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0oEÅrkd;&moD\awmifavjyif;jyif;wkdufcwfcsdefrsm;wGif? vSKdifwHrkd;BuD;rm;jyif;xefwwfonfh
upäye'Dukvm;wefjrpf0ukd? vSKdif;avtvGefaMumuf½GHUwwfaomuRefawmfonf? toJwxdwfxdwf &if
wzkdzkdESifh ESpf20eD;yg;rQpufavSpD;í jzwfoef;oGm;vmcJhygNyD/
touf 25ESpfcefYtxd? usOf;ajrmif;aom 'Gg&m0wDoHwGJjrpfurf;eHab; ½Gmwpf½GmwGif BuD;jyif;cJh&
ojzifh? þrQBuD;rm;aom vSKdif;wHykd;wkdYukd rBuHKzl;? rjrifzl;cJh/ xkdYaMumifhi,fpOfuyif uRefawmfvSKdif;
avukd aMumuf½GHUwwfcJhygonf/ ,if;okdYvSKdif;wHykd;aMumuf½GHUwwfaomfvnf;? r*"rSonf "n0wDxd
xGef;um;cJhaom ,Ofaus;rSKtarGukd qufcHcJhaom a0omvDokawoeewf? yl;0ifñSdKU,ljcif;ukdcHae&
aom uRefawmfonf? ppfawGNrdKUESifh rdrdaeaom½Gmukd? &mZ0ifusrf;rsm;? a½S;acwforkdif;rSwfwrf;rsm;?
okawoerSwfwrf;rsm; wayGUwykdufESifh onfvSKdif;onf avukdpufavSjzifh tBudrfBudrfjzwfausmfaecJh
ygonf/ acwfa[mif;&ckdifESifh a0omvDokawoeewf\ñSdKUiifrSKjzifh vkdtyfaomtaxmuftxm;rