpfacsmif;yg xnfhxm;wwfonf? olonf ykqdk;udk aumif;rGef
aooyfpGm 0wfwwfonf? qHyif tvGeaf umif;onf? qHyifudk aemuf&n S f*wk faxmufxm;+yD; cE<mudk,f wnfaqmuf
yHk aumif;jcif;a=umifh acsmarmI a,mufsm;yDoolwpfOD; jzpfonf? vrf;av#mufonfh tcgwdkif;wGif ol. &ifywf
us,f}uD;ukd zGifhxm;+yD; pl;&Saom rsufvHk;rsm;uvnf; a&S@wnfhwnfhodk@ pdu k f=unfhaewwfonf? rsufEmS wGif rpdk@ryd@k
t+yHK;jzifh oifhwifah om udk,fae[efxm;&Sdonf? vrf;av#muf&mwGif jrefvGe;f / aES;vGef;jcif; r&Sd? rdef;cav;rsm;u
ol@udkawG@v#if tenf;qHk;awmh rsufapgif;uav;0ifhum t}unfhcH&wwfoljzpfonf? odk@aomf vnf; vl@tzG@J tpnf;
ukd jyKjyifajymif;vJEkdifa&;twGufom rdr. d pdwt f m&Huk dk yHx
k m;aom a=umifh rdef;cav;u b,favmufyif
acsmarmvSyaeapumrl ol@udk rzrf;pm;Ekid fcJh? 1974 ckESpf tvkyf orm;ta&;tcif; jzpfyGm;csdew f Gif udkwifarmifOD;
touf (23)ESpfxJ 0ifvm+yD jzpfonf? axmif'%f (1)ESpf uscHI vGwfajrmufvmcgpwGif rdrdudk,fudk ,Hk=unfr_
&Sad ecJhcsde/f &ifhusufr_ tjynfh &Sad ecJhcsdef jzpfonf? 1974ckESpu f pwifum udkwifarmifOD;. pdwfyidk f; qkdif&mESifh
cE<mudk,fydkif;qdkif&m zG@H +zdK;a0qmr_ txGwftxdyo f dk@ a&muf&cSd Jhonf? ol. ar#mfvifhcsufrsm; }uD;rm;cJhonf?
vl@tzG@J tpnf;ta=umif; =unfvifjywfom;pGm wpHkw&m em;vnf oabmaygufcJhonf? w&m;r#wr_udk &SmazGrnf
qkdaom ol. oEdNÏmefudk rnfodk@r# cGmcsI r&EkdifcJh? &JpGr;f owWdESifh jynfpkaH om ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif wpfOD;tjzpf
vkyu f dkifaqmif&Guf&ef tqifoifh jzpfaecJhonf? rdrdav#mufvSr;f &rnfh c&D;vrf; rnfr#yif cufcJ=urf;wrf;apumrl
&ifqidk fausmfv$m;vkd cJhonf? TuJhodk@aom aemufcH tajctae rsm;jzifh udkwifarmifOD;u tvkyo f rm;
ta&;tcif;rsm;wGif yg0ifv_y&f Sm;cJhayonf?
107
avmuf tav;csde&f o Sd nfh tvGeaf v;vHaom t&mrsm;udk tvkyo f rm; av;ig;a,mufu 0kdif;r=u&onf? av;vGe;f
vSojzifh &So
d r# t&dk;tom;awG tm;vHk; a=urGxGufoGm; ravmufyif? Tonfrsm;rSm jrefrmEkdifiH&dS tvkyform;rsm;
ae@pOf awG@}uHKcHpm;aecJh&onfh tvGeqf kd;&Gm;aom tajctaersm;xJu Oyrm tcsKd @yif jzpfonf?
1974ckESpf ZGevf (3)&ufae@wGif tif;pdef rD;&xm;acgif;jyif puf&k&H dS tvkyform;rsm;u qefvHkavmufpGm
&&Sda&; tygt0if awmif;qdkcsuf (7)ckudk [pfaºuG;cJh=uonf? wcsdew f nf;YwGif tkwfusif; *kefeDpuf&HkESifh orkid f;
csnfr#if ESifh txnfpuf&Hk uJhokd@aom udkwifarmifOD;ESifh 4if;. oli,fcsif; trsm;pkwdk@ aexdkif&m teD;tyg;
e,fajrrsm;odk@vnf; qENjyyJGrsm; ysH@ESH@vmcJhonf? tvkyo f rm;rsm;onf vpmwdk;jr‡ifhay;a&;/ tajccHpm;oHk;ukef
ypPnf;rsm; aps;E_e;f av#mhcsay;a&;/ vkyif ef;cGif vHk+cHKr_&Sda&;/ rqvu }udK;udkifaeaom tvkyo f rm; toif;rsm;udk
jyefvnfjyKjyif zG@J pnf;ay;a&;ESifh 4if;wdk@ rdom;pk0ifrsm;twGuf vlra_ &; tusdK;cHpm;cGifh &&Sda&;wdk@twGuf
awmif;qdkcJh=uonf?
w&m;r#wr_twGuf wkdufyG0J if v_y&f Sm;ae=uaom tvkyo f rm;rsm;. vky&f yfudk tm;usum udkwifarmifOD;
u ‚tvkyo f rm;awG[m usaemfwdk@&J@ rdbawGjzpfw,f? rw&m;ojzifh qufqH cH&wma=umifh olwdk@wawG 'DvdkrsKd;
pdwfqif;&J=uwm[m tqef;r[kwfbl;? olwkd@ cHpm;&&if usaemfwkd@vJ cHpm;&wmbJ? usaemfwkd@ 'DtwGuf wpfckck
vkyrf S jzpfr,f? olwdk@&J@ &nfreS f;csufawG jynfh0Ekid fapzd@k twGuf olwdk@ v_y&f Sm;r_awGxJrmS yl;aygif;yg0if ulnDay;&r,fvkd@
usaemfxifw,f?‛[k ajym=um;cJhonf? Tenf;jzifh olu oli,fcsif;rsm;udk tvkyform;ta&;tcif;Y yl;aygif;yg0if
apa&;twGuf v_H@aqmfcJhonf? 'kuQtcuftcJrsm;/ zrf;qD;r_rsm; (odk@r[kwf) ESyd fpufn‡Of;yef;r_rsm;udk &ifqikd f}uHKawG@&ef
a=umuf&H@G olrsm;u vJGv#if oli,fcsif; trsm;pkonf udkwifarmifOD;. t}uH^m%fudk vufcHcJh=uonf? rdrdwdk@.
b0tajctaersm;rSm tvkyo f rm;rsm;ESifh xyfwljzpfonf[k cHpm;cJh=u&onf? um&maw;ESihf a&;ul; u|rf;usio f l/
oli,fcsif;taygif;toif;rsm;. tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf &Gufaqmifay;wwfol/ rdrd. [mo^m%fjzifh oli,fcsif;rsm;udk
aysmf&$if&,farmatmif vkyw f wfolwpfOD; jzpfonfEiS fhtnD wuUodkvfwGif udkwifarmifOD;onf vlcspfvlcifaygrsm;+yD;
vlodrsm;olwpfOD; jzpfcJhonf? ol@xHwGif &efukef 0dZ…mESifh odyH` wuUodkvfYom r[kwfbJ &efukef pufr_wuUokdvf/
pD;yGm;a&; wuUodkvfESifh ynma&; wuUodkvf rsm;wGifvnf; oli,fcsif;rsm; &Sdayonf?
109
xdk@twlyif udkatmif=unfuvnf; ynma&;wuUodkvf/ udkausmfaZ,su &efukef 0dZ…mESifh ESifh odyH` wuUodkvf/
udkjrifhpdk;u pD;yGm;a&;wuUodkvf ponfjzifh wuUodkvftoD;oD;&Sd ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udk pnf;&Hk;&ef wm0ef,lcJh
=uonf? udkwifarmifOD;. todkif;t0kdif;xJu r[kwfaom tjcm; wuUodkvfausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;vnf;
tvkyo f rm; qENjyyJGrsm;wGif yl;aygif;yg0ifcJh=uonf? w&m;r#wr_twGuf wkdufyG0J ifv_y&f Sm;&mwGif ausmif;ol
ausmif;om;rsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;ESifh twlwuG pdwfxm;xufoefrt _ jynfhjzifh yl;aygif; aqmif&GufcJh=uonf?
odk@aomfvnf; 4if;wdk@xHwGif ausmif;om; tpnf;t&H;k uJhodk@aom udk,fydkif toif;tzGJ@rsm; r&Sdonfhtjyif woD;yk*v ~
v_y&f Sm;olrsm;ESifhjzpfap/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh jzpfap yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufbl;aom tawG@t}uHKr&Sdjcif;a=umifh 4if;wkd@.
pnf;&Hk;a&;enf;emrsm;rSm pepfwus r&SdcJhacs? tvkyform; ta&;tcif;wGif yg0ifaom ausmif;olausmif;om;
rsm;onf wpfOD;csif;taeESifh 4if;wdk@ eD;pyf&m todrdwfaqGrsm;udk qJGac:cJ=h ujcif;om jzpfonf? ausmif;olausmif;om;
rsm;onf jywfom;ckdifrmr_ tjynfhjzifh tvkyform;ta&;tcif;Y yl;aygif; yg0ifcJh=uaomfvnf; ausmif;om;or*~
r&Sdaoma=umifh 4if;wdk@u tvkyo f rm; ta&;tcif;udk axmufcHa=umif;ESifh pyfvsOf;I vlod&iS f=um; az:xkwf
today;Ekdifjcif; r&SdcJhacs? 4if;. tusKd;&vm'fa=umifh 1974ckESpf tvkyforsm; ta&;tcif;onf xda&muf
oifhoavmuf xda&mufr_ r&SdcJhacs?
110
ol@twGuf ausmif;wuf&efESifh tcsK@d aom ta&;ygaom a0&m0pP rsm; vkyu f dkif&mY oGm;vm&eftwGufom
bwfpum;c ay;Edkifonf? udkwifarmifOD; uvnf; ol@twGufa=umifh rdom;pk 0efxkwf0efyk;d jzpf&rnfudk rvdkvm;cJh?
wbufurl ol. ‘tcsuftcsm’ oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh pOfqufrjywf tquftoG,f &Sad ezdk@ vdktyfojzifh 4if;wdk@xH
rjzpfrae oGm;a&muf&onf? okd@rSom ol. qufoG,fa&;uGef,ufudk xde;f xm;Ekid frnf jzpfaoma=umihfyif?
xdk@a=umifh bwfpum; pD;EkdifrS jzpfvmonf? Tjy\emtm; udkwifarmifOD; rnfuJhodk@ ajz&Sif;onfudk tpydik f;wGif
ol. oli,fcsif;rsm; rod&SdcJh=u? Todk@jzifh aemufykid f;wGif olu bpfpum;c ray;bJ rnfuJhokd@ bwfpum;
pD;a=umif;udk oli,fcsif;rsm;tm; r#a0ajymjycJhonf?
wpfae@ udkwifarmifOD;onf bwfpum;ay:wGif oli,fcsif; wpfa,mufudk trSwfrxif qHkjzpfonf? xdk
oli,fcsif;rSm wuUodkvf qufrawmhbJ tpdk;& uke;f vrf;o,f,lyk@d aqmifa&;XmewpfckwGif tvkyf&aeol jzpfonf?
um;vufrw S fa&mif;ol 4if;wdk@xH csOf;uyfvmaomtcg udkwifarmifOD; oli,fcsif;u ol@tdwfuyfudk ykwfvkdufum
t*Fvdyb f momjzifh Pass (cGifhjyKcsufvufrw S f) &So
d nf[k ajymvdu k f&mwGif vufrwS fa&mif;olu bmrS qufrar;
awmhbJ ol@tem;u xGufoGm;onf? TwGif wtHw h =ojzpfoGm;aom udkwifarmifOD;u ol@oli,fcsif; tb,fa=umifh
bwfpum;c ay;&ef rvdka=umif;udk odcsifro d Gm;onf? 4if;wdk@ ESpfOD; bwfpum;ay:utqif;wGif udkwifarmifOD;u
‚tJ'D ‘cGifhjyKcsuf’ qdkwmu bmvJuG?‛ [kar;avonf? uke;f vrf;o,f,lyk@d aqmifa&; XmewGif wm0efxrf;aqmif
aeolrsm;tm;vHk;udk ‘bwfpum; pD;&ef cGifhjyKcsuf’uwfjym; tcrJh xkwfay;xm;a=umif;ukd oli,fcsif;vkyfolu
&Sif;jyonf? xdkacwfumvY qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmufwGif o,f,lyk@d aqmifa&; vkyif ef;Xmersm;tm;vHk;udk tpdk;&u
ykid fqikd fonf? Todk@aom tajctaewGif uke;f vrf;o,f,lyk@d aqmifa&; 0efxrf;rsm;u um;armif;olESifh vufrw S f
a&mif;olrsm;. vpmrsm;/ yifpifaiGrsm;ESifh cGifh&ufrsm;udk pDrHudkifwG,f&aoma=umifh um;armif;olEiS fh vufrw
S fa&mif;
olrsm;u 4if;wdk@tay: wav;wpm; &S=d ujcif;jzpfonf? TwGif udkwifarmifOD;u ol@oli,fcsif;. cGifhjyKcsuf
uwfjym;udk awmif;=unfhum uwfjym; xkwfay;onfh ae@pEJG Sifh uwfjym; eHygwfwdk@ tygt0if xdkuwfjym;twGuf
wm0ef&do S l t&m&Sd. emrnfrsm;udkyg tvGwfusufrw S fxm;vdkufonf?
xdk@aemuf udkwifarmifOD;onf ‘bwfpum;pD&ef cGifhjyKcsuf uwfjym;’ESifh t&G,ftpm; wlaom uwfxljym;
wpfckudk &Sm+yD; ol@tdyuf yfxJ xnfhxm;um bwfpum; pD;&mwGif ol@oli,fcsif; jyKrlonfhtwkdif; rSifaoaojzifh
wax&mwnf; vkdufvkyaf vonf? Tenf;jzifh bwfpum; pD;&mwGif trsm;tm;jzifh tqifajya=umif;/ vufrw S f
a&mif;olu cGifhjyKcsuf uwfjym;udk awmif;=unfhavh r&Sda=umif;/ ol@tdwfuyfudk wpfcsuf=unfh+yD; jyefxGufoGm;wwf
a=umif;wdk@udk udkwifarmifOD;u oli,fcsif;rsm;udk jyefvSeaf jymjyavonf? vufrw S fa&mif;ol uwfjym; awmif;=unfh
csifonfqv dk #if olu ‚tm;? usaemhf uwfjym;udk tdrfrmS arhusefcJhw,f? cifrsm; r,Hk&if usaemfh uwfjym; eHygwfudk
ppf=unfhvkd&w,f‛[laom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ay;vdkufaomtcg vufrw S fa&mif;olu qufrar;awmhacs?
Tokd@jzifh wpfae@wGif bwfpum;ay:Y udkwifarmifOD;u vkyaf eustwkdif; jyKrl&m um;vwfrSwfa&mif;olu bmrS
jy\em r&SmcJ?h odk@aomf rsm;r=umrDwGif bwfpum;ay:odk@ vufrw S fppfwpfa,muf wufvm&m c&D;onfrsm;u
4if;wdk@. um;vwfrw S frsm;udk jy&avonf? xdktcsdew f Gif vufrw S fa&mif;orm;uvnf; udkwifarmifOD; tem;wGif
&Sad ecJhonf? vufrw S fppfol rdrdtem; a&mufvmaomtcg udkwifarmifOD;u tdwfuyfxJu wpHkwckudk xkwfvdkuf
onf? TwGif um;vufrw S fa&mif;olu udkwifarmifOD;onf ‘bwfpum;pD;&ef cGifhjyKcsuf vufrw S f’udk jyrnf[k
xifaecJhonf? odk@aomf TuJhodk@ r[kwf? ol@vufxJ ygvmaom t&mrSm bwfpum;ctwGuf ydu k fqH jzpfaeonf?
111
Ttcsif;t&ma=umifh vufrSwfa&mif;ol &kwfw&uf a=umifoGm;onf? odk@aomf bmrS ajymraebJ udkwifarmifOD;udk
vufrw S fwpfapmif a&mif;ay;vkdufonf? Ttjzpftysufudk udkwifarmifOD;u jyefajymif;ajymjyaomtcg ol@
oli,fcsif;rsm; [m;wdkuf&aD rmcJh=u&onf? xdk@jyif w&m;r#wr_ twGuf v_y&f Sm;aqmif&u
G faejcif;a=umifh awG@}uHK
vm&onfh aiGa=u;tcuftcJtm; wwfor#enf;vrf;jzifh ajz&Sif;ae&aom ol@tay:Yvnf; oli,fcsif;rsm; *&k%m
oufoGm;=uonf? Todk@jzifh udkwifarmifOD;onf ol. ‘tcsuftcsm’ oli,fcsif;rsm;udk qufvuf pnf;&Hk; Ekid fcJh+yD;
4if;wdk@onf aemufyidk f;wGif tvkyo f rm; ta&;tcif;Yaomfvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;aom ausmif;om;qENjyyJG
rsm;Yaomfvnf;aumif; udkwifarmifOD;. a&mif;&if;rsm;tjzpf yl;aygif;yg0ifcJh=uonf?
ZGev
f (6)&ufae@ eHeufykid f;wGif vrf;rrsm;ay:Y qENjyolOD;a& ydrk w
dk dk;yGm;vmcJhonf? udkwifarmifOD; tygt0if
ol. oli,fcsif;rsm; tm;vHk;eD;yg;ESifh teD;tem; wuUodkvfrsm;&Sd tjcm;aom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;
vrf;rrsm;ay:odk@xGufvm=uum qENjyyJGrsm;wGif yl;aygif;yg0ifcJh=uonf? 4if;wdk@onf ordik f;vrf;qkHrSwqifh csnfpuf
&dyfoma&S@odk hvnf;aumif;/ tkwfusif;*keef D puf&kHvrf;twdkif; av#mufum csnfpuf&dyfom a&S@odk h vnf;aumif;/
udkwifarmifOD;u ordkif; ausmif;aqmifrsm;&dS 4if;. oli,fcsif;rsm;udk pk pnf;um csnfpuf&yd fom a&S@odk@vnf;aumif;
a&mufvm aygif;qHkrd=uonf? ordkif; csnfr#ifEiS fh txnfpuf&Hk 0if;twGif;rS tvkyform;rsm;. qENjyaºuG;a=umf
oHrsm; csnfpuf&dyfoma&S@ESifh csnfr#ifEiS fh txnfpuf&Hak &S h &efuket
f if;pdev f rf;ray:&dS vltyk f}uD;twGif;rS qENjy
atmf[pfoHrsm; qlnHv#uf&Sdonf? wjznf;jznf;ESifh vrf;r }uD;ydwfoGm;jyD; &efukef tif;pdefvrf;ay:wGif um;toGm;
tvm vkH;0&yfqdkif;oGm;cJhonf?
tvkyo f rm;rsm;a&m ausmif;om;vli,frsm;yg pkaygif;I qENjyvltyk f}uD;udk xde;f &ef }udK;pm;=uonf?
wa,mufwayguf atmf[pfajymqdk aernhftpm; pnf;urf;wus 0dkif;xdkifjyD; rdrdwdk@ ajymvdkonfrsm;udk wa,muf
wvSnfh ajymqdk=u&ef/ tm;vkH; jidrfjidro f ufouf xdkifjyD; em;axmif=u&ef oabmwlcJh=uonf? xdk@aemuf
tvkyo f rm;rsm; wa,mufjyD; wa,muf vltyk f}uD;a&S@udkxGufum 4if;wdk@. b0 epfemcsufrsm;tm; &ifziG fh=uonf?
tcsdK@rmS ajym&if; rsuf&nfusolrsm; vnf;&dS=uonf? vltyk f}uD;u wpfa,muf xGufajymonfhtcgwdkif; aomif;
aomif;zszs =obmay;=uonf? wjznf;jznf;ESifh qENjyol ta&twGufrmS rsm;onfxuf rsm;vmonf? vlxkrmS
ydrk I
dk pdwftm;wufºuGvmjyD; wckck vkyv f dkaomqENawG jyif;xefvmcJh=uonf? xdktcg udkwifarmifOD;u
qENjyvltyk f}uD;tm; &efuket f if;pdef vrf;rtwdkif; OD;aqmifcsDwufapum &efukejf rdK@v,f&dS jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf
vrf;pOfygwD XmecsKyf&k;H a&S@ ta&muf oGm;a&muf qENjy=uzdk h t}uHay;onf? 4if;. oli,fcsif;tm;vkH; vufcHum
vltyk ftwGif;&dS vufvSr;f rDS&m tvkyo f rm; rdwfaqGrsm;tm; csufcsif; &Sif;jy&m 4if;wdk@uvnf; oabmwl=uonf?
113
xdk@aemuf rdepfydkif; twGi;f rSmyif 'kwd,t}udrf qufypf&ef trde@f oH =um;vdkuf&onf? arSmufusefcJhaom vlxk}uD;
udkyif csde&f G,fI ypfcwfonfhoabmjzpfonf? usnfqHonf uwW&m vrf;rudkaxmuf nmzufajcz0g;udk xkwfjcif;
azmufum ol.nmbuf ajcovkH;twGi;f odk@ wkduf&ku d f0ifcJhonf? ylueJ jzpfoGm;a=umif;om wcsufodvdkufjyD;
usnfqHxdumpwGif aoG;ylaeojzifh emusif&rSe;f rodcJhyg? ypfcwfonfhbufokd@ olu ajcaxmufxm;I
arSmufr&d ufom; jzpfojzifh usnfqHrSm ajcaxmufwGif;odk@ 0ifoGm;jcif;jzpfonf? arSmufae&if;rS rdrdab;odk@
=unfhvdkuf&m ypfcwfonfhbufodk@ acgif;xm;I arSmufaeaom tvkyo f rm;vli,fwOD;. i,fxdwfwnfhwnfhodk@
usnfqH0ifoGm;jyD; qwfueJwcsufwGe@f um rsufpad &S@Yyif toufxGufoGm;a=umif; awG@vdkuf&onf?
'kwd,t}udryf pfcwfoH +idro f Gm;onfhtcsdeYf udkcifarmifat;u xajy;&ef }udK;yrf;cJhonf? ol. nmbuf
ajcovkH;&d;k rSm vkH;0 usdK;oGm;cJh+yD jzpfonf? axmufvdk@r&bJ uwW&mvrf; ay:odk h 'vdrhaf umufauG; vJusoGm;
cJhonf? vl axmifaygif;rsm;pGm pka0;cJhaom ae&monf rdepfydkif; twGi;f rSmyif ok\mefwpjyifuJhodk h jzpfoGm;cJhonf?
tavmif;rsm; '%f&m&olrsm; aoG;tvdr;f vdr;f ESifh jrif&ufp&mr&dyS g? rajy;Edkifawmhaomfvnf; qufvuf ypfcwfOD;
rnfudk pd;k &dro
f jzifh cE<mudk,fudkvdSrufh m &efuketf if;pdef vrf;r}uD; ESifh uyf&uf a&ajrmif;xJodk h rdrdudk,fudk ypfcs
vdkufonf? atmf[pf ajy;v$m;oHrsm;/ trdef hay;oHrsm; idk+iD; oHrsm; i&JyGufovdk =um;ae&onf? aoewfoHrsm;
udkvnf; }udK=um;}udK=um; =um;ae&qJ jzpfonf?
a&ajrmif;xJodk h a&mufoGm;aomtcg usnf vrf;a=umif;ESifh vGwfoGm;ojzifh touf raoEdkifawmh[k
odvdkufonfh tcsdeYf ajcovkH;&d;k usdK;jyD; usnfqH0ifoGm;aom ae&mrSm vGerf if;pGm emusifvmojzifh yufvuf
vSeuf m usdK;oGm;aom ajcaxmufudk 'l;acgif;auG;,ljyD; vufEpS fbufEiS fh udkifxde;f xm;cJhonf? xdktcsde fY ppfom;
wOD; ay:vmjyD; udkcifarmifat;udk qufvuf ypfcwf&ef aoewfEiS fh wnfhwnfh csde&f G,fcJhonf? uHaumif;axmufr
pGmyif ‚a[haumif rypfeJ hawmh/ awmfjyD/ awmfjyD‛ [lI aemufyidk f;rS 4if;.t&m&dS jzpf[efwlol. atmf[pftrde@f
ay;oH =um;onfhtcgwGifro S m tqdkyg ppfom;onf aoewfajymif;udk atmufcsjyD; vSnfhxGufoGm;cJhonf? aoa=u
'%f&m&aeolrsm; vrf;ay:Y vJavsmif;aeonf?
c%r#t=umwGifuke;f vrf;o,f,lykd haqmifa&;rS x&yfum;}uD;rsm;a&mufvmonf? vlaotavmif; rsm;/
'%f&m&olrsm;tm; ppfom;rsm;u a&S hwa,muf/ aemufwa,muf vufEiS fhajcaxmufrsm;rSudkifjyD;ykcuf v$Jovdk
v$Jum acG;aoaumifudk pGef hypfovdk ypfwifcJh=uonf? x&yfum;ay:odk udkcifarmifat; t&ifq;kH ypfwifcH& ojzifh
a&mufoGm;aomtcg tavmif;rsm;=um;rSaeI ppfom;rsm; vkyu f dkifaeonfrsm;udk rsuf0g;xifxif jrifcJh&onf?
csufcsif;vdkyif rD;owfum;rsm;a&mufvmjyD; uwW&mvrf;ay:wGif usefcJhonfh aoG;uGuf}uD;rsm;tm; rD;owfyku d f
rsm;jzifh xdk;um aq;a=umypfcJhonf? tavmif;rsm;a&m '%f&m&olrsm;yg wifaqmifxm;onfh x&yf um;}uD;rsm;
onf r*Fvm'kHppfaq;&kHodk hOD;wnfarmif;oGm;cJhonf? aq;&kHa&mufrS '%f&m&olrsm;tm; a&G;csxm;cJhjyD; tavmif;rsm;
udkrl rnfonfhae&modk ho,f,loGm;jyD;pGe@f ypfcJha=umif;rod&awmhyg? aq;&HkY a&G;csxm;jcif; cH&olrsm;xJwGif
udkcifarmifat;ESifh udkatmif=unfwdk@vnf; yg0ifcJhonf?
114
qHk;&H_;r_rSaeI cdkifrmaom ydkif;jzwfcsuf tjzpfodk hajymif;vJjcif;
ppfom;rsm;u ypfcwfjcif;a=umifh qENjy vltyk f}uD;rSm tvJvJ tuJGuJG jzpfuke+f yD; toufvk ajy;=u&mrS
teD;tem;ywf0efusifrsm;odk@ wuJGwjym;pD a&muf&do S Gm;=uonf? tcif;jzpfyGm;onfh ae&mu qENjyolrsm; o,f,l
vmaom tvkyo f rm;wpfa,muf. tavmif;aumifudk ajrjyifay:wGif csxm;vkdufonf? udkwifarmifOD;ESifh
oli,fcsif;tcsdK@vnf; xdktavmif;em; &yfae=uonf? olonf vlvwfydik f;t&G,f tvkyo f rm;wpfOD;jzpf+yD;
&ifywfwGif aoewfxdreS f aoqHk;cJh&jcif;jzpfonf? udkwifarmifOD;/ ol. oli,fcsifrsm;ESifh tvkyform;tcsK@d wkd@u
csufcsif;yif tavmif;udk zsmESifh vdy+f yD; ypfuyfum;wpfpD;ay: wifvdkufonf? TwGif udkwifarmifOD;u ‚igwdk@
'Dtavmif;udk &efukef pufr_wuUodkvf ,loGm;oifhw,f? 'Dtavmif;udk tJ'DrmS &Sw d Jh ausmif;om;awG tm;vHk;udk
jyvkdufr,f? toufrhaJ ewJh tvkyo f rm;&J@ cE<mudk,f[m igwdk@ rdbawGudk udk,fpm;jyKw,f? igwdk@ rdbawGu
tifrwefrSudk yifyifyef;yef; vkyuf dkif=u&ayr,fhvJ tpdk;&u 'DvdkrsK;d wkef@jyefwmbJ r[kwfvm;?‛[k qdkavonf?
Todk@jzifh 4if;wdk@onf ypfcwfonfhae&mrS ajrmufbuf (3)rdik fcef@tuGmwGif wnf&daS om &efukepf ufrw_ uUodkvfqDodk@
&efukef tif;pdef vrf;r}uD;uwqifh tavmif;udk um;jzifh o,foGm;&ef pDpOf=uonf? odk@aomf 4if;wdk@onf
pufrw _ uUodkvf a&mufonftxd roGm;EdkifcJh? wuUodkvfem; a&mufcgeD;wGif ppfum;wpfp;D 4if;wkd@ rsufESmcsif;qkdifu
vmaeonfudk awG@vdkuf&onf? TwGif udkwifarmifOD;wdk@rSm bmrS rwwfEkdifawmhbJ csufcsif;yif xdkae&mu
vSnfhjyefvmcJh=u&onf?
xdkae hnaeu udkwifarmifOD; tdrfjyef tawmfaemufuscJhonf? rdom;pk0ifrsm;u ol@udk wcsuf=unfhvkduf&Hk
r#jzifh qdk;qdk;&Gm;&Gm; wpfpHkwpfck jzpfysufvm+yDqdo k nfudk odvdkufonf? odk@aomf om;awmfarmif ab;roD&efrc
tdrfjyefvmEdkifonfhtay: taru 0rf;omrqHk;Ekid fcJh? 4if;wkd@ aetdrrf S aeIvnf; ypfcwfoHrsm;udk =um;aecJh&aom
a=umifh rdom;pk0ifrsm;tm;vHk;u ol@twGuf pdwfylaecJhaoma=umifhyif? tdrfjyefa&mufoGm;aomtcg rsuf&nf,dkAHk;
xdxm;ojzifh ol. rsufemS wckvHk;a&m rsufvHk;rsm;yg eD&JvSsuf&daS ecJhonf? ukdcifarmifat; vJus usefcJhonfudk
awG@cJh&aomfvnf; aoewfusnfqef rsm; qufvufusa&mufvSsuf&daS oma}umifh rnfodk hrsS ulnD u,fwifjcif;
rjyKedik fcJhojzifh rsm;pGm 0rf;enf;a}umif; udkwifarmifOD;u 4if;. rdom;pk tm;jyefvnfajymjyonf? aoewfreS fxm;
ojzifh '%f&m&aeol t&if;qHk; oli,fcsif; ukdcifarmifat;udk aemufcsefxm;cJh&onfhtay: tvGef pdwfraumif;
jzpfaerdcJhonf? udkcifarmifat; touf&iS faeao;ovm; 'grSr[kwf tzrf;cH&+yD; axmifxJa&mufae+yDvm;
qdkonfudk taotcsm rodcJh? xdk@tcsdeu f pwifum ppftpdk;&udk jzKwfcs&eftwGuf udkwifarmifOD;. oENdÏmefrsm;
ydrk cdk dkif+rJvmonfudk rdom;pk0ifrsm;u owdjyKrdcJh=uonf? rsm;r=umrDwGif udkwifarmifOD; wpfpHkwpfck vkyaf wmhrnfudk
rdom;pk0ifrsm;u twwfodaecJh=uonf?
ZGev
f (7)&ufae@ eHeufykid f;wGifvnf; qifrvdkufoabFmusif;wGif qENjyolrsm;udk ppfwyfu ypfcwf ESrd feif;
cJhonf? vSHpGyrf sm; wyfxm;aom pufaoewfrsm;udk udkifaqmifum ppfom;rsm;u oabFmusif;qDodk@
csDwufoGm;aeyHk udk rsufjrifoufaowpfa,mufu jyefvnfajymjycJhonf? ‚rif;wdk@aumifawGu qef vdkcsifwmvm;?
qefawmh r&bl;? 'gbJ &r,f?‛[k ppfom;rsm;u atmf[pf}udr;f armif;um pufaoewfrsm;jzifh pwifypfcwfavonf?
115
tvkyo f rm;wpfOD;qdkv#if vSHpGyjf zifh em;onfudk xkwfcsif;ayguf txdk;cHcJh&onf? rdrda&S@ ajr}uD;ay:Y aoG;tef+yD;
aovkarsmyg;jzpfaeaom tvkyo f rm;udk rsufjrifoufaowpfOD;u jrifhawG@cJh&onf? '%f&m&aeoltwGuf bmrS
vkyrf ay;Ekdif? tjcm;tvkyo f rm;wpfa,mufqv dk #if aoewfusnfqHxdrSefojzifh ol. atmufar;&dk;wpfckvHk;
r&Sdawmhonfh tjyif ol. v#mudkvnf; uwfa=u;ESifh jzwfxm;ouJhodk@jzpfonf? qmavmifiwfrw G faeaom rdrw
d dk@.
rdom;pk0ifrsm; qefyrdk dk &&Sda&;twGufudkom awmif;cHcJh=ujcif;jzpfaomfvnf; tvkyform;rsm; qef r&onfhtjyif
4if;wdk@ rdom;pkrsm;udkyg t+yD;tydik f pGe@f cGmoGm;cJh&onf?
1974ckESpf tvkyform;ta&;tcif; jzpfyGm;csdefwGif owif;rD', D mrsm;onf rvqygwDEiS fh ppftpd;k &.
vufatmufodk@ vHk;0usa&mufaecJhonf? xdkumvwGif ,ae@acwfuJhodk@ owif;rD', D mESifh qufoG,fa&; uGe,f uf
rsm; rxGeu f m;ao;? vli,fvl&, G frsm; tygt0if tvkyo f rm; axmifaygif;rsm;pGm yg0ifonfh tvkyform;
ta&;tcif;rsm; jrefrmEkdifiH tESH@tjym;wGif jzpfyGm;cJhaomfvnf; ppftpdk;&. zdESdyfrE_ Sifh t=urf;zufrr_ sm;a=umifh
tvkyo f rm;wdk@. epfemr_rsm;/ twd'u k Qrsm;/ '%f&mtemw& jzpfrr_ sm;ESifh aoqHk;r_rsm;udk wurBmvHk;odk@
jynfhjynfhpkpH kH az:xkwftoday;jcif; r&SdEkdifcJh? toufpaw; cHcJh&olrsm;ESifh 4if;wdk@ rdom;pkrsm;twGuf av#mfa=u;
wpfpkwH pf&m ay;jcif;rsK;d vJ r&SdcJh? rdrdwdk@. epfemcHpm;&r_rsm;udkyif &ifzGifhtoday;Ekdifaom tcGifhtvrf;rsm; r&Sdonfh
tajctae jzpfcJh&onf? vl@tzG@J tpnf;wGif ‘w&m;r#wr_’ vHk;0O\Hk uif;rJhaecJhonf[k qdkEkdifayonf?
116
1974 zGJ hpnf;ykHtajccH Oya' yk'fr (157) ESifh (158) wdk@wGif txufaz:jyyg rlvtcGifhta&;rsm; taejzifh jyXmef;
xm;aomfvnf; ‚qdk&S,fvpftusdK;pD;yGm;udk rqef husifv#if‛ [lonfh c|if;csufqidk f&m jyXmef;csufjzifh uef@owf
xm;onf? tvkyo f rm; qENjyyGrJ sm;udk t=urf;zufjzdKcGif;jyD;aemuf rqvtpdk;&u jynfolvlxkudk &Sif;vif;csuf
ay;&mwGif t"dutm;jzifh tvkyo f rm; qENjyyGJrsm;onf qdk&S,fvpfpepf. tusdK;pD;yGm;udk qef@usifa=umif;[lI
jzpfonf?
,ck 2008 zGJ hpnf;ykHtajccHOya' yk'fr (354) wGif jyXmef; xm;onfh c|if;csufqidk f&m jyXmef;csufrmS 1974
zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccH Oya' rSmxuf ydrk I dk abmifudk csJ hum uef howfjyXmef; xm;onf? 4if;rSm ‚EdkifiHawmf vkHjcKHa&;
tusdK;iSm jyXmef;xm;onfh Oya'rsm;ESifh rqef husifv#if‛ [lIjzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vuf&St d csdeYf EdkifiHawmf
vkHjcHKa&;tusdK;iSm jyXmef;xm;onfh Oya'rsm; tajrmuftrsm; wnfqJjzpfonf? vGwfvyfpmG ajym qdkcGifh/ pnf;&kH;cGifh/
pka0;cGifh/ pDwef; vSnfhvnfcGifh tp&daS om tajccH vGwfvyfcGifh wdk hudk usifhokH; vdkv#if tqdkyg Oya'rsm;ESifh rqef@usif
ap& [lonfrmS tajccHvGwfvyfcGifhwdk hudk usifhokH;cGifhr&d[ S lI oG,f0ku d fjyXmef;xm;onfh oabm aqmifonf?
odk@jzpfI 1974ckEpS f zGJ hpnf;ykHtajccHOya' atmufwGif tvkyo f rm; qENjyyGJrsm; t=urf;zuf zdEdSyfcHvdkuf &onfh
tawG t=uKHudk oifcef;pm,lum tqdkyguJhokd@aom zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'rsm;udk csKyfjidr;f apjyD; vlxk. tajccH
vGwfvyfcGifhrsm; tjynfht0 &,lusifhokH;cGifh&dSaprnfh jyXmef;csufrsm; yg0ifaom zGJ hpnf;ykHtajccHOya'w&yf ay:ayguf
vma&;twGufom v_y&f Sm;wkdufyJ0G ifoGm; oifhonf?
vlxkt"du vl@tzG@J tpnf; [laom t,ltqY tpdk;&. tcef;u¾onf tvGet f rif; ta&;ygvSonf?
odk@&mwGif Zlvdkifv(7)&ufae@wGif ausmif;olausmif;om; rsm;pGmwdk@ udk owfjzwfch&J ko H mrubJ 1974ckEpS f tvkyf
orm; ta&;tcif;wGifvnf; tvm;wljyKrlcJhonf? odk hjzpfI tpdk;&taejzifh vlxkudk umuG,f&rnfh 4if;.
wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udk csK;d azgufcJhonfrmS odomxif&mS ;ayonf? TonfrmS tm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk
usifhoHk;jcif;a=umifhyif? udkwifarmifOD;onf tm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk tjrpfjzKwf&eftwGuf rdrd.pdwfukd
,wdykid f;jzwfum vkyaf qmifcJhonf? Tv_y&f Sm;r_ twGuf ol@xHwGif ‘aiGa=u;’/ ‘vufeuf’ESifh ‘ppfwyf tiftm;’
wpHkw&m r&SdcJh? odk@aomf ‘cdkifrmaom oENdÏmef’/ ‘rav#mhaom ZGJvHk@v’ESifh ‘,Hk=unfcsuf’wdk@ &Scd Jhonf?
‘trSefw&m;’rSm ol@&ifxJwGif ude;f atmif;aecJhonf? ppftpdk;onf 4if;.tm%mwnf+rJa&;twGuf vlxk. pGrf;tm;
udk wpfOD;csif; taeESifhjzpfap/ tpktzGJ@taeESifhjzpfap/ avsmhenf;atmif enf;trsK;d rsKd;jzifh vkyu f dkifaqmif&Gufaejcif;
jzpfa=umif;ESifh Ttaetxm;udk ajymif;jyefvSe&f rnfjzpfa=umif;wdk@udk udkwifarmifOD;u &dyfpm;rdcJhonf? 1974ckEpS f
tvkyo f rm; ta&;tcif;udk awG@}uHK jzwfoef;cJh&+yD;onfh aemufyikd f;wGif udkwifarmifOD;. ,Hk=unfcsufrsm; ydrk cdk dkifrm
vm+yD; ‘ausmif;om; or*~’ay:aygufvmatmif }udK;yrf;jcif;enf;vrf;jzifh ausmif;om;rsm;. pkaygif;tiftm;udk
jr‡ifhwifay; &ef twGufvnf;aumif;/ ‘tvkyo f rm;rsm;’ ESifh yl;aygif;um vlxktoif;tzG@J rsm; tm;aumif;vmap&ef
twGuf vnf;aumif;/ ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk jzKwfcsvdkaom ‘ppft&m&S’d rsm;eSifh qufoG,fum wyfrawmftm;jyKjyif
ajymif;vJekid fap7ef }udK;yrf;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ ol. v_y&f Sm;r_t0ef;t0dkif;udk csJ@xGifjcif;jzifh vlxkprG f;tm;jrifhrm;
vmapa&;twGuf }udK;yrf;aqmif&u G fcJhonf?
117
11
qvdkif;wifarmifOD;onf tvkyo
f rm;ta&;tcif;udk jzwfoef;cJhjyD; aemufykid f; tajymtqdk trlt&mrsm; ydkrdk
wnfjidrv
f monf? ausmif;om;xktwGif; pnf;&Hk; vSKyf&Sm;rSKrsm; ydpk dyfvmonf? n}uD;rdk;csKyfrS tdrfjyefa&mufcJhonfh
&ufaygif;rsm;pGm &dv
S mcJhonf? udkwifarmifOD; tdrftjyefaemufusojzifh pd;k &dryf lyefaoma=umifh rdcif rsuf&nfusonfh
tcgrsm;wGif tarh rsuf&nfudkokwf&if; ‚ridkygeJ htar/ olwdk hom;awGtwGuf pdwfyv
l dk htarhvdkbJ rsuf&nfusae&wJh
wjcm; tarawGyg rsuf&nfusp&m rvdkwJhtajctaeawGjzpfvmatmif om; }udK;pm;aeygw,f?‛ [k ajymjyD; ESpfodrhf
avh&So
d nf? tvkyo
f rm; ta&;tcif;wGif udkwifarmifOD;. t&if;ESD;qHk; oli,fcsif; udkcifarmifat; usnfqHxdreS fjyD;
axmifwGif;Y xdr;f odrf;cHxm;&pOf tcsdeu
f mvrsm;wGif olu udkcifarmifat;. tdrfodk@oGm;a&mufum ol@rdciftm;
tm;ay;ESpfodrhf pum;rsm; oGm;a&muf ajym=um;avh&dcS Jhonf?
tvkyo
f rm; ta&;tcif;YwufºuGpmG yg0ifcJhaom qvdkif;wifarmifOD;. v_y&f Sm;r_rsm;udk ppftpdk;&u owdjyK
rd jcif; r&SdcJhojzifh ta&;tcif;aemufykid f;umvwGif ol wuUodkvfausmif; qufwufcJhonf? 1974ckESpf pufwifbm
vwGif wuUodkvfwwd,ESpfY pwifynmoif=um;&m ukdwifarmifOD;touf(23)ESpf &SdcJh+yDjzpfonf? tvkyo
f rm;
ta&; tcif; Y awG@}uHKcHpm;cJh&onfh tjzpfq;dk rsm;tay: tajccHum udkwifarmifOD;onf twdwfudk arhazsmuf+yD;
wuUodkvfausmif; +yD;atmif qufwufI rdrdb0 atmifjrifa&;twGufudkom qufvkycf Jhrnfqv
dk #if ol@udk
tjypfqI
dk &rnf r[kwf? oltvdk&Sdygu rdrdtwGuf wdk;wuf&m wkd;wufa=umif;udkom a&G;cs,fI qufvuf av#muf
vSr;f oGm; EkdifcJhayonf? odk@aomf olu xdkuJhodk@ vkyaf qmifjcif;rjyKcJh?
udkwifarmifOD;onf tajctae t&yf&yfukd odjrifcJGjcm; oHk;oyfEdik fprG f; &Scd Jhonf? usK;d a=umif; qifjcifEdkifprG f;
&Scd Jhonf? ta=umif;t&mwpfckudk oHk;oyf&mwGif 4if;. woD;wjcm; jzpf&yfrsm;udkomru jzpf&yfwpfckvHk;udkyg +cHKiHkI
aomfvnf;aumif;/ 4if;wkd@ ESpfckt=um;&Sd tjyeftvSef qufE,
G faer_rsm;udkaomf vnf;aumif; odjrifEdik fcJhonf? Oyrm
tm;jzifh opfyifwpfyifudk oHk;oyfrnf qkdv#if olu tqdkyg opfyifudkom rubJ opfawmwpfckudk vnf;aumif;/
opfawmwckvHk;eSifh opfyifwyifjcif;pD. qufE,
$ fr_ oabmw&m;udk vnf;aumif; odjrifEdik fcJhonf? tm%m&Sif
tkyfcsKyfr_ vufatmufY usa&muf aeaom vl@tzG@J tpnf;onf vlom;wkd@. vky&f yfa=umifh xdcdkufzsufqD;jcif; cHae
118
&onfh opfawmwpfckEiS fh tajctae wla=umif;udk olu &dyfpm;rdcJhonf? xdkodk@aom tajctaersKd;wGif opfyif
wpfyifcsif;pDonf jynfh0pGm }uD;xGm;&SifoefEkdifrnf r[kwf? vlvkyaf om qdk;usK;d rsm;a=umifh opfyifrsm; xdcdkufysufp;D
jcif; r&Sdoifo
h uJhodk@yif tm%m&Siftyk fa&;r_pepfudkvnf; tjrpfjzKwf&ef vkdtyfa=umif;udk olu od&deS m;vnfcJhonf?
olonf 1962ckEpS f Zlvdkif (7)&ufae@ vlowfyGEJ iS fh tvkyform; ta&;tcif;wGif awG@}uHKcJh&aom tjzpfq;dk rsm;udk
vG,fvG,f arhwwfonfh vlpm;rsKd; r[kwfcJh? jynfolrsm;taeeSifh xdkjzpf&yfrsm;udk arharhaysmufaysmuf xm;vdkufjcif;
onf vl@ usifh0wfudk csK;d azguf&ma&mufrnf[k olu ,lqcJhonf? vl@tzG@J tpnf;ta=umif; od&dv
S dkaom pdwfqEN
tygt0if rdrd. udk,fusifhw&m; t,ltqrsm;udk tajccHonfh pOf;pm;qifjcifr_rsm;a=umifhvnf; udkwifarmifOD;u
tm%m&Sif pepfudk wdkufzsuf&eftwGuf tcGifhtvrf;rsm; qufvuf &SmazGcJhjcif;jzpfonf?
udkwifarmifOD; wuUodkvfwwd,ESpw
f Gif ynmoif=um;ae&m wjznf;jznf;ESifh Ek0d ifbmvtwGif;odk@ csOf;eif;
0ifa&mufvmcJhonf? wpfae@wGif 0rf;enf;zG,f&mowif;wpfck jrefrmEkdifiH twGi;f ysH@E@SH oGm;cJhonf? jrefrmEkdifiH. urBmh
ukvor*~oHwref jzpfol/ trsm;. =unfndKav;pm;jcif; cH&ol OD;oef@onf 1974ckEpS f Ekd0ifbmv (25)&ufae@wGif
qHk;yg;oGm;cJhonf? urBmh +idrf;csrf;a&; zciftjzpf vlodrsm;aom OD;oef@onf 1961ckEpS frS 1971ckESpf rsm;wGif urBmh
ukvor*~ taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? e,l;a,muf+rdK@Y uifqma&m*g jzifh aoqHk;oGm;
jcif;jzpf+yD; ol. rdom;pk0ifrsm;u OD;oef@. tavmif;udk jrefrmEkdifiHodk@ o,faqmifoGm;vkdcJh=uonf? tacgif;udk
av,mOfjzifh jrefrmEkdifiHodk@ jyefrydk@rDwGif OD;oef@udk *k%jf yKaom tcrf;tem;rsm; e,l;a,muf+rdK@Y }uD;us,f
odkuf+rdKufpGm usif;ycJh=uonf? xkd*k%fjyKyJo
G kd@ urBmhukvor*~ udk,fpm;vS,frsm; wufa&mufum OD;oef@udk
aemufqHk;*g&0 jyKcJh=uonf?
wcsdew
f nf;rSmyif OD;oef@tay:xm;&Sdaom jrefrmEkdifiHjynfoljynfom;rsm;. av;pm;=unfndKr_ESifh OD;oef h&&Sd
aomEkdifiHwum *k%fowif;rsm;tay: tm%m&Sif OD;ae0if;u remvdk jzpfcJhonf? OD;oef@onf 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek.
'Drdkua&pD tpdk;&ESifh w&if;wESD;&Scd Jhbl;aoma=umifhvnf; OD;ae0if;u ,ckvdk reSpo
f ufjcif; jzpfonf? 1962ckEpS fwGif
OD;Ek tpdk;&udk ppftm%modr;f I jzKwfcscJhonfrmS vnf; OD;ae0if;yif? 1950 pkESpfrsm;wGif OD;oef@onf 0ef}uD;csKyf
a[mif; OD;Ek. teD;uyfqk;H t}uHay;t&m&Sd jzpfaoma=umifh ppftpdk;&u 4if;udk &efol&efbuftjzpf oabmxm;cJh
jcif;vnf; jzpfonf? OD;oef@. b0wGif atmifjrifausm=f um;r_ rsm;pGmudk &&SdcJh+yD;I aoqHk;cgeD;wGif olu rdr.
d
&kyftavmif;udk trdajrwGifjyefI jr‡KyfESHay;apvdka=umif; qENjyKcJhonf?
119
OD;oef@uJhokd@aom yk*dK~ vfrsKd ;tm; tjcm;aom txifu& EkdifiHawmf tr_xrf;rsm;tm; jyKvkyaf y;ouJhodk@yif
*lAdrmef/ Ekid fiHawmf tokb tcrf;tem; ponfwdk@jzifh OD;ae0if;u w&m;0if tokbcsay;rnf[k jynfolvlxku
xifrw
S fcJhonf? odk@aomf OD;ae0if;ESifh OD;oef@wkd@ t=um;&Sd yk*~dKvfa&;&m ra=uvnfrr_ sm;a=umifh OD;oef@twGuf
Ekid fiHawmf psmyetcrf;tem; vkyrf ay;cJhacs? OD;oef@. tacgif; &efukeaf vqdyo
f dk@ a&muf&dcS sdew
f Gif vufaxmuf ynm
a&;0ef}uD; OD;atmifxGe;f wpfa,mufrS vJGI *k%jf yKtcrf;tem;rsm;jzifh }udKqdkjcif; (odk@r[kwf) wdkif;jynf
acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh vma&muf }udKqdkjcif; r&SdcJh? vufaxmuf ynma&;0ef}uD;vnf; csufcsif; tvkyfxkwf cHcJh&
onf? OD;ae0if;. t}uHtpnfrmS OD;oef@ tacgif;udk usdKuUqH jrif;+ydKifuGif;Y acwWc% cif;usif;jyo+yD;onfh aemuf
wGif 4if;tm; omref t&yfom; jynfolrsm;udk jr‡KyfESH&m }uHawmokomefY oGm;a&muf ajrjr‡Kyfo+*õKvf&ef jzpfonf?
120
udkwifarmifOD;u &SyftusôtjzLESifh ykqkd;wdk@ tygt0if 0rf;enf;a=uuJGa=umif;udk jyoonfhtaeESifh jrefrmwkdufykt
H usô
teufa&mifwpfwnfudk 0wfqifoGm;cJhonf?
OD;oef@ta&;tcif; tpjyKjcif;
121
tygt0if ausmif;ol ausmif;om; rsm;tm;vHk;uvnf; wnDwnGwfxJ =obmay; [pfaºuG;=uonf? TwGif
tjcm;vltyk frsm;onf udkwifarmifOD; rdef@cGe;f ajym&mae&mqDodk@ csufcsif;pka0; a&muf&Sdvm =uonf? oluvnf;
rdef@cGe;f rsm;udk qufajymavonf? wjznf;jznf;ESifh ol. rdef@cGe;f oHrsm;udk vltyk f}uD;u oH+ydKif wkef hjyef =u+yD; tm;vHk;
rSm pdwf"gwfwufºuGr_ tjynfh&Sdvm=uonf? xdktcsdew
f Gif vltrsm;wdk@. vkdtifqENrsm;ESifh ar#mfvifhcsuf rsm;udk
udkwifarmifOD;u &J&ifhowWdtjynfhjzifh tm;vHk;. a&S@Y &Sif;vif;pGm xkwfaz:ajymqdkcJhjcif; jzpfonf? trSew
f &m;twGuf
wdkufyJG0if&mY aomfvnf;aumif;/ vl@*k%foduQmudk qnfEdik f&ef twGufaomf vnf;aumif; TuJhodk@ =oZmwduUr/
&J&ifhowWdEiS fh jynfhpHkaom toHydik f&Sifonf 4if;wdk@. tem*wf acgif;aqmifwpfOD; jzpfvmEkid fonf[k vltrsm;wdk@u
,Hk=unfudk;pm;cJh=ua}umif; udkxGe;f atmifausmu
f jyefajymif; trSwf&onf?
OD;aqmif&Jaom owWd&Sdjcif;
122
(5)&ufae@wGif udkwifarmifOD;u tm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk ajymifajymifwif;wif; xdyw
f dkuf&ifqikd f&mY Adv
k fcsKyf
ae0if;.tm%m txGwftxdyfodk@ a&muf&aSd ecJhcsde/f 1974ckESpf zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk toufoGif;+yD;cJhcsdef jzpfonf?
tqdkyg zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'ESifhtnD ppf0wfprHk sm; c|wfum 4if;wkd@. tjyifyef; toGio
f ¾mefudk t&yfom;0wfpkH eSifh
ajymif;vJvdkufjyD; ppfacgif;aqmifrsm;u wdkif;jynftm%mudk w&m;0if &,lonfhyHkpH zefwnf;cJh=uonf? xdk@aemuf
ppftpdk;& tkyfcsKyfru
_ dk qef@usifaom ueOD;ykdif; vlxkv_y&f Sm;r_ jzpfonfh tvkyform; ta&;tcif;udk &uf&ufpufpuf
ESrd feif;+zdKcJG+yD; twdkuftcHrsm; tm;vHk;udk zdEdyS cf sKyfcs,fcJhonf? xdkpOfu EkdifiHa&;orm; tajrmuftrsm; wkd@uvnf;
vl@tzG@J tpnf;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJEkdifa&;twGuf vkyfudkifaqmif&Guf&mwGif AdkvfcsKyfae0if; tpdk;&ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&u
G f
jcif;uvGJI tjcm; a&G;cs,fp&menf;vrf; r&Sd[k xifjrifcJh=uonf? TedkifiHa&;aemufcHwGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif
qvdkif;wifarmifOD; ay:xGufvmcJhjcif; jzpfonf?
125
rsm;ESifh tjcm; ypPnf;ypP,rsm;udk &uf&ufa&ma&m ay;vSLvm=uonf? wcsdew
f nf;rSmyif bJG@ESif;obifcef;rxJYvnf;
ausmif;om;rsm;/ &[ef;oHCmrsm;ESifh tjcm;t&yfom;rsm;uvnf; tpdk;& qef@usifaom a[majymyJGrsm; pae=u+yD
jzpfonf? ausmif;om;rsm;onf psmye aumfrwDudk zG@J pnf;vkduf+yD; udkwifarmifOD;u xdkaumfrwD. twGif;a&;rSL;
jzpfvmonf? a[majymyJGrsm;udkvnf; tqufjywfoGm;jcif; r&SdapcJh? xdknwGif ausmif;om;rsm; tygt0if t&yfom;
tcsdK@wdk@onf wuUodkvfausmif;0if;xJY ntdyfnwm aecJh=uonf?
Todk@jzifh wae@ukeo
f Gm;+yD; 'DZifbmv (6)&ufae@wGif ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;u OD;oef@twGuf
Ekid fiHawmf psmye tcrf;tem; vkyaf y;&efEiS fh oifhawmfaom acgif;cs&m ajrae&may;&efwdk@udk tpdk;&xH w&m;0if
awmif;qdkcJh=uonf? jrefrmEkdifiH&dS jynfolvlxk tm;vHk;u OD;oef@tm; }uHawmokomefY ajrjr‡Kyfo+*õKvfjcif;udk
cGifhjyKrnf r[kwfa=umif; twdtvif; a=unmcJhonf? ‚'DZifbmv (7)&ufae@ nae(4)em&D aemufq;Hk xm;um
ta=umif;rjyefv#if ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;onf vlxk. tultnDudk &,l+yD; wuUodkvfausmif;0if;twGif;Y
+idrf;csrf;a&; *lAdrmef wnfaqmufum OD;oef@.tavmif;udk tcrf;tem;jzifh ajrjr‡Kyfo+*õKvfrnf‛ [lI pmxJwGif
a&;om;az:jycJhonf? a[majymyJrG sm;udk tqufrjywf jyKvkyaf ecJhonf? vlOD;a& (1)odef;ausmfcef@&aSd om wuUodkvf
ausmif;0if;twGif;wGif ysHusaps;onfrsm;vnf; tv_yf&_yaf e=uayonf? nydkif;a&mufvmaom tcg ausmif;0if;xJ&Sd
vlOD;a&rSm (5)aomif;cef@ usqif;oGm;aomfvnf; ae@tcsdef jyefvnfa&muf&dv
S m&mwGif vlOD;a& (1)odef; 0ef;usif
txd jyefwkd;vmonf?
126
udkwifarmifOD;. nDi,frsm;onf wuUodkvfY jzpfysufonfrsm;udk =um;odae&monfEiS fhtr# pl;pyfod&Sd
vdkpdwfrsm; jzpfvmjcif;a=umifh qENjyyJGrsm;Y yg0ifywfoufonftxd jzpfvmcJhonf? xdkumvrsm;wGif vSa&$onf
ausmif;rS tdrfodk@jyefI tdrfr_udprP sm; ulvkyaf y;+yD;onfhtcgwkdif;wGif wuUodkvfausmif;0if;xJodk@ oGm;a&mufcJhonf?
+rdK@xJoGm;I tpma&pmESifh tvSLaiGwkd@ aumufcHaom wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;udk ulnD&ef vSa&$u vdkufygoGm;
wwfonf? touf(10)ESpf&Sd+yD jzpfaom nDi,f oef@Zifonf tdrfrS wdwfwqdwf cdk;xGufum jzpfysufaeaom
tajctaersm;udk oGm;a&muf=unfh&_cJhonf? ol@atmufu touf(8)ESpft&G,f nDi,f rif;a0uvnf; oef@Zif
oGm;&maemufudk waumufaumufvdkufvdkcJh? wnaewGif tdrfe;D csif;rsm;ESifh tpfudktpfrrsm;xHu owif;tcsK@d
=um;cJh&aoma=umifh wuUodkvf0if;twGif;Y xl;xl;jcm;jcm; wpHkwck jzpfvdrhrf nfudk oef@ZifEiS fh rif;a0wdk@u rSef;qrd
cJh=uonf? bmjzpfrvJ qdkonfudk 4if;wdk@udk,fwkdif awG@jrifvdkcJh=uonf?
127
jzpfonf? odk@aomf ,ckw}udrw
f Gif xl;jcm;onfrmS xdkifem;axmifaeaom y&dwfowfxJwGif q&m q&mrrsm;
yg0ifaejcif; jzpfonf?
128
wpHkw&m vkyaf y;cJh&w,fqdk+yD; pdwfcsrf;omrSm?‛[kqu
dk m yg0ifulnDay;cJhavonf? aemufwpfae@txd a[majymyJG
rsm;udk qufvkycf Jhonf? ppftpdk;tay:Y xm;&Sdaom cHpm;csufrsm;/ rcsifhr&J jzpfr_rsm;wdk@udk ajymqdk&ifziG fhvdkolwkdif;u
xkwfaz: ajymqdkcJh=uonf? vltrsm;wdk@. pdwftm;xufoefr_EiS fh vdktifqENrsm; jyif;jyvGe;f vSojzifh *lAdrmef
aqmufvkyjf cif;rSm nwGif;csif; +yD;qHk;oGm;cJhonf?
tpnf;ta0;Y rJay;=u&mwGif OD;oef@. rdom;pk0ifrsm;/ bke;f }uD; tcsdK@ESifh tokb aumfrwDrS ausmif;om;
tcsdK@wdk@ yg0ifcJh=uonf? TwGif OD;oef@tacgif;udk uefawmfrif; yef;+cHY jr‡Kyf&eftwGuf trsm;pku rJay;cJh=uonf? T
&vm'fa=umifh ausmif;om;ESifh bke;f }uD;rsm;wkd@ t=um;wGif tcsif;csif; oabmxm;uJGvJGr_rsm; jzpfcJhonf?
129
ausmif;olausmif;om;ESifh &[ef;&Sifvlwkd@u OD;oef@tm; aemufqHk;t}udrf *g&0jyKcGifh &&SEd ikd fapa&;twGuf jzpfonf?
xdktcsdew
f Gif OD;oef@udk aemufqHk; *g&0jyK&ef vma&muf=uolrsm; wuUodkvf0if;twGif;Y jynfhESufaecJhonf? 4if;wdk@
txJwGif a[majymyJGrsm;Y yHkrSef vma&mufpak 0;aecJh=uaom vlaygif; (1)odef;ausmf tygt0if OD;oef@udk aemufq;Hk
*g&0jyK&eftwGufom vma&muf=uolrsm;vnf; yg0ifonf? wuUokdvf0if; wpfckvHk;wGif jynfhusyfaeaom rsm;jym;
vGe;f vSonfh &[ef;&Sifvl jynfolrsm;onf OD;oef@udk aemufq;Hk t}udrt
f jzpf *g&0 jyKcJh=uayonf?
130
vltyk f}uD;. oabmxm;udk axmufcHoHrsm;rSwqifh rJqENaumuf,lonf? tacgif;udk uefawmfrif; yef;+cHxJY jr‡KyfESH
vdkovm;[k ar;&mwGif vltyk f}uD;twGif;u toH tenf;i,fom xGufvmonf? odk@aomfvnf; tacgif;udk
wuUodkvfausmif;0if;xJY jr‡KyfESHvkdovm;[k ar;vdkufaomtcg ausmif;olausmif;om;ESifh vlxk trsm;pkwkd@u
wcJeuf axmufcHatmf[pf=uonf? Todk@jzifh ausmif;om;ESifh vlxk. axmufcHru
_ dk&,lum OD;oef@ tavmif;tm;
wuUodkvf0if;twGif;Y jr‡KyfESH&eftwGuf tokb aumfrwDtwGif;wGif w&m;0if qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfcJh=uonf?
xdk@aemuf ‚ausmif;om;eJ@ vlxk udk,fwdkifu wnfaqmufxm;cJhwJh *lAdrmefrSm OD;oef@udk jr‡KyfESHzdk@twGuf usaemfwdk@
qHk;jzwfvkdufygw,f‛[k toHcsJ@pufu a=unmvkdufavonf?
ppftpdk;&u ESdrfeif;jcif;
131
ppfom;rsm;uvnf; 4if;wkd@udk ypfcwf ESrd feif;cJhonf? owfjzwfcJhonf? aemufq;Hk wGif ppftpdk;&u OD;oef@ ta&;tcif;
ESihfywfowfaom w&m;0if a=unmcsuf xkwfjyefcJhonf? a=unmcsufxJwGif ta&;tcif;Y vl(30)om aoqHk;cJh&
onf[k az:jycJhonf? vufawG@wGirf l tpdk;&u qdkcJhaom aoqHk;ol OD;a&xuf vGerf if;pGm rsm;jym;cJhayonf?
Todk@jzifh OD;oef@ta&;tcif;ESifh ywfoufI aemufqHk;wGif ausmif;om;ausmif;olESifh &[ef;&Sifvlaygif; (7000)
ausmfwdk@vnf; zrf;qD;jcif; cHcJh&onf?
132
yxrqHk;taeESifh ajym&rnfqv
dk #if OD;oef@onf ol. rdom;pk0ifrsm;twGufom r[kwfbJ jynfolvlxk
twGufyg Ekid fiHawmf jy&kyf jzpfonf[lI 4if;wdk@u ,Hk=unfcJhjcif;a=umifh jzpfonf? OD;oef@onf ukvor*~ taxGaxG
twGif;a&;rSL; &mxl;udk &&Sd+yD;aemufydik f;rSmomv#if jrefrmEkid fiHESifh jynfolvlxkudk ukd,fpm;jyKum rdrd. xifjrif
oHk;oyfcsufrsm;udk tjynfht0 az:xkwfajymqdkEkdifcGifh &SdvmcJhonf? 'kwd,wpfcsufrmS OD;oef@. xl;jcm;aom
jyKrlaqmif&u
G fcsufrsm;onf vl@tzG@J tpnf;wGif &So
d ifh&Sdxdkufaom wefzk;d rsm;jzpfonfEiS fhtnD 4if;ESifh pyfvsOf;I
wuUodkvf ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;u teD;uyf oif,lavhvm *k%fjyKcGifh &&Sdrnfqv
dk #if vl@tzG@J tpnf;
wpfckvHk;twGuf tusK;d jzpfxGe;f Ekdifaoma=umifh jzpfonf?
133
vlxk qENjyyJrG sm;onf pum;vHk;rsm;xuf ydkI xda&mufr_&do
S nf
134
oHk;oyfrnfqv
dk #if tqdkyg pum;yHku rSefuefaeayonf? udkwifarmifOD; ajymcJah om pum;vHk; twdtusukd
&SmazGawG@&Sd&ef tvGefcJ,Of;onf? odk@aomf ol. vky&f yfrsm;rSmum; xl;xl;jcm;jcm; rSwfom;zG,frsm; jzpfcJhonf?
vl@tzG@J tpnf;. wefzdk;rsm;udk &SmazGaz:xkwfvmEkdifonftxd olu vltrsm;udk OD;aqmifvrf;jycJhonf?
ppftpdk;&onf wuUodkvf ausmif;0if;xJu OD;oef@. tacgif;aowWmudk ppfwyftiftm;oHk;um twif;t"rR
ajymif;a&$@Edik fcJhonf qdkaomfvnf; vl@tzG@J tpnf; wefzdk;rsm;udk &SmazG&ef }udK;pm;tm;xkwfcJh=uolrsm;. ordik f;
azsmufzsufypfI r&Ekid fcJhacs? xdkuJhodk@aom wefzd;k rsm;udk vltrsm;wkd@u jyefvnf&mS azG az:xkwf+yD; jrefrmEkdifiH&dS
ausmif;olausmif;om; vli,frsm;wdk@u pI tqdkygwefzdk;rsm;ukd xyfumxyfum rD;armif;xdk; jyaernfqv
dk #if
udkwifarmifOD; qufvufI &Seo
f efaeao;onf[k qdkEkdifayawmhonf?
135
12
e,fpyfa'owGif ykef;cdkjcif;
136
"gwfyku
H dkbJ ,lum tdrx
f Ju jyefxGufoGm;=uonf? xdk@ae@aemufyidk f;rS pwifum 4if;wdk@onf qvdkif;wifarmifOD;.
tdrfEiS fh rdom;pk0ifrsm;. v_y&f Sm;r_ tm;vHk;udk rsufajcrjywf v#dK@0u
S fapmifh=unfh aecJh=uonf?
axmufvSr;f a&;rsm;u ol hudk qufvuf&mS azGcJh=uonf? OD;oef@ ta&;tcif;Y yg0ifywfoufcJhol rnfol@ udk
rqdk zrf;qD;ppfa=umjcif; vlrqefpGm eSyd fpufjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfcJh=uonf? udkwifarmifOD; rnfonfhae&mY&Sdaeonfudk ol@
oli,fcsif;rsm;xHu ppfaq;ar;jref;um ol@udk trdzrf;Ekdif&ef }udK;yrf;cJh=uonf? Tonfudk }udKjrifxm;aom udkwif
armifOD;u OD;oef@ta&;tcif; +yD;+yD;csif;uwnf;u ykef;a&SmifaechJonf? ta&;tcif;+yD;qHk;I (2)v (3)vtwGif;wGif
olonf ol. opPm&Sdaom oli,fcsif;wpfa,mufjzpfol csif;trsdK;om; ZavSoef;. aetdrw
f Gif ykef;cdkum axmuf
vSr;f a&;rsm;. &efudk a&Smif&mS ;cJhonf? axmifxJwGif udkwifarmifOD;ESifh tcef;wpfcef;xJY aecJhbl;ol ZavSoef;onf
aq;ausmif;om;wpfOD;jzpf+yD; aemufydik f; 1990ckEpS f arv a&G;aumufyGw
J Gif vGwfawmftrwftjzpf ta&G;cHcJh&onf?
axmufvSr;f a&;rsm;. &efudk a&Smif&mS ;Ekdif&eftwGuf oli,fcsif; tdrfrsm;Y uyfae&onfh tcgrsKd;wGif olonf
rdrdaexdkifaeaom tdr&f Sif. rdom;pktwGuf wpHkw&m0efxkwf0efyk;d rjzpfEkdifap&ef jyKrlaqmif&Guf avh&do
S nf? oli,f
csif;rsm;uvnf; ol. vHk+cHKa&;twGuf t+rJpdwfyal vh&dw
S wf+yD; 4if;wdk@xHwGif udk,fhtdrv
f dk oabm xm;+yD; aexkdif&ef
ESifh ol. vHk+cHKa&;twGuf tdrfxJu tdrfjyifrxGuf&ef owday;cJh=uonf? odk@aomf udkwifarmifOD;u olwdk@ajympum;
udk em;raxmifbJ reufapmapmxum tdr&f Sifrsm; r&dyfrv
d dkufcsdew
f Gif tdru
f xGufoGm;avh&do
S nf? tdrf&iS frsm;tdyf&m
uEkd;I 4if;udk rawG@&aom tcgwGif udkwifarmifOD;wpfa,muf b,fudkrsm; oGm;vkduf ygvdrhf [k ar;rdcJh =u&onf?
rsm;r=umrDwGif olu pm;p&m aomufp&mypPnf;rsm; wayG@wydkuf}uD; o,fI xdktdro
f dk@ jyefvmwwfonf? qvdkif;
wifarmifOD;onf pdwf&if;aumif;olwpfOD; jzpfonfEiS fhtnD oloGm;a&mufaexdkifaom tdrfwdkif;wGif xdkuJhokd@aom
ypPnf;rsm;udk rdrdwwfEdik foavmuf 0,fjcrf;ay;avh&do
S nf? tpm;taomuf jcif;rsm;udk o,faqmifI jyefvmaom
ol hudk awG@&v#if tdrf&iS f rdom;pku t+rJwrf; 0rf;omrqHk;/ aus;Zl;wif rqHk; jzpfcJh&onf? odk@aomfvnf; 4if;wkd@u
‚'gu t&rf; tEW&m,f}uD;w,faemf? udkwifarmifOD; 'DvkdrsKd; roGm;oifhbl;? tzrf;cH&&if b,fvdkvkyfrvJ?‛ [kqdkum
ol@twGuf pdwfyl=u&onf? odk@aomf t+rJwrf; qdkovkdyif olu ‚wifarmifOD;u reufapmapmx+yD; v[mjyifaps;xJ
rSm aps;0,faevdrhrf ,f qdkwmrsKd;udkawmh axmufvSr;f a&;awG rawG;rdavmuf ygbl;Asm‛udk cyf+yHK;+yHK; jyefajymavh
&So
d nf?
137
+yD;cgpuuhJodk@ aom tylwjyif; &SmazGaejcif;rsK;d r[kwfawmha=umif;udk olu od&dcS Jhonf? wifarmifOD;wpfa,muf
'DEkdifiHxJu xGufoGm;+yD [lIyif ppftpd;k &u xifjrifaeEkid fa=umif;udk olu yg;eyfpmG &dyfpm;rdcJhonf?
138
i,frsm;onf [kd[kdonfonf ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk ajymqdkaqG;aEG; aysmf&i$ f&,farmavh &Scd Jh=uonf? tzrf;rcH&
atmif vkyo
f nfhenf;vrf;wpfckudk wnaewGif udkwifarmifOD;u touf (11)ESpfom;t&G,f nDi,f oef@Ziftm;
ajymjycJhonf? ‚udk,fhudk olrsm;awGu toJtoef vkduf&Smae+yDqdk&if/ txl;ojzifh axmufvSr;f a&; awGu vdkufae
+yDqk&d if udk,fu [kdajymif;a&$@/ 'Dajymif;a&$@wmrsKd; rsm;rsm;vkyaf vav ukd,fhtwGuf tzrf;cH&zdk@ tcGifhtvrf; ydrk sm;
avav bJuG? tJ'v
D dkrsK;d olrsm;awGu toJtoef vkduf&mS ae+yD qdk&if udk,fu +idr+f idrfav; ae&w,f? qdkvdkwJh
oabmuawmh pdwfcs&wJh oli,fcsif;wpfa,muftrd frSm ae+yD;awmh oHk;av;vavmuf b,frS rajymif; ra&$@&bl;?
tjyifvJ rxGuf&bl;? +yD;awmh ESpv
f / oH;k vavmuf tJ'v
D dkrsK;d ykef;ae+yD;wJh tcgus&if olwkd@u udk,fhudk 'De,fajrxJrmS
&Sad eao;&J@vm; qdk+yD; oHo,jzpfvmr,f? tJ'Daemufykid f;rSm t+rJwrf; apmifh=unfhwmawG bmawG olwkd@ rvkyaf wmh
bl;? tJ'v
D dktcsdeu
f sawmh udk,fu &kyzf suf+yD; v_y&f Sm;vdk@ &+yDav?‛ [k udkwifarmifOD;u ajymcJo
h nf?
139
aemufqHk;wGif xdkvufzuf&nfqidk fodk@ qdkuf+rdKufpmG a&muf&o
Sd Gm;onf? udkvSa&$u vufzuf&nfqkdiftwGif;
(15)rdepf cef@ xkdifapmifhae+yD;onfhtcg qvdkif;wifarmifOD; wpfa,muf aygufcsvmonf? rawG@wm =um+yD jzpfaom
a=umifh tcsif;csif; jyefawG@&onfu 4if;wdk@twGuf 0rf;ajrmufp&myif? udkwifarmifOD;u rqdkif;rwGyif ‚rif; 'D
vufzuf&nfqdik fxJudk 0ifvmwnf;u igrif;udk =unfhaecJhwm? 'Dem;u wjcm; vufzuf&nfqikd fwpfqkdifuae igxkdif
=unfhaecJhwmaygh? rif; aemufu wpfa,mufa,muf vkdufrvmbl;qdkwm aocsmatmif apmifh=unfhaecJhvkd@ ig tck
vdk aemufusoGm;wm?‛ [k ajymonf? xdk@aemuf olu udkvSa&$tm; ‚vm? tck ighaemufuae cyfcGmcGm vkdufch?J
t&rf;}uD; uyfvkdufrvmrdapatmif awmhowdxm;?‛[k ajymum ol a&S@u t&ifoGm;ESifhonf? 4if;wdk@ onf bwf
pum; *dwfodk@a&mufaomtcg bwfpum;ay:udk ta&S@wHcg;uae wpfa,muf/ taemufwHcg;uae wpfa,muf
oyfoyfpD wufvdkuf=uonf? bwfpum;xJwGifvnf; udkwifarmifOD;ESifh udkvSa&$wkd@onf tcsif;tcsif; tem;uyf
roGm;=ubJ rdrdwufvmonfh taygufem;wGifom udk,fpD aevkduf=uonf? Todk@jzifh 4if;wdk@onf tdrfwpftdrf odk@
a&muf&v
Sd m=uonf? udkwifarmifOD;. oli,fcsif; udktmZrf; (ac:) udkarmifarmifvGif. aetdrfyg? ol@udk rGwfqvif
emrnf udktmZrf; [kac:v#if yd}k udKufonf? udktmZrf;. ZeD;ESifh nDrwdk@u 4if;wdk@udk v_dufv_dufvSJvSJ }udKqdk =uonf?
udktmZrf;u bk&m;cef;xJwGif 0wfjyKaeaoma=umifh c%apmifhyg[k ol hZeD;u 4if;wdk htm;ajymonf? udktmZrf;onf
bmomw&m; tvGeu
f dkif;&_dif;oljzpf+yD; tpPvrfbmomwGif wxpfcs ,H=k unf udk;uG,foljzpfonf?
aemufqHk;wGif qvdkif;wifarmifOD;ESihf udktmZrf;wdk@onf xkdif;EkdifiH jr0wD+rdK@wGif wnf&daS om yD'yD D &H;k odk@ ab;
roD &efrcbJ qdkufqdkuf+rdKuf+rdKuf a&muf&o
Sd Gm;cJh=uonf? udktmZrf;u udkwifarmifOD;udk yD'DyD tzJG@ acgif;aqmifrsm;
ESifh rdwfqufay;onf? 4if;uawmh Tae&mwGif =um=umaernf r[kwf? r=umcif jyefrnf jzpfonf? ol@rdom;pk&d&S m
qDodk@ jyefroGm;rDwGif udkwifarmifOD;tm; ‚r=umcif ig hro
d m;pkqDudk jyefawmhr,f? oli,fcsif; *&kpu
dk fuGm? jynfwGif;
xJ udk vHk;0 jyefrvmeJ@awmh? vdktyfw,fq&dk if 'DrSmbJ 'kuQonf cH+yD;awmh tar&duefrmS oGm;ae? jyefawmhrvmeJ@?
jyefvm&if rif;twGuft&rf;tEW&m,f rsm;Ekid fw,f?‛[k ajymonf? TwGif udkwifarmifOD;u ‚ig rif;udk b,fvdkaus;
Zl; wifreS f;awmif rodygbl;uGm? rif;u igh&@J nDtpfudk&if; wpfa,mufvdkbJ? +yD;awmh rif;uighudk ab;roD&efrc 'Dbuf
a&mufatmif ac:vmay;cJhw,fav? owd0&d d,&Sd&SdeJ@ tdrfjyefayghuGm‛[k qdkonf? aemuf&uftenf;i,ft=umwGif
olwdk@ wpfa,mufudkwpfa,muf E_wfquf=u+yD;aomtcg udktmZrf; tdrfjyefoGm;onf?
141
udkwifarmifOD;u qENjyyJGrsm;udk rnfuJhokd@ tpysK;d ay;cJhyrHk sm;rS pwif jyD; ta&;tcif;Y udk,fhawG@}uHKcJh&onfh tjzpf
tysufrsm;udk jyefajymif;ajymjyaomtcg 4if;wkd@ 0rf;omtm;& jzpf=uonf? ol. &JpGr;f owWdESifh cH,lcsuf jyif;jyyHk/
vli,fwpfOD;yif jzpfaeaomfjim;vnf; &ifhusufr&_ ySd EHk Sifh tar#mftjrifaumif;yHkwkd@udk yD'DyD acgif;aqmifrsm;u wefbdk;
xm;cJh=uonf?
142
oluvnf; TuJhodk@ awG@qkcH Gifh&Ekid fap&ef aqmif&Gufay;rnf[k ajymonf? Todk@jzifh udkwifarmifOD;onf jynfwGif;okd@
jyef0if&ef qHk;jzwfcJhonf? tEW&m,f jynfhESufaeaom awmvrf;c&D;udk jzwfausmo
f Gm;Ekid fa&;twGuf ,cifu orkdif;
csnfr#ifEiS fh txnfpuf&HkY tvkyv
f kycf Jhbl;ol udkxGe;f usiftm; udkwifarmifOD;. vrf;jytjzpf pDpOfay;vdkufonf?
1975ckEpS f arv tv,fykid f; avmufwGif udkwifarmifOD; jrefrmjynfwGif;odk@ jyefvnf0ifa&muf vmcJhonf?
143
13
tvkyo
f rm;ta&;tcif;wGif tif;pdev
f rf;ay:Y qENjyolrsm;udk ppfwyfu ypfcwfEdrS ef if;cJhonf? tif;pdef
vrf;onf ordik f; csnfr#ifEiS fh txnfpuf&k.
H taemufbufjcrf;wGif wnf&d+S yD; puf&Hk. ta&S@bufwGifrl ordik f;
aumvdyv
f rf; oG,fwef;aeonf? tvkyform;rsm;onf puf&k0H if;twGif;&Sd tvkyform; wef;vsm;rsm;wGif aexkdif
=uonf? tvkyo
f rm; ta&;tcif; rjzpfru
D mvrsm;wGif qif;&Jaom tvkyo
f rm; rdom;pk0ifrsm;onf
ordkif;aumvdyv
f rf;wav#mufY yHsusaps;qdkifrsm;udkwnfum tdrw
f Gif;r_vkyf tpm;tpmrsm;ESifh rkef@rsm;udk
aumvdyaf usmif;om;rsm;tm; a&mif;csay;avh&dcS Jhonf? &yfa0;u vma&mufI ynmoif=um;aersm;ESifh
abmf'gaqmifaeolrsm;onf yHsusaps;qdkifrsm;wGif tdrfwGif;r_vkyf tpm;tpmrsm;udk pm;oHk;&ojzifh wif;wdrfa=ueyfr_
&=uovdk qif;&Jaom tvkyo
f rm; rdom;pk0ifrsm;uvnf; aumvdyaf usmif;olausmif;om;rsm;a=umifh rdrdwdk@
tydk0ifaiG wpHw
k &m &&SdEkdif=uonfhtay: ausmif;olausmif;om; rsm;tm; aus;Zl;wif=uonf? xkd@a=umifhvnf;
tvkyo
f rm; rdom;pk0ifrsm;ESifh ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; t=um; wGif qufqH&if;ESD;r_ &Scd Jhonf?
ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; ynmoif=um;ae=u&aom tajctaersm;/ ysHusaps;onf rdom;pk0ifrsm;. ae@pOfb0
tajctaersm;ESifh ywfoufI 4if;wdk@t=um;wGif ajymqdkaqG;aEG;jcif;rsm;/ oabmxm; tjrif zvS,fjcif;rsm; jyKvkycf Jh
=uonf? tvkyo
f rm;ta&;tcif; jzpfyGm;aomtcgYvnf; ajrmufrsm;pGmaom ausmif;olausmif;om;wdk@onf
tvkyo
f rm;rsm;ESifh twl,SOfwJGum yl;aygif;yg0if vkyaf qmifcJh=uonf? ppftpdk;&uvnf; xdktajctaersm;udk
owdjyK rdcJhonfyif? Todk@jzifh ppftpdk;&onf tvkyform;rsm;ESifh ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm; t=um;&Sd
xdawG@qufqHr_ ysufjym;oGm;ap&ef &nf&,
G fum ordkif; aumvdyv
f rf; wav#mufwGif t&kyq
f dk; tusn;f wefaom
144
teufa&mif tkwfwHwkdif; tjrifh}uD;ukd wnfaqmuf+yD; tvkyform; rdom;pk wef;vsm;ESifh ausmif;om;
abmf'gaqmifrsm;udk uef@owfyidk f;jcm;xm;vkdufonf?
'kwd,t}udrf tvkyo
f rm; ta&;tcif;udk OD;aqmifjcif;
145
ar;cGe;f rsm; ajz=um;jcif;rsm; jyKvky&f ef qHk;jzwfcJh=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; jzpfcsifawmh tqdkygae@&ufonf tpdk;&u
tvkyo
f rm; ta&;tcif;udk &ufpufpGm ESdrfeif;cJhaom (1)ajrmuf ESpyf wfvnfae@ jzpfaeonf?
146
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; ar;onf? vufawG@b0wGif jzpfysufaeonfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;I ar;cGe;f xkwf=uonf? tpdk;&
t&m&Srd sm; ar#mfvifhrxm;aom ar;cGe;f rsm;yif? 4if;wkd@ txJrS aumufEkwfcsuftcsK@d udk az:jy&rnf qkdv#if-
‚tvkyo
f rm;awGu qef awmif;cJh=uayr,fh cifAsm;wkd@u olwkd@udk usnfqHawG ay;cJhw,f‛- udkodef;vGif/
pufry_ nm&yf t"du bmomoif ausmif;om;?
147
0ef}uD;u tpOf;ta0;udk ,ckuJhodk@ zsufodr;f vdkufjcif;rSm t&SufoduQmr&Sdaom vky&f yfwpfck jzpfa}umif;
udkwifarmifOD;u pwifajymqdkonf? jrefrmh qdk&,
S fvpf tpdk;&onf ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;. cHpm;csufrsm;udkom
rubJ wEkdifiHvHk;&Sd jynfolvlxk. 'kuQcHpm;r_rsm;udk tav;rxm;a=umif;/ wkdif;jynf. ausm&dk; r¾dKifrsm;/ jynfol
vlxk. trdtzrsm;jzpfaom tvkyo
f rm;wdk@. qENjyyGJrsm;udk vGecf JhonfhEpS f 'Duae@vdk&ufrsKd;wGif tpdk;&u =uifemr_
uif;rJhpGmjzifh ESrd feif;owfjzwfcJha=umif;/ ausmif;om; ordkif;ukd jyef=unfhrnf qdkv#if udkvdkeDEiS fh zufqpf0g'wkd@ }uD;pdk;
aepOf acwfumvrsm; uwnf;u pwifum wkdif;jynfu vkdtyfvmonfh tcsdew
f kdif;wGif ausmif;ol ausmif;om;
rsm;onf a&S@wef;rSaeI t+rJwap pGrf;pGr;f wrH vkyaf qmifvmcJh=ua}umif; rsm;ESifh udkwifarmifOD;u &Sif;vif;a[m
}um;jyD; ausmif;om;ordkif;udkvnf; jyefvnf trSwf&aponf? ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;onf w&m;r#wr_ twGuf
qdkv#if &J0hHpGmjzifh udk,fusK;d rzufbJ &yfwnfv_y&f Sm;ay;aevmcJhonfrsm;udk axmufjyjcif;jzifh 4if;wdk@. pdwf"gwfrsm;
ckdifrmvmap&ef jr‡ifhwifay;onf? xdk@aemuf udkwifarmifOD;u tvkyo
f rm; ta&;tcif;wGif usqHk;oGm;cJh&aom
tvkyo
f rm; rsm;ESifh ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; tygt0if axmifuscHae&olrsm; tm;vHk;twGuf (1)ESpjf ynfhajrmuf
ESpyf wfvnf txdr;f trSwf jyKvky=f urnf[k 4if;wdk@tm; E_d;aqmfvdkufonf?
148
jyefonf? TwGif tvkyo
f rm;rsm;ESifh rdrdwdk@t=um; uef@owfjcm;em;xm;aom tkwfwHwkdif;}uD;udk udkwifarmifOD;ESifh
ausmif;om;tcsdK@wdk@u ZGJeyef;}uD;pGmjzifh tm;ukeo
f Hk;I +zdKvJSzsufqD;ypf&ef }udK;yrf;ae=uaom jrifuGif;ukd=unfhum
tjcm;aom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;onfvnf; tvGet
f rif; pdwftm;xufoefvm=u+yD; rqdkif;rwGyif opfvHk;}uD;
udk 0kid f;ulray;=uonf? Todk@jzifh tkwfwHwdkif;ukd +zdK&eftwGuf }udK;yrf;tm;xkwfaeaom ausmif;olausmif;om;
rsm;rSm ta,muf(20)xuf ruawmh? 4if;wkd@udk 0kid f;=unfhae=uaom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; vufckyf
vuf0g;wD;I atmf[pftm;ay;=uonf? tpdk;& qef@usifa&; aqmify'k frsm;udk toHukef [pfaºuG; =uavonf?
wcsdew
f nf;rSmyif tkwfwHwkdif;. tjcm;wzufwGif &Sad om tvkyform;rsm;ESifh 4if;wkd@. rdom;pk0ifrsm;
uvnf; ausmif;olausmif;om;wkd@. qlnHoHrsm;udk twkdif;om;=um;aecJh&onf? ,ae@tcsdet
f cgonf tvkyo
f rm;
ta&;tcif; ESpfywfvnfae@ jzpfonfEiS fhtnD ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;u wpHkwckvky&f ef }udK;yrf;ae=ua=umif;udk
tvkyo
f rm;rdom;pk0ifrsm;u csufcsif; &dyfrdvkdufonf? Todk@jzifh 4if;wkd@onf tkwfwHwkdif;. tjcm;wzufwGif
jzpfysufaeonfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;I puf&k0H if;wpfckvHk;&Sd tvkyform;rsm;xHodk@ owif;v$ifhvdkuf=uonf? puf&kt
H wGif;
wGif tvkyfqif;ae=uao;aom vkyo
f m;rsm;uvnf; jyifyY jzpfysufaeonfrsm;udk odcsifaZmjzifh rdrdwdk@. qdkif&m
tvkyrf sm;udk wwfEdik for# tjrefq;Hk +yD;atmif vky=f uonf? tkwfwHwdkif;. wbufjcrf;pDwGif &Sad eaom omref
jynfolrsm;uvnf; wjznf;jznf; vma&mufy;l aygif;=uay+yD? Todk@jzifh tvkyform; bufjcrf;wGif &Sad eaom
vltyk f}uD;rSm tqrwef }uD;rm;vm+yD; ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udk atmf[pf tm;ay;=uavonf? TtkwfwHwkdif;
udk 4if;wdk@ rkef;wD;onf? t&kyfq;dk tusn;f wefvSaom TtkwfwHwkdif;a=umifhyif 4if;wdk@u ausmif;0if;twGif;
xrif;qdkifziG fhI a&mif;csjcif; rjyKEkid fawmhonf r[kwfavm? wkdif;jynftwGif;Y e*dkuwnf;urS pD;yGm;a&; usyfwnf;
ae&onfh tcsdew
f Gif TtkwfwHwkdif;}uD;u 4if;wkd@. tajctaersm;udk ydkIom qdk;&Gm;apcJhonf?
ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;/ tvkyo
f rm; rdom;pk0ifrsm;ESifh jynfolwdk@. trsufa'go }uD;xGm;vmonfEiS fh
tr# aemufqHk;wGif tkwfwHwkdif;}uD;rSm 4if;wdk@. a&S@arSmufwGif +ydKvJysufpD;oGm;&avonf? wkdif;jynf. tem*wf
rsKd;qufopf wuUodkvf ausmif;om;vli,frsm;onf wkdif;jynf. ausm&dk;r¾dKifjzpfaom tajccHvlwef;pm;
tvkyo
f rm;rsm;ESifh rdom;pk0ifrsm;udk jyefvnf aygif;pnf;Ekdif=uay+yD? ordik f;aumvdyv
f rf;ay:wGif vltyk f}uD; ESpftkyf
aygif;pnf;rdoGm;+yD; tjcm;aom a'ocH jynfolrsm;uvnf; vma&muf yl;aygif;=uonf? udkwifarmifOD;onf
rsm;oxuf rsm;vmaom vltyk f}uD;tm; ordkif;aumvdyv
f rf;u wqifh tvkyo
f rm;wef;vsm;udk jzwfum puf&kH
wHcg;aygufrsm; &Sd&mqDodk@ wdkuf&du
k f OD;aqmifac:oGm;onf?
149
puf&Hk taemufbufwGif wnf&daS om tif;pdev
f rf;ESifh tvkyo
f rm; tdrf,mrsm;. ta&S@bufwGif wnf&daS om
ordkif;aumvdyv
f rf; wdk@t=um;&Sd tawmfyif {&d,mus,f0ef;aom ajrae&mwGif ordik f; csnfr#ifEiS fh txnfpuf&HkESifh
tvkyo
f rm; tdr,
f mrsm; wnf&daS eonf? tvkyo
f rm;tdrf,mrsm;u puf&.
Hk ta&S@bufjcrf;wGif wnf&do
S nf?
ordkif;aumvdyv
f rf; wav#mufwGif tkwfwHwdkif;}uD;u tvkyo
f rm; tdrf,mrsm;udk ydik f;jcm;xm;jcif; jzpfonf?
tif;pdev
f rf;teD;wGif &maygif;rsm;pGmaom tvkyo
f rm;rsm; tvkyf+yD;cgp tcsdejf zpf+yD; puf&ku
H ae tvkyform;rsm;
jyefxGufvm=u+yDjzpfonf? 4if;wkd@ tvkyrf qif;rDuwnf;uyif tjyifbufY jzpfysufaeaom &kwf&w
k foJoJ
tajctaersm; tm;vHk;udk =um;odcJh&+yD;jzpfum tjyifbufwGif qlylrr_ sm; qufjzpfaeOD;rnfudk 4if;wkd@u twwf
odaecJh=uonf? vGecf JhonfhEpS f 'Duae@'D&ufwGif puf&Hk tjyifbuf tif;pdev
f rf;ray:Y tvkyo
f rm;rsm; owfjzwf
zrf;qD;jcif; cHcJh&onfh tajctaersm;udk ,ae@wkdif jrifa,mifaeao;onf? tjyifbufY ,ckuJhodk@aom qENjyyJGrsm;
xyfrH jzpfysufaeonfudk =um;odvdkuf&aomtcg 4if;wdk@ th=H o rqHk;Ekid fcJh? rdrdwdk@. udk,fpt
D vkyfrsm;udk jrefjref+yD;
atmifvkyu
f m tjyifxGufoGm; =unfhvdkpdwfudk reJxde;f xm;cJh&onf? puf&kx
H JwGif tvkyfvkyf&if;u wpfa,mufudk
wpfa,muf=unfhum &$ifvef;wufºuGaecJh=uonf? =uufoD;arG;nif;rsm; xvmonf? txl;ojzifh ,ckvdk ae@&ufrsKd;
wGif TuJhokd@ aemufwpf}udrf xyfjzpfvmrnfudk 4if;wdk@ ar#mfvifhrxm;cJh? tjyifbufu tajctaersm;udk 4if;wkd@
awG@}uHKcJhbl;=uovdkyif?
4if;wdk@tvkyq
f if;I puf&HkwHcg;aygufrsm;rS toD;oD; xGufvmcsdew
f Gif tjyifbufY axmifcsDaom
qENjyvltyk f}uD;udk awG@vdkuf&onf? tvkyo
f rm;rsm;u xdkqENjyolrsm;qDodk@ vma&mufyl;aygif;=ujcif;a=umifh
vltyk f}uD; uvnf; auseyftm;&um vufckyf wajzmif;ajzmif;wD;=uavonf? TwGif udkwifarmifOD;ESifh twl
tjcm;aom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmiftcsdK@EiS fh tvkyform;wdk@u rdef@cGe;f rsm; ajym=um;=uonf? qlqn
l HnH ysm;yef;cyf
aeaom vltky}f uD;twGif;wGifvnf; vlOD;a& axmifaomif;ru wdk;yGm;vmonf?
&efukepf ufrw
_ uUodkvf a&muf+yD;aomtcgwGif 4if;wdk@onf vm&mvrf;twdkif; jyefvSnfh=uum ordkif;
aumvdy0f if;udk jzwf+yD; &efukef 0dZ…modyHw
` uUodkvfodk@ a&mufonftxd csDwufcJh=uonf? wuUodkvftwGif;&Sd
bJG@ESif;obif cef;rodk@ oGm;jcif;jzpfonf? q&mq&mrrsm;u wm;jrpfaeonfh =um;uyif ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;
onf bJG@ESif;obifcef;rxJY 0ifa&mufae&m,lvdkuf=uonf? ausmif;om;rsm;. vky&f yfrsm;twGuf tpdk;&u q&m
q&mrrsm;tay: tjypfykcH svmrnfudk pd;k &draf oma=umifhyif? ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;u 4if;wkd@xHwGif q&mq&mr
rsm;tay: wpHkw&m tnd‡K;taw; r&Sda=umif;ESifh ppftpdk;&udk qef@usifvdkIom TuJhokd@ jyKvky&f jcif; jzpfa=umif;
&Sif;jy=uonf? Todk@jzifh bGJ@EiS f;obif cef;ronf ta&;tcif;. XmecsKyfwpfck jzpfvmcJhonf?
151
xm;onfu ae0if;. &kyfykyH if? TwGif ausmif;om;rsm;u ae0if;. &kyyf u
Hk dk eH&Hay:u qJGcs&ef }udK;pm;=uonf?
odk@aomfvnf; ol@&kyyf rHk Sm eH&Htjrifhay:Y &Sad eaoma=umifh ausmif;om;rsm; vufvSr;f rrSED ikd f=u? xdk@a=umifh 4if;udk
jyKwfusvmap&eftwGuf ausmufcJrsm;jzifh ypfayguf=uonf? odk@aomf &kyfyku
H dk eH&HwGif tawmfav;ckdif+rJatmif
wyfxm;ojzifh &kyfy.
Hk rSefom uJGoGm;aomfvnf; &kyfyku
H rl wkwfwkwfr# rv_y?f aemufq;Hk wGif ausmif;om;rsm;u
pm;yJEG Sifh ukvm;xdkifrsm;udk eH&HwGifrDu
S m tqifhqifh wifvdkuf=uonf? oGm;bufqdkif&maq;wuUodkvf ausmif;om;
udkatmifapmOD;u pm;yJGESifh ukvm;xkdifrsm;ay:okd@ owdxm;I wqifhcsif;wufoGm;+yD; ae0if;. "gwfyku
H dk
udkifvdkufonf? xdk@aemuf "gwfyku
H dk jzKwf+yD; acgif;ay:wGi f OD;pGmudik fajr‡mufum =urf;jyifay:odk@ ypfcsvdkufavonf?
ausmif;olausmif;om; rsm;uvnf; 4if;udk=unfhI vufckwf=obmrsm; ay;=uonf? udkatmifapmOD;u cHkrsm;ay:rS
qif;vmI =urf;jyif ay:odk@ta&mufwGif udkwifarmifOD; ol@qD av#mufvSr;f oGm;um vufqEJG _wfqufvdkuf+yD;
‚usaemf wifarmifOD; yg? cifAsm; vkyv
f dkufwm odwfaumif;w,f‛[k csD;usL;onf?
ae0if;. &kyfyku
H dk ausmif;om;rsm;u udkif=unfhaomtcg 4if;onf omrmef"gwfyHk pm&Gufjzifhom vkyx
f m;
jcif; r[kwfbJ yd;k csnfom; taumif;pm;wpfrsKd;jzifh vkyfxm;a=umif;udk odvdkuf&onf? w&kwftpdk;&u ae0if;udk
vufaqmifay;xm;cJhaom yHkwlyef;csDum; wpfckyif? ausmif;om;rsm;u pdwftm;xufoefpGmjzifh tqdkyg yd;k csnfom;
yHw
k lyef;csDum;udk 0dkif;+zJ+yD; 4if;. tydkif;tprsm;udk trSwfw&ypPnf;taejzifh ,lxm;vkduf=uonf?
aemufwpfae@ ZGev
f (7)&ufae@wGif udkwifarmifOD;onf ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;ESifhtwl &efuke+f rdK@v,f
okd@ csDwufEdik f&eftwGuf tpDtpOfrsm; jyKvkyo
f nf? +rdK@xJu vGwfvyfa&; ausmufwkdif wnf&d&S m r[mAE<Kvyef;+cH
odk@ oGm;a&muf=u&efjzpfonf? r[m AE<Kvyef;+cH. wpfvrf;ausmfwGif tar&duef oH&k;H wnf&do
S nf? udkwifarmifOD;
. &nf&,
G fcsufrmS tar&duef oH&k;H u 4if;wdk@. vky&f yfrsm;ukd owdjyKvmEkdifap&eftwGuf jzpfonf? xkd@a=umifhvnf;
r[mAE<Kv yef;+cHonf 4if;wkd@ vkyrf nfh qENjyyJGtwGuf toifhawmfq;Hk ae&mjzpfonf[k olu qHk;jzwfcJhjcif;yif?
xkd@jyif udkwifarmifOD;u ausmif;om; tcsdK@udk }uHwmokomefodk@ v#dK@0u
S f apv$wfvdkuf+yD; tacgif;ESpfck yef;+cHodk@
152
tjrefq;Hk ,laqmifvm&eftwGuf rSm=um;avonf? tacgif;rsm;udk *spfum;wpfp;D ay:wGif wifvm&ef pDpOfay;
vdkufonf?
153
twGufvnf; }uHpnfaeonf? vltyk f}uD;xJwGif &Sad eI cHomjcif;jzpfonf? udkwifarmifOD;uvnf; Ttajctaersm;
tm;vHk;udk aumif;rGepf Gm &dyfpm;rdcJhonf?
154
txuft&m&Sdrsm;xH vufAvm oufoufjzifhom jyefoGm;&rnf qdkygu axmufvSr;f a&; t&m&Sdrsm;.
tajctaeu rawG;0hHp&myif? xdk@a=umifh vltyk f}uD;xJrS udkwifarmifOD; ykef;a&SmifvGwfajrmufoGm;Ekid fcJhonfudk
ododcsif;wGif 4if;wdk@onf ol@tm; wpf+rdK@vHk; ajrvSef&Smavawmhonf?
a&$wd*Hkbk&m;Y taotauswkdufyJG
155
4if;wdk@tm;vHk;udk t=uifemrJhpGm &du
k fEu
S fcJh=uonf? aemufyidk f;wGif ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; tm;vHk;udk ppfcHk&Hk;wif
ppfaq;+yD; axmif'%f (4)ESpfrS (9)ESpftxd toD;oD;csrSwfcJh=uonf?
xdktcsdeu
f pwifum 1975ckEpS f ZGev
f (8)&ufae@rS 1976ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv(6)&ufae@txd wuUodkvfausmif;
rsm;ESifh aumvdyrf sm;udk ydwfxm;cJhonf? xdk@twlyif qENjyyJrG sm;onfvnf; 1975ckESpf ZGefv (9)&ufae@Y tqHk;owf
cJh&onf? Tta&;tcif;wGif ppfwyfu a&$'*Hkbk&m;ay:Y ESrd feif;r_rsm;udk jyKvkycf Jhojzifh 4if;udk ESpfywfvnf
tvkyo
f rm; ta&;tcif; tjzpfomr[kwfbJ a&$'*Hkbk&m; ta&;tcif; [lIvnf; ac:wGifcJhonf?
+rdK@cHvlxkukd t=urf;zufjcif;rsm;
udkwifarmifOD;ESifh wpHw
k &m tquftoG,f&do
S nf[k oHo,&Sdol wpfOD;csif;pD. tdrfwkdif&ma&muf
oGm;a&mufum taESmift
h ,Sufay;jcif;/ ppfaq;ar;jref;jcif;rsm; jyKvky=f uonf? axmufvSr;f a&;rsm;u 4if;wdk@
&&Sdaom rnfhonfh owif;tcsuftvuf twdktxGmudkrqdk aphaphpyfpyf ppfa=um=uonf? oJvGepf wpHkw&m
usefcJhjcif; tv#Of;r&Sdap&? udkwifarmifOD;. txufwef;ausmif;aebuf oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh wuUodkvfausmif;aebuf
oli,fcsif;rsm;tjyif ol aexkdifcJh&m ordik f;&yfuGuftwGif;Yyif ydu
k fpw
d fwdkuf &SmazGppfa=um=uonf? xdk@jyif tqdkyg
oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh ol. ,cif tdrfe;D em;csif;rsm;udkom rubJ a0;vHaom aus;vufe,frsm;wGif aexdkifonfh
aqGrsK;d rsm;udkyg ar;jref;onf? oHo,&Sdv#if &So
d vdk 4if;wdk@. aetdrrf sm;udk ar$aESmuf&mS azGonf? ESpfywfvnf
ta&;tcif;ESifh ywfoufI zrf;qD;axmifcsxm;+yD;olrsm;udkvnf; ppfa=umar;jref;=uonf? ESdyfpuf=uonf? owif;
tptewpfckudk &&Sd+yDqdkv#if udkwifarmifOD;udk zrf;qD;Ekid f&eftwGuf csufcsif; ajc&mcHvkduf=uonf?
156
odu|rf;&if;ESD;cJh=uolrsm; jzpfonf? nDtpfudk &if;csmrsm;yrm &if;ESD;=uonf? ajcr+idrv
f #if tzrf;cH&Ekdifzdk@ tcGifhtvrf;
rsm;onfudk udkwifarmifOD;u od&dx
S m;aoma=umifhvnf; tjcm;oli,fcsif;rsm;xHokd@ ajymif;a&$@aexkdifjcif;/ &efuke+f rdK@
u xGufajy;&ef }udK;yrf;jcif;rsm; rjyKcJhjcif;yif? axmufvSr;f a&;rsm;u ol. rdom;pkEiS fh oli,fcsif;a[mif;rsm; xHY
&SmazGppfa=um aecJh=uaomfvnf; olEiS fhtwl tcsKyfcef;wpfcef;xJ aecJhbl;olrsm;tm; ppfaq;ar;jref;&eftwGuf
pdwful;rdjcif; tv#Of;r&SdcJh? tusOf;axmiftwGif;wGif 4if;wkd@ TITr# &if;ESD;u|r;f 0ifoGm;vdrhrf nfudk rwGufq
cJhrdaoma=umifh jzpfEikd fonf? xdk@jyif ZavSoef;uvnf; ol@tdrw
f Gif udkwifarmifOD;ukd zGufxm;&mY tvGeyf g;eyfonf?
ol tjyifoGm;onfhtcgwdkif;wGif +cHpnf;&dk;wHcg;udk aomhcavmuf}uD;wpfck cwfxm;cJhjcif;jzifh tdrf&iS fjzpfol tjyifoGm;
aea=umif;/ tdrfxJY rnfolr# r&Sda=umif; tjcm;olrsm;udk txifrmS ;tjrifrmS ; jzpfapcJhonf? Todk@jzifh udkwifarmifOD;
onf ZavSxef;. tdrw
f Gif wpfv=umcef@ yke;f atmif;aexdkifEikd fcJhjcif; jzpfonf?
157
jyKwfusoGm;wmeJ@ w+ydKifeuf jrefrmEkdifiHrmS &Sw
d Jh jynfolvlxk[m olwkd@ tvdk&SdwJh tpdk;& a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufEdik fr,f
av?‛[lI jzpfonf? udkwifarmifOD; vufa&;jzifh a&;om;xm;aom uGejf rLepf0g'D vufurf;pmapmif [ktqd&k o
Sd nfh
"gwfykrH sm;udkvnf; ppfaxmufvSr;f a&;u owif;pmxJwGif xnfhoGif;az:jycJhonf? Todk@jzifh tpdk;&u udkwifarmifOD;
udk AuyESifh qufpyfaea=umif; oufaojy&ef }udK;yrf;cJhjcif;yif? wu,fhvufawG@wGifrl tqdkyg vufurf;pmapmif
rsm;Y yg&Sdaom pmom;rsm;rSm udkwifarmifOD; vufa&;jzifh a&;xm;onfrsm; vHk;0 r[kwfcJhacs?
158
14
ol&Jaumif;wOD;. v#dK@0Sufcsuf
urBmwcGif&dS ol&aJ umif;rsm;. toGifvuQ%mudk oHk;oyf=unfhrnfqv kd #if a,bk,s wlnDrr_ sm;&So d nf?
rw&m;r_rsm;udk qef@usifwkdufcdu k fjcif;/ a=umuf&H@G r_ uif;rJh+yD; cH,lcsuf jyif;jyolrsm; jzpfjcif;/ trsm;tusKd;twGuf
rdrdwdk h. toufudk vdkvdkvm;vm; pGe@f vG$wfay;qyf=ujcif; ponfwdk hjzpfonf? udkwifarmifOD;onfvnf; xdkvuQ%m
rsm; tm;vHk;ESihf nD!GwfolwpfOD; jzpfonf? odk@&mwGif vl@ordkif; acwftqufqufY ay:xGe;f cJhaom ol&aJ umif;
wpfOD;csif;pD. cH,lcsufrsm; uGmjcm;ayonf? pyg;wuwfp. f cH,lcsufrmS aus;ydkifu|efykid fpepfukd zsufodr;f +yD; ajru|ef
rsm; vGwfajrmufapa&;twGufjzpfonf? udkwifarmifOD;. cH,lcsufrmS um; tm%m&Sifpepfudk t+yD;tydik f zsufodr;f &ef
jzpfonf? vlxktm;tifudk toHk;jyKI jynfoljynfom;taygif;wkd@ udk,fykid f qHk;jzwfekid fonfh vGwfvyfcGifh &&Sdvmonf
txd tm%m&Sifrsm;udk rqkwfrepf jywfjywfom;om;qef@usif wkdufyJG 0ifoGm;&ef jzpfonf? udkwifarmifOD; onf
tqdkyg&nfreS f;csufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;Ekdifa&;twGuf ol. b0wav#mufvHk; }udK;yrf;aqmif&GufoGm;cJhonf? ordkif;0if
ol&aJ umif; wpfOD;csif;pDwGif trsm;ESifhrwlaom ud, k fydik fp&kdufvuQ%mrsm; &Sdayonf? Tae&mwGif udkwifarmifOD; .
pGrf;aqmifcsufrsm;eSifh ,SOfwGJI ol. xl;jcm;aom yifudk,f p&kdufrsm;udkvnf; avhvmoifhonf?
159
trsm;tusKd; o,fyk;d Ekdifa&; twGufudkum wpdu k frwfrwf tm&Hkxm;vkyaf qmifvmcJhjcif;a=umifh ol. ywfywfvnf
wGif 0dik f;&Haeaom/ olom tvdk&Sdv#if ukd,fhbuf ygvmEkdifaom acsmarmvSyonfh rdef;uav;rsm;udk a&Smif&mS ;EkdifcJh
onf? rde;f uav;wpfOD;udk cspfcifrnfhtpm; ol. rdom;pk0ifrsm;tay:Yom }uD;pGmaom cspfcsif;arwWm xm;&Scd Jhonf?
Todk@jzifh wpfae@ eHeufcif; (4)em&Dtcsdeaf vmufwGif udkwifarmifOD;onf ol@tdro f dk@ wdwfwdwfyek f; jyefoGm;
cJhonf? tdrx f Ja&mufaom tcg tarhudk ayG@zufvkduf+yD; rdom;pk0ifrsm;udkvnf; ol@twGuf pdwfryl&ef ajymonf?
udkwifarmifOD;u TuJhokd@ &kwfw&uf rxifrSwfbJ tdrfjyefvmaoma=umifh ol@tartwGuf tdyfrufwpfcktvm;
Za0Z0g jzpfcJh&onf? udkwifarmifOD;udk ajcqHk;acgif;qHk; =unfh&if;u tarh. rsuf0ef;xJwGif cspfjcif;arwWm *&k%m
pdwfrsm; jynfhv#Haeonf? tarh rsufvHk;xJwGifawmh olr. om;}uD;onf taoa&wifhaom/ *k%f0ifhzG,fjzpfaom
a,mufsm; aumif;wpfa,mufyif? TuJhokd@ oabm&d;k &Sdaom vli,fwpfOD;udk tm%mydkifrsm;u tb,fa=umifh
zrf;0&rf; xkwfcsifcJh&oenf; qdkonfudk taru em;rvnfEdik fcJh? rdom;pk0ifrsm;tm; E_wfquf+yD;onfhtcg om;awmf
armifonf c&D;&Snfudk av#mufvSr;f &eftwGuf 4if;wdk@xHrS xGufcGmoGm;awmhrnfudk taru odaecJhonf? olr
tcspf&qHk;/ tm;xm;&qHk;aom om;jzpfoludk jyefawG@&onfhtay: 0rf;omyDwd jzpfaecJhaomfvnf; tarhcrsm
r+yHK;Ekid f&mS cJh? om;awmfarmifudk 'Dwpfcg aemufqHk;awG@&wm jzpfEdik fonf [laom tawG;u acgif;xJ0ifvmonfhtcg
tarh tonf;tlrsm; jyKwfxGufoGm;awmhrnfhtvm; cHpm;cJh&onf? udkwifarmifOD;u ol xdkif;e,fpyfudk ab;roD
&efrc a&muf&o Sd Gm;+yD;onfhaemufwGif jyefqufoG,frnfjzpfa=umif; tarESifh rdom;pk0ifrsm;udk ajymonf? xdk@aemuf
ol tdru f jyefxGufoGm;vkdufonf?
TwGif udkwifarmifOD;u udkxGe;f =uiftm; ‚usaemf cifAsm;udk pufavSay:rSm awG@r,f? cifAsm; t&ifq;Hk
a&S@u oGm;ESifh?‛ [k ajymonf? Todk@jzifh axmufvSr;f a&;rsm;u udkxGe;f =uifudk ppfaq;+yD;aomtcg pufavSay:
wufcGifh jyKvkdufonf? udkwifarmifOD;url vlwef;}uD;ESifh rvSr;f rurf;wGif&daS eaom ukeyf pPnf;rsm;teD;wGif tjcm;
aom vkyo f m;rsm;ESifhtwl a&mxdkifaevdkufonf? ol. vufxJwGif xrif;*sKid fhwpfvHk;tjyif a[mif;EGr;f pkwfjywf
aeaom tdwfwpfvHk;udk udkifxm;+yD; yHpk Huvnf; acgif;wHk;qHawmufEiS fh t0wftpm;a[mif;rsm;udk 0wfqifxm;ojzifh
tjcm;aom tvkyo f rm;rsm;ESifh olvm;igvm;yif jzpfaeonf? avSqdyfay:Y tjcm;olrsm;ESifh a&mxkdifaeaomtcg
rnfolur# ol@udk txl;wvnf *&kjyKjcif; r&Sd? olu tcsdeaf umif;udk apmifhaejcif;jzpfonf?
161
Todk@jzifh 4if;wkd@onf autif,l e,fajrtwGif;Y qufvufI ajcusifc&D;ESifvmcJh=uonf? awmxJ
awmifxJwGif jrefrm ppftpdk;&wyfrsm;ESifh autif,lwyfrsm;udk t+rJwap owd&d&S djS zifh a&Smif&mS ;aevmcJh=u&onf?
Te,fajronf tEW&m,frsm;aom ppfajrjyifwpfck jzpfonf? trSepf ifppftm;jzifh qdk&v#if u&iftrsK;d om;wdk h.
awmfvSepf pf onf urBmay:wGif t&Snf=umqHk;aom jynfwGif;ppf wpfckjzpf+yD; TppfyGrJ sm;udk 1949ckEpS f uwnf;u
pwifqifEJv $ mcJhjcif; jzpfonf? autif,l tzGJ@onf wef;wlnDr# tcGifhta&;rsm;ESihf ukd,fydik ftyk fcsKyfcGifhwkd@
usifhoHk;aom z,f'&,f jynfaxmifpw k nfaxmifekid fa&;twGuf awmif;qdkum ppftpkd;&tm; qef@usifwdkufckduf
vmcJhayonf? yxrae@wGif udkwifarmifOD;ESifh udkxGef;=uifwdk@onf autif,l e,fajr&Sd xlxJeufeJaom awmtkyf
rsm;udk ajcusif av#mufoGm;=u+yD; naeapmif;aomtcg awmxJYyif ntdyfpcef;cscJhonf? aemufwpfae@wGifvnf;
ppftpdk;& wyfrsm;ESifh autif,lwyfrsm;udk a&Smif&mS ;um c&D;qufvmcJh=uonf? Todk@jzifh aemufq;Hk wGif olwkd@onf
autif,l ppfaq;a&;*dwfwpfckodk@ a&muf&dv S m=uonf?
xdk@jyif udkwifarmifOD;u ‚usaemf cifAsm;udk [kdbufjcrf;u apmifah er,f? tcsdef (1)em&D =umatmif cifAsm;
udk apmifhr,f?‛ [k xyfajymvdkufonf? ppfaq;a&;*dwfem;odk@ csOf;uyfvmaomtcg udkwifarmifOD;u a&S@u t&if
oGm;ESifhonf? Tppfaq;a&;*dwfwGif xdkif;e,fpyfudk toGm;tjyef vkyaf vh&daS om arSmifcdkukefonfrsm; jzwfoGm;
jzwfvm vkyaf vh&do S nf? udkwifarmifOD;u ppfaq;a&;*dwfem;udk a&mufcgeD;wGif jrefrmEkdifiHrS xkdif;e,fpyfodk@
oGm;a&muf=urnfh arSmifcdkukefonfwpfpu k vnf; ppfaq;a&;*dwfudk jzwfrnf vkyaf e=uonf? tqdkyg arSmifcdk
ukeof nfrsm;onf ausmufrsuf&wemrsm;/ aq;0g;rsm;/ wefzdk;}uD;aom t0wftxnfrsm;/ uufqufEiS fh em&Drsm;
uJhokd@aom aps;}uD;ay;&onfh ypPnf;ypP, tao;pm;rsm;udk jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;odk@ cdk;oGif;avh&do S nf? autif,l
ppfaq;a&;*dwfY arSmifcdkukefonfrsm; tppfaq; cHae&csdefwGif yg;&nfeyf&nf&Sdaom udkwifarmifOD;u 4if;wkd@ESifh
oGm;a&maevdkuf+yD;aemuf b,folur# owdrxm;rdonfhtcsdew f Gif ppfaq;a&;*dwfudk rodrom jzwfoGm;onf?
wbufjcrf;odk@ a&mufaomtcg olu udkxGe;f =uif tvmudk apmifhaevdkufonf?
yD'DyD tzGJ@csKyf&k;H wGifrl udkwifarmifOD; a&mufvmrnfudk od&dx S m;aom OD;oGifu ol.om; udkaZmf0if;udk
ac:um udkwifarmifOD;. vky&f yfrsm; rnfIrnfr# ta&;ygyHkudk &Sif;vif;ajymjyonf? ‚ppfajrjyifrmS tm%m&Sif
ae0if;&J@ wyfom; (1000)avmufudk igwkd@u owfypfvdkufEdik fw,f qdk&ifawmifrb S J olu igwdk@qDudk aemufxyf
wyfom; (10 000)avmuf xyfv$wfvkdufvdk@ &w,f? ae0if;[m wkdif;jynf&@J tm%meJ@ o,HZmwawG tm;vHk;udk
csKyfudkifxm;wma=umifhvJ 'DvdkrsK;d vkyEf ikd fwmaygu h Gm? +yD;awmh ae0if;u wkdif;jynf&@J owif;rD',
D mawG tm;vHk;udk
xde;f csKyfxm;+yD; txJrSm &Sw d Jh jynfolvlxkawGu igwkd@ 'Dbufuae bmtwGufa=umifh b,fol@udk qef@usifwdkufcku d f
aew,f qkdwJh owif;awGudk rod&wJhtcgusawmh 'DvkdrsKd; a0;vHacgifoDwJh ae&mawGrmS jzpfysufaewJh wkdufyJGawGu
ody+f yD; xda&mufr_ r&Sdawmhbl;ayghuGm? 'gayr,fh udkwifarmifOD;vdk ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwpfa,mufu jynfolawG
axmifaomif;ru yg0ifwJh vlxkqENjyyJGawGudk OD;aqmifzefwD;ay;vdkufwmu awmfawmfav;udk xda&mufr_ &Sw d ,f
av? bma=umifhvJ qdkawmh qENjyyJGowif;awG[m EdkifiHwEkid fiHvHk;udkom rubJ jynfyEkdifiHawGqDudkyg ysH@ESH@oGm;w,f
r[kwfvm;? udkwifarmifOD;u yD'yD D &J@ tzGJ@0ifwpfa,muf r[kwfayr,fhvJ olu igwdk@&J@ r[mrdwfaumif;
163
wpfa,muf jzpfw,f? igwdk@&J h &nfrSef;csufe@J ol@&nfreS f;csuf twlwlbJ? 'ga=umifh igwkd@ wwfEdik fwJhbufu
t&if;tjrpfawG tm;vHk;udk oHk;+yD;awmh udkwifarmifOD; vdkvlrsKd;udk axmufyHah y;zkd@ vdktyfw,f?‛[k ajymavonf?
Todk@jzifh &ufowW (2)ywfcef@ =umoGm;+yD; wnaecif; naeydkif; (6)em&D 0ef;usiaf vmufwGif rvS+rdKifEiS fh
udkvSa&$wkd@u udkxGe;f =uif. aetdro
f dk@ oGm;a&muf=uavonf? pufbD;wpfpD;jzifh 4if;wkd@ ESpfa,mufom; udkxGe;f =uif
tdrfokd@ oGm;a&mufonfhtcsdeftwGif tjyifY arSmifae+yDjzpfonf? tdraf &S@odk@ a&mufaomtcg 4if;wkd@ pufbD;ay:u
qif;vkduf+yD; udkvSa&$u pufbD;udk wGe;f um tdr0f if;wHcg;0ukd zGifhvdkufonf? TwGif ukdxGef;=uif tdrf{nfhcef;xJ&dS
rD;a&mifatmufwGif tvkyf&_yfaeaom vltcsK@d udk tjyifbufu vSr;f awG@vdkuf&onf? jrifuGif;u raumif;yg?
ppfaxmufvSr;f a&;rsm;u udkxGe;f =uifudk zrf;vdkuf+yDjzpfonf? axmufvSr;f a&;rsm;u olwdk@ &or# pm&Gufpmwrf;
taxmuftxm;rsm;udk wpftrd fvHk; ar$aESmuf&mS azGae=uonf? udkvSa&$ESifh rvS+rdKifwkd@rSm txdwfwvef@jzpfoGm;+yD;
toufudkyif jyif;jyif;r&SL&Jawmh? ESvHk;cHkoHrsm; jrefvmonf? 4if;wkd@onf jznf;n‡if;pGmjzifh tdrf0if;tjyifudk jyefxGuf
vdkuf+yD;aemuf tarSmifxkxJwGif udkxGef;=uif tdrfEiS fh a0;&mokd@ pufbD;udk wwfEdik for# tm;ukeef if;oGm;onf?
udkxGef;=uif tdrfxJwGif rD;tvif;a&mif&aSd e+yD; axmifvSr;f a&;rsm;u taxmuftxm;rsm;udkom oJ}uD;rJ}uD;
&SmazGaeaoma=umifhomv#if tdrftjyifbuf tarSmifxkxJu udkvSa&$wkd@ukd owdrjyKrdcJh=ujcif; jzpfonf? aemufykid f;
wGif udkxGef;=uif axmif'%ftESpf (20) csrSwfjcif;cHcJh&onf? udkvSa&$ESifh rvS+rdKifwkd@rSm uHaumif;axmufrpGmjzifh
oDoDav; vGwfoGm;jcif; jzpfonf? r[kwfv#if 4if;wdk@vnf; tzrf;cH&rSm aocsmonf?
165
udkxGef;atmifausmfurl xGufajy;wdr;f a&Smifaea=umif;udk ppfaxmufvSr;f a&;rsm;u csufcsif;&dyrf dcJh=uonf?
xkd@a=umifh ol@tdruf dk rsufajcrjywf apmifh=unfhaeapcJhonf? Todk@jzifh wpfv=umoGm;aomtcg udkxGef;atmifausmf
uvnf; tdrfjyefoGm; oifhroifhudk a0cJGr&cJh? ol@twGufawmh tajctae pdk;&drfp&m odyfr&Sdovdkyif? udkxGef;=uifu
ol@emrnfudk ppfaxmufvSr;f a&;rsm;tm; ray;vkdufjcif;a=umifh jzpfEikd fonf[k awG;xifaerdonf? xdktcsdew f Gif
ol@taru ol@udk owif;wpfck yg;vdkufonf? xdkowif;rSm ‚e,fuvmwJh eifhOD;av; tdrfrSm a&mufaew,f? olu
eif}udKufwwfwJh v,fxJu ig;[if; csufxm;ay;w,f‛[lI jzpfonf? TwGif udkxGef;atmifausmfu rdrd
tvGeEf Spfoufaom v,fig;[if;udk pm;csifvGe;f vSojzifh tdrfokd@ wdwfwqdwf jyefvmcJhonf? ol. tar/ OD;av;
wdk@ESifhtwl xrif;[if;rsm;udk +rdef&nf&Suf&nf pm;aomufaecsdew f Gif ppfaxmufvSr;f a&;rsm;udk ol@udk vma&muf
zrf;qD;avonf?
166
pdwfr0ifpm;bl;‛ [kqu
dk m olu tqdkyguJhodk@aom tyef;ajzr_rsm;udk jywfjywfom;om; jiif;qefcJhonf? Todk@jyKvkyf
rnfhtpm; ‚usaemhfudk befaumuf+rdK@xJ um;ywfarmif;ay;yg? +rdK@&c_ if;awGudkbJ usaemf cHpm;csifw,f?‛[k olu
ajymavonf?
167
pdwftm&Hkudk v$r;f rdk;Ekdifa=umif; olu od&d&S yd fpm;rdcJhonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh tcspfZmwfvrf; &kyf&Sifum;wpfum;udk
=unfhrnfqv dk #if xdk&ky&f Sif. Zmwfvrf;ZmwfuGufrsm;onf vl@pdwfcHpm;csufrsm;udk +idK@,lzrf;pm;vkduf+yD; xdkol.
pdwftm&HkwGif aemuf oHk;av;&uf =umonfhwkdif xdkcHpm;csufrsm;u v$r;f rdk;aeayonf? &kyf&iS f 'g&kdufwm.
&nf&, G fcsufrmS y&dwfowf. pdwftm&Hkudk apvdk&mapEkdif&ef jzpfonf? y&dwfowfudk &,farmaponf? 0rf;enf;ylaqG;
idk,kdr_rsm; jzpfaponf? a=umuf&H@G pdwfrsm;udk jzpfonf? xkd@jyif a'opdwf (okd@r[kwf) pufqkyf&H@G &Smpdwf rsm;udkyg
jzpfapEkdifprG f;&Sdonf? udkwifarmifOD;. xl;jcm;aom yifudk,fp&kduf wwd,wpfrsKd;rSm ol. pdwfprG f;tifudk rnfuJhokd@
xde;f odrf;&rnf/ jr‡ifhwifay;&rnf qdkonfrsm;udk tvdkvdk em;vnfod&daS ecJhjcif;yif jzpfonf?
e,fpyfa'owGif ppfoifwef;,ljcif;
168
tajccH ynm&yfawGudk avhusifhoif=um;ay;yg? ol@udk wyfrLS ;wpfa,muf jzpfvmatmifvJ avhusifhay;yg?‛[lI
a&;xm;onf?
169
tcgor,wpfckwGif yD'DyD tzG@J EiS fh ‘zufqpfpepf qef@usifa&; ausmif;om;rsm; or*~’tzJ@G wkd@ yl;aygif;um
ukdwifarmifOD;udk *k%jf yKaom tcrf;tem;wpfck vkycf Jh=uonf? xdktcrf;tem;wGif udkwifarmifOD;u t"du tcsuf
(3)csufygaom rdef@cGe;f wpfckudk ajym=um;onf? yxrtcsuftaeESifh awmfvSeaf &;qdkonfrmS tvGecf ufcJyifyef;aom
v_y&f Sm;r_wkdufyGJ jzpfonfEiS fhtnD awmfvSeaf &;orm; wpfOD;onf Ttajctaersm;udk }uH}uHcHEkid faom pdwfxm;
&S&d rnf[k olu qdkonf? ol. 'kwd,tcsufrmS ppftpdk;&udk qef@usifv_y&f Sm;aeaom awmfvSeaf &;orm; OD;a&onf
ta,muf 100 (okd@r[kwf) xdk@xuf enf;aeapumrl w&m;rr#wr_rsm; wnf&daS eor# umvywfvHk; awmfvSeaf &;
quf&daS ezd@k vdktyfonf [lI jzpfonf? xdk@jyif awmfvSeaf &; ,ckcsufjcif; xjzpfvmrnfh taetxm; r&Sdao;
aomfvnf; wpfae@ae@wcsed fcsdefwGiaf wmh awmfvSeaf &; jzpfxGe;f vmrnfrmS aocsmaygufyif jzpfa=umif;udk olu
ajym}um;onf? wwd, tcsufrmS ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;ESifh oufqidk fayonf? tm%m&Sif ppftpdk;&u 4if;.
vufeuftiftm;udk toHk;jyKum vufeufrhaJ eaom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; tygt0if jynfolvlxkudk
rw&m;enf;ojzifh tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyaf eaoma=umifh ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;u Tvufeufudkif wkdufyGw J Gif yg0ifywf
oufae&jcif; jzpfa=umif; [lIjzpfonf? T ausmif;om;wyfOD;ukd tpjyKI wjznf;jznf;ESifh cdkifrmawmifhwif;aom
tzJG@tpnf;}uD;wpfck tjzpfodk@ a&muf&v Sd mEkdifapa&;twGuf u|Ekfyfwdk@tm;vHk; yl;aygif; aqmif&u
G f&rnf jzpfa=umif;
udkwifarmifOD;u jznfhpGuf ajym=um;oGm;cJhonf? xdk@aemuf 4if;wdk@ ausmif;om;rsm;tm; qufvufulnD axmufyHh
ay;oGm;yg[k yD'yD D tzJG@udk arwWm&yfcHcJhonf?
170
15
‚'Duae@ jrefrmEkdifiuH dk =unfhr,f qdk&if udkwifarmifOD;vdk rsKd;cspfpdwf jynhf0wJhvl/ &JpGr;f owWd &Swd Jhvl/
'Drdkua&pD tpdk;&wpf&yf ay:xGe;f vmzd@k twGuf tnhHrcH t&_H;ray;bJ tm%m&Sifpepfudk jywfjywfom;om;
qef@usifwkdufcdkufwJh vlpm;rsK;d udk usaemf vHk;0 rawG@&bl;As? olvdk vlrsK;d udk usaemfhb0 woufwmrSm
awG@aum awG@Ekdifyg tHk;rvm; qdkwmudk oHo,jzpfrdw,f? usaemfwdk@Eikd fiHrmS udkwifarmifOD;vkd vlpm;rsK;d
(5)a,mufavmufom &SdcJhr,fq&dk if jrefrmEkdifiH[m vGecf JhwJh (35) eSpu
f xJu 'Dru dk a&pD &oGm;+yDayghAsm?‛
OD;aZmf0if;
OD;aZmf0if;onf OD;oGif. om;jzpfonf? OD;oGifonf jrefrmEkdifiH 'Drdkua&pD tpdk;&vufxufwGif 0ef}uD;&mxl;
udk &cJh+yD; ygvDref 'Drdkua&pD ygwD (yD'Dy)D . xdyw
f ef;acgif;aqmif wpfOD;vnf; jzpfcJhonf? udkwifarmifOD;.
vlxkprG f;tm; v_y&f Sm;r_rsm; tqifajyacsmarG@pmG taumiftxnfaz:Ekdifa&;twGuf OD;aZmf0if;onf yD'DyD
tzGJ@. udk,fpm; ulnDyHyh d;k ay; qufoG,faqmif&Gufay;cJhonf?
xkdif;jrefrme,fpyf&Sd yD'DyD tzGJ@csKyf&k;H odk@ udkwifarmifOD; a&muf&v Sd mcJhonfrSm (4)v &SdoGm;cJhay+yD? 1975 ckESpf
Ek0d ifbmv twGif;Y jzpfonf? awmifbufu wdkufcwfvmaom aqmif;&moD avajyavn‡if;rsm;onf xdkif;EkdifiH
e,fpyfwav#mufwGif vJavsmif;aeaom awmifwef;rsm;ay:&Sd xlxJeufeo J nfh awmtkyrf sm;xJodk@ wdk;0ifoGm;=u
onf? at;jraom avajyrsm;u udkwifarmifOD;udk n‡ifompGm vma&muf &du k fcwfae=uaomfvnf; ol. pdwfEv S Hk;
twGif;Yrl jrefrmEkdifiH jynfolvlxktwGuf vkyu f dkifaqmif&Gufay;vdkonfh qENrsm jyif;ysvSsuf &Sad yonf? [ke;f [ke;f
awmufaeaom ol.oEMdÏmefrsm; arS;rSdefoGm;jcif;r&Sb d J ydrk I
dk om jyif;jyvmonf?
yD'DyD ESihf autif,l tzGJ@wkd@ tkyfpk;d xm;aom e,fajrtwGif;Y aexdkifpOf tcsdefumvrsm;wGif udkwifarmifOD;
onf vufeufudkif v_y&f Sm;r_. tm;enf;csufrsm;udk awG@jrifrcd Jhonf? vufeufudkif awmfvSeaf &;tzGJ@tpnf; rsm;.
ckcHppfqifE$J&onfh ta}umif;&if;rsm;ESifh 4if;wkd@. &yfwnfcsufrsm;udk tvGeftrif; av;pm;todtrSwfjyKrdaomfvnf;
ppfreS faom ajymif;vJr_ &&Sda&;twGuf az:aqmif&mwGif tm%m&Sif tpdk;&. tkyfcsKyfra_ tmufwGif wdkuf&dkuf&aSd e =u
aom vlxku t"dutm;jcif; v_y&f Sm;pGrf;aqmifrSomv#if atmifjrifEdik frnfjzpfa}umif; udkwifarmifOD;u qef;ppf
oHk;oyf cJh onf? 4if;udk,fYuvnf; +rdK@jya'o vlxkqENjyyJGrsm; tygt0if tjcm;aom +idrf;csrf;pGm v_y&f Sm;r_rsm;ukd
t"du tm&Hx k m;cJhonf? odk h&mwGif wbufuvnf; udkwifarmifOD;onf ‚vlwpfOD;wnf;&Sdaom wyfrawmf‛
wenf;tm;jzifh vlwOD;udk wyfrawmfw&yfuJhokd@ oabmxm;um avhusifhoif}um;ay;aom ppfoifwef;rsm;udk wuf
a&mufjcif;jzifh vufeufudkif wdkufyJG0if&ef jyifqifrr_ sm; jyKvkycf Jhonf? +idrf;csrf;aom enf;vrf;rsm;udk usifhoHk;I rvHk
avmufygu +rdK@jya'orsm;twGif;wGifyif vufeufudkif wkduf&ef twGufyg olu pOf;pm;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? jrefrmEkdifiHY
jzpfysufaeaom tajctae rsm;tay: rlwnfI pOf;pm;rnfqydk gu vlxkprG f;tm; v_y&f Sm;r_rsm;udk A[dkjyKum
vufeufudkif awmfvSeaf &; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u vlxkv_y&f Sm;r_rsm;udk pnf;pepfwus axmufyHah y;jyD; tqdkyg vlxk
171
wdkufyGJrsm;ESifh vufeufudkif tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; t=um; yl;aygif;aqmif&u
G frr_ sm; jzpfwnfvmjcif;jzifh tm%m&Sif pepfudk
jzKwfcs Ekdifvdrhrf nf[k udw
k ifarmifOD;u ,Hk=unfcJhonf?
&efukef+rdK@udk jyefvnfoGm;a&mufjcif;
172
zGufxm;a&; qdkonfu vG,fulaom udp&P yfwpfck r[kwf? xkd@a=umifh OD;oGif. urf;vSr;f csufudk olu ,Of,Of
aus;aus;yif jiif;y,fvdkufonf? odk@aomfvnf; olu rjzpfrae tajctaersKd;wGif toHk;jyKEkid f&eftwGuf (9)
rDvDrDwm ypPwdk wpfvufudkawmh vufcHvkdufonf? 4if;wdk@. oem;=uifemwwfru _ dk todtrSwfjyKvdkjcif;/ 4if;wkd@
pdwfat;vufat; &So d Gm;apvdkjcif;wkd@a=umifhvnf; olu aoewfudk vufcHcJhjcif;yif? jrefrmEkdifiHe,fpyfa'oodk@
ab;uif;pGm a&muf&do S Gm;apEkdifap&eftwGufvnf; 4if;wdk@u olEiS fhtwl udk,f&Hawmfppfom; ta,muf (20)cef@udk
e,fpyftxd vkud fyk@d ckdif;&ef pDpOfay;onf?
udkwifarmifOD; jrefrmEkdifiH e,fpyf jyefoGm;rnfhae@ukd a&muf&v Sd may+yD? yD'DyD tzGJ@om;rsm; tm;vHk;u
‚usaemfwkd@ udkwifarmifOD; twGuf 'DrSm t+rJwrf; &Sad er,f? wu,fvdk@ tJ'DrmS wpfckck tqifrajy jzpf+yD;awmh
tEW&m,f t&rf;rsm;vmw,fq&dk if udkwifarmifOD; 'Dudk tcsderf a&G;jyefvm+yD; ykef;cdkaevdk@&w,f?‛[k ajymqdkE_wfquf
=uavonf? yD'DyD tzJG@ A[kdXmecsKyfrSaeI rxGufcGmrDwGif udkwifarmifOD;u udkaZmf0if;tm; ‚ppftpdk;&u usaemhfudk
b,fawmhrS t&Sifzrf;rdEikd frmS r[kwfbl;? usaemfe@J twl axmufvSr;f a&; ESpfa,muf oHk;a,mufavmufudkyg ao&Gm
ac:oGm;r,f?‛ [k ajymcJhavonf? ZGJeyJ oEMdÏmefrsm;ESifh jynfhae+yD; rnfodk haomtcgwGifr# t&_H;ay;rnf r[kwfaom
ol. rsufEmS xm;ukd udkaZmf0if; wouf arhr&Ekid fcJhyg? Tokd@jzifh udk,f&Hawmf ppfom;ta,muf (20)wdk@u ol@udk
awmtky}f uD;xJodk@ ac:aqmifoGm;=uavawmhonf?
yD'DyD tzGJ@. vHk+cHKa&;wyfom;rsm;ESifh udkwifarmifOD;wkd@onf jrdK hjye,fpyfukd a&muf&&Sd eftwGuf (1)&ufcJGcef@
oGm;&onf? aemufq;Hk wGif 4if;wkd@onf jrefrmEkdifiHodk@ OD;wnfoGm;aom vrf;r}uD;wpfck. rvSr;f rurf;e,fajrudk
a&muf&v Sd mcJh=uonf? vHk+cHKa&; wyfom;rsm;twGuf Tae&monf vrf;qHk;yif? 4if;wkd@u ol@tm; vrf;r}uD;&Sd&m
bufukd !$ejf yum xdkae&modk@ a&muf&eftwGuf em&D0uf/ (45)rdepf cef@om vdkawmha=umif; ajymqdktm;ay;onf?
xdkae&mrS usHK'd;k +rdK@odk@ bwfpum; pD;oGm;&onf? usHK'd;k +rdK@ a&mufaom tcgwGifvnf; armfv+rdKifbufudk bwfpum;
(okd@r[kwf) pufavSEiS hf oGm;&rnfjzpfonf? 4if;wkd@ ,ckuJhokd@ olEiS fhtwl vkdufygvm ay;cJhonfhtay: udkwifarmifOD;
u tvGet f rif; aus;Zl;wifa=umif;ajym+yD; E_wfqufpum;rsm; qdkum vrf;cGJvdkuf=uonf? xdk@aemuf udkwifarmifOD;
onf xlxJaom awmtky}f uD;udk jzwfoef;um 4if;wkd@!$ejf y&m t&yfbufokd@ wpfudk,fa& ajcusifc&D;ESifavonf?
em&D0ufcef@ vrf;av#muf+yD;aomtcgwGif ta0;wpfae&mu um;oHrsm;udk oJhoJh =um;vkduf&onf? xdk@a=umifh
vrf;r}uD;ESifh odyrf vSrf;awmha=umif;udk od&dv S dkuf&+yD; um;oHrsm; vm&mbufokd@ OD;wnfoGm;avonf? aemufxyf
(10)rdepfcef@ av#mufoGm;+yD;aomtcgwGif awmifuke;f wpfckudk vSr;f jrifvdkuf&onf? vrf;r}uD;u xdkawmifuke;f av;
. xdyw f Gif wnf&daS ejcif;yg? TwGif olu awmifuke;f ay:udk owd}uD;pGmjzifh wufum vrf;r}uD;&Sd&mbufodk@
OD;wnfoGm;vkdufonf?
vrf;ay:odk@a&mufoGm;aomtcg ,OftoGm;tvm uif;&Sif;aeonfudk awG@&onf? xkdtcsdew f Gif ol@aemuf
u csKyH kwfxJrS ppfom;ESpOf D; ',kdif;',dkifjzifh xGufvm+yD; ‚a[haumif? &yfvkdufprf;? tJ'DrmS bJ &yf?‛[k atmfajymav
onf? xdkppfom;ESpaf ,mufu ol@xHodk@ av#mufvm+yD; ‚rif;u b,folvJuG‛[k ar;onf? TwGif rdrd cg;Y
xkd;xm;aom ypPwdkaoewf oGm;owd&vkdufrdonf? odk@aomfvnf; aoewfudkawmh rvdktyfbJ roHk;csifyg?
ol@aoewfukd tay:tusôu zH;k aeojzifh awmfayao;onf? ppfom;ESpOf D;u ol@tem; a&mufvm+yD jzpfonf?
e,fpyfu jyefvmaom ukeo f nfwpfOD;jzpfonf[k olu wnfwnf+idrjf idrfyif jyefajzvkdufonf? ppfom;rsm;u
ol@rSwfykw
H ifudk awmif;=unfh=uonf? vufeufudkif awmfvSeaf &; tzGJ@u ol@udk udkjrifha0 [laomtrnfjzifh
173
rSwfyw
Hk iftwkwpfckudk vkyxf m;ay;vkd@omyif? rSwfykw
H if jyvdkufaomtcg ppfom;rsm;u ol@tay: oHo,r&Sdawmh?
tu,fI jy\em wufvmv#ifvnf; xkdppfom;ESpOf D;udk rnfuJhodk@ wkdufcku d f+yD; awmxJ0ifajy;rnf qdkonfudk
ol@acgif;xJ awG;xm;+yD;jzpfonf? odk@aomf ppfom;rsm;u ol@udk bmrS xyfrar;awmhbJ v$wfay;vkdufonf?
oDoDav; vGwfoGm;jcif;yif?
olu usHK'd;k +rdK@ &S&d mbufodk@ vrf;qufav#mufoGm;+yD; xdkae&muwqifh oxHk+rdK@udkoGm;&eftwGuf
bwfpum;pD;vkdufonf? oxHk+rdK@onf armfv+rdKif+rdK@. ajrmufbufwGif wnf&do S nf? armfv+rdKifudkawmh roGm;csifyg?
vGecf hJaom av;ig;vuyif armfv+rdKif qdyfurf;wpfckY ppfaxmufvSr;f a&;rsm;ESifh awG@}uHKcJh&onfh tjzpftysufudk
jyeftrSwf&aeao;aoma=umifhyif? +rdK@}uD;rsm;wGif ppfaxmufvSr;f a&;rsm; ydrk adk pmifh=uyfaewwfonfudk olu
od&dx
S m;cJhonf? txl;ojzifh armfv+rdKif+rdK@ ajrmufbufxdyf &xm;vrf;qHk;aom ae&mrsm;wGif ydq k dk;onf?
udkwifarmifOD;onf oxHk+rdK@odk@ a&mufaomtcg tdrjf yef&eftwGuf &efuke&f xm; wufp;D vkdufonf?
&xm;ay:wGif wufxkdif+yD;I &xm;pxGufaomtcg ol. tawG;rsm; ysH@vGifhaecJhonf? pdrf;vef;pdjk ynfaom
tylykid f;a'o awmifapmif;rsm;ESifh }uD;rm;us,jf yef@aom pyg;cif;rsm;wkd@onf &xm; jywif;ayguf. tjyifbufwGif
w&dy&f dyf usefaecJh=uonf? ta0;wpfae&mwGif &Gmuav;rsm; tpkvkduf tpkvdkuf &Sad e=u+yD; apwDyx k dk;rsm;udkvnf;
r=umr=um awG@jrifEdik fonf? tylykid f;a'o awmif,moD;ESHrsm; pdu k fysKd;jcif;jzifh &k;d &Sif;pGm toufarG;0rf;ausmif;
jyKae=uaom aus;vufa'o vl@todkif;t0kdif;rsm;udk jyefvnfxdawG@ cHpm;vm&onf? rdrd. trdajrudk
jyefvnfa&muf&dv S m+yD; awmawmifa&ajr obm0 &_cif;rsm;udk awG@jrif&onfrmS ol@twGuf tifrwef pdwf=unfE;l
p&myif? wcsed fwnf;rSmyif ol a&S@quf vkyfaqmifoGm;&rnfh v_y&f Sm;r_rsm;ESifh ywfoufI awG;aerdonf?
174
onf? odk@aomfvnf; olu aps;onfrav;tm; (25)usyfwef wpf&Guf xkwfay;vkdufonf? xdktcsdeu f jrefrmEkdifiH
wGif (25)usyfwefrmS tjrifhqk;H ydu
k fqHjzpfonf? TwGif uav;rav;u ‘taºuGav; bmav;rsm; r&Sdbl;vm;&Sif?
q,fjym;aphwkd@ bmwkd@ayghaemf’ [k ajym&if; ol@tm; armf=unfhavonf? (25)usyfwef twGuf olrxHwGif tef;p&m
r&Sdaoma=umifhvnf; Za0Z0g jzpfae[efwlonf? omreftm;jzifh qdkv#if waeukef a&a&mif;cgrS ydu k fqH (2)usyf
jynfhatmif&v#if tawmfuHaumif;aeay+yD? xdka=umifh (25)usyfwef qdkonfrmS olrtwGuf rsm;vGe;f aeonf?
olruvnf; ‘ig 'Dtpfudk}uD;udk ydkufqH b,fvdk jyeftef;&rvJ’[k awG;ae[efwlonf?
xdktcsdew
f Gif &xm;bD; pvSdrafh vonf? udkwifarmifOD;u aEG;axG;=uifemaom t+yHK;jzifh olrudk =unfhum
‚tpfudk}uD;udk jyeftef;zdk@ rvdkbl;? ydu
k fqH tukefvHk;udk nDrav;bJ ,lxm;vkduf?‛ [k ajymvdu k fonf? TwGif
rsufvHk;t0kdif;om;ESifh aps;onfrav;rSm ol@udk bmjyefajym&rSef; rod? &xm;jywif;aygufuae vufjyE_wfqufae
aomol. yHk&dyo f nf wjznf;jznf; r_ef0g;oGm;+yD; olrrSmrl yg;pyfta[mif;om;jzifh usef&pfcJhavonf?
udkwifarmifOD;u xkduJhokd@aom uav;oli,frsm;udk awG@jrif&aomtcg &ifeifhcJh&onf? tm%m&Sif ae0if;u
wkdif;jynf. o,HZmwrsm;udk jzKef;wD;jcif;a=umifh xdkuav;i,frsm;. rdom;pk0ifrsm;udk qif;&JrGaJ w c|wf+cHKus
ae&aom tajctaewGif touf&Sif &yfwnfa&;twGuf uav;i,frsm;uyg tvkyv f kyf ae&a=umif;udk awG;rd
aomtcg ol@twGuf rnfokd@r# ajzomjcif; r&SdEkdifcJh? uav;qdkonfrSm Tt&G,fwGif ausmif;wuf ynmoif=um;
ae&rnf? omref uav;b0udk aysmf&$ifpmG jzwfoef;ae=u&rnfom jzpfonf?
aemufqHk;wGif rD;&xm;onf *dwfq;Hk blwm jzpfaom &efukeb f lwm}uD;qDodk@ csOf;uyfvmonf? blwm&HkwGif
omref c&D;onfrsm;ESifh jynfh=uyfaernf jzpfaomfvnf; c&D;onfrsm;tm;vHk;udk ta,mufwkdif;aph vkdufvH=unfh&_
tuJcwfae=uaom ppfaxmufvSr;f a&;rsm;vnf; &Sad eEkdifonfudk udkwifarmifOD;u awG;aeonf? xkd@a=umifh blwm&Hk
odk@ &xm; rqdkufa&mufrw D Gif &xm;ay:u ckeqf if; ae&pfcJh&ef qHk;jzwfvkdufonf? &xm;onf blwm&Hkudk csOf;uyfvm
onfEiS fhtr# t&Sdefudk av#mhcsoGm;onf? &xm;. t&Sdef wpfem&Dv#if 32 uDvdkrDwm (odk@r[kwf) 20 rdik f E_ef;avmuf
txd usqif;oGm;csdew f Gif tcGifhaumif;udk,lum ol &xm;ay:u ckeq f if;vkdufonf? rdrd q,fausmof uf t&G,f
uwnf;u pwifum a&G@vsm;aeaom &xm;udk tqif;twuf vkyv f mcJhonfESifhtnD ,ckwpf}udrw
f Gifvnf;
ol@twGuf bmrS jy\emr&SdcJh?
175
b0wav#mufvHk;wGif rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,muftay:udkr# raumif;r_ vkycf Jhjcif; r&SdcJhaom/ vlq;dk vlrdkufwpfa,muf
r[kwfaom om;awmfarmifudk bk&m;ocifu umuG,fay;vdrhfrnf[k taru ,Hk=unfcJhonf? udkwifarmifOD;onf
+idrf;csrf;aom enf;vrf;rsm;udk usifhoHk;um vl@tzG@J tpnf;aumif;usdK;twGuf wwfEdik for# taumif;qHk;
}udK;pm;aqmif&uG faejcif; jzpfonf[k taru ,Hk=unfcJhonf?
ol. vHk+cHKa&;twGuf pd;k &draf =umifh=uaecJh=uaomfvnf; rdom;pk0ifrsm;tm;vHk; TuJhodk@ jyefvnfqpHk nf;
=u&onfrmS wefzk;d rjzwfEdik faom/ arh&ufEidk fp&m r&Sdaom jzpf&yfwpfckyif? xdktcsdew f Gif rdom;pk0ifrsm;t=um;&Sd
cspfjcif;arwWmrsm; vef;qef;opfvGifaecJh+yD; ,cifu r}uHKzl;cJhaom aysmf&i$ fcsrf;ajr@r_rsm;udk awG@}uHKae&onf?
bk&m;ocifonf 4if;wdk@ESifhtwl &Sdaeonf[k cHpm;&+yD; 4if;wdk@. b0rsm; +yD;jynfhpHkaecJhayonf?
177
rsm;xJ jyefvnf0ifa&mufvm=uaomtcg 4if;wdk@. oli,fcsif;rdwfaqG rsm;pGmwdk@udk ,cifvdk rawG@&awmhaom
a=umifh jzpfonf? 4if;wdk@onf ESpfywfvnf tvkyof rsm; ta&;tcif;wGif yg0ifywfoufcJhr_a=umifh tcsdK@rmS towfcH
cJh&+yD; tcsKd@rSmrl axmifuscH ae&qJjzpfonf?
pmoifcef;xJodk@ jyefvnfa&muf&dv S maom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;onf r_id fawGylaqG; aecJh=uonf?
rdrd. wkdif;jynfudk cspfjrwfEd;k aom pdwf"gwfESifh wkdif;jynfudk taumif;bufodk h jyKjyifajymif;vJ Ekid fapa&; &nf&G,fcsuf
wkd@jzifh 4if;wkd@. oli,fcsif;rsm;onf ESpfywfvnf tvkyform; ta&;tcif;wGif wufºuGpmG yg0ifywfoufcJh=u
aomfvnf; =urRmqdk;rsm;udk }uHKawG@cJh=u&onf? xkdtwGufa=umifhvJ usef&daS eaom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;u
4if;wdk@udk yl;aqG;ae=ujcif;yif? 4if;wkd@onf axmifxJY &Sad e=u&rnfhtpm; wuUodkvfausmif;wGif at;csrf;pGm
ynmoif=um;ae=u oifhayonf? wuUodkvfausmif;rsm; jyefzGifhcsdew f Gif tpdk;&udk qef@usifol uAsmq&mrsm;onf
wuUodkvfausmif; toD;oD;wGif uAsmrsm;ESifh aqmif;yg;rsm;udk wdwfwdwfyek f; a&;om;xkwfa0 jzef@jzL;vmcJh=uonf?
xdkuJhodk@aom pmayrsm;udk ausmif;jyefzGifhcsdef Zefe0g&DvupI rwfvtxd }udK=um;}udK=um; xkwfa0oGm;cJh=uonf?
rdom;pk0ifrsm;udk ESdyfuGyfjcif;
wcsdewf nf;YwGif ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;rsm;onf rwfv (23)&ufae@ qENjyyJG tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh ywfoufI
od&do S Gm;cJh=uonf? udkwifarmifOD; +rdK@xJ jyefa&mufae+yD [laom owif;udkvnf; &&SdcJhjyefonf? xdk@a=umifh olEiS fh
ywfoufaom vufvSr;f rSDor# owif;tcsuftvufrsm; ppfaxmufvSr;f a&;rsm;u tonf;toef vkdufvH &SmazG
pHpk rf;=uavonf? TwGif 4if;wdk@u udkwifarmifOD;onf ol@rdom;pkudk wenf;wzHk tquftoG,f vkyaf eEkdifonf
qdkonfhtcsufudk &dyfpm;rdvdkufonf? xdk@a=umifh udkwifarmifOD;ESifh ywfoufI ppfaq;ar;jref;&eftwGuf rwfv
(19)&ufae@wGif ol@rdom;pktrd fudk 0ifa&mufp;D eif;um rdom;pk0ifrsm;tm; zrf;qD;cJh=uonf? rdbESpyf g;ESifh
ausmif;om;t&G,f nDi,f/ nDri,frsm;tygt0if (5)ESpfom;t&G,f uav;wpfOD;udkyg zrf;qD;cJhonf? rdom;pk0if
pkpkaygif; (9)OD;udk zrf;qD;cJhjcif;yif?
Todk@jzifh rwfv (19)&ufae@wGif ppfaxmufvSr;f a&;rsm;onf udkwifarmifOD;. rdom;pk0ifrsm; tm;vHk;udk
vdkufvHzrf;qD;+yD; tcsKyfcef;wpfcef;pDxJwGif cGJI csKyfaESmifxm;vdkufonf? tpma&pmrsm;udkvnf; ay;au|;jcif; r&Sd?
udkwifarmifOD; rnfonfhae&mY &Sad ea=umif;/ rdom;pk0ifrsm;u ol@tm; rnfokd@rnfykH tquftoG,fvkyf aea=umif;
ponfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk &&SdEkdif&eftwGuf 4if;wdk@u wpfaeukef ppfa=umar;jref;onf?
+cdrf;ajcmuf=uonf? toufi,f&, G folrsm;twGuf tvGet f rif; ajcmufjcm;zG,f&maumif;aom tawG@t}uHKrsm;yif?
178
touf (5)ESpfom;t&G,f uav;udkyif 4if;wdk@u csrf;omray;cJh=u? Oyrm qkd&v#if touf (12)ESpfom&Sdao;aom
oef@Zifukd 4if;wdk@u v#yfppfjzifh wdk@rnf [lI xyfcgwvJvJ +cdrf;ajcmufcJh=uonf? ppfaxmufvSr;f a&; wpfOD;u
oef@Zif. OD;acgif;udk &du
k fvkduf&mwGif &du
k fcsufu jyif;vGef;ojzifh olonf =urf;jyifay: bkef;bkef;vJusoGm;&onf?
xdkr#ESifh rvHkavmufao;? axmufvSr;f a&;u ol. ppfbGwfzed yfjzifh oef@Zif. OD;acgif;udk =urf;jyifay: zdeif;xm;&m
oef@ZifrmS rcHr&yfEkdifatmif emusifaoma=umifh i,foHygatmif atmf[pfcJh&onf? awG;0hHp&m raumif;aom
jzpf&yfrsm;yif? txdwfwvef@jzifh atmf[pfidk,kdaeonfh oef@Zif. toHrsm;udk tjcm;tcsKyfcef;rsm; xJwGif &Sad eaom
rdbrsm;ESifh tpfudkrsm;yg =um;cJh&onf? rdbjzpfolrsm;uvnf; uav;udk rESdyfpuf=uyg&ef twGuf
ppfaxmufvSr;f a&;rsm;tm; awmif;yef=uonf? touf (17)t&G,f armifvSa&$uvnf; ppfaxmufvSr;f rsm;u
nDav;tay: vky&f ufavtm;[k awG;rdum tvGet f rif; a'gojzpfcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh olu ppfaxmufvSr;f a&;
rsm;tm; ‚rif;wkd@aumifawG &ku d fcsifw,f qdk&if ighudk vm&duk f=u? ighnDav;u tckrS uav;bJ &Sad o;w,f? ol@udk
rvky=f ueJ@?‛[k atmf[pfajymqdk avonf? rdbrsm;ESifh armifvSa&$wdk@u tjyif;txef qufvufuef@uGuf=u rS
omv#if axmufvSr;f a&; acgif;aqmifu uav;rsm;udk rESdyfpuf&ef trdef@ay;vkdufonf?
179
owdxm;ae&onf? xifxm;onfh twkdif;yif? olr tdrfu xGufvm+yD; odyrf =umcifrmS yif olraemufu
vlEpS fa,muf vkdufygvmonfudk owdjyKrdonf? bk&m;&Sdckd;ausmif;udk bwfpum; pD;oGm;&rnf jzpfojzifh olronf
bwfpum; rSwfwkdif&d&S modk@ vrf;av#mufoGm;vdkufonf? xdkvlESpfOD;uvnf; olrESifhtwl bwfpum; wpfp;D xJwGif
vkdufygvm=uonf? 4if;wkd@onf olrudk aemufa,mifcHvdkufae=uonfrmS jiif;zG,f&mr&Sd? bk&m;ausmif;okd@
a&mufaomtcg olru cHkwef;vsm;wpfckay: 0ifxkdifvdkuf&m 4if;wkd@uvnf; olrESifh rvSr;f rurf; wpfae&mwGif
xdkifvdkuf=uonf? olr. v_y&f Sm;r_rsm;tm;vHk;udk aumif;rGefpmG awG@jrifEdkifap&eftwGuf 4if;wkd@u ae&maumif;
wpfckudk a&G;xdkif vkduf=ujcif; jzpfonf?
udkwifarmifOD; rdom;pku ,Hk=unfav;pm;&aom rdom;pkonfvnf; bk&m;ausmif; vmwuf=uonf?
4if;wkd@onf bk&m;&Scd kd;ausmif;ESifh rvSrf;rurf;wGif aexkdifolrsm;jzpf+yD; udkwifarmifOD;udkvnf; oHa,mZOf}uD;
=uonf? udkwifarmifOD;u 4if;wkd@ aetdru f dk vma&mufI rvS+rdKiftwGuf pm&Gufykid f;av; wpfckudk ay;xm;cJh+yD;
jzpfonf? 4if;wkd@. orD;wpfa,muf eSifh rvS+rdKifonf tvGe&f if;ESD; cifrifaom oli,fcsif;rsm; jzpf=uonf? Todk@jzifh
bk&m;0wfjyKaecsdewf Gif xdkaumifrav;onf vS+rdKifqDodk@ vmE_wfqufpum; ajym+yD; olr. eab;wGif 0ifxkdifae
vkdufonf? xdk@aemuf vltvpfwGif olru rvS+rdKif. vufxJodk@ pm&Gufykid f;av;udk rodrom xnfhay;vkdufonf?
udkwifarmifOD; bma&;xm;ygvdrf?h ppfaxmufvSr;f a&;rsm;u vS+rdKifudk rjrifEdkif[k ,lq&aom taetxm;wGif
pm&Gufacgufuav;udk jznf+yD; ckd;=unfhvkdufonf? pm&GufxJwGif tcsdefEiS fh vdypf mwpfckudkom a&;xm;onf?
udkwifarmifOD;. vufa&;yg? rvS+rdKifu udkwifarmifOD;udk Tvdyfpm &Sd&mae&mwGif wwfEdik for# tjrefq;Hk
oGm;a&muf awG@qk&H rnfudk csufcsif; oabmaygufvdkufonf? bk&m;&Sdckd;ausmif;xJu xGufoGm;csifvS+yD jzpfaom
a=umifh olr. ESvHk;cHkoHrsm; jrefvmonf? odk@aomf axmufvSr;f a&;ESpfOD;u olrudk r=umr=um tuJcwfae=uojzifh
tcsdef aumif;udk apmifhae&onf?
180
rvS+rdKifu owd}uD;pGmjzifh tcef;wHcg;&Sd&mqDokd@ csOf;uyfoGm;um wHcg;udk n‡ifompGm acgufvkdufonf?
udkwifarmifOD;u wHcg;udk cyfaphaphom zGifhvkduf+yD; wHcg;=um;rSaeI tjyifodk@ acsmif;=unfhavonf? vufxJwGif
vnf; aoewfu tqifoifhyif? olu rvS+rdKif vmrnfudk odaomfvnf; olraemufu axmufvSr;f a&;rsm; vdkuf
vmjcif; &Srd &Sd qef;ppfaejcif;jzpfonf? rvS+rdKifudk jrifonfESifh w+ydKifeuf olu 0rf;omtm;& wHcg;udk zGifhay;vkduf+yD;
tdrfcef;xJokd@ tjref0ifaponf? olr aemufu wpfpkw H pfOD; vkdufygvmovm;[k udkwifarmifOD;u ar;aomtcg
olru rnfolr# vkdufygvmjcif; r&Sda=umif; ajzvkdufonf? tdrfcef;xJ&dS pm;yJaG y:wGif ocifudk,fawmfrdi_ f; &mjynfh
csDwufyGJ twGuf a&;rSwfxm;aom tpDtpOf pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk rvS+rdKifu owdjyKrd vkdufonf? TwGif
udkwifarmifOD;u rdom;pk0ifrsm; tm;vHk;. tajctae rnfodk@&Sda=umif; ar;jref;avonf? rwfv (19)&ufae@/
aom=umae@wGif rdom;pk0ifrsm; tm;vHk;udk ppfaxmufvSr;f a&;rsm;u zrf;qD;+yD; 4if;wkd@. &H;k csKyfodk@ ac:aqmif
oGm;um ppfaq;ar;jref;cJha=umif;ESifh rdbESpyf g;rSmvnf; tzrf;cHxm;&qJ jzpfa=umif;wkd@udk rvS+rdKifu jyefajymif;
ajymjyonf?
rvS+rdKif. ajympum;rsma=umifh ol@rsufEmS ysufoGm;onf? pd;k &dryf lyefoGm;onf? TwGif rvS+rdKifu
‚tpfudk}uD;u bmqufvkyzf @dk tpDtpOf &SdvJ‛[k ar;avonf?
‚'D ta&;tcif;u tifrwef ta&;ygw,f? ppfrx
_ rf; t&m&Sad wGe@J vJ tpfudk}uD; ajymqdkaqG;aEG;vmcJh +yD;+yD?
tckvmr,hf ta&;tcif;[m 'Dppftpd;k &udkyg jyKwfusoGm;apEkdifavmufwJh txd udkifv_yEf ikd fwJh taetxm;&Sdw,f?
'Dtpd;k & jyKwfusoGm;+yDq&kd if vlxkvufxJudk tm%mjyefvJ$ay;EkdifrSmaygh? tpfudk}uD;uawmh 'gukd +yD;atmifvkyrf S
jzpfr,f? 'gayr,fh tckvdkrsK;d rdom;pktajctaeudk =um;vdkuf&awmh tpfudk}uD;u nDrav;&J@ vHk+cHKa&;twGuf
pd;k &drrf dw,f?‛
181
t=unfhrsK;d jzifhom jyef=unfh+yD; olrudk ESpfodrhcf Jhonf? udkwifarmifOD;u rdrd. r[mAsL[mESifh vky&f yfrsm; tm;vHk;
jzpfajrmufatmifjrifvmvdrhrf nf[k ,H=k unfaecJhaoma=umifhyif?
182
ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;tjyif ppfrx
_ rf;rsm;udkyg vufwJGyg0ifvmatmif pnf;&Hk;odr;f oGi;f EkdifchrJ nf qdkygu
T ta&;tcif;onf ,cifu jzpfcJh+yD;aom ta&;tcif;rsm;xuf rsm;pGmomvGef xda&mufr_ &Srd nfjzpfa=umif;udk
olu &dypf m;rdcJhonf?
qENjyyJGrsm;udk tm%m&Sifrsm;u &ufpufpmG ypfcwfEdrS ef if;cJhonfhjzpf&yfrsm;tm; udkwifarmifOD;u udk,fawG@
}uHK cJh&aomfvnf; olonf tm%m&Sifpepfudk qef@usifolEiS fh axmufcHolrsm;tm; cJGjcm;odjrifcJhonf? wkdif;jynfwGif
tiftm;taumif;qHk; taqmufttHkjzpfaom ppfwyfonf tm%m&Sif pepfudk tumtuG,fay;aeonfh trde@f
wpfckwnf;udkom emcHae&ygu ppfreS faom 'Drku d a&pDpepfodk@ toGiful;ajymif;a&; qkdonfrmS rnfodk@r# jzpfvm
Ekid frnf r[kwfa=umif;udk olu od&deS m;vnfcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh Tjzpf&yfrsKd;udk a&Smif&Sm;Ekdif&eftwGuf wyfrawmf
twGif;rSmyif tm%m&Sif pepfudk qef@usifvdk=uonfh ppfr_xrf;rsm;udk qufoG,f&rnf? todtrSwfjyK &rnf?
axmufcHtm;ay;&rnf [k olu cH,lcJhonf?
udkwifarmifOD;. r[mAsL[mESifh qufpyfum ppfwyftwGif; jzpfysufaeonfrsm;udkvnf; aphaphpyfpyf
avhvmtuJcwfoifhonf? 1974ckEpS fwGif ae0if;u Adv k fcsKyf}uD; wifOD;udk zrf;qD;cJhonf? xdktcsdeu f Advk fcsKyf}uD;
wifOD;onf ppfom;rsm;t=um;wGif tvGefausm=f um; a&yef;pm;aecJhol jzpfonf? trsK;d rsK;d aom ppftyk fpkwkd@udk
pkpnf;nD!Gwfr_ &Sv d map&ef pGrf;aqmifEdik fjcif;/ qlylrr_ sm;udk ajz&Sif;EkdifprG f;&Sdjcif; ponfh t&nftaoG;rsm;ukd
Adv
k fcsKyf}uD; wifOD;u ykid fqidk fxm;onfESifhtnD 4if;onf rdrd. tm%mudk xdyg;vmEkdifonf[k
tm%m&Sifae0if;u,lqum Adv k fcsKyf}uD;wifOD;udk zrf;qD;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? xdktcsdew f Gif Adv
k fcsKyf}uD; wifOD; xHwGif
emrusef;jzpfaeaom &ifaoG;wpfOD; &SdcJhonf? ppfwyfwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom ol. ZeD;onf q&m0efru
uav;udk txl;ukwpfa,mufxH oGm;a&mufjyo&eftwGuf t*FvefEdik fiHodk@ ac:aqmifoGm;cJhonf? uav;.
tajctaerSm oufomaumif;rGef vmcJhaomfvnf; ae0if;u Tonfudk tcGifhaumif;,lum AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifOD;tm;
4if;wkd@rdom;pkonf EkdifiHawmf b¾maiGrsm;udk t*FvefEkdifiH oGm;a&mufI tvJGoHk;pm; vkyaf ecJhonf[k pGyfpGJcJhonf?
Todk@jzifh ae0if;onf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD;. &mxl;ESifh tm%mrsm;udk jzKwfcsum ppfwyfxJu xkwfy,fcJhonf?
Advk f}uD;tke;f ausmfjrifh onf Adv
k fcsKyf}uD;wifOD; &mxl;u z,f&mS ;jcif; cHcJh&onfhtay: tvGef pdwfemcJo h nf?
xkd@a=umifh 4if;onf tkypf kwpfpkudk OD;aqmifzJ@G pnf;um ae0if;udk vky}f uHowfjzwf&eftwGuf v#Kd@0Suf}uHpnfaecJhonf?
Adv
k fcsKyf}uD;wifOD;udkvnf; ol. t}uHtpnfrsm;ESifh ywfoufI today;cJhonf? Adv k fcsKyf}uD; wifOD;u 4if;udk aocsm
pGm pOf;pm;csifhcsdef cJhaomfvnf; wpHw k &m ta=umif;jyefjcif; r&SdcJh? wcsdew f nf;rSmyif ae0if;udk vky}f uHowfjzwf+yD;
Adv
k fcsKyf}uD;wifOD; udk tm%m jyefvnfay;tyfrnfh Adv k f}uD; tkef;ausmfjrifh. t}uHtpnfrsm;rSm ppfwyftwGif;&Sd
Adv
k f}uD;wpfOD;a=umifhae0if;xH ayguf=um;oGm;cJh&onf? TwGif ae0if;u Adv k fcsKyf}uD; wifOD;udk tjypfzk@d um ol.tdrf
odk@ 0ifa&mufp;D eif; &SmazG&mwGif vky}f uHr_ t}uHtpnfrsm; yg&Sdonfh pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk awG@&SdcJhonf? Adv k fcsKyf}uD;
wifOD;u TZmwfuGufwGif rdrd yg0ifywfoufr_ r&Sda=umif; jiif;qdk&m/ vky}f uHr_ t}uHtpnf rsm;udk od&dx S m;v#ufEiS fh
a&iHkE_wfyw d faejcif;onf xdkt}uHtpnfwGif yg0ifywfoufaejcif;jzpfonf[k ae0if;u jyefvnfacsycJhonf? xdk h
aemuf Adv k fcsKyf}uD; wifOD;ukd zrf;qD; axmifcscJhonf? xdk@jyif Adv k f}uD; tkef;ausmfjrifhudkvnf; csufcsif;zrf;qD;+yD;
aemufyidk f;wGif }udK;ay;uGyfrsufcJhonf?
183
OD;oef@ ta&;tcif;wGif rnfonfhausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; yg0ifywfoufcJh=uonfudk ppfwyftwGif;&Sd
&mxl;}uD; ppfrx _ rf; rsm;pGmwdk@u od&dcS Jh=uonf? jrefrmEkdifiH&dS jynfoljynfom;rsm; vGwfajrmufa&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pD pepf
jyeftoufoGif;a&;wdk@twGuf ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;u &k;d om;ajzmifhrSeaf om ppfrx _ rf;rsm;. axmufcHr&_ ,l&ef
}udK;yrf;aecJhjcif;rsm;ESifh ywfoufIvnf; 4if;wkd@u od&dcS Jh=uonf?
tcsdK@aom &mxl;}uD; ppfrx _ rf;rsm;onf udkwifarmifOD;udk qufoG,fum udkwifarmifOD; tygt0if
tjcm;aom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhtwl v#dK@0u S faqG;aEG;yJG jyKvky&f eftwGuf 4if;wdk@. udk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;udk
apv$wfvdkufonf? ocifudk,fawmifrdi_ f; &mjynfhyJG tcrf;tem; ae@&ufwGif csDwufqENjyjcif;onf ta&;tcif;
aemufwpf}udrf jzpfvmEkdif&eftwGuf toifhawmfq;Hk tcGifhtvrf;jzpfonf[k xkdudk,fpm;vS,fu ausmif;om;rsm;udk
t}uHjyKcJhonf? Adv k fcsKyf}uD;wifOD;tay:opPm&Sdaom ppfr_xrf;rsm;pGmwdk@uae0if;. vky&f yftay: tvGet f rif; pdwfem
cJh=ujcif; jzpfonf?
ppfwyfudk,fpm;vS,fu tqdkjyKaom tpDtpOfrmS qENjyyGJjzpfvmaomtcg ausmif;om;rsm;u OD;aqmifjyD;
Adv
k fcsKyf}uD;wifOD;tm; jyefvnfcef hxm;a&;twGuf a}uG;a}umfawmif;qdk}u&efjzpfonf? xdktcg tqifhjrifh ppft&m&Sd
}uD;rsm;onf pkaygif;jyD; wyfrawmftwGif;Y ppfa&;t& ta&;,laqmif&u G foGm;rnf? Tvky&f yfonf ppfwyfudk
xufjcrf;uJGoGm;aprnf jzpf+yD; 4if;wkd@u Adv
k f}uD;tke;f ausmfjrifh. tultnDjzifh ppfwyf twGif;udk xde;f csKyfxm;um
ae0if;. bufawmfom;rsm;udk ajcr_ef;I Adv k fcsKyf}uD;wifOD;ukd &mxl; jyefvnf cef@tyfxm;rnfjzpfa=umif; udk,fpm;
vS,fu ajymonf? tu,fIom xdI k xdkr# wdkawmif;aom tcsdeu f mv twGif;wGif Adkvf}uD; tkef;ausmfjrifh. t}uH
tpnfrsm; atmifjrifrnfqdkcJhygu udkwifarmifOD;. toufudk u,fwifEdik fcJhrnf jzpf+yD; jrefrmEkdifiH ordik f;wpfckvHk;yg
ajymif;vJoGm;cJhayrnf? odk@aomfvnf; xdkuJhokd@ jzpfrvmcJh? TonfrSm udkwifarmifOD;. r[mAsL[m
rSm;,Gif;r_a=umifh r[kwfbJ tm%m&Sif ppftpd;k &. ppfaxmufvSr;f a&;u vufOD;r_ &&So d Gm;cJhjcif;a=umifhom jzpfonf?
Adv
k fcsKyfae0if;OD;aqmifaom ppftm%m&Sifrsm;onf 1974ckEpS f zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk wnDw!GwfxJ
vufcHtwnfjyKum ppf0wfpkHrsm; c|wf+yD; t&yfom;0wfpkrH sm;jzifh udk,fa,mifazsmufaecJh=uaomfvnf; jrefrmEkdifiH
wGif tm%m&Sif tkycf sKyfa&;pepf qufvuf wnf+rJaeao;a=umif;ESifh tm%m&Sifrsm;udk zHk;uG,faxmufr ay;aeaom
Ekid fiHa&;pepfatmufwGif ppfreS faom 'Drdkua&pDudk rnfonfhtcgr# &&SdEkdifrnf r[kwfa=umif;wkd@udk udkwifarmifOD;u
em;vnfoabmaygufcJhonf? udkwifarmifOD;. &yfwnfcsufrsm;onf &Sif;vif;jywfom;vSonf? tm%m&Siftyk fcsKyfr_
pepfudk wenf;wzHk oufq;dk &Snfap&ef ulnDyhyH k;d ay;aeolrsm;jzpfygu ppfwyftwGif;&Sd t&m&Srd sm; tygt0if rnfonfh
vly*k K~d vfeSifhr# udkwifarmifOD;u n‡dE_dif;aqG;aEG;cJhjcif; r&Sdacs?
udkwifarmifOD;onf tm%m&Sifpepfudk +zdKcs&efoabmxm;&Sdolrsm; tm;vHk;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvdkpdwf
&Scd Jhonf? xkd@a=umifhvnf;olu tqdkygoabmxm;&Sdaom ppfwyf. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifhyif qufqHaqmif&u G fcJhjcif;
jzpfonf? EkdifiHwpfEkdifiYH ppfrSefaom 'Drku
d a&pD pepf xGe;f um;aernfqv
dk #if ppfwyfonf 4if; vkyo
f ifhvkyfxdkufaom
wm0efudk xrf;aqmifae&onf? qdkvdkonfrSm ppfwyfonf jynfy&efrsm;udk umuG,f&rnf? odk@rSomv#if
ppfwyftwGif;&Sd pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_ ckdif+rJvmayrnf? odk@aomfvnf; wkdif;jynf wnf+idrrf _ &&Sda&;twGuf
[laomta=umif;jycsufjzifh rnfonfh tajctae wGif rqdk ppfwyftwGif; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_ &Sad eoifo h nf [laom
t,ltqudk udkwifarmifOD;u vufrcHcJhacs? jynfolvlxk. tajccH vGwfvyfcGifhrsm; uif;rJhaeaom tajctaewGif
184
wkdif;jynftwGif;wGif tay:,HYom wnf+idrrf _ &Sad eayrnf? TuJhokd@aom tajctaewGif ppfwyftwGif;
pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_ qkdonfrmS tm%m&Siftyk fcsKyfa&;pepf tjrpfwG,fap&eftwGufom jzpfvmayvdrfrh nf?
ppfwyftwGif; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_ &&SdEkdifa&;twGuf jynfolvlxk. vGwfvyfr_rsm; paw;&rnfh tjzpfrsKd;udk
udkwifarmifOD;u vHk;0 oabmrwlcJh? udkwifarmifOD;. r[mAsL[mrSm ppfwyftwGif;&Sd tjrifrSef&aeolrsm;udk
pnf;&Hk;odr;f oGi;f +yD; 4if;wdk@taejzifh ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;/ tvkyo f rm;rsm;ESifh vufwJGapEkid fa&;twGuf
ulnDaqmif&u G fay;um tm%m&Sifpepfudk t+yD;ydik f jzKwfcsjcif;jzifh 'Drdkua&pDEkdifiHawmfwpfck wnfaxmif&ef jzpfonf?
udkwifarmifOD;. r[mAsL[monf ,ae@tcsdex f dwkdif toHk;cs&ef oifhawmfaeqJjzpfonf? Tr[mAsL[mudk
toHk;csjcif;jzifh wkdif;jynfudk vrf;rSeaf y:a&mufvmatmif jyKvkyEf ikd fayrnf? ordik f; wa=umhjyefvmonfh tjzpfrmS
Adv
k fcsKyfrLS ;}uD;oef;a&$ OD;aqmifaom ppftm%m&Sifrsm;onf 2008ckEpS f zJ@G pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk twif;t}uyf
twnfjyKjyÏmef;vdkuf+yD; ppf0wfpkrH sm;udk c|wfum t&yfom;0wfpkrH sm;jzifh udk,fa,mifazsmuf ae=ujyefjcif; jzpfonf?
tm%m&SifpepfrSmvnf; ydI k yif cdkifrmpGm qufvuf wnf+rJaeao;onf? tm%m&Sifpepfudk zH;k zdxm;aom
(odk@r[kwf) tm%m&Sifpepfudk ydI k w&m;0ifjzpfvmatmif vkyx f m;aom ,ckvuf&Sd tajctaersKd;wGif ppfreS faom
'Drdkua&pD &&SdEkdif&ef vrf;rjrifacs?
vuf&dS jrefrmEkdifiHwGif oef;a&$ OD;aqmifaom tm%m&Sifrsm;onf 1974ckESpf umvrsm;Y ae0if; az:aqmif
cJhaom y&d,m,frsKd;udkyif jyefvnfusifhoHk;ae=uonf? udkwifarmifOD;u }udKjrifxm;cJh ouJhokd@yif ppfwyftwGif;Y
tajctaersm; ydrk q dk dk;&Gm;vmaeonf? xdyo f D; ppft&m&S}d uD;rsm;ESifh atmufajc ppfom;rsm; t=um; pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m
&ykdifcGifh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;. uGm[r_rmS ydI k yif odomxif&mS ;vmonf? ppftyk fpkxdyo f D;rsm;u wdkif;jynf o,HZmw
rsm;. tusKd;tjrwfrsm;udk trsm;qHk;&&Scd Hpm;ae=uonfhtcsdew f Gif atmufajcppfom;rsm;rSmrlum; omreftvkyf
orm; rsm;uJhokd@yif c|wf+cHKusae=u&onf? 4if;. tusK;d &vm'fa=umifh ppfwyftwGif;wGif atmufajcppfom; rsm;.
qENjyr_rsm; rsm;jym;vm+yD; tv,ftvwftqifh ppft&m&Sd rsm;pGmwk@d uvnf; ppfom;rsm;bufudk ygvm=uonf?
udkwifarmifOD;. acwfumvukd jyef=unfhrnfqv dk #if ppfrx
_ rf; t&m&Srd sm;u rausreyf jzpf&onfhta=umif;
&if;rSm 4if;wdk@av;pm;&aom ppfwyf t}uD;tuJ Adv k fcsKyf}uD;wifOD; &mxl;u xkwfy,fcHcJh&jcif;a=umifh jzpfonf?
xdk@a=umifh Ttajctaeukd yk*~dKvfa&;ESifh ywfoufonfh rauseyfcsuf[k ajymI&Ekdifayonf? udkwifarmifOD; uvnf;
Tonfudk tcGifhaumif;,lum rausreyf jzpfae=uaom ppfrx _ rf; t&m&Srd sm;ESifh yl;aygif;I tm%m&Sif pepfudk
jzKwfcs&ef }udK;yrf;tm;xkwfcJhayonf? ,ae@acwfumvwGif tv,ftvwftqifh ppf t&m&S}d uD;rsm; tygt0if
atmufajc ppfom;rsm;. rauseyfcsufrsm;onf yk*~dKvfa&;a=umifh r[kwfbJ wdkif;jynf. rl0g'rsm;/ Ekid fiHa&;cH,lcsuf
rsm;ESifh ydrk dk qufE,
G faeayonf? 2011ckEpS f {+yDvwGif ajcjrefwyf&if; trSwf (709)ESifh (710)wdk@onf 2008ckEpS f
zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'ESifh ppfr_rxrf;rae& Oya'wkd@udk jyifqif&ef / 4if;wkd@. vlaer_ tqifhtwef;rsm; tm;wdk;jr‡ifh
ay;&ef/ jrefrmEdkifiH&dS tajccH usaom Ekid fiHa&; jy\emrsm;udk Ekid fiHa&;enf;vrf;jzifh ajz&Sif;&ef/ jynfolvlxk.
ppfreS faom axmufcHru _ dk &,lum tpdk;& jyefvnf zG@J pnf;ay;&ef ponfwdk htwGuf vuf&dt S yk fpdk;aeaom tm%m&Sif
tpdk;&xH awmif;qkdcJhonf?
2010ckEpS f twkta,mif a&G;aumufyJrG sm; t+yD;wGif orRwode;f pdef OD;aqmifaom tpd;k &opfwpf&yfudk
zJ@G pnf;vdkuf+yD; jzpfapumrl ppfwyftwGif;wGif tqdkyguJhodk@aom rauseyfcsufrsm; xGufay:vm&jcif;. vuQ%mrSm
185
tm%m&Sifpepftay:wGif ppfr_xrf;rsm;. rauseyfcsufrsm; wdk;yGm;vmaeonf [laomoabmyif jzpfonf? 4if;rSm
ppfwyftwGif;&Sd ppfom; ajrmufrsm;pGmwdk@onf tm%m&Siftyk fcsKyfr_udk onf;rcHEdkifawmhbJ aygufxGufawmhrnfh
taetxm;udk jyqdak eonf? 0rf;enf;p&maumif;onfrmS udkwifarmifOD; usqHk;oGm;cJh+yDjzpfonf? TwGif rnfolu
udkwifarmifOD;. enf;AsL[mudk xdxda&mufa&muf vufcHusihfoHk;rnfenf; qkdonfu ar;p&mjzpfvmonf? tm&yf
Edik fiHrsm;pGmwkd@wGif tm%m&Siftyk fcsKyfr_pepf qef@usifa&; v_y&f Sm;r_rsm; wjznf;jznf; tm;aumif;vm=u+yDjzpf
aomfvnf; jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ,cktcsdeYf bmoHrS xGufrvmao;onfrmS 0rf;enf;p&myif? udkwifarmifOD;uJhokd@yif
&JpGr;f owWdEiS fh jynfhpHk=u&efeiS fh trsm;jynfolwkd@.aumif;usKd;twGuf tm%m&Sif pepf qef@usifa&; v_y&f Sm;r_rsm;udk
az:aqmif }u&ef ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;/ vli,frsm;udk OD;aZmf0if;u wdkufwGe;f E_d;aqmfonf?
udkwifarmifOD;. r[mAsL[mudk vdkufygaz:aqmif&eftwGuf &JpGr;f owWdomrubJ &Sif;vif;jywfom;aom
oabmxm; tjrifEiS fh tpDtrHrsm; vdktyfayonf? ,ckvuf&dS jrefrmEkdifiHwGif oabmxm;tjrif rjywfom;r_rsm;
jzpfay:vSsuf&do
S nf? trsKd;om; jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;[lonfh tay:wGif tav;xm;vGe;f ae=ujcif;a=umifh xdkuJhodk@
oabmxm;tjrifrsm; rjywfom;=ujcif;jzpfonf? trsK;d om;jyefvnf oifhjrwfa&;udk xyfcgwvJvJ &Gwf qdkae=u
aomfvnf; xdka0g[m&udk rnfonfhEdkifiHa&;ygwDur# &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm t"dyg` ,fziG fhqkjd cif; r&Sdao;acs? yxrqHk;
taeESifh ajym&rnfqv kd #if tm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&; [laom t&mESpcf konf twl
wuG ,SOfwJGaeEkid fjcif; r&Sd[laomtcsufjzpfonf? 4if;wkd@ESpfckteufu wpfckudk usihfoHk;rnfqv dk #if tjcm;wpfckudk
y,fzsuf&ayrnf? tm%m&Sifpepf wnf+rJaeor#umvywfvHk; ppfreS faom trsK;d om; jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&; qdkonf
rSm '¾m&D wpfyk'yf if jzpfaeayvdrfrh nf? xkd@a=umifh tm%m&Sifpepfudk OD;pGm zsufodr;f &rnf? odk@rSomv#if trsK;d om;
jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&; tygt0if tjcm;aom EkdifiHa&;&m jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; vkyif ef;pOfrsm;udk av#mav#m&SL&SL
taumif txnfaz:Ekdifrnf jzpfonf? TonfrmS udkwifarmifOD;. &Sif;vif;jywfom;aom vrf;a=umif;yif jzpfonf?
186
[m rSeu f efa}umif;udk tm&yfEdik fiHrsm;wGif vuf&djS zpfymG ;aeaom vlxkwdkufyJrG sm;u jyqdkae ayonf? udkwifarmifOD;
onf tm%m&Sifpepfudk qef@usif&mwGif tm&yfedkifiHrsm;&Sd vli,frsm;xuf (35)ESpf apmcJhonf? ausmif;ol
ausmif;om;rsm;/ tvkyo f rm;rsm;ESifh *k%o f duQm&Sdaom ppfrx _ rf;rsm;onf udkwifarmifOD;. vky&f yfrsm;rS oifcef;pm
,lEdik f=uayonf? 4if;wkd@ pkaygif;um ppfreS faom trsK;d om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;eSifh pyfvSsOf;I &Sif;vif;jywfom; aom
oabmxm; tjrifudk az:xkwfEdik frnfjzpf+yD; udkwifarmifOD;uJhodk@aom &J&ifhowWdEiS fh jynfhpHkonfh acgif;aqmifrsm;
ay:xGe;f vma&; twGuf tm;ay;wkdufwGe;f Ekdif=urnf jzpfonf?
187
(16)
188
aoewf&d&S m odk hvufa&muf&ef tcsdeyf if r&cJhyg? ppfaxmufvSr;f a&;rsm;u ol. aoewfudk odr;f ,ljyD;aemuf ol hudk
zrf;cJh}uonf? ppfaxmufvSr;f a&; rsm;u ol hudkzrf;&ef tcef;tjyifwGif apmifhaea}umif;om odcJhrnf qdkvSsif
tzrf;rcHbJ ol toufq;Hk onf txd jyefvnfwdkufcku d foGm;rnfrmS aocsmonf?
rwfv 22 &uf wevFmae hwGif aetdrYf qvdkif;wifarmifOD;. nDi,f nDri,frsm;om &SdaecJh }uonf? rdb
eSpfyg;tm; axmufvSrf;a&;rsm;u xdr;f odrf;xm;qJ jzpfaoma}umifhyif? 1976 rwfv 23 t*Fgae hwGif az:aqmif&ef
pDpOfxm;onfh r_dif;&mjynfh qENjyyGJwGif 4if;OD;aqmifrnf[lI udkwifarmifOD;u ajymvdkufa}umif; jyD;cJhonfhae h
naecif;wGif ppfaxmufvSr;f a&;. ppfaq;ar;jref;jcif;udk cHjyD;aemuf jyefvmcJhaom rvSjrdKifu olr. armifrsm;eSifh
nDrtm; ajym}um;xm;cJhjyD; jzpfonf? 4if;wdk htm;vHk; onf rd_if;&mjynfheSifh pyfvSsOf;I rnfonfhowif;rsm; xGufay:
vmOD;rnfenf;[k awG;awmum a&'D,dkrS owif;udk wae hvHk;apmihfIem;axmifaecJh}uonf? xdkae h. tcsderf sm;
ukev f mavav pd;k &dryf lyefpdwf awG rsm;vmavav jzpfonf? qENjyyGJ jzpf&ef eD;uyfvmjyD jzpfa}umif; odxm;Iyif?
qENjyyGJ rjzpfcif tpdk;&u vlxkawG tay: zdeSdyfjzdKcGJrSmvm;? ausmif;om;awGudk }udKwifjyD; zrf;qD;rSmvm;? rnfolrsS
rajymedkif}uyg? ,if;odk hapmif;qdkif;ae}upOf owif;qdk;xGufay:vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf?
owif;a}ujimolu qvdkif;wifarmifOD;tm; zrf;qD;rdonfh tcsdef ae&m eSifh r_dif;&mjynfh twGuf }udKwif
jyifqifxm;onfh pDrHcsufrsm; a&;qGJxm;onfh pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk odr;f qnf;&rdcJh a}umif; jzifh a}ujimoGm;cJhonf?
owif;udk em;axmifjyD;aemuf nDtpfudk armifeSr rsm; tm;vHk; oJoefpmG 0rf;enf; ylaqG;}uonf? zrf;qD;&rd
jyD;aemuf olwdk@ cspfcifav;pm;vSpmG aom tudk}uD;tm; ppfaq;ar;jref;pOf eSdypf ufnSif;yrf;cH&vdrrfh nf [laom
tawG;u olwdk@eSvHk;om;udk emusifapcJhonf? twlwuG xdkifjyD; jzpfeidk fajcrsm;udk ajym}u/ wdik fyif}u&if; rsuf&nfrsm;
us}uonf?
olwdk hbmvkyo f ihfoenf;? rdbeSpyf g;a&m tudk}uD;ygzrf;qD;xdr;f odr;f cHae}upOfwGif tdrfwGifusef &pfol
nDtpfudk armifeSrrsm; tm;vHk; olwdk@ bmqufvkyo f ihfonfudk pkaygif; wdkifyifch}J uonf? qHk;jzwfcsuf wckckcsrSwf&ef
ta&;t}uD;qHk; tcsdefyif? olwdk@udk,fwdkif bmwckrS ta&;,l aqmif&u G fjcif; r&SdbJ wckck taumif;bufodk@
ajymif;vJoGm;edkifonfh taetxm;udkxdkifapmifhae}urnfvm;? Tvrf;a}umif;udk a&G;cs,fvSsif tdrfwGif usefcJhol
nDtpfudk armifeSrrsm;tm;vHk; vHkjcHKr_&Sd}urnf? qufvuf zrf;qD;cH&rnf r[kwf? ab;tEW&,feiS fh }uHKawG@rnf
r[kwf? zrf;qD;csKyfaeSmifcHae&ol rdbeSpyf g;eSifh tudk}uD;wdk@twGuf tjyifraS eIyif ulnDyhyH k;d ay; edkifrnf? tu,fI
om tudk}uD;. }udK;yrf;tm;xkwfcJhr_udk yHyh ;dk onfh taejzifholwdk@ ukd,fwdkif wckckta&;,l aqmif&u G fr_jyKygu
ppftm%m&Sifrsm;onf olwdk hudkvnf;zrf;qD;/ eSyd fpuf nSif;yrf;rnf rkcsjzpfonf? ,if;odk haom tEW&,fudk olwdk@
aumif;pGm }udKwifodjrifxm;}uonf?
189
wm0efudk qufvufxrf;aqmifoGm;&ef olru qHk;jzwfcsuf cscJhonf? TajrSmfreS f;csufjzihf olronf ed;k }um;
wuf}uGvmcJhonf? ppftm%m&Sifrsm;u olrtay: jcdrf;ajcmuf tEW&,f jyKedik frnfh taetxm;tm;vHk;udk &ifqidk f
oGm;&ef toifh jzpfvmcJhonf?
nDtpfudk armifeSrrsm;tm;vHk; rsuf&nfrsm;udk okwf}ujyD;aemuf rvSjrdKifu pum; pwifajymqdkonf?
‚reufjzef qENjyyGJ u odwfudk ta&;}uD;w,f&iS fh? tudk}uD; tzrf;cH&wJh twGuf qENjyyGJ rjzpfrmS udk
usrawmh t&rf; pd;k &drw
f mbJ? qENjyyGJom atmifjrifvdk hppftpdk;&jyKwfusoGm;cJh&if tzrf;cH ae&wJh ausmif;om;awGe@J
twl igwdk hrb
d eSpfyg;a&m udkwifarmifOD;yg vGwfvmrSm aocsmw,f‛
olr. 'kwd, tudk udkjr'if eSifh tjcm;nDri,f armifi,frsm;tm;vHk; tHt h m;oifhoGm;}uonf? ckdifrmaom
qHk;jzwfcsufcsjyD; jzpfonfh olr.rsufeSmudk }unfh}uonf? tm;vHk; c%awmh jidrfouf oGm; }ujyD; olrajymonfh
ta}umif;jycsufudk vkdufpOf;pm;aecJh}uonf? olwdk h. vHkjcHKr_ twGuf pd;k &drrf _&Sd }u rnfhtay:oHo, &Sdp&mrvdkyg?
odk@&mwGif tu,fI olwdk@ pGef@pm;ygu tusdK;&Sed idk frnf qdkonfudkvnf; em;vnf vufcH}uonf? rvSjrdKif.
ydik f;jzwfcsufeSifh pdwfxufoef jyif;jyr_onf wajz;ajz;eSifh tudkeSifh armifi,f nDri,frsm;udk ul;pufoGm;cJhonf?
rvSjrdKif. oHk;oyfwifjycsufudk yxrqHk; axmufcHolrmS armifi,f armifvSa&$jzpfonf? olu q&m}uD; ocif
udk,fawmfr_dif;. jidrf;csrf;a&;v_y_ f&Sm;r_udk rsm;pGmwefbdk;xm;ol jzpfonf? pDpOfxm;aom rd_if;&mjynfhqENjyyGJonf
ordkif;0ifwck jzpfvdrhrf nf[k ol,Hk}unfonf? xdk haemuf armifvSa&$u wkef hjyefajymqdkonf?
‚pDpOfxm;wJhrd_if;&mjynfhqENjyyGJ[m ta&;}uD;w,fvdk@ uGseaf wmfvJoabmwlw,f? aemufjyD;awmh tudk}uD;
udkwifarmifOD;&J@ }udK;yrf;tm;xkwfr_udk uGseaf wmfwdk@axmufcHbdk@ vdkw,f? 'gayr,fh uGseaf wmfwdk@ bmvky}f u&if
aumif;rvJ?‛
ol har;cGe;f tay: rvSjrdKifu c%rSs pOf;pm;jyD;aemuf
190
xdktcsdeYf armifoef hZifonf 13eSpfom;om&Sdao;aomfvnf; axmufvSr;f a&;u pHpk rf;ppfaq;&ef xdr;f odrf;
cJhpOfu eSyd fpufnSif;yrf;r_udk cHcJh&jyD; jzpfonf? olu ol.tr}uD; eSifh tudkrsm;. aqG;aEG;r_rsm;udk jidrfoufpmG
em;axmifaecJhonf? edik fiHa&;udk wvHk;wyg'rSs olem;rvnfaomfvnf; rdbeSpyf g;eSifh tudk}uD;tm; zrf;qD;xm;
onfrmS rw&m;[kolodonf? xdk haemuf rvSjrdKif. v_H haqmfr_jzifh tjcm;armif eSroHk;OD; wdk honfvnf; oabmwlnD
csuf cseidk fcJh}uonf? wOD; eSifh wOD; ydIk pnf;vHk;vm}uonf? olwdk h tudk}uD;. qENudkxajrmufatmif az:aqmifrnfh
rvSjrdKifeSifh armifvSa&$wdk@. vkyif ef;pOfatmifjrifap&ef yHyh dk;ay;oGm;edkifa&;twGuf vufwGJcJh}uonf? olwdk@ rdom;pk
. ordkif;wGif Ttcsdeu f mvuav;rSm rSwfwrf;wif&rnfh or,jzpfonf?
olwdk htrd fteD;w0du
k fY axmufvSr;f a&;.apmifh}unfhr_rSm tm;aumif;aeqJyif? armifvSa&$rmS xdkpOfu
udk;wef; wufaeqJ jzpfonf? rvSjrdKifeSifh armifvSa&$wdk h aemufwae h eHuf apmapmwGif wuUodkvfodk hoGm;a&muf&ef
qHk;jzwfcJhonf? armifwOD;u rvSjrdKifudk ajymonf?
‚wuUodkvf0if;xJa&muf&if rvSjrdKif&J htoHudk ausmif;om;awGaumif;aumif; r}um;rSm pd;k &w,f?
'gudk ,loGm;jyD; oHk;&ifaumif;r,f xifw,f? ‛
olu rvSjrdKifudk 0DpDuav; wckay;onf?
rd_if;&mjynfh csw
D ufyGJ
aemufwae hrwfv23 &uf t*Fgae heu H f oHk;em&D cGJwGif armifeSr eSpfOD; tdyf,mu x}uonf? wdwfwdwf
qdwfqdwfeSifh jrefjrefqefqef tdrfrx S GufcJh}uonf? udkwifarmifOD;ay;ydk hcJhonfhowif;udkbk&m; &Scd dk;ausmif;odk h,lvm
um vSsdK h0u S fpmG urf;ay;jyD; ulnDcJhonfh rdom;pk.aetdro f dk holwdk@ twloGm;cJh }uonf? tqdkyg rdom;pkwGif;&Sd
orD;eSpOf D;rSmwuUodkfvfausmif;wufae}u qJ? okd hjzpfI qvdkif;wifarmifOD; udk aumif;rGefpGmod&Sdxm;}ujyD; oleiS fh
vnf;oli,fcsif;rsm;jzpf}uonf? ol tzrf;cH&onfh owif;udk }um; od&aomtcg olwdk hro d m;wpkvHk;rSm vGepf Gm
pdwfraumif; jzpf}uonf? qvdkif;wifarmifOD;. tdrfwGif usef&pfol armifeSrrsm;udk olwdk@u rsm;pGm *&k%mouf}u
onf? odk@jzifh xdkrdom;pkwGif;&Sd wuUodkvf ausmif;ol rdef;cav;eSpOf D;u wuUpw D pD;iSm;um rvSjrdKifwdk@ armifeSreSpfOD;
udk wuUodkvfodk@ ta&muf vdkufvHyk@d aqmifcsay;cJh}ujyD; olwdk@ ausmif;wuf&rnfh pmoifcef;&S&d modk hqufvuf
xGufcGmoGm;}uonf?
191
xrf;aqmif&awmhrnf jzpfa}umif; olwdk hod onf? olwdk hepS fOD; pdwfwuf}uGpmG jzifh '*Hk aqmif&d&S modk hcsDwufoGm;
}uonf? ,if;rSm a,mufsm; uav;rsm; aexdkif&m taqmif? rvSjrdKif onf txufwef;ausmif;oluav; rSsS om
&Sad o;ojzifh edik fiHa&;qENjyyGJwckudk tpjyKOD;aqmifbl;onfh tawG h t}uHKr&SdcJh? odk h&mwGif olrudk,folr tm;rmef
wif;vdkufonf? olwdk hepS fOD; '*Hkaqmif {nfhcef;odk hOD;wnf oGm;}uonf? {nfhcef;wGif 'gZiftcsdK hrsS aom ausmif;om;
wdk h&daS e}uonf? trsm;pkrmS 4if; wdk h. tcef; rsm;xJ rS xGufrvm}uao;? ausmif;om;rsm;onf yHrk Sefausmif;wuf
&ef twGuf toifjh yif ae}uqJ? rvSjrdKifu olr. 0DpDuav;udk xkwfjyD; us,favmifpmG r_wfvdkufonf? pl;&Saom
0DpDuav;. toHrmS {nfhcef;xJ&Sd ausmif;om;wdkif;. tm&Hu k dk qGJ,lvdkufonf? 4if;wdk@. tcef;i,frsm; xJwGif
om&Sdaeao; aom ausmif;om;tawmfrsm;rsm;onfvnf; tcef;xJrS acgif;jyLxGufI }unfh}uonf? TwGif rvSjrdKif
u pwifa[majymygawmhonf?
194
TonfrSm tudk}uD;jzpfol qvdkif;wifarmifOD;eSifh aemufq;Hk awG hcJhpOfu 4if; &Sif;jy xm;cJhaom wyfwGif;
tajctaersm;udk&nfn$e;f vSsuf tudk}uD;. vdkvm;csuftwdkif; yHyh dk;az:aqmifedkif&ef rvSjrdKifu qENjyausmif;om;
rsm;tm; ,ckuJhodk hwdkufwGe;f jcif; jzpfonf? odk hjzifh qufvufcsDwuf}uaomtcg olr u ‚AdkvfcsKyf }uD;wifOD;/
Adv
k fcsKyf}uD; wifOD;‛ [lI wdkifvdkuf&mwGif tcsdK@ axmufcHa}uG;a}umf}uaom ausmif;om;rsm; &Sad omfvnf;
trsm;pkausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;u oabmrwl}u? udkwifarmifOD; eSifh olr aqG;aEG;xm;csufrsm;udkvnf;
rod&d}S u? ppfwyfa&;&mudprP sm;eSifh pyfvSsOf;I vHk;0rywfoufjcifonfh oabmxm;rsm; &S}d uonf? 4if;wdk hwGif
ppftm%m&Sif tkyfpk wckvHk;udk qef husifvdkonfh oabmxm; rsm; &Scd Jh}uonf? odk hjzpfI Adv k fcsKyf}uD;wifOD; eSifh
qufpyfaom a}uG;a}umfoHrsm;rSm wajz;ajz; tm;enf; jyD; aemufq;Hk wGif aysmufuG,foGm;cJhonf?
eSpfrkid fcef hrsS qufvufcsDwufoGm;}uaomtcg qENjyausmif;om;rsm;onf jynfvrf;taemuf bufjcrf;wGif
&Sad eaom jrefrmhtoH a&'D,kd toHv$ifh&Hka&S hodk ha&mufoGm;}uonf? T toHv$ifh&Hkonf tpdk;&. xdr;f csKyfr_
atmufwGif vHk;0&Sdaeonf? t"dutm;jzifh em;qifrsm;t}um;wGif jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfqidk f&m oabmw&m;
rsm;/ qdk&S,fvpfta&miftaoG;v$rf;jcHKxm;aom ppftpdk;&. vkyaf qmifcsuf rsm; wdk hudk 0g'jzef hcsD7efjzpfonf?
vufeufrsm;udk udkifpJx G m;}uonfh &meSifhcsDaomppfom;rsm;onftoH v$ifh&Hktm; 0dik f;&Hapmif}h uyfae}uonf? qENjy
ausmif;om;rsm;tm; wrk[kwfjcif; ypfcwf&ef toifjh zpfae }uonf? toHv$ifh&Hk0if;twGif;wGifvnf; ppfx&yfum;
rsm;eSifh pufaoewfrsm;wifxm;onfh ppf*spfum;rsm; &Sad e}uonf? ppfyJ}G uD; wyGq J ifEJ&$ ef toihf ae&m,lxm;}u
ouJhodk@yif? ppfaxmufvSr;f a&;rsm;u toHv$ifh&t Hk ay:xyfraS eI qENjy ausmif;om;rsm;tm; "gwfykrH sm; &du k f,l
ae}uonf?
rvSjrdKifeSifh armifvSa&$wdk honf qENjycsDwufaeaom vltyk f}uD;. xdyf a&S hq;Hk wef;wGif &Sad ecJh }uonf?
xdkpOfu tajctaeudk udkvSa&$u jyefajymif;owd&onf?
195
‚tJ'DwHk;u uGseaf wmfu udk;wef;ausmif;om;av;bJ &Sad o;w,fAs? qENjywuUodkvf ausmif; om;
waxmifausmaf vmuf&J ha&S hqHk;wef;uae OD;aqmifcsDwufcJh&wm b,fvdk 0rf;ajrmufa}ueyfrrd Sef; ajymrjyedik fatmif
ygbJAsm? tJonfwHk;u wuUodkfvfausmif;om;awGu uGseaf wmhf treJ@ uGseaf wmfwdk@ eSpfOD;vHk;[m qvdkif;
wifarmifOD;&J@ nDreJ@ nDawG jzpf}uw,fqw dk mudk rodcJh}ubl;av? uGseaf wmfwdk@vJ olwdk@vdkbJ wuUodkvf
ausmif;om;awGvdk@ xifxm;cJh}uwmudk;As? tJonfwHk;u owWd&Sd&SdeJ@csDwuf oGm;cJh}uwJh wuUokdfvfausmif;om;awGudk
uGseaf wmfodwfudk av;pm; wefb;dk xm;rdyg&J hAsm? ppfom;awG eJ h jyoemrjzpfatmif a&SmifjyD; wnfwnfjidrjf idrfeJ hbJ
csDwufoGm;edkifcJh}uw,fav?‛
toHv$ifh&Hkudk jzwfausmjf yD;aemufwGif ausmif;om;rsm;onf [Hom0wD t0dkif;&Sd&modk ha&muf oGm;cJh}uonf?
xdkae&mta&mufwGif jynfvrf;r}uD;twdkif; qufroGm;edkifawmhyg? wifhum;rsm;eSifh ppf om;rsm;onf vrf;udkydwfqdk h
I&yfae}uaoma}umifh jzpfonf? xdk ha}umifhausmif;om;rsm;onf OD;0dpm& vrf;udk ajymif;vJavSsmufvSrf;}uonf?
axmifaygif;rsm;pGmvlxkrsm;onf vrf;ab; wGif wef;pD&yfae}u jyD; atmf[pf vufckyrf sm;wD;um ausmif;om;rsm;udk
tm;ay;}uonf? qENjyausmif; om;rsm;onf q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;tm; owd&}u&ef/ *k%fjyK}u&ef eSifh
jidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf yHhydk;}u&ef a}uG; a}umfoHrsm; wdkif&if; qufvufcsDwuf}uonf?
pkpkaygif; oHk;rdik fcGJcef@ avSsmufoGm;}ujyD;aemuf aemufq;Hk wGif OD;0dpm&vrf;eSifh OD;axmifbdk vrf;qHkodk@
a&mufoGm;cJh}uonf? ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;eSifh OD;oef hwdk htm; jrSKyfeSHxm;&m uefawmfrifyef;jcHonf ,if; vrf;qHk.
tjcm;bufwGif &Sad eonf? qENjy ausmif;om;rsm;onf vrf;qHkudk jzwfI yef;jcHtwGif; 0ifa&mufvmcJh}uonf?
ocif udk,fawmfrd_if;*lArd mef odk h a&mufaomtcg &yfwef h}ujyD; q&m}uD;tm; *g&0 jyK}uonf? xkwfjyefa}ujimcsuf
tajrmuftrsm;eSifh 4if;tm; *k%fjyKpyfqx dk m;aom uAsmtcsdL htm; zwf}um;um *k%jf yK}uonf? yef;jcH}uD;
wckvHk;rSm ausmif;om;rsm;eSifh jynfhvSsr;f aejyD; tcsdL@wdk@rSm tjyifbufvrf;ray:wGif&yf}u&onf? tpDtpOft&qdkvSsif
qENjyausmif;om;rsm;onfocifudk,fawmf rd_if;tm; jidrf;csrf;pGm*g&0 jyK}ujyD;aemuf &efuke0f dZ…m eSifh odyHw ` uUodkvf
odk hjyefum 4if;wdk h. qEN jyr_udk tqH;k owf&ef jzpfonf?
196
xdk haemufwGif a}uG;a}umfoHrsm; pwif wdkif}ujyefonf? onfw}udrw f Gifrl a}uG;a}umfoH . awmif;qdkcsuf
ajymif;oGm;cJhjyD? ‚ausmif;om;or*~zGJ hpnf;a&;/ 'dk hta&; 'dk hta&;‛ ‚zrf;qD;cH ausmif;om;rsm;/ v$wf v$wf‛
‚ausmif;om; eSifh tvkyo f rm;rsm;/ aoG;pnf;}u aoG;pnf;}u‛ ‚ta&;awmfykH atmif&rnf‛ ponfwdk hjzpfonf?
ausmif;om;rsm;onf q&m}uD; ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;tm; *g&0 jyK}ujyD;aemuf tcrf;tem;udk atmifjrifpmG
jyD;qHk;vdkuf}uonf? odk h&mwGif ausmif;om;or*~zJG hpnf;cGifh eSifh ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; rsm; &onftxd qENjyr_ukd
qufvuf az:aqmifoGm;7ef eSifh edkifiHa&; tusOf;om;rsm;tm;v$wfay;a&; twGuf tpdk;&udk awmif;qdkoGm;&ef
ydik f;jzwfcsuf cs}uonf? wuUodkvf0if;odk htjyefvrf;wGif ausmif; om;rsm;tm; axmufcHtm;ay;}uaom
vlxkOD;a&rSm ydI k rsm;vmonf? aemufqHk;wGif rGef;vGJykid f;Y wuU odkvfausmif;0if;odk hjyefvnfqu dk fa&mufcJh}ujyD;
bGJ@eSif;obifcef;r odk hOD;wnfoGm;cJh}uonf? cef;r odk h t0if wHcg;}uD;rsm;udk aomhcwfyw d fxm;jyD; q&mrsm;u
wHcg;udk ydwfqdk@vSsuf&yfaecJh}uonf? ausmif;om;rsm;tm; cef;rxJodk h0ifcGifhray;bdk htpdk;&u 4if;wdk htm; trde@f
ay;xm;a}umif; eSifh qENjyyGJudk &yf qdkif;vdkuf&ef q&mrsm;u wdkufwGe;f onf? q&mrsm;eSifh ausmif;om;rsm;.
tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;r_rSm tcsdet f awmf}umoGm;aomfvnf; ratmifjrifcJhyg? aemufqHk;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;u
atmufygtwdkif; ajymqdkcJh}uonf?
‚'g[m uGsefawmfwdk@ ausmif;om;awGe@J q&mwdk@ t}um;u jy\em r[kwfygbl;? uGsefawmfwdk@udk oif}um;
jyoay;wJhtwGufa&m *&kpku d fr_jyK}uwJh twGufyg q&mwdk haus;Zl;udk rar hygbl;? bGJ heiS f;obifcef;reJ huGseaf wmfwdk@
t}um;rSm 0if&yfay;xm;}ubdk h tpdk;&u q&mwdk hudk twif;t}uyfjyKxm; w,fqw dk m uGseaf wmfwdk hodygw,f?
onfawmh av;av;pm;pm; eJ huGseaf wmfwdk harwWm&yfcHygw,f? uGseaf wmfwdk hq&mwdk hudk tcsdef 15 rdepfay;ygr,f? 15
rdepfjynfhjyD;wJhaemufrmS q&mwdk hbmjzpfr,f qdkwmudk uGseaf wmfwdk hwm0efr,lekid fawmhygbl;?‛
197
jyD;cJhonfh &ufowWywf wywfcef@ umvtwGif;rSpI rdbeSpfyg; tzrf;cH&/ xdk@aemuf tudk}uD; qvdkif;
wifarmifOD; tzrf;cH& ponfwdk ha}umifh rvSjrdKifonf pdwfzpd D;jyD; tdyfa&;rsm; ysufch&J onf? ,ck olrudk,fwdkif
rSmvnf; ta&;tcif;Y yg0ifv_yf&Sm;vm&ojzifh pdwfa&mvlyg rsm;pGmyifyef;EGrf;e,fvSsuf &Sad ecJhjyD? odk h&mwGif
tm;wif;jyD; vlxk pdwf"gwfwuf}uGvmaprnfh rdef hcGe;f rsm; qufvufajym}um;cJhonf?
rdef hcGe;f ajymaepOftwGif; awG h}uHKcJhonfh jzpf&yfuav;wckudk olr rnfonfhtcgrSs ar hekid frnf r[kwfyg?
olr rdef@cGef;ajym}um; tjyD;wGif rdciftdkwOD; olrxH csOf;uyfvmcJhonf? tqdkyg trsdL;orD;}uD;rSm rsm;pGmylyef
aomu a&mufaeyH&k onf? olrurvSjrdKiftm; ‚orD;&,f/ ausmif;om;awGu tpdk;&udk qef@usifjyD; qENjyae}uw,f
qdkwmudk }um;&vdk htar 'Dudka&mufvmwmyg? tar hom;[m jyD;cJhwJh ausmif;om;qENjyyGrJ Sm yg0ifcJholyg? ol hudk
ppfom;awGu aoewfeJ hypfcJh}uw,f vdk h tar owif;&cJh w,ffav? ol tdru f dk jyefrvmawmhbl; uGJ h? tar h om;
b,frmS a&mufaejyDvJ qdkwm tarrod&yg bl;uG,f? tpdk;&XmeawGudk oGm;jyD; tar ar;jref;pHkprf;ygao;&J h?
b,folurS tar hudk ta&;vkyjf yD; rajz}uygbl; orD;av;&,f? orD;wdk hausmif;om;awGu wqdwfavmuf
aus;Zl;jyKjyD; tarhudk,fpm; tpdk;&udk arwWm&yfcHay;ygaemf? tarhom; b,frmS &Sad ew,f qdkwJh owif;av;&&if
a}ueyfygjyDuG,f?‛
rvSjrdKifu olrwwfekid foavmuf rdciftd}k uD;tm; eSpfodrhrf _ay;cJo
h nf? ‚usrwdk htar htwGuf
aoaocsmcsmudk awmif;qdkay;r,f tar? wu,fawmh xdr;f odfrf;cHxm;&wJh ausmif;om;awGeJ h edik fiHa&;
tusOf;om;awG tm;vHk;udkv$wfay;bdk husrwdk hu tpdk;&udkawmif;qdkae}uwmbJ&iS fh?‛ olr. &Sif;jycsufudk }um;
vdkuf&aomtcg rdciftk}d uD;. rsufeSmwGif aomu wpHkw&m avsmhyg;oGm;yH&k onf?
198
rsm;onf qENjyvltyk f}uD; twGif;odk haygif;pnf;0ifa&mufvSsuf&d}S uonf? axmufcHr_udk jyonfhtaejzifh vrf;ab;
wavSsmuf&dv
S lxk rsm;onf qENjycsDwufae}uolrsm;tm; tpm;tpmeSifh a&rsm; vSL'gef;}uonf?
qENjyvltyk f}uD;onf &efukepf ufr_ wuUodkvfodk h a&mufoGm;cJh}uonf? nudk;em&Dcef h&daS ejyD jzpfojzifh
tjyifwGif vHk;0 arSmifydef;aeygjyD? xdkpOfwGif ,ckqENjyyGJtm; wifarmifOD;. nDreSifh nDwdk hu OD;aqmifvSsuf&daS }umif;
jrefrmhtoH n&Spef m&D a&'D,kdowif;wGif a}ujimoGm;cJhonf? ppftyk fcsKyfa&; a}ujimvdkufjyD jzpfa}umif;/ nbufwGif
rnfol hudkrSsvrf;ay:xGuf&ef cGifhrjyKa}umif;/ ae@tcsdefwGif vrf; rsm;ay:Y vlig;OD;xuf ydI k pka0;cGifhjyKrnf
r[kwfa}umif;wdk hudkvnf; xnfhoGi;f a}ujimoGm;cJhonf? wifarmifOD;udk ,refae hu zrf;qD;&rdcJhjyD; jzpfa}umif;vnf;
xyfrt H wnfjyKoGm;onf? wifarmifOD;. nDreSifh nDwdk h. trnfrmS rvSjrdKifeSihf vSa&$wdk hjzpfa}umif;/ 4if;wdk hrmS
wuUodkvfausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm; r[kwfbJ txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;rSsom jzpfa}umif;vnf; az:jyoGm;
cJhonf?
200
eHufvif;tm;}uD; ajcmufem&D a&mufvmcJhygjyD? vlrygaom bwfpu f m; tvGwf}uD;rsm; armif;
0ifvmcJhonf? ausmif;om;rsm; bwfpu f m;ay:wuf&ef tm%mydkifrsm;u trde@f ay;}uonf? wuUodkvfudk ydwfvdkuf
jyD jzpfa}umif;eSifh eHuf 11 em&Dausmfonftxd ausmif;0if;xJwGif&daS eol rnfonfhausmif;om;udk rqdk ypfcwfrnf
jzpfa}umif; jcdrf;ajcmufonf? eHuf 11 em&Da&mufonfh tcsdew f Gif rd_if;&mjynfh qENjyyGJrsm; ppftpdk;&u t}urf;buf
jzdKcGJvdkufonf? rvSjrdKifeiS fh armifvSa&$wdk htygt0if ausmif;om; tajrmuftrsm; zrf;qD;csKyfaeSmifcHcJh}u&onf?
ppfaxmufvSr;f a&;rsm;u udkwifarmifOD;. tdrfudkvnf; xyfrpH D;eif;jyD; udkjr'ifudkzrf;cJhonf? xdkpOfu 4if;wdk hwGif
toHk;jyK&ef ,mOfr&Sdao;ojzifh ppfaxmufvSr;f a&;&H;k odk hudkjr'iftm; ac:&rnfhtpm; wae hvHk;aetdrrf Smyif
csKyfaeSmifxm;cJhonf? 4if;wdk h. armfawmf ,mOf rsm;tm;vHk;rSm ausmif;om;rsm;tm; vdkufvHzrf;qD;aeaoma}umifh
jzpfonf? udkjr'if tm; wae h vHk; tpm;taomufpm;cGifh rjyK? ukvm;xdkifryS if a&G hvSsm;cGifh rjyKcJh? aemufq;Hk wGif
udkjr'if tm;axmif odk h zrf;qD;ac:aqmifoGm;cJh}uonf?
201
(17)
zdeSdyfr_txGÉt
f xdyfudk qef husif&o
J nfh qvdkif;wifarmifOD;. wdkufyGJ0ifpw
d f"gwf
r_dif;&mjynfhtwGif;wGif tm%m&Siftpkd;&ukd jzdKcsEkdifcJhjcif;r&Sad omfvnf; wpHkw&maom twkdif; twmtxd
atmifjrifr_&&SdcJhonf? axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh vlxkrsm;onf 4if;wkd h. b0epfemr_ rsm;/
tm%m&Sifpepfukd qef husifonfh Ekid fiHa&;qENrsm; wkd hudk xkwfaz:EkdifcJhonf? jidrf;csrf;r_/ vGwfvyfr_/ ESifh w&m;rSswr_/
wkdtwGuf wdkufyJ0G ifvkdpdwfrsm; vli,fxktwGif;Y wpkw H &m xufoefvm apcJhonf? tm%m&Siftpkd;&. zdedyrf _ukd
&J0HhpGm&ifqkdif&if; vGwfvyfpGmpka0;cGifh ESifh xkwfaz:ajymqkdcGifh ponfh tcGifhta&;wkd hukd usifhoHk;EkdifcJhonf?
ausmif;ESifhwuUokdvfrsm;ukd ydwfcJh&jyD; owfrw S fcsdet
f wGi;f tjyifr xGuf& trdef hrsm;xkwfjyefcJh&onf? tm%m&Sif
tkyfcsKyfr_ukd twdki;f twmwcktxd jcdrf; ajcmufEdik fcJhonf?
1974 ckepfZGew f GifjzpfymG ;cJhonfh taxGaxGtvkyo
f rm;oydwf}uD;aemufyikd f; ajcmufvrS &SpfvrSs umv
txdom tcsdejf cm;I vlwkqENjyyGJ}uD;oHk;ck qufwdkufjzpfyGm;cJhonf? 4if;wkd@rSm OD;oef@ ta&;tcif;/ tvkyform;
ESpfywfvnfqENjyyGJ/ rd_if;&mjynfh vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ wkd hjzpf}uonf? tqkdyg okH;ckpvkH;ukd ukdwifarmifOD;ut"du OD;aqmif
pDpOfcJhonf? vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tm; wpfqifhrS aemufwpfqifhokd@ t&SdefjrSifhcJhonf? vlxkprG f;tm; wkd;jrifhapa&;twGuf
taxGaxGaom r[mjAL[mrsm;ukdvnf; ol &SmazGcJhonf? ,if;wkd hteuf vufeufukdifwkdufyGJvnf;yg0ifcJhonf?
tu,fIom r_dif;&mjynfhrwkdifrD zrf;qD;rcHcJh&/ pDpOfxm;onfhtwkdif; wyfrawmftwGif; v_y&f Sm;r_rsm; ay:aygufvmjyD;
r_dif;&mjynfh vlxk qENjyyGJ rsm;ESifh aygif;pnf;rdcJhrnfqkdygu ukdwifarmifOD;taejzifh vlxkwkdufyJrG sm;ukd wqifhwkd;jyD;
ppftm%m&Sif pepfusqkH;onftxd jrdK@jya'orsm;twGif;rSmyif vufeufukdifwkdufyGJrsm; azmfaqmifonfh r[mjAL[m
ukd wpfqifhwkd;usiofh Hk;Ekid fbG,f&daS yonf? olonf ppftm%m&Sif pepfukd &So d rSsenf;vrf;aygif;pHkoHk;I tjywfom;qHk;
wkdufyGJ0ifoGm;vkdonfh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifjzpfonf?
ukdatmifoef;OD; ac: qefeDatmifoef;OD;onf 1975 ckepf ZGefvwGif jzpfyGm;cJhonfh tvkyform; ESpyf wfvnf
Y yg0ifcJhaom ausmif;om;wOD;jzpfonf? xkdpOfu xdr;f odr;f cHcJh&aomausmif;om;t ajrmuftrsm;xJwGif wpfOD;
tygt0ifjzpfcJhjyD; tif;pdefaxmiftwGif; ukdwifarmifOD;tm; xdr;f odrf;xm;aom jypf'%fwkdufwef;vsm;rsm;teuf
tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;ESifhtwl tcef;i,fwcktwGif; &Sad ecJh onf? xdr;f odrf;cHausmif;om;rsm;tm;vHk;ukd &k;d &kd;
&mZ0wfr_t& axmifusrsm;ESifhcGJjcm;xm;cJhonf? tqkdygaxmifusrsm;tm; }uD;rm;aombm;wkdufrsm;wGif xm;&Sd
onf? ausmif;om;rsm;tygt0if EkdifiH a&; tusOf;om;rsm;ukdrl jypf'%fwkdufrsm;wGif csKyfaESmifxm;&Sdonf?
jypf'%fwkdufrsm;&Sd tcsKyfcef;i,fwpfckjcif;pDrmS 12 ay 8 ay ywfvnfcef h&do S nf? tqkdygtcef; i,fwGif
av;OD; ig;OD; xnfhoGif; csKyfaemifxm;avh&do S nf? &k;d &dk;axmifusrsm;tm; xm;&Sdaom bm;wkduf}uD;rsm;wGif
tcGifhomr_rsm; tajrmuftrsm;&So d nf? us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ oGm;vmaexkdifcGifh&jcif;/ tykdtvSsH tpm;taomuf
uav;rsm; }uHzef &SmazGpm;aomufEdik fjcif;/ ponfwkd hjzpfonf? ,if;okd hbm; wkduf}uD;rsm;wGiaf exkdifpOftwGif;
aemufxyfjypfr_wckck xyfrHusL;vGeaf omtcgrSom 4if;axmifusrsm; tm; wkduftrSwf (1) rS (6) jypf'%fwkdufrsm;okd@
a&$ hajymif;csKyfaemifjyD; xyf qifhjypf'%frsm; ay;av h&o Sd nf? tqkdygjypf'%fwkdufrsm;tm; axmifwGif;i&Jcef;rsm;
tjzpf rSwf,l}uonf?
202
ppftm%m&Sifrsm;onf ausmif;om;rsm;tygt0if Ekid fiHa&;t& v_y&f Sm;wuf}uGolrsm;tm; tqkdyg
jypf'%fwkduf rsm;wGif csKyfaESmifjyD; ppfa}umar;jref;jcif;/ ESdyfpufnSif;yrf;jcif;/ ponfwkd h jyKvkyv
f m cJh}uonfrSm
,ae@wkdif jzpfonf? ukdatmifoef;OD;ESifh ausmif;om;tcdsK h jypf'%fwkduftrSwf (4) &Sd tcef;i,fwpfckwGif csKyfaESmif
xm;cJhonf? ,if;tcef;i,frmS ukw d ifarmifOD;tm; csKyfaESmifxm;&m tcef;. a&S hwGifjzpfonf?
ukdatmifoef;OD;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;onf 4if;wkd htcef;i,f.a&S@wGif ukdwifarmifOD;tm; csKyfaeSmif
xm;a}umif;ukd axmif0g'grsm;xHrSwqifh odcJh&onf? axmif0g'grsm;tvpfwGif ukdatmifoef;OD;ESifh ausmif;om;
rsm;onf wpfa,mufycke;f ay:wpfa,mufqifhwufum ESpfaycef h&do S Hbm;wef;rsm; wyfqif xm;aom jyLwif;aygufrS
wpfqifh ukdwifarmifOD;tm; acsmif;ajrmif;}unfh&KS }u&m 4if;.wukd,fvHk;tm; awG hjrifEdkifcJh}uonf? axmiftwGif;
wGif&daS eaomfvnf; ukdwifarmifOD;rSm &kyf&nf toGiftjyif oef hjyef h aumif;rGeaf ejyD; um,Av awmifhawmifh
wif;wif;jzifh vGepf Gm }unfhaumif;vSonf? axmifxJwGif aemufqHk; tcdset f xd ae hpOftm;upm; rSefreS fvkyfoGm;
a}umif;od&d&S onf? ukdwifarmifOD;taejzifhrl ukdatmifoef;OD;ESifhtcef;az:ausmif;om;rsm;tm; awG hjrifEdik fonfh
taetxm; r&SdcJyh g?
wae@wGif ukdwifarmifOD;ESifhpum;ajymcGifh&}u&m ukdwifarmifOD;u 4if;wkd htm;vHk;tm;vSr;f I ajymvku
d f
onfukd trSwf&ae}uqJjzpfonf?
203
tawG;tac:aumif;aom wuUokdvfausmif;om;wa,mufjzpfojzifh xkdvlrkduf vufukdifwkwf ppfacG;wdk hjzifh
zufIrukdufcsifay? ukw
d ifarmifOD;taejzifh vHk;0ra}umufaomfvnf; vdrmR yg;eyfpmG jzifh jiif;qkdvkdufonf?
204
tpmiwfcHwkdufyGJ0if&ef jyifqifjcif;
xkdtcdsew
f Gif xdr;f odrf;cHausmif;om;rsm;onf axmifpnf;urf;ukdqef husifqENjyvSsuf&do S nf? axmifyHpk H
rxkdifvkd}uaoma}umifh jzpfonf? axmifykpH x H kdifjcif;rSm &mZ0wfr_jzifhjypf'%fuscHae&ol rsm; twGuf
omjzpfoifhonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf &mZ0wfr_jzifh jypf'%fuscHae&olrsm;r[kwf/ xkd ha}umifh axmifykpH x H kdifjcif;rSm
ausmif;om;rsm;.tvkyrf [kwf[k rSwf,lcJh}uonf? okd hjzpfI tcdsK haom ausmif;om;rsm;u axmiftm%mykid f
rsm;. trdef hudqk ef husifjyD; axmifyHpk rH xkdif&ef qHk;jzwfcJh}uonf?
205
0g'gpmzwfaewke;f jAef;ueJ wpHkwOD;. vufwzuf ay:vmum pm&Gufukd qGJvk vkdufonf? jyD;awmh
yg;pyfxJ0g;pm; vkdufonf? 0g'gvnf; tHt h m;oifhoGm;onf? 0g;pm;jyD; csufcsif;rdsKcsvkdufjyD;rS xkdolu toifhtae
txm; eSifh ‚uJ rif;bmvkyfrwke;f ? igeJ hcsrvm;? ighukdowfypfrvm;? }udKufovkd vkypf rf;?‛ wJh ol hrsufemu pdr;f pdr;f
0g;0g;? 0g'gwcsufvlywf meJ htjywfacsr_ef;r,fhyHkpHrsd K;? 0g'gu olxuft&yfjrifhayr,fh olu r_yrHk ay:? olonf
udkwifarmifOD; jzpfonf? (udkarmifarmifwdwf. axmifwGif; tawG ht}uHKrSwfwrf;rsm;rS aumufew k fcsuf?)
jrefrmEkdifiHY tusOf;axmifrsm;onf zdESdyfr_ud&, d mrsm;jzpf}uonf? ukdwifarmifOD;ESifh tjcm; ausmif;
om;rsm;ukdcsKyfaESmifxm;&m tif;pdeaf xmif&dS jypf'%fwkdufrsm;onf zdESdyfr_. A[kdcsufrae&mjzpfonf? xkdae&mwGif
csKyfaESmifcHxm;&aom tusOf;om;rsm;onf axmif0g'grsm;ESifh jyoemrjzpfvkd}u? axmif0g'grsm;u jypf'%fwkduf
rsm;ukdxdrf;csKyfxm;aom ppfaxmufvSr;f a&;rsm;ukd wkdifwef;jcif;a}umifh tusOf;cscHxm;&olrsm; taejzifh
tjzpfq;kd rsm;/ ESdyfpufnSif;yrf;r_rsm; }uHKawG hEdik faoma}umifhjzpfonf? ukd,fxdvufa&muf&ku d fEu
S fcH&jyD; aemuf
ajcmufwkdufokd htykd hcH&wwfonf? ajcmufwkduf&Sdtcef; i,fuav;rsm;rSm usOf;ajrmif;vGe;f vSojzifh wOD;wnf;ukdyif
csKyfaESmifxm;aomfvnf; tusOf;om;onf ntdyfvSsif ajcaxmufauG;xm;rSom ae&mqef honf? aemufaz;oGm;&ef
twGuf *efzvm;csay; xm;avhr&Sd? tcef;i,f.a'gifhwGif oJykaH y;xm;avh &So d nf? aemufaz;oGm;jyD;aemuf ukd,fh
ypPnf;ukd oJEiS fh jyefzk;H &onf? &uf}umvmaomtcg rpifrsm;rS avmufrsm;xGufvmjyD; ntdyf&mwGifcE<mukd,fay:okd h
wufvm}uonf? txl;ojzifh em;&Gufrsm;ESifhESmacgif;aygufrsm;twGif;okd hr0ifatmif owdjyKz,f&Sm;jyD; tdyfEdik f bdk h
}udK;pm;}u&onf? xkduJhokd haom ESdyfpufnSif;yrf;r_rsm; ESifhr}uKHawG hap&ef tusOf;om; trsm;pk}uD;onf axmif
tm%mykdifrsm;.zdEdyS rf _rsm; ukd wwfEdik forSs acgif;iHk hcH}u&onf? ukdwifarmifOD; rSmrl xkduJhokd hr[kwf? zdEdyS n
f Sif;yrf;r_.
A[kdcsufrae&mwGif &Sdaeaomfvnf; rw&m;zdEdyS rf _ rSeforSsukd jywfom;pGm vufwkef hjyefcJholjzpfonf?
0g'gudk pdefac:aeaom udkwifarmifOD;udk }unfh&if; udkarmifarmifwdwfeiS fh ausmif;om;rsm; vnf;
oHwkdif}um;u x&yfvkduf}uonf? 0g'gu csmueJvSnfhxGufjyD; ajy;xGufoGm;onf? odvkdufjyD? axmifr_;eJ@
wyf}uyf}uD;odef;jrdKifukd oGm;wkdifawmhrnf? em&D0ufavmuft}umrSmawmh ukdwifarmifOD; tcef;udk wHcg;zGifhoH/ qlql
nHnD toHrsm;}um;&onf? ppfzed yfoHucyfrsm;rsm;? ‚&Jabmfwkd higoGm;jyD qufwkduf}u? igh ukdac:oGm;jyD
qufwkduf}u?‛ [lI [de;f xGufvmaom toHudk udkarmifarmifwdwfeiS fh ausmif;om;rsm; }um;vdkuf}u&onf?
bmqufjzpfonfudkrl 4if;wdk hrodekid f}uawmh?
w&ufwGif jyHK;peJ heJ hjzifh olunDrjzpfol rvSjrdKifukdar;onf? rvSjrdKif. csif;trdsK;om;trnfrmS rkid fydyk kd
jzpfonf? ‚a[h ykyd ?kd tpfukd}uD;u rdef;uav;wa,mufukda&G;r,fq&kd if b,fwa,mufukd ykyd u kd axmufcHcsuf
ay;rvJuG?‛
rvSjrdKifuc%pOf;pm;jyD; jyef}um;cJhonf?
‚w&kwfjrefrm ujym;rav;qkd&if b,fvkdaervJ? usrxifwmuawmh tJ'Dred f;uav;qkd&if tukd}uD;
twGuf toifhawmfq;Hk jzpfvdrhrf ,f?‛
tqkdyg w&kwfjrefrmujym;rav;onf rvSjrdKifEiS fhtwl }uD;jyif;vmcJhol jzpfonf? olronf qvkdif;
wifarmifOD;. nDi,fnDri,frsm;ESifhtwlupm;jcif;ukd ESpfoufoljzpfonf? rdom;pktay:wGifvnf; }uifemoljzpf
onf? oluomurf;vSrf;rnfqkdygu olrtaejzifhacgif;jidrfhvufcH&ef aESmifhaES;rnf r[kwf? rvSjrdKif.t}uHay;csufukd
}um;&aomtcg w[m;[m;&,farm;vSsuf
‚aumif;ygjyDuGm? 'gayr,fh tckawmhr[kwfao;bl;ykdykda&? tukd}uD;rSm cspfa&;udpt
P wGuf tcsderf &Sdao;bl;?
igwkd hv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;twGufvkypf &mawGtrsm;}uD; &Sad o;w,fuG?‛
qvkdif;wifarmifOD;onf xkduJhokd@aom vlpm;rdsK;jzpfonf? b0woufwmvHk;wGif axmiftwGif; Y&Sad e
onfjzpfap/ axmiftjyifY&Sad eonfjzpfap ol.pdwf0ifpm;r_onf yk*~vdu cspfa&;cspf&mrsm; tay: oufa&mufcJh
a}umif; rnfonfhnGejf ycsufrsS r&SdcJhyg?
ukdatmifapmOD;onf ppfcHk&kH;trSwf(1)rSaeI axmif'%f (7)ESpf jypf'%fp&D ifjcif;cHcJh&aom oGm;bufqkdif&m
wuUokdvf ausmif;om;wOD;jzpfcJhonf? 1976 ZGev f 27 &ufae hwGif4if;tm;txl;wkduf tcef;trSwfwpfokd h
ykd@aqmifjcif;cHcJh&onf? ,if;wGif &efuke0f dZ…modyHw
` uUokdvf/ pufr_wuUokdvf aq; wuUokdvfwkd@rS ausmif;om;
rsm;ESifhtwl pkpkaygif; 14 OD; aecJh}u&onf? tqkdygtcef;rSm ZGev f 26 &uf }udK;ay;onfhae h txd qvkdif;
wifarmifOD;tm; csKyfaESmifxm;cJh&m tcef;jzpfonf?
207
tqkdygtcef;twGi;f &SdeH&aH y:wGif qvkdif;wifarmifOD; cJwefjzifha&;oGm;cJhaom atmufygpmwkd uav;ukd
ukdatmifapmOD;awG hjrifcJh&onf?
nDrav;rvSjrdKif
nDrav;twGuf tukd}uD;*k%,
f lygw,f?
wifarmifOD;
qvkdif;wifarmifOD;.pmrSm wkdawmif;vGef;vSonf? okd h&mwGif t"dy`g,frSmrl vGerf if;pGm us,f 0ef;onf?
4if;pmuav;onf }udK;ay;rcH&ciftcdset f xd ol.tm&kHpl;pkdufr_ rnfonfhae&mwGif&daS e a}umif; jynGe;f onf? ol@wGif
nDi,fnDri,fajrmuftrsm;&Sdonfhteuf rvSjrdKifwOD;wnf;ukdom &nf nGe;f xm;onf? TonfrmS olonf
tjcm;nD/ nDrrsm;xufydI k rvSjrdKifukd cspfcifonf[k xifrw S f rrSm;apvkdyg? rSKd if;&mjynfh ta&;tcif;wGif
ausmif;om;qENjyr_ukd pwifOD;aqmifcJhaom nDrjzpfol. owif;aumif;ukd qvkdif;wifarmifOD;u zrf;qD;cH&jyD;
axmifwGif;a&mufvmaom ausmif;om;rsm;xHrS }um;odcJh&jyD;jzpfonf? okd hjzpfI qvkdif;wifarmifOD;onf nDrjzpfol
tay: av;pm;r_jycJhjcif; *k%jf yKcJhjcif; omjzpfonf?
b,favmufrsm; tH}h op&maumif;ygoenf; [k olawG;rdcJhrnf {uefjzpfonf? ol hukdzrf;qD;cJh aomfvnf;
nDrjS zpfolu ol.ajc&mukdvkdufeif;jyD; ppftm%m&Sifpepftm; qef husifwkdufyJ0G ifcJhonf? tu,fIolrukd
xyfrzH rf;qD;cJhjyefvSsif tjcm;aom &JprG f;owWdESifhjynfhpko
H nfhausmif;om;rsm;onf wOD; jyD;wOD; olruJhokd hyif
qufvufOD;aqmifum ppftm%m&Sifpepf usqHk;onftxd wkdufyJ0G ifoGm;Ekid fyg rnf? Tonfukd a}ueyfpmG awG;I
qvkdif;wifarmifOD;onf nDrjzpfolxHpma&;aepOfrmS yif jyHK;aumif;jyHK; aeEkdifygonf? uHraumif;pGmyif qvkdif;
wifarmifOD;onf ol.yk*~Kd vfa&;ajrSmfrSe;f csufEiS fh tudsK;pD;yGm;rsm;tm; vkH;0*&krxm;bJ }udK;yrf;pGrf;aqmifcJh aomf
vnf; jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;&Sd tzdESdyfcHvlxkvGwfajrmufr_ukd awG hjrifroGm;cJh&yg?
}udK;ay;owfjzwf&ef pDpOfjcif;
1976 ckEpS f ZGefv25 &ufae hwGif qvkdif;wifarmifOD;.zcif OD;vS'ifonf ol hom;ESifhawG hq&Hk ef
tcGifhtvrf;&cJhonf? om;a&mzcifyg ESpfOD;vHk; jypf'%fwkduf rsm;twGif; &Sad ecJhpOfjzpfonf? ppfaxmuf vSr;f a&;onf
208
wkduf3 &SOd D;vS'if.tcef;&S&d mokd ha&mufvmjyD; tcef;tjyifxGuf&ef trdef hay;cJhonf? OD;vS'ifukd v$wfawmhrnf
[kvnf; 4if;uajymonf? pifppftm;jzifhrl ,if;ajymqkdcsufrmS rSeuf efjcif;r&Syd g?
209
xkd@aemuf om;tzoHk;OD;pvHk;ukd awmifilaxmifokd hydk haqmifcJh}uonf? eHufydik f;wGif pwifxGufcGg vmcJh}ujyD;
vrf;i,frsm;wavSsmuf wae@vkH;armif;vmcJh}uonf? awmifilaxmifokd hnukd;em&Dcef hwGif a&muf&jSd yD; tdyf&m0if
cJh}uonf? aemufwae heu H fwGifzcifu om;ESpOf D;vkH;tm; ac:E_d;xjyD; 4if;wkd htukd }uD; qvkdif;wifarmifOD;twGuf
pkaygif;qkawmif;}ubkd hajymonf? qkawmif;aepOftwGif; zcifonfol h ukd,folxdr;f odrf;Ekid fjcif;r&SdawmhbJ 0rf;enf;
pGm ikda}uG;cJhonf? ikda}uG;aeaomzcifukd}unfhI om;ESpOf D;vHk; rSm tH}h opGmrSifoufrad ecJh}uonf? olwkd hzcif
ikda}uG;onfukd awG hjrif&onfrmS olwkd hb0wavSsmufvHk; wGif yxrOD;qHk;t}udrjf zpfonf? zcifOD;vS'ifonf om;
wifarmifOD;ESifhawG hqcHk JhpOf om;jzpfolu 4if;tm; ao'%fay;vkdufjyDjzpfa}umif; ajymonfukd }um;odcJh&aomfvnf;
ol hukd,fol xdr;f EkdifcJhonf? om;wif armifOD;. pdwf"gwfukd jrSifhwifay;vkdI jzpfaumif;jzpfEkdifygonf? rsuf&nf
wpufruschyJ g? okd h&mwGif qvkdif;wifarmifOD;rsufuG,fokd ha&muf&djS yD; tjcm;om;ESpOf D;ESifhtwl &SdaeaomtcgwGifrl
ol hukd,folxdr;f Ekid fjcif;r&Scd Jhawmhyg? ol.om;}uD;tay: cspfcifaomarwWmpdwfonf jyif;xefpGmEkd;}um;vmcJhonf?
zcif. ESvHk;onf aygufuGJoGm;cJhygjyD?
c&rf;jrdK he,frS ukdausmfoGifonf ukdarmifarmifwdwf/ apgvSaiG/ aZmfjidr;f vwfac: ukdjidr;f / ukdodef;vGif wkd@
tygt0if tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;ESifhtwl jypf'%fwkdufcef;rsm;xJwGif csKyfaESmifjcif;cHcJh& oljzpfonf? qvkdif;
wifarmifOD;ukd}udK;ay;uGyfrsufjcif; rjyKrD w&uftvkdY tusOf;axmif tm%mykdif rsm;onf ukdwifarmifOD;tm;
csKyfaESmifxm;&m tcef;teD;w0kduf&Sd tjcm;tcef;rsm;rS ausmif;om;rsm; tm;vHk;tm;ae&ma&$ hajymif;cJha}umif;
oltrSwf&onf? Tenf;jzifh axmiftm%mykdifrsm;onf qvkdif; wifarmifOD;tm; wOD;wnf; txD;usefxm;cJhonf?
ukdausmfoGifonf rlvuwkduftrSwf (4) tay: xyf &Sd tcef; (4) wGif&daS ecJhonf?
tqkdyg tay:xyftcef;rS aeI}unfhvSsif }udK;pifukd aumif;rGepf Gm jrifEdik fygonf? okd h&mwGif ukdausmfoGif
tyg0if tay:xyftcef;xJ&daS usmif;om;rsm;tm; axmiftm%mykdifrsm;u atmufxyfokd ha&$ h ajymif;cJh}uonf?
210
xkdtcgwGif ukdwifarmifOD;onf OD;acgif;ukdarmhvSsuf tcef;tjyifokd h wvSr;f jcif;vSrf;xGufvmcJh onf?
axmiftm%mykdifrsm;u 4if;.vufEpS fzufukd aemufjyefxm;I }udK;ESifhcsnfaESmifvkdufonf? acgif;pGyt f 0wftrJ}uD;
ESifh ukdwifarmifOD;.OD;acgif;tm; pGy&f ef}udK;pm;onfukd 4if;uvufrcH jiif;qefcJhonf?
xkd haemuf ppft&m&Srd sm;ESifhaxmiftm%mykdifrsm;onf ukdwifarmifOD;tm; }udK;pif&d&S mokd hqGJ ac:oGm;}u
onf? ukdwifarmifOD;u avSsmufvSr;f &if; ‚&Jabmfwkd h? olwkd highukd ckd;owfae}ujyD?‛ [k xyf cgwvJvJ at:[pf
cJhonf? }udK;ay;onfhtcsdeYf axmifxJwGif&daS eqJjzpfaom ausmif;om;rsm;ukd OD;wnf I ukdwifarmifOD;u xkduJhokd@
atmf[pfvkdufonfhtcgwkdif; 4if;.atmfoHukd tjcm;tusOf;om;rsm; r}um;ap&ef axmiftm%mykid frsm; ESifh
0g'grsm;u vufckyw f D;jcif;/ atmf[pfjcif;rsm;tygt0if toH qlqn l HnHrsm;xGufatmif vkycf Jh}uonf?
ukdwifarmifOD;tm;}udK;ay;aeonfhtcdseYf ,if;uJhokd hxGuf ay:ae onfhtoH}uD;rsm;ukd xkdpOfu jypf'%fwkdufrsm;
wGif&daS ecJhaom tusOf;om;rsm; ausmif;om;rsm; }um;cJh}ujyD; wckckawmh jzpfaejyD[k cef hrSef;EkdifcJh}uonf?
}udK;ay;jcif;
qvdkif;wifarmifOD;.vnfyif;ukd }udK;uGi;f pGyjf yD;aemuf wm0efusppft&m&Su
d aemufq;Hk pum; t aeeJ h
bmajym}um;cJhjcifovJ [k 4if;tm;ar;onf?
‚rif;wdk@ igh cE<mudk,f udkom owfvdk@&r,f? igh&@J ,Hk=unfcsufe@J &yfwnfcsufawGukd awmh b,f
awmhrSowfvdk@&rSm r[kwfbl;? rif;wdk@ ppfbdeyfatmufrmS ig b,fawmhrS 'l;axmufrmS r[kwfbl;uG? ‛ [lI
qvdkif;wifarmifOD; u [pfa}uG;cJhonf?
211
4if;tm;}udK;ay;uGyfrsufjyD;onfhaemufwGif 4if;.rdom;pk0iftm;vHk;.tajctaerSm rnfokd h&dyS g oenf;?
taumif;buf tqkd;buf ESpfbufvHk;rnfokd h cHpm;cJh}u&ygoenf;? qvkdif;wifarmifOD;ESifh 4if; .rdom;pkrsm;.b0ukd
cGJjcm;Ir&yg? okd hjzpfI txufygar;cGe;f rsm;.tajzukd&&SEd ikd f&ef rdom;pkrsm;.b0 tajctaeukd avhvmxdkufygonf?
ae hpOfyif tusOf;axmiftwGif;Y ukdvSa&$onf awmifilaxmif. qkd;0g;aomtajctaersm; atmufwGif
&kyfydik f;t&a&m pdwfyikd f;t&yg wajz;ajz;tm;enf;vmaeaom zciftm; }unfh&_apmifha&Smuf cJh&onf? wae hwGif
&if}uyfa&m*g&aeaom bke;f }uD;wpfyg;axmifwGif;Y ysHvGefawmfro
l Gm;cJhonf? xkdtusOf;cscHae&aom bke;f }uD;onf
tu,fIom t[m&&Sdaom tpm;tpmESifh aq;0g;tenf;i,f om &&SdcJhrnfqykd gu toufq;Hk &_H;rnfr[kwfyg?
ysHvGefawmfro
l Gm;cJhonfh &[ef;awmfEiS fh tvm;wlaom a&m*gvuQ%mrsm; &SdvmjyD;aemuf OD;vS'if.
usef;rma&;onf vSsifjrefpmG qkd;0g;vmcJhonf? touf&Sl&cufcJvmonf? 0rf;ukdufa&m*g&vmonf? aoG;oGev f m
cJhonf? tvGet f m;enf;vmcJhojzifh owdvpfoGm;cJh&onf? ukdvSa&$onf axmift apmifhrsm;xHokd h tajy;tv$m;
oGm;a&mufcJhjyD; aq;0g;ukor_twGuf tultnDawmif;cHcJhonf? aq;&kHrS jyefvnfxGufcGmawmhrnfhqq J J jzpfaom
q&m0efonf ukdvSa&$EiS fhtwljyefvnfvkdufygvmjyD; OD;vS'if tm; ppfaq;}unfh&_onf? xkdrSsavmuftxd
qkd;0g;aomtajctaea&mufonftxd OD;vS'iftm; ypfxm;cJhaom axmiftr_xrf;rsm;tm; q&m0efu pdwfq;kd
onf?
213
OD;ae0if;onf toem;cHv$mudk ta&;,laqmif&u G f&ef tcGifhtm%m&Sda}umif;/ atmufarhbG,f tcef;tem;usif;ycGifh
jyKedik fa}umif; tqdkyg a&S haeu t}uHay;vdkufaoma}umifh jzpf onf? OD;ae0if;tdrjf cHwHcg;0odk ha&mufaomtcg
vHkjcHKa&;t&m&Srd sm;u 4if;wdk htm;&yfwef hapI rnf onfh udpt P wGuf vma&mufa}umif;ar;jref;onf? olwdk hu
toif, h lvmaom toem;cHv$mudk jyvdkufonf? 4if;wdk hu toem;cHv$mudkzwfjyD;aemuf OD;vS'ifeiS fh a':eSif;jrdKifwdk@
tm; aoewfrsm;jzifh xkwfcsdefum ausmufom;yrmcufxefaom rsufemS rsm;jzifh ‚cifAsm;wdk htckcsufjcif; aooGm;jcif
ovm;‛ [k jcdrf;ajcmufonf? csdex f m;aom aoewfrsm;udk }unfh&if; ae&mwGifyif yGjJ cif;jyD;aoewfjzifh
ypfowfcH&rnfudk a}umufvef h}uojzifh OD;vS'ifeiS fh a':eSif;jrdKifwdk honf zdeyfrsm;udkyif rpD;edkifawmhbJ tqdkyg
vHkjcHa&;*dwfae&mrS ajcukeef Sifum xGufajy;vmcJh}u&onf? tm%mydik frsm;u rdbeSpfyg;tm; xdk uJ hodk hvlrqefpGm
jyKrlcJhonfh tay: rdom;pkwpkvHk;u cHjyif;/ t&Suf&/ a'goxGuf/ 0rf;enf;cJh}u&onf? qvkdif;wifarmifOD;.
rdom;pktwGuf q,fpek Spfaygif;rsm;pGm tarSmifxk}uD;zHk;v$r;f vSsuf&dq
S J/ w&m;rSswr_udk jiif;qdkcHxm;}u&qJjzpfonf?
wifarmifOD;
214
(18)
}umyef;wyGifh. ed*Hk;
cspfjcif;arwWm eSifh Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;rSonf urBmhjidr;f csrf;a&; odk h
215
tjyifykid f;vSKyf&Sm;pGr;f aqmifrKS rsm; eSifh twGi;f ydik f; A[dkcsufudk o[ZmwjyKjcif;
216
csefxm;vdkonfhtarGteSpw f dk h &S}d uonf? tjyifykid f; tem; pGef;eSifh twGi;f ydkif; A[kdcsufwdk@onf wckwnf; jzpf&rnf
jzpfa}umif;eSifh wckeiS fhwck o[Zmw jzpf&ef vdk a}umif;wdk hudk qvdkif;wifarmifOD; odjrifcJhonf?
ajrmufrsm;vSpmG aom ol&aJ umif;rsm;onf olwdk hb0. tjyifykdif; tem;pGe;f wGif vSKyf&Sm;pGrf; aqmif&if;
usqHk;cJh}uolrsm;jzpfonf? olwdk h. twGif;ydkif; A[dkcsufeSifh ppfreS fpGm jyefvnfxdawG hekid fcJhjcif; r&Sd}u? tjyifykid f;
vSKyf&Sm;rSKrsm;eSifh twGi;f ydkif; A[dkcsufonf wckwnf;jzpfonf/ wckwnf;jzpf&rnf [l onfudk rod&cSd Jh}u? qvdkif;
wifarmifOD;onf tjyifykid f;tem;pGef;wGif vSKyf&Sm;cJhedkif&Hkomru twGif;ydkif; A[dkcsufodk hjyefvnf qkwfcGm edkifcJhol
jzpfonf? tjyifykid f;tem;pGef;vSKyf&Sm;cJhrSKrsm;udk twGi;f ydkif; A[dkcsuf eSifh wom;wnf;usatmif jyefvnf aygif;qHkap
edik fcJhol jzpfonf? ol. aemufq;Hk xGufoufudk xkwf vdkufonfh tcsdew f Gif }uD;rm;aom arwWm/ ol&owWd eSihf trsm;
aumif;usdL;twGuf pGef hv$wfrKS wdk hudk tarGtjzpf csefxm;&pfcJhonf? ol hb0woufwmvHk;udk tm%m&Sif pepftm;
acsrSKef;&eftwGufom jyifqif/ vSKyf&Sm;/ wdkufyGJ0if/ toHk;cs oGm;cJhonf? rnfonfht&mwGif atmifjrifr_ &vdka}umif;
olodonf? TonfrmS ol htwGif;ydkif; A[kdcsufudk oludk,fwdkif avhvmoHk;oyfedkifaoma}umifh jzpfonf?
rnfonfh ordik f;umv/ rnfonfh vl@tzG@J tpnf;/ rnfonfh edkifiHa&; pepf atmufwGif jzpfap tm%m&Sifrsm;
eSifh tm%m&Siftyk fcsKyfr_onf vl htzGJ htpnf;twGuf qdk;usdL;ukdom aqmifusOf;avh &So d nf? 4if;wkd honf vl@tzG@J
tpnf;. tema&m*grsm;jzpfonf? tm%m&Siftyk fcsKyfrKS wnf&daS eygu vlwOD;csif;pD. vGwfvyfrSKudk &kyfodr;f onf?
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsLd ;wrsdL; eSifh tjcm;wrsdL;t}um;/ vl htv$m wckeiS fh tjcm;wckt}um; pkpnf;nDnGwf rSKudk jydKuGJap
onf? vl htzGJ h tpnf;. wefb;dk rsm;udk zsufqD; onf? tusdL;quftaeeSifh tm;vHk;. *k%o f duQm xdcdkufusqif;&jrJ
jzpfonf?
ausmif;om;jzpfap/ q&mjzpfap/ vli,fjzpfap/ vl}uD;jzpfap/ tvky&f Sifjzpfap/ tvkyform; jzpf ap/
txufwm0ef&do S ljzpfap/ atmufajcwyfrawmfom; jzpfap/ edik fiHa&;orm;jzpfap vlxkjzpfap/ tpdk;& trSKxrf;jzpfap
edik fiHom;jzpfap/ rcGJjcm;bJ tm%m&Siftyk fcsKyfrSKtm; wenf;enf;jzifh axmufyho H l/ ckcH umuG,fol/ ajrawmifajrSmuf
ay;olwdk htm; a0zef/ zGifhcs/ xdk;eSuf oifhonf? 4if;wdk h. pOf;pm;rSKeSifh &yfwnfrKS jyifqifajymif;vJ oGm;atmif
pGrf;aqmifoihfonf? odk h&mwGifTonfrmS tajymvG,foavmuftvkyf cufygonf? tb,fa}umifhqkad omf
tm%m&Sifrsm;eSifh tm%m&SiftkyfcsKyfrSK wdk honf trsdL;om;a&; eSifh a'oqdkif&mta&; tjriftajccHrsm;rS wckr[kwf
tjcm;wckjzpfaom edkifiHa&;/ vlrsLd ;a&; eSifh bmoma&; ta}umif;jycsufrsm;udk &nfn$e;f vSsuf vnf;aumif;/
qGJaqmifrKS &Sdaom edkifiHa&;a}uG;a}umfoHrsm;udk [pf a}uG;Ivnf;aumif;/ 4if;wkd hudk,fudk tay:,H edik fiHa&;zGJ@pnf;rSK
rsm;eSifh yHkzsuf zHk;v$r;f xm;}uaoma}umifh jzpfonf?
217
tm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfrSK qdkonfrmS tb,fenf;? 4if;. toGifvuQ%m rsm;rSm tb,fenf;? wdkif;jynf
tm%mydkif tzGJ htpnf;rsm;. tjyeftvSef }uD;}uyfxdr;f ausmif;rSKr&SdbJ [efjyrSsom jzpfaom zGJ hpnf;yHk tajccHOya'
udk udkifpJv
G Ssuf vlwOD; odk hr[kwf vlwpku tpdk;&taejzifh t}uGif;rJh tm%m udk oHk;pGJum 4if;wdk h. oabmtwdkif;
xifovdkcs,fvS,fjyD; jynfolvlxktay: ta}umufw&m; zefwnf;I tkyfcsKyf}ujcif; udk tm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfrSK [k
ac:ygonf? tm%m&Siftyk fcsKyfrSKatmufwGif vGwfvyfaom w&m;pD&ifa&;/ vlxk toif;tzG@J rsm;eSifh vlxkowif;
rD',
D mrsm;. ppfaq;rSK/ [efcsufnDxde;f ausmif;rSK uif;rJhaeavh&do S nf? tm%m&Sifrsm;onf vlxkudk jcdrf;
ajcmufum wdkif;jynfudk tkyfpk;d avh &Sd}uonf? tm%m&Siftyk fcsKyfrKS }uD;pdk;aom edkifiHrsm; wGif tpdk;&tm%mydik f rsm;u
jypfrSKrsm;usL;vGejf yD; aemuf vGwfjidr;f cGifh&onfh tajctae v$r;f rdk;vSsuf &So
d nf? ppfreS fonfh Oya'pd;k rdk;rSK ysufokOf;
vSsuf &So d nf? tpdk;&tm%mydik frsm;u Oya'. txufwGif&drS KS tay: tajccHum ‚Oya'udk udkifpJI G zdedyS frSK‛ udk
usifhoHk;onf? tusdL;quftaejzifh tqdkyg wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif wm0efcHrKS eSifh &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; &Srd SKwdk h qdwfokOf;
vSsuf&do S nf? tqdkyg vl htzGJ htpnf;rsm; wGif tarSmifxk}uD; zk;H v$rf;vSsuf&do
S nf?
218
cHykid fcGifhudk vHk;0jiif;y,fccH Jh&onf? 4if;. teD;pyfqHk; rdom;pk0ifrsm; axmifxJwGif twlwuG &SdaS ecJh}uaomfvnf;
4if;wdk htm; pD&ifcsufcsrSwf &mwGifyif wufa&mufem;axmifcGifh rjyKcJhyg?
219
avsmfuefpmG vnfywfapvdkvSsif vkyx f Hk;vkyfenf;t& pD&if onfh tcef;u¾udk tquf rjywfjrSifhwif xdr;f odr;f
xm;&ygrnf? qvdkif;wifarmifOD;. rSKcif;wGif vkyx f Hk; vkyef nf;t&pD&ifrSKudk vHk;0 usifhoHk;jcif; rjyKcJhyg? ppftm%mydkif
rsm;u wifarmifOD;tay: &efjidSK;eSifh tmCmwrsm; xm;vSsuf tajccH oabmt&pD&ifjcif; rSseSifh jypf'%fcsrSwfcJhonf?
,if;odk hjzifh 1976 ckeSpf {jyDv (3) &uf paeae hwGif 4if; tay: ao'%fjypf'%f pD&ifcJhonf?
ao'%f jypf'%f pD&ifcH&jyD;aemuf vufawG h uGyrf sufjcif;rjyKrDaxmiftwGif;Y zrf;qD;csKyfaeSmif cHxm;&
aom umvwGifvnf; udkwifarmifOD; onf rw&m;jyKrSKrsm; eSifh &ifqdkifcJh&onf? tusOf;axmif tm%mydkifrsm;
taejzifh axmifudktkycf sKyf&mY axmifpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;udkcsdK;azgufaom axmifom;rsm; tm; axmifvufpJeG iS fhtnD
ta&;,l&onf? ppftpdk;&onf axmifvufpJu G dk od&dyS gvSsuf axmiftwGif;Y vufawG hvdkufemusihfoHk;a&;udk
OyuQmjyKxm;avh&Sdonf? 4if;tpm; edkifiHa&; tusOf;om;rsm;udk zdeSdyf&ef Oya'eSifh qef husif/ tajccHvl htcGifhta&;
rsm;udk csdL;azgufaom jyKusifhrSKrsm; vkyaf qmif edik fa&;twGuf 4if;wdk hvdkovdk pnf;rsOf;rsm;csrwS fusihfoHk;av h&do
S nf?
om"utm;jzifh qdk&vSsif qvdkif;wifarmifOD;tm; ppftpdk;&. vufudkifwkwf ppfyv k dywf OD;eSifh vufa0S h yGJ
wckxdk;owf&ef twif;t}uyf zefwnf;apcdkif; onfh vky&f yfrsKd ;jzpfonf? TonfrmS tusOf;axmifvufpJG eSifh
udkufnDjcif; r&SSdyg?
1955 ckepS fwGif ukvor*~ u twnfjyKcJhonfh tusOf;om;rsm;udk qufqef&ef tedrq fh Hk;pHxm; csuf
pnf;rsOf;t& jyifyurBmeSifh qufoG,fcGifhonf tusOf;om;rsm;. tcGifhta&;w&yfjzpfonf? ,if; yk'fr 39 t&
‚pmay;pm,ljzifhjzpfap/ tvnf tywfvma&mufrKS udk vufcHjcif;jzifhjzpfap/ yHrk Sefumv tydkif;tjcm;owfrSwfjyD;
vdktyfaom }uD;}uyfrKS atmufwGif tusOf;om;rsm;tm;4if;wdk h. rdom;pkrsm;/ rdwfaqGrsm; eSifh qufoG,f&ef
cGifhjyK&rnf?‛ [k jyXmef;yg&oSd nf? qvdkif;wifarmifOD;udk }udK;ray;rD rdb eSpOf D;eSifh wOD;vSsif ig;rdepf cef hrsS pDom awG hqHk
cGifhjyKcJhonf?
220
Adv
k fcsKyfae0if;acgif;aqmifonfh ppftpdk;&vm;? ekid fiHawmf opPmazguf zsufykefuefrKS . t*Fg&yfrsm; eSifh pyfvSsOf;I
jypfrSKqdkif&mOya' yk'fr 121 wGif atmufygtwdkif;avhvm edik fonf?
ekdifiHawmf opPmazgufzsufykefuefjcif;
jynfaxmifpk edik fiHudkaomfvnf;aumif;/ ------ zGJ hpnf;yHktajccHOya'eSifh tnD wnfaxmifcef h tyfaom
jynfaxmifpk edik fiH. vkyif ef;tzGJ hudk aomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfaxmifpk tzGJ h0if. vkyif ef;tzGJ h udk aomfvnf;aumif;
------vufeufjzifhjzpfap tjcm;aomif;usef;aom enf;vrf;jzifh jzpfap/ ------ ppfrufjydKifqidk fvSsif/ ------
jzdKzsuf&eftm;xkwfvSsif/ vSHK haqmfvSsif/ jyifqifvSsif/ yl;aygif;}uHpnfvSsif ------ xkdolonf edik fiHawmf
opPmazgufzsufykefuefrSK}uD;udk usL;vGeo f nf?
1962 ckeSpw f Gif Adv
k fcsKyfae0if;onf ppftm%modr;f I vGwfvyfa&;&jyD;aemuf wdkif;jynfwGif w&m;0if
wnf&daS eaom 1947 ckepS f zGJ hpnf;yHktajccH Oya'udk zsufodr;f cJhonf? Tvky&f yfepS fckvHk;onf Oya'eSifh tnDjzpfyg
onf [lI rnfolurSs apm'uwuf avSsmufvSJedkifcJhjcif; r&Sdyg? odk hjzpfI edik fiHawmf opPmazgufzsuf ykefuefrSKudk
usL;vGeo f lrmS ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif wifarmifOD; r[kwf Adv k fcsKyfae0if; jzpfonf? qvdkif;wifarmifOD;onf
w&m;0iftpdk;&r[kwfaom tm%modr;f ppftpd;k &udk qef husif vSKyf &Sm;cJhjcif;om jzpfonf? AdkvfcsKyfae0if;onf
ol.tkyfcsKyfrKS w&m;0ifa}umif; jyo&eftwGuf 1974 ckeSpf zGJ hpnf;yHktajccHOya'udk twif;t}uyftwnfjyKum
a&G;aumufyJu G sif;ycJhonf? odk h&mwGif tqdkyg [ef jy w&m;0ifrKS udk 1988 ckepS f &Spfav;vHk; ta&;awmfyk}H uD;twGif;
vlxk}uD;u wcJeuf y,fzsufcJhonf? tusdL;quftaejzifh 1974 ckepS f zGJ hpnf;yHktajccHOya' eSifh ,if;tay:
tajccHjyD;zGJ hpnf;wnf&dcS Jhaom OD;ae0if; tpdk;&. [efjyw&m;0ifrKS rSm vHk;0csKyfjidrf;oGm;cJh&onf? odk hjzpfI 1962
ckepS frS 1988 ckepS f twGi;f Adv k fcsKyfae0if;tpdk;&. tkyfcsKyfrSKonf w&m;r0if/ 4if;. tpdk;&onf w&m;r0ifaom
tpdk;&om jzpfa}umif; &Sif;vif;pGmawG hedkifonf?
qvdkif;wifarmifOD;. vSKyf&Sm;aqmif&u G frKS rsm;onf edik fiHawmfopPmazgufzsufykefuefrSKajrmuf aponfh
jypfrSKusL;vGejf cif; r[kwfyg? jrefrmekdifio H rdik f;wGif 1962 ckepS frS 1987 ckeSpf twGi;f eSpfaygif; 25 eSpfwm oufwrf;
umvtwGif; olonf vGwfvyfpGm xkwfaz:ajymqdkcGifh/ pnf;&Hk;cGifh/ pka0;cGifh [laom tajccHvGwfvyfrSK tcGifhta&;
oHk;&yfudk usifhoHk;cJhol wOD;rSsom jzpfonf? ppftm%m&Sifpepf tkyfcsKyfrSK atmufrmS yif tqdkyg tcGifhta&; oHk ;&yfudk
xdkumvtwGif; tusio fh Hk;edkifqHk;ol wOD;vnf; jzpfcJhonf?
pifppftm;jzifhrl wifarmifOD;onf wwdkif;jynfvHk;udk,fpm; Advk fcsKyfae0if;eSifh 4if;. w&m;r0if tpdk;&tay:
edik fiHawmf opPmazgufzsufykefuefrSKjzifh ta&;,l w&m;pGq J dk&ygrnf? AdkvfcsKyfae0if;eSifh 4if;. w&m;r0if
tpdk;&uausmif;om;acgif;aqmif qvdkif;wifarmifOD;tay: ,if;odk hw&m;pGeJ idk fcGifh vHk;0r&Syd g? uHraumif;pGmyif
w&m;r0if pGJqkjd cif; cHcJh&jyD; w&m;cGiftwkta,mifwcku w&m;rSswrSK uif;rJhpGm 4if; tay: ao'%f jypf'%f
pD&ifjcif;cHcJh&onf? TonfrmS ppftm%m&Sifrsm;u }uD;rm;jyif;xefaom jypfrKS }uD;w&yfudk usL;vGecf Jhjcif; jzpfonf?
1988 ckepS f vlxktk}H uGrKS }uD; aemufyidk f; tm%modr;f I wufvmaom AdkvfcsKyfrLS ;}uD; apmarmifeiS fh Adv k fcsKyf
rSL;}uD;oef;a&$ wdk honfvnf;aumif;/ vuf&dS orw/ 'korw ae&mrsm;wGif tm%m&,l tkyfcsKyfaeaom
221
OD;odef;pdefeiS fh OD;wifatmifjrifOD; wdk honfvnf;aumif;/ }uD;rm;jyif;xefaom jypfrSK}uD;rsm;udkusL;vGejf yD; vGwfjidr;f cGifh
&ae}uolrsm; jzpfonf? 4if;wdk husL;vGecf Jh aom jypfrKS }uD;rsm; teuf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udkwifarmifOD;uJhodk@
aom edik fiHa&; twdkuftcHrsm;tm; w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfudk yHpk Hwus vufudkifjyKvSsuf eSpf&n S faxmif'%frsm; csrSwf
onfh usL;vGerf SKrsm;vnf; yg0ifonf?
2011 ckepS f Zefe0g&DvrS pI tm&yfurBmY vlxkqENjyyGJ}uD;rsm; jzpfyGm;jyD; aemufykid f; 4if;edkifiH rsm;wGif
jypfrSK}uD;rsm; usL;vGejf yD;aemuf vGwfjidr;f cGifh&aeonfh tajctaersm;rSm ,cifumvrsm;rSm xuf rsm;pGmydkI ay:vGif
xif&mS ;vmcJhonf? 1996 ckeSpfwGif vpfAsm;edkifiH x&pfykv d DjrdK h tblqmvif; tusOf;axmif &Sd edik fiHa&; tusOf;om;
1200 ausmfudk tm%m&Sif u'gzD u owfjzwfcJhrSKudk rD;armif; xdk;vmcJhonf? 1982 ckeSpfwGif qD;&D;,m;edkifiHY qGefeD
25000 tm; tpdk;&u owfjzwfchrJ KS udk az:xkwf vmcJhonf? 2011 ckepS f rwfvwGif orwa[mif; [l hpeD
rlbm;&wfvufxufY vl htcGifhta&; csdL; azgufrSKrsm; jyif;xefpmG usL;vGejf yD; tuef htowfrhJ vGwfjidrf;cGifh &aecJh
aom tufpt f ufpf tdik ftufpf axmufvSr;f a&; XmecsKyf&k;H rsm;tm; jynfolvlxku 0ifa&mufp;D eif;cJh}uonf?
xdktcgrSomvSsif tufpf tufpf tdkiftufpf t}uD;tuJ eSifh wm0ef&dS yk*~dKvf 47 OD;tm; zrf;qD;jyD; tpdk;&qef
husifonfh qENjy orm;rsm;tm; owfjzwfrSK/ oufaocHypPnf;rsm;tm; azsmufzsufrSK ponfh pGyfpJcG sufrsm;jzifh pHpk rf;ppf
aq;jcif; cHvm}u&onf? Tonfwdk hrmS tm%m&SifpepfatmufwGif &Sad ecJhaom tm&yfekid fiH tcsdK hwGif jypfrSK}uD;rsm;
usL;vGejf yD;aemuf vGwfjidr;f cGifh&aeonfh tajctaeudk pwif ta&;,ludkifwG,f vmjyD jzpf a}umif; jyn$e;f csufrsm;
jzpfonf? tm%m&Sifpepf eSifh jypfrKS }uD;rsm; usL;vGejf yD;aemuf vGwfjidr;f cGifh& ae onfh tajctaewdk honf twlwuG
,SOfwGJwnf&jSd rJ jzpfonf? jypfrSK}uD;rsm; usL;vGejf yD;aemufvGwfjidr;f cGifh&aeonfh tajctae&Sad eorSs Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;
csKyfjidr;f aernf? tm%m&Sifpepf }uD;pdk; aernf jzpfonf?
1962 ckeSprf SpI jrefrmedkfifiHwGif tkyfpk;d cJhonfh ppftpdk;&tqufqufonf jypfrSK}uD;rsm; usL;vGef
jyD;aemufvGwfjidr;f cGifh&aeonfh tajctaeudk enf;vrf;rsdK;pHkjzifh cHpm;aevSsuf&do S nf? enf;vrf;wrsdL;rSm
w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfudk 4if;wdk h.t}uGif;rJ hxdr;f csKyfrSKatmufwGif xm;&SdvSsuf edik fiHa&;rSKcif;rsm;udk ppfaq; pD&if
jypf'%frsm; csrSwfaejcif; jzpfonf? w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfudk 4if;wdk h.t}uGif;rJ hxdr;f csKyfrSKatmufwGif xm;&Sdjcif;rSm
1974ckeSpf zGJ hpnf;yHtk ajccHOya'rSmomru 2008 ckepS f zGJ hpnf;yHktajccHOya'rSmyg xif&mS ; ay:vGifvSsuf&do S nf?
tusdK;quftaejzifh jypfrSKusL;vGeo f lrsm;u w&m;&Hk;wGif wdkifwef;olrsm; jzpfvmjyD; jypfrSKusL;vGecf H&olrsm;rSm
pGyfpJcG H&ol w&m;cHrsm;jzpfvm}u&onf?
222
w&m;rSswrSKudk rnfonfh tcgwGifrsS &SmazG&&Sed idk fawmhrnf r[kwfaoma}umifh jzpfonf? odk h jzpfI w&m;pD&ifa&;
onf t&yfom; toGifaqmifxm;aom ppftm%m&Sifrsm;eSifh ppfbufqidk f&m wdk h. xdr;f csKyfrSKatmufodk hvHk;0yif
usa&mufvSsuf&daS }umif; ay:vGifvSsuf&do
S nf? tusdL;quftaejzifh jypfrSK}uD;rsm;usL;vGef jyD;aemuf vGwfjidr;f cGifh
&aeonfh tajctae qufvufwnf&daS ernf/ vlom;jzpfrKS udk qef husifonfhjypfrKS eSifh ppf &mZ0wfrKS rsm; tygt0if
*sDeDAm oabmwlpmcsKyfudk csdL;azgufusL;vGerf SK rsm;uJ hodk hjyif;xefqk;d 0g;aom &mZ0wfrKS }uD;rsm; qufvufjzpfymG ;
aeOD;rnf jzpfonf?
urBmh jidrf;csrf;a&;&&Sd&efrmS wdkif;jynfwGifjzpfap/ a'o}uD;wGifjzpfap/ edik fiHwumwGif jzpfap yHko¾mef
wrsdK;rsdK;jzifh wnf&daS eaom tm%m&Siftyk fcsKyfrSK/ v$r;f rdk;rSKrSeforSsudk z,f&Sm;ypf&ef vdktyfonf? ,if;odk hjzpfap&efrmS
tedrhq f ;Hk tm;jzifh jypfrSK}uD;rsm; usL;vGejf yD;aemuf vGwfjidr;f cGifh&aeonfh tajctaeudk xda&mufpmG ta&;,l
aqmif&Guf&ygrnf? ukvor*~ vHkjcHKa&;aumifpD qHk;jzwfcsuf trSwf 1325 t& jypfrKS }uD;rsm; usL;vGef jyD;aemuf
vGwfjidr;f cGifh&aeonfh tajctaeudk tqHk;owf&ef eSifh vlom;jzpfrKS udk qef husifonfhjypfrKS / vlrsKd ;wHk; owfjzwfrKS eSifh
ppf&mZ0wfrKS usL;vGefolrsm; tm; w&m;pGJqkd ta&;,l&ef edik fiHrsm;wGif wm0ef&do S nf? ukvor*~u}uD;rSL;I
urBmhxyd foD;nDvmcH usif;yjyD; 2005 ckeSpf pufwbFm xkwfjyefcsuft& tu,fI jidrf;csrf;aom enf;vrf;rsm;onf
rvHkavmuf/ oufqidk f&m wdkif;jynftpdk;& rsm;onf 4if;wdk h.vlxktm;umuG,fapgihfa&Smuf&ef wm0efysufuGuf
aernf qdkygu ukvor*~ yËdOmOf pmwrf; tcef; (7) eSifh tnD edik fiHwumwGif umuG,fapgifha&Smuf&ef wm0ef&dS
onf? odk@&mwGif jrefrm edik fiHtwGif;&Sd wdkif;&if;om;aygif;pHk vlxk}uD;onf tqdkyg umuG,fapgifha&SmufrKS udk
edik fiHwumxHrS &&Sd&ef rSm tvSr;f a0;vSsuf &Sad eao;onf? ukvor*~ vl htcGifhta&; txl;udk,fpm;vS,f rpPwm
aomrwfpf tdak *s uifwm;em;u tkyfcsKyfaeqJjzpfaom ppftpdk;&usL;vGeef idk fbG,f&do S nfh jyif;xefqk;d 0g;vSaom jypf
rSK}uD;rsm;eSifhpyfvSsOf;I ppfaq;edik fa&;twGuf pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;aumfr&SifzJG hpnf;&efudkyif ukvor*~tzGJ@tpnf;
rsm;onf az:aqmifjcif; r&Sd}uao;yg? Tonfwdk heiS fhqufpyfum Oya'pd;k rdk;a&;aemufcHjzifh vl h tcGifhta&;udk
umuG,f jrSifhwifedkifa&; twGuf tdrfeD;jcif;edkifiHrsm;. tcef;u¾udk avSsmhrwGufoifhyg?
1980 ckeSpfrsm; w0du k frpS I w&kyjf ynfonf wOD;csif; tcGifhta&;rsm;udk wpHw
k &m wdk;jrSifh vm onfeiS fh
wjydKifeuf Oya'pd;k rdk;a&;eSifh pyfvSsOf;I xHk;wrf;wus toGif vuQ%mrsm;udk usifhoHk;vm cJh onf? TtjyKoabm
az:aqmifrKS rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufzGH hjzdK;rSKtwGuf tcGifhomaponfh ywf 0ef;usit f aetxm;rsm;tm;
zefwnf;jzpfay:apcJhonf? ydkrdkI ta&;}uD;aomtcsufudk awG h&onfrmS vufawG husifhoHk;rSKY tjiif;yGm;p&mrsm;
&Sad eqJ jzpfaomfvnf; w&kyfjynfonf 2004 ckepS fwGif zGJ hpnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk jyifqifI ‚edkifiHawmfonf vl htcGifh
ta&;udk av;pm; xdr;f odrf;apgifha&Smufonf?‛ [laom jyXmef;csufudk xnfhoGif;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? edkifiHwum
e,fy,fodk hykrd kw d dk;csJ@ 0ifa&mufvmonfh taetxm;udk axmufxm;vSsuf w&kwfjynftaejzifh edik fiHwum &mZ0wf
jypfrSK}uD;rsm;tm; usL;vGef aeolrsm;udk tm;ay;tm;ajrSmufrjyKoifhyg? jrefrmedkifiHwGifomru urBmay:&Sd wdkif;jynf
tajrmuftrsm;wGif jypfrSK}uD;rsm;usL;vGejf yD;aemuf vGwfjidr;f cGifh&aeonfh tajctaeqdk;rsm; tqHk;owf ap&ef
jynfol vlxk. }udK;yrf;tm;xkwfrKS rsm;udk axmufcHjcif;/ Oya'pd;k rdk;rSK tajccHwGif vl htcGifhta&;tm; Oya' t&
&oif&h xdkufaom tcGifhta&; taejzifh usifhoHk;vmapa&;twGuf vl htzGJ htpnf;rsm; toGiful; ajymif;vmrSKudk
yHyh ;dk jcif; ponfwdk hjzifh w&kyfjynfonf rdr.d *k%foduQmudk xdr;f odrf;oifhygonf?
223
b*Fvm;a'h&fS edik fiHonf 2010 ckepS f rwfvwGif edik fiHwum jypfrKS qdkif&mw&m;&H;k a&mrOya'udk vufrw S f
a&;xdk; twnfjyKcJhonf? TonfrSm jypfrSK}uD;rsm;usL;vGejf yD;aemuf vGwfjidr;f cGih&f aerSKtm; 4if;taejzifh Oya'pdk;rdk;rSK
tajccHay:wGif &yfwnfwdkufyGJ0ifekid f&ef wdk;wufrKS ajcvSr;f vSrf;vdkufonfh oauFw trSwftom;yif jzpfonf?
odk@&mwGif b*Fvm;a' h&fS edik fiHonf jrefrmedik fiHtwGuf pHpk rf;ppf aq;a&;aumfr&SifzJG hpnf;&ef jynfwGif;eSifh edkifiHwum
vl htcGifhta&; tzGJ htpnf;rsm;. }udK;yrf;tm; xkwfrKS rsm;udk uef huGufaeqJ jzpfonf? tdENd,edkifiHonf urBm
ay:wGif t}uD;rm;qHk;aom 'Drku d a&pD edik fiH}uD;taejzifh *k%f,loifhayonf? ,if;edkifiHY Oya'pd;k rdk;rSKtm; vdkufem
usifhoHk;az:aqmifrSKrsm; onf xif&mS ;vSygonf? tdENd,edkifiH&dS vGwfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&;pHepfonf txl;ojzifh
ta&;ay:tajctae a}ujimxm; onfh 1975 rS 1977 ckeSpfrsm;twGif;wGif 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; rpPpf tif'&D m*ef'D.
tm%m &Siq f efqef jyKrlrSKrsm;udk apgifh}unfh/ }uyfrwf/ xdr;f ausmif; ay;edik fcJhonf?
224
aejcifhpbG,faumif; rnf r[kwfyg? xdk ha}umifh tdrf[lonfrmS pepfwus oyfoyf&yf&yf &So
d ifhonfomru tqdkyg
tdrf twGif;Y arwWm w&m;vnf; v$r;f rdk;aebdk hvdkygonf?
225
qdkygu em;vnfrKS txiftjrifvGJrSm;jcif;/ vdk&mqGJI rrSerf uefajymjcif;/ w&m;rSswrSKuif;pGm jyKrl aqmif&Gufjcif;rsm;
aysmufuG,foGm;edik fygrnf?
tjcm;aomvlrKS b0rsm;wGifvnf; xdkenf;eSifeiS fyif jzpfonf? trSewf &m;udk &SmazGjcif; rjyKvSsif vlonf
yHyk ef;o¾mef/ rl&if;/ edik fiH/ bmomw&m;/ zGJ hpnf;wnfaqmufrKS ponfwdk huJhodk haom tjyif ty
rsufjrif'Ïd ay:wGifom 0Jvnfuyfjidaeavh&do
S nf? xdktcg txufYaz:jycJhonfh rdcif. OyrmuJ hodk h tqdkygvlyk*~dKvf
. pdwftpOfwGif rsufuef;tcspf ay:aygufwwfonf? ,if;odk hjzpfygu vl htzGJ htpnf;Y }uHKawG h&onfh ta}umif;&yf
jyoemrsm;udk rsufuef;tcspf tajccHjzifhom udkifwG,fajz&Sif;&ef }udK;yrf; ygvdrfhrnf? TonfrSm qdk;usdK;udkom
aqmif}uOf;ygrnf? ,if;odk hr[kwfbJ todeiS fh,SOaf om arwWm ay:ayguf/ xGe;f um;/ ysH@yGm;rSomvSsif urBmhjidrf;csrf;a&;
&&ef ajrSmfreS f;edkifygrnf?
,ae hurBm}uD;wGif &kyfykid f;b0 wdk;wufrKS eSifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&m zGH hjzdK;rSK eSpfck. o[ZmwjzpfrKS udk rawG h&yg?
Globalization [k ac:onfh urBmwcGifqufoG,faqmif&Gufonfh acwfumv}uD; twGif; wOD;jcif; jynfolvlxk
rsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ wdkif;jynfrsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ wOD;eSifh tjcm;wOD;/ wedik fiH eSifh tjcm;wedkifiH ,SOfjydKifvSsuf
&kyfykid f;b0 wdk;wufrKS udkom ydI k t"du xm;vm}uonf? 4if;wdk honf vl husifh0wfykid f;/ udk,fusifh w&m;ydik f; eSifh
pdwfyidk f;qdkif&m zGH hjzdK;rSKtay:tm&Hkxm;rSK enf;yg;vm}uonf? xdktcgwGif tjyKjzpfwnfrKS eSifh ysufokOf;csKyfjidrf;rSK udk
twGif;usus em;vnfatmif r}udK;yrf;}uawmh? tusdK;quftaejzifh tjyKjzpfwnfrSK tjrifudk avhvm/ cH,l/
usifhoHk;jcif;rjyKedkifojzifh teKwfvuQ%m aqmifonfh oHk;oyf/&yfwnf/ vkyaf qmifrSKrsm; eSifh ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;avh &S}d u
onf? udk,fhwdk;wuf}uD;yGm;vdk pdwfudk arG;jrLjcif;eSifh twWudkvdkufpm;jcif;wdk ht}um; cGJjcm;edkifprG f; r&Sdawmh?
tusdK;quftaejzifh udk,fh wdk;wuf}uD;yGm;vdkpdwfudk arG;jrLonfh tqifhwGio f m r&yfwef hekid fawmhbJ twWudk
tqHk;tp r&Sd vdkuf pm;jcif;eSifh ed*Hk;csKyf oGm;avh&d}S u onf? tcspfudk&SmazGjcif;eSifh arwWmudk ay;tyfjcif;wdk ht}um;
jcm;em; rSKudk rodjrif}uawmh? tusdK;quf taejzifh arwWmudk ay;tyfjyD; avmuudk wnfaqmufbdk h t"du
xm;&rnfhtpm; ud, k fhom,mrSKudk y"gejyKum tcspfudktwdkif;tqr&Sd&SmazGjcif;eSifh ed*Hk;csKyfoGm; avh&dS }uonf?
226
urBmay:Y vl htzGJ htpnf;udk toufpGef hv$wf aumif;usdK;jyKcJhonfh ol&aJ umif;rsm;tm; rodusdK;usifjyKrSKrsm; &SdvmcJh
}uonf?
vl husifh0wfykid f;/ udk,fusifhw&m;ydik f; eSifh pdwfyidk f;qdkif&m zGH hjzdK;rSKtay: jyefvnftm&Hkxm;vmedkif rSomvSsif
avmu. wefbdk;rsm;udk &SmazGrSKonf us,fjyef haom tusdK;pD;yGm;e,fy,f toD;oD;odk hysH heHS h oGm;ekid fygrnf? ,if;odk@
jzpfap&efrSm avhvmoif}um; od&dx S m;jyD;om; ta}umif;t&mrsm;udkom xyf wvJvJ jyefajymif;&Gwfzwfaejcif;
rsm;tm; avSsmhcsbdk hvdkygrnf? rodao;aomt&mrsm;tm; &SmazGbdk hvdk ygrnf? avmu.wefbdk;rsm;teuf
cspfjcif;arwWmonf t&mtm;vHk;. xdyq f Hk;wGif &Syd gonf? arwWm w&m; uif;rJhaeygvSsif vl hb0onf t"dyg` ,fr&Sd/
wefbdk; qdwfokOf;aeygrnf? wcsdex f JY arwWmw&m; oufouf wckwnf;eSifhvnf; vl htzGJ htpnf;. t&if;cH
jyoemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&ef/ vlom;rsm; rw&m; jyKusifhcH&rSKrS umuG,f&efprG f;aqmifedkifjcif; r&Sda}umif;vnf; owdjyKbdk@
vdkygonf? odk hjzpfI Oya'pd;k rdk;rSKudk usifhoHk;&ef r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfygonf? vl htzGJ htpnf;Y Oya'pd;k rd;k rSK eSifh
arwWmw&m;udk twl,SOfwGJ usifhoHk;&ef ta&;}uD;vSygonf? tb,fa}umifhqkad omf tu,fI Oya'udk
twnfjyKusifhoHk;&ef wm0ef &Sad om tm%mydik frsm;udk,fwdkifu arwWmw&m;udk vufudkifxm;jcif;rjyKygu 4if;wdk@
onf puf&yk fuJhodk h jzpfvm}ujyD; Oya'udk twnfjyKonfh pepftwGif;rSmyif rw&m;r_rsm; usL;vGeb f G,f &Syd gonf?
odk@jzpfI vl htzGJ htpnf;Y arwWmw&m;. tcef;u¾udk ayghayghrxm;oifhyg?
vlwdkif; cspfjcif;arwWm ta}umif;udk ajymqdkaeaomfvnf; rnfolwOD;wa,mufrsS arwWm qdk onfrmS
rnfonfht&m jzpfa}umif; od&djS cif; r&Sd[k ynm&SifwOD;u axmufjyonf? ,if;tcsufrmS rSef aumif;rS rSeef dkifygrnf?
tcsdK haom wd&p>mefrsm;onfyif obm0tavSsmuf cspfjcif;arwWm udk od&d}S uyg onf? acG;uav;waumif.
Oyrmudk avhvmoifhonf? &Gmw&Gm&Sd tdrw f vHk;Y acG;uav; waumif onf 4if;.ocifeiS fhtwlwuG touf&iS f
aexdkifcJh}uonf? ocifjzpfolonf ae hwdkif;&GmjyifxGuf tvkyf vkyaf vh&djS yD; naerSom tdrjf yefvmwwfonf?
acG;uav;onf ocifjyefvmwwfonfh naecsdeaf &muf onfhtcgwdkif; &Gmxdyo f dk hxGuf}udKavh&djS yD; ol hocifeiS fhtwl
eSpfOD;om; aysmf&i$ fpmG tdrfodk hjyefvmavh&dcS Jh onf? wae hwGif 4if;. ocifudk "g;jyu owfjzwfvdkufojzifh tdrfodk@
jyefvmedkifjcif; r&Sdawmhyg? acG;u av;onf ol hocifjyefrvmonfh ae hrpS I tpmpm;jcif; r&SdawmhbJ wae@
jyefvmedk;eSifh &Gmxdyo f dk h xGufum apmifhjrJwdkif; apmifhajrSmfaecJhonf? ae hrsm;pGm}umvmcJhaomfvnf; uHraumif;
pGmyif ol hocif onf jyefrvmedkifawmhyg? 0rf;enf;pGm apgifhajrSmf&if;yif acG;uav; aoqHk;oGm;cJhonf? TopPm&Sd
aom acG;uav; Zmwfvrf;onf tcspfZmwfvrf; jzpfonf? acG;uav;onf tcspfta}umif;udk wvHk;rS ajymroGm;
cJhyg? odk haomf olonf tcspfqdkonfrSm rnfonfht&mjzpfa}umif;udk odygonf? xdkenf;wlpmG vl wdkif;yif obm0
tavSsmuf cspfjcif;arwWmudk odonf? cHpm;wwfonf? vdkjcifwrf;wonf? odk h&mwGif rnfolwOD;wa,mufurSs
cspfjcif;arwWmqkdonfrmS rnfonfht&mjzpfa}umif; &Sif;vif;pGmajymjyedkifjcif; r&Sdyg?
227
wifarmifOD;onf cspfjcif;arwWmeSifh pyfvSsOf;I wcGe;f wyg'rSs jrGuf[oGm;cJ hjcif; r&Sdaomfvnf; uav;i,f b0uxJu
ol. arwWmudk jyocJhonf? jynfoltrsm;tay: arwWmw&m;xm;&Sdjcif;a}umifhom olcspfcifvSaom obm0rdom;pk
twGuf ay;&rnfh tcsderf sm;tm; rsm;pGmavSsmhcsum ol hb0. tcsdet f rsm;qHk;udk vl htzGJ htpnf;twGuf
jrSKyfeSHcJhonf? ol houfwrf;rSm r&Snf}umcJhaomfvnf; ol h udk,fydkifro
d m;pk wnfaxmifum b0c&D;udk a&S hqufoGm;
&efyif pd;k pOf;rSs rpOf;pm;cJh? ol. tcspfonf rsufuef; tcspfr[kwf todeiS fh,SOaf om arwWmjzpfonf? olonf
vl@tzG@J tpnf;wGif tjyifty rsufjrif'Ïd udk jzwfausmjf yD; twGif;teSpfom& trSew f &m;udk &SmazGedkifcJhaoma}umifh
jzpfonf?
odk hjzpfI tm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfrSK wenf;wzHkjzifh wnf&daS eorSsumvywfvHk; vl htzGJ htpnf;. ta&;tygqHk;
tpdyt f ydkif;jzpfonfh rdom;pkrsm;. b0epfemysufp;D r_/ xdcdkufr_rsm;&Sdaernf jzpfa}umif;/ rdom;pkrsm;.twGif;wGif
vnf;aumif; tjyifwGifvnf;aumif; cspfjcif;arwWmonf jynfhpHkpGmzl;yGifha0qmcGifh &vdrhrf nf r[kwfa}umif; ol
aumif;rGepf Gm odjrifvmcJhonf? xdkrSpI olonf ol.obm0rdom;pk tay:xm;&SdcJhonfh arwWmxuf ajrmufrsm;
vSpmG ydrk u
dk m vl htzGJ htpnf;w&yfvHk;tay: arwWmxm;cJh onf? vl htzGJ htpnf;twGuf ol htoufudk pGef hv$wfoGm;
cJhonf? ol. vSKyf&Sm;aqmif&u G frr_ sm;onf a'oEW&e,fy,f t0ef;t0dkif; twGi;f rSmom &Scd Jhaomfvnf; ol&mS azG
cJhonfh b0wnfaqmufr_ wefbdk; onf urBmwcGifv$r;f jcHKavmufonftxd us,fjyef heuf&dKS if;onf?
cspfjcif;arwWmonf bk&m;&SifeiS fh twl&Sdygonf? cspfjcif;arwWmuif;rJhygu bk&m;&Sif. OyuQmjyK xm;rSKudk
cH&rnf rkcsjzpfygonf? cspfjcif;arwWm. toGifvuQ%mrsm;udk vdkufem usifhoHk;jcif; rjyKvSsif bk&m;&Sif rjzpfekdifyg?
bk&m;&Sifudk OD;xdyfxm;vSsuf arwWmw&m;udk ayG hzuf/ ydu k faxG;/ jzef husuf&ygrnf? bk&m;&Sif. emrawmfudk
&GwfqdkIjzpfap/ bk&m;&Sifudk wrf;wIjzpfap arwWmw&m;udk y,f&Sm;/ jiif;qdk/ vSspv f SsL&SKaom vky&f yfrsKd ; rvkyf&yg?
cspfjcif;arwWm onf urBmajrjyif/ rd;k aumif;uif/ opfyif wd&p>mef vlowW0grsm; tm;vHk; tygt0if ae&mwum
wGif ude;f atmif; wnf&deS kid fonf? cspfjcif;arwWm onf qdkufa&mufjcif; eSifh xGuf cGmjcif;/ &,ljcif; eSifh qHk;&SKH ;jcif;/
ay:vmjcif; eSifh aysmufuG,foGm;jcif; tygt0if jzpf&yf c%wdkif; Y wnf&dS edik fygonf? urBmajrjyifay:Y tm%m&Sif
tkyfcsKyfr_ v$r;f rdk;ygu cspfjcif; arwWmonf jcdrf;ajcmufjcif; cH&onf? tm%m&SifusifhpOfudk usifhoHk;vdkolrsm;a}umifh
c&pfawmf um;pif wifjcif;cHcJh&onf? *sL;vlrsKd ; (6) oef;ausmf owfjzwfcHcJh&onf? urBmhukeo f G,fa&;Xme}uD;
wdkufcku d fcHcJh &onf? ,if;odk haom usL;vGerf SK rsm;atmufwGif cspfjcif;arwWmonf jiif;y,fcHcJh&onf? bk&m;&Sifonf
,if;odk husL;vGeo f lrsm;eSifh twl r&Sd? cspfjcif;arwWmudk &SmazGol/ ydu k faxG;ol/ usifhoHk;olwdk heiS fhom twl
&Spd jrJjzpfonf? vl htzGJ htpnf;wGif cspfjcif;arwWmw&m; xm;&Sdygaomfvnf; tm%m&SifusifhpOfudk usifh oHk;olrsm;
&Sad eygvSsif Oya'pd;k rdk;a&;udk udkifpJ&G ygrnf? cspfjcif;arwWm eSifh Oya'pd;k rdk;a&;onf t&m0wWK wck. bufepS fbuf
jzpfonf? wckr&SdvSsif tjcm;wckonf tm;enf;oGm;ygrnf? ,if;eSpcf kudk twl wuG us,fjyef h/ euf&SdKif;/ xda&mufpmG
az:aqmifvSsif urBmhjidrf;csrf;a&; &edkifygrnf?
228
eSpfOD;t}um;wnf&daS eonfh }uD;rm;aom cspfjcif;arwWma}umifh jzpfonf? om;onf tvGew f dkawmif;vSaom
tcsdet f wGi;f }udK;ay;cH&ygawmhrnf? om;udk vma&muf awG hqo
Hk nfh rdcifudk,fwdkifonfvnf; tcsKyftaeSmifcHxm;
&onf? urBm}uD;wGif rSswrSKr&Sdawmhyg?w&m; r_onfvnf; aysmufuG,foGm;cJhygjyD? cspfjcif;arwWmwckwnf;omvSsif
usef&dyS gawmhonf?
xdkc%Y rdom;pk eSifh vl htzGJ htpnf;tay: xm;&Sdonfh udkwifarmifOD;. tcspfonf jynfhvSsrf; aernf
rkcsjzpfonf? eSvHk;om;onf aysmfqif;oGm;cJh&ygjyD? xdk ha}umifh rsuf&nfoG,foG,f ,dkpD;vmcJhjcif; jzpfonf? TrSs
tm;rmefygwuf}uG/ ta}umufw&m; uif;rJhum ckdifrmjywfom;vSaom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif qvdkif;wifarmifOD;
tm; rsuf&nfoG,foG,f usaponfh t&monf tb,fenf;? cspfjcif; arwWm jzpfygonf? ol. rsuf&nfrsm;onf
cspfjcif;arwWm. trSwftom;rsm; jzpfonf? cspfjcif;arwWm onf avmu. wefbdk; jzpfovdk avmu. bmom
pum;vnf; jzpfonf?
xdktcsdeu f ol. rdcifudk ajym}um;vdkufekid faom pum;vHk;rSm rdcif.usrRma&;udk *&kpu dk f&ef [l Iom
jzpfcJhonf? xdk haemuf rdcifonfvnf; yHv k JusoGm;cJhonf? t&m&mwdkif; jyD;qHk;oGm;cJhygjyD? rdcif. rsufeSmudk }unfhum
wdkawmif;vGe;f vSaom tcsdeu f dkoHk;IrS r0cif axmiftm%mydkifrsm;onf rdcifudk udkwifarmifOD;. a&S h arSmufrS
qGJxkwfoGm;cJh}uonf? rdciftm; ac:aqmifoGm;}uonfh jrifuGif;udk rsuf &nf jynfhaom rsufvHk;rsm;jzifh
pd;k &dryf lyefpGmai;pdkuf}unfhae&if; i&Jcef;i,f twGi;f Y udkwifarmifOD; wOD; wnf;usefcJhonf? ol hb0woufwm.
aemufqHk;tcsdew f Gif tvSyqH;k aomt&mudk olawG hjrifcJh&onf rSm ol hrcd if. rsufeSm jzpfonf? rcsdwifuJ &ifwGif;
a0'emudk cHpm;ae&onfh tcsdew f Gif euf&dKS if;aom arwWmonf ol h&ifwGif;Y touf&iS forSs xm0ZOf
ude;f atmif;aeygonf? om;eSifh rdcifwdk htwlwuG awG hqcHk Jh}u&onfrmS rdepfykid f; pOf;i,frsS om jzpfaomfvnf;
,if;tcsdeu f av;rSm rnfonfht&meSifhrSs rvJedkifavmufatmif wefbdk;}uD;rm;vSjyD; avmuudk v$r;f jcHKonfh
toGifaqmifygonf? TonfrmS om;eSifh rddcifwdk h. cspjf cif;arwWma}umifh jzpfonf?
qvdkif;wifarmifOD;udkta}umif;jyKI 4if;.rdom;pk0ifrsm;onf todeSifh,SOaf om cspfjcif;arwWm udkem;vnf
cHpm;edkif}uonf? rdom;pk0ifrsm;tm;vHk;uol hudkcspfci/f av;pm;/ jrwfek;d }uonfrmS rdrdwdk@. om;/ rdrw d dk@. tudk}uD;
jzpf&Hk oufoufrsS omr[kwf/ 4if;u vl htzGJ htpnf;tay: aumif;usdK;jyKrSKudk wefb;dk xm;}uaom a}umifhvnf;
jzpfonf? udkwifarmifOD;. v_y&f Sm; pGrf;aqmifrr_ sm;eSifh qufpyfI rdom;pk0ifrsm; tm;vHk; tm%m&Sifrsm;u
zefwnf;onfh tcuftcJrsm;/ jcdrf;ajcmufrr_ sm;/ ab;tEW&,f rsm; eSifh &ifqdkif}uHKawG hcJh}u&onf? udkwifarmifOD;
tjyif tjcm;rdom;pk0ifav;OD;onf axmif'%f jypf'%f 5 eSpfrS 9 eSpftxd csrSwfcHcJh}u&onf? tjcm;wOD;rSmvnf;
&Spfv}umrSs csKyfaeSmifcHcJh&onf? tqdkyg rdom;pk0if pkpkaygif; 6 OD;vHk;axmifxJwGif &SdaecsdeYf tdrfYusefcJhonfrmS
touf 5 eSpfrS 13 eSpf twGif;om &Sad o;aom vlrr,fuav;i,frsm;om jzpfonf? rdom;pk0ifrsm;tm;vHk;onf
}uD;rm;aom 'kuQeiS fh &ifqidk fcJh}u&onfrmS tjiif;yGm;bG,f r&Syd g? odk h&mwGif ,ae htcsdeftxd 4if;wdk htm;vHk;&ifqidk f
cJh}u&aom 'kuQ}uD;rsm;eSifh qufpyfI udkwifarmifOD;tay: jzpfap/ 4if;. v_y&f Sm;rSKrsm; tay:jzpfap tjypfzdk h&ef pdk;pOf;
rSs rpOf;pm;cJh}u? TonfrmS qvdkif;wifarmifOD;udkomru vl htzGJ htpnf;udkyg cspfcif onfh cspfjcif;arwWm a}umifh
jzpfonf? udkwifarmifOD;uJ hodk hyif 4if;wdk htm;vHk;onf tm%m&Sif. zdeSdyfr_ atmufrS vl htzGJ htpnf;.
vGwfajrmufru _ dk jrifvdkvSygonf?
229
Ttjzpfqdk;rsm;jzpfyGm;aeonfh umvtwGif; udkwifarmifOD;. nD udkjr'ifudk &SpfvrSs csKyfaeSmif jyD;aemuf
tm%mydkifrsm;u jyefv$wfay;cJhonf? xdkpOfuudkjr'ifonf touf22 eSpfrsS &Sad ecJhygjyD?udkwif armifOD;udk
}udK;'%fjypf'%f pD&ifjyD;aemuf rdbeSpyf g; onfvnf;aumif;/ ol. nDr rvSjrdKif ac: rdik fykyd kd eSifh ol.nD udkvSa&$ wdk h
onfvnf;aumif; axmifxJwGif jypf'%fuscaH e}u&qJ jzpfonf? tdrfwGif usef cJhol vlrr,f uav;i,f av;OD;udk
}unfh&SKapmifha&Smuf&efrSm udkjr'if wOD;wnf;om &Sdygawm honf? uH raumif;pGmyif udkjr'if udk,fwdkifuvnf;
udk,fcE<moefprG f;olr[kwf? i,fpOfu ydv k D,dk a&m*g cHpm; cJh&ojzifh ajcaxmufwzuf ao;odraf eol jzpfonf?
udkjr'if udk,fwdkif udkwifarmifOD;. v_y&f Sm;r_rsm;Y yg0ifywfoufcJhjcif; r&Sdonfhtjyif TuJhodk h'u k Qdw
jzpfae&jcif;a}umifhvnf; tm%mydkifrsm;u udkjr'if udk jyefv$wfay;cJhjcif; jzpfy&Hk onf? vGwfvmjyD;aemuf
udkjr'ifonf 4if;. nDi,f nDri,fuav;rsm;udk axmufyhaH }uG;arG;edik f&ef bef;uav;xJY o}um;vHk;eSifh pD;u&uf
uav;rsm;xnfhum }udK;eSifhodkif;vG,fI &xm;blwm&Hkrsm;/ bwfpu f m; *dwfrsm;/ vrf;ab; yvufazgif;rsm; tay:wGif
ajcaxmheif; eSifhwajz;ajz; avSsmuf&if; a&mif;cscJhonf? &aom 0ifaiGuav;rsm; teuf tenf;i,frsS pDudk
wajz;ajz;cGJI pkaqmif;um awmifil eSifh om,m0wD axmifrsm;Y uscHae&qJjzpfaom rdbeSpfyg;/ tr eSifh nDrsm;tm;
axmif0ifpm uav;rsm; ydk hay;edik f&ef pDpOfcJhonf? ydk hvnf; ydk hay;cJhonf?
xdktcsdew
f Gif udkwifarmifOD;. rdcif a':eSif;jrdKifeiS fh nDr rvSjrdKifwdk honf om,m0wDaxmifwGif
&Sad ecJh}uonf? udkwifarmifOD;. nDi,fwOD;jzpfol armifoef hZifrmS xdkpOfu 14 eSpfrsS om &Sdao;onf? udkjr'if eSifh
armifoef hZifwdk honf weSpfvSsif w}udrf odk hr[kwf eSpf}udrrf Ss axmif0ifpm oGm;a&mufay; ydk hedkifcJhonf? 4if;wdk@
aetdr&f &Sd m &efukejf rdK hrS uDvdkrDwm 250 cef ha0;uGmaom awmifil eSifh om,m0wD axmifrsm;odk hc&D;pm;&dwf rwwf
edik faoma}umifh t}udrrf sm;rsm; roGm;a&mufedik fcJh}ujcif; jzpfonf? oGm;a&mufeidk faom t}udrrf sm;rSmyif 4if;wdk@
eSpfOD;vHk;twGuf c&D;p&dwf rwwfeidk fcJhyg? odk hjzpfInDtpfudk eSpfOD; &So d nfhteuf wOD;wnf;twGufom
&xm;vufrw S f 0,fedkifcJhonf? ,if;vufrw S frmS vrf;aumif; pGm ravSsmufedkifaom 'kuQdwjzpfol udkjr'if twGufyif?
ol hwGif vufrw S fr&Sdygu rvGJraoG vufrw S fppf . zrf;qD;jcif;cH&rnf jzpfonf? armifoef hZifrmS i,f&, G faomfvnf;
zsyfvyfoGufvufpmG oGm;vmedik f ojzifh vufrw S fppfudk wdr;f a&SmifedkifbG,f &Syd gonf? axmif0ifpm oGm;a&muf
yd@k aqmifonfh tcgwdkif; &xm;pD;onfhtcgwGif armifoef hZifonf vufrw S fppfudk a&Smifwdr;f edkif&ef &xm;ckwfarmif;
aepOf &xm;wGJ wckrS tjcm;wckodk hajymif;a&$ hp;D eif;cJh&jrJjzpfonf? 4if;onf t&G,fra&mufao;aomfvnf; axmif
usaeaom rdom;pkrsm;tm; axmufyheH kid fa&;twGuf ,if;uJhodk hpGef hpm;&jcif;yif?
w}udfrfwGif axmif0ifpm ydk h&if; axmif. {nfhonfawG hq&Hk m tcef;wGif olwdk hepS fOD;onf rdcif/ tr wdk heiS fh
tcsdew f dk pum;ajymcGifh&cJh}uonf? xdkpOfu rvSjrdKifonf armifeSpfOD;eSifhwpHwk &m tcsde}f um }um qufvufpum;
ajymvdak omqENjzpfay:cJo h nf? olronf axmiftm%mydik frsm;eSifhnSdeidk f;I axmif jyifxGufum awG hqpHk um;ajym
cGifh&&ef }udK;yrf;cJhonf? xdktcsderf Sm rd;k OD;us umvjzpfonf?axmifxJwGif jypf'%fuscHae&aom rde;f rrsm;onf
axmifjyif&dv S ,fuGufrsm;odk hoGm;a&mufjyD; aumufpku d f vkyt
f m; ay; }u&aom tpDtpOf &Scd Jhonf? tu,fI
xdkaumufpku d fr vkyrf nfh axmifustrsdK;orD;rsm;eSifhtwl vkdufoGm; ekid fygu olr taejzifh armifeSpfOD; eSifh tcsdef
}um}um pum;ajymcGifh &edkifrnf? om,m0wD axmifxJwGif tcsdK haom axmift&m&Srd sm;onf qvdkif;wifarmifOD;
ta}umif;udk }um;odjyD; av;pm; }uonf? 4if;wdk heiS fh nSdedkif;aomtcg axmifvHkjcHKa&;wm0efusrsm;. apmifh}uyfr_
atmufwGif rvSjrdKif tm; aumufpku d forrsm;eSifh twlwGJxnfhay;jyD; 4if;wdk haumufpku
d faepOf twGi;f armifeSpfOD;
230
eSifh pum; ajymqdkcGifhjyK&efem;vnfra_ y;cJh}uonf? Tta}umif;udk armifeSpfOD;tm; today;jyD; axmife&H H. tjyif
bufwGif olrtm;apmifhqkid f;ae&ef ajym}um;cJhonf? aumif;uifwGif wdrrf sm; ndKrJaejyD; rdk;&Gmawmhrnfh yHk &So
d nf?
231
awGtm;vHk; wuGJwjym;pD jzpfatmifvkyef idk fcJhw,f? ol hudk,fol tm; aumif; vSjyDvdk hxifaumif;xifr,f? 'gayr,fh
igwdk hro
d m;pk0ifawG tm;vHk;&J hev
S Hk;om;xJrmS &Sad ewJh arwWm udk awmh ol b,fawmhrS vk,lvdk h&rSm r[kwfbl;?
tudk}uD; qvkdif;wifarmifOD;vdkbJ? igwdk h&J harwWm[m avmurSm ysH heSH hap&r,f?‛
xdk haemufwGif rvSjrdKifonf wajz;ajz; avSsmufvSr;f &if; axmifudk;eSpf jypf'%fudk qufvuf uscHap&ef
rdrdtm; apgifhqkid f;ae onfh om,m0wD axmifwGif;odk h jyefvnf0ifa&muf oGm;cJhonf? T w}udrw f Gif olr.
tawG;tjrifrsm; &Sif;vif;oGm;cJhygjyD? aumif;uifudk armh}unfhvdkufawmh wdkufqidk f pGmyif wdrrf JndKrsm; r&Sdawmhyg?
olr wOD;wnf; r[kwfawmha}umif; cHpm;cJhrdvdkufonf? arwWmw&m; onf olreSifh twl &Sad ecJhygjyD? arwWmw&m;
onf tm%m&Sifrsm;u arG;zGm;vdkufonfh a'goeSifh trkef; wdk hxuf toacFs ydI k pGrf;tm; }uD;rm;ygonf?
axmiftm%mydkif tcsdK htygt0if tm%m&Sif pepfudk qef husifonfh jynfolrsm; eSifh olr. rdom;pk0ifrsm; tm;vHk;.
arwWmudk olr &&SdcJhjyD; jzpfonf? olr rdom;pk0ifrsm;. t0ef;t0dik f;udk ausmfum olr. arwWmudv k nf; jzef ha0
cJhjyD; jzpfonf? olr. b0 wauG hwGif &Jwif;pGmjzifh olrtudk}uD; wifarmifOD;. ajc&mudk wpHw k &m vdkufeif;cJhjyD;
jzpfonf? ,if; twGuf tudk}uD;xHrS tH}obG,f todtrSwfjyKr_udk &&SdcJhjyD;vnf; jzpfonf? Tc%wGif olronf
b0 . wefbdk;udk em;vnfvdkufygjyD? tusOf;axmif twGif;odk h jyefvnf0ifa&muf vSr;f avSsmuf&if; olr.
cspfp&maumif;aomrsufemS wGif olr tudk}uD;uJhodk hryGifhwyGifhtjyHK;uav;wck csdwfwGJaumif;csdwfwGJ aeygrnf?
xdktajctaersm; aemufcHwGif rdom;pkwckvHk;onf olwdk h.om;}uD;/ tudk}uD;jzpfol qvdkif; wifarmifOD;udk
tjypfwif}urnfhtpm; *k%f,lcJh}u/ *k%, f l}uqJjzpfonf? tcsdeu f mv }umjrifhvmav av/ ol htay:wGif
cspfcifonfh arwWm wdk;yGm;vmavav jzpfonf? Ttjzpfq;dk }uD;rSm eSpaf ygif; 35 eSpf wm }umjrifhvmcJhjyD
jzpfaomfvnf; rdom;pktwGufrl rae hu jzpf&yfrsm;obG,f jrifa,mif }um;a,mif }uqJ/ olwdk h.ae hpOfb0udk
v$r;f rdk;aeqJ jzpfonf? qvdkif;wifarmifOD;. acsmarmjyD; }uufoa&&Sdaom rsufemS / rdom;pktay: cspfcifbG,f
jyKrlqufqefrKS rsm;eSifh a}umuf&HG hjcif; uif;rJhaom vSKyf&Sm;rSKrsm;onf olwdk htm;vHk;. pdwftpOfwGif xif[yfae}uqJ
jzpfonf? qvdkif;wifarmifOD;. edrdwfyko H nf olwdk hudk ajcmufvSef hjcif; r&Sdyg? ol hta}umif;udk pOf;pm;vdkufonfh
tcgwdkif; rdom;pk0ifrsm;tm;vHk;udk olu cspf jcif;arwWmurBmqDodk hac:,lydk haqmifonfheS,f cHpm;rd}uonf?
}unfe;l yDwd jzpfrd}uonf? rdom;pk 0if rsm; tm;vHk;onf ol. t}uifem/ arwWm eSifh aumif;jrwfpif}u,frKS rsm;udk
vGr;f qGwfwo&if; Tvl h avmu urBmwGif 4if;wdk h. aemufqHk;ae h&ufrsm;udk jzwfoef;&ef toih&f }Sd uonf?
qvdkif;wifarmifOD; onf olwdk hudk rnfonfhtcgwGifrSs cGJcGmoGm;rnf r[kwfyg? xdkenf;eSifeiS fyif? olwdk honfvnf;
touf &SifaeorSs qvdkif;wifarmifOD;udk olwdk hrnfokd haomtcgwGifrsS arhavSsmhvrd rfh nf r[kwfyg?
232
tm%m&SifpepfatmufwGif jrefrmekdifiHwGif;&SSd wdkif;&if;om;aygif;pHkjynfoltaygif; cHpm;cJh}u&/ cHpm;ae}u&
onfrmS vHkavmufrKS . [kdrSmbufurf;odk hvSr;f ausmfaeygjyD? TwGif edÏdwH bdk htcsdeaf &muf ygjyD? ppftm%m&Sif
pepfed*k;H csKyfoifhygjyD? ppftm%m&Sifpepf zdeSdyfrSKrsm;eSifh qufpyfI qvdkif;wifarmifOD; . vSKyf&Sm;pGrf;aqmifrKS rsm;udk
owd&rdonfh tcgwdkif; olwdk h.&ifwGif ajymp&mpum;rsm; vSdKif;xvm pjrJjzpfonf? Tpum;vHk;rsm;onf
rsuf&nfrsm; tjzpfodk hajymif;vJoGm;cJhonfrSmvnf; t}udrrf enf; vSawmhyg? ,if;odk hjzpfvmonfhtcgwdkif; olwdk@
onf wdwfqdwfpmG xdkifr}d uonf? wOD;udkwOD; ayG hzuf eSpfodrhf rd}uonf? &Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;xHwGif twlwuG
qkawmif;ywÎem jyKrd}uonf? bk&m;ocif. }uD;rm;aom *&k%mawmfjzifh olwdk honf bk&m;ocihfEikd fiHYom qvdkif;
wifarmifOD;eSifh jyefqHkqnf;cGifh &aumif;&edik frnfudk ajrSmfvifh}u&HkrSwyg; tjcm;rwwfekid f}uawmhyg?
TurBmavmuY rnfonfht&mrSs xm0& rwnf&deS kid fyg? rkefwdkif;rsm;/ rD;avmifuGsr;f rSKrsm;/ ajrivsifrsm;
onf t&Snfojzifh v$r;f rdk;rxm;edkifyg? tm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfrSKtygt0if t&m&mwdkif;onf ajymif;vJ&ygrnf? wae@wGif
jrefrmedkifiHtwGif;&Sd tzdedyS fcHae&aom wdkif;&if;om;aygif;pHkvlxkrsm;onf vGwfvyfrSK/ w&m;rSswrSK eSifh jidrf;csrf;rSK
rsm;udk cHpm;}u&rnf rkcsjzpfygonf? tarSmifxk}uD; a&G havsm aysmufuG,fI/ trSew f &m; xGe;f um;jyD;/
urBmhjidrf;csrf;a&;udk yHyh dkeidk frnfh taetxm; aygufzmG ;vm&ygrnf? Todk@ tjyKjzpfwnfrKS &Srd nfh tem*gwfudk
rqkwfrepfaom ,Hk}unfrKS jzifh vSr;f ajrSmf }unfh&if; qvdkif;wifarmifOD;. rdom;pk0ifrsm; tm;vHk;onf rsuf&nfrsm;
udk okwfvdkuf}uonf? twlwuG x&yfvdkuf}uonf? olwdk h. rcsdwifuJ cHpm;cJh&rSKrsm;udk wurBmvHk;odap&ef
zGifh[az:xkwfvdkuf}uonf?
233
234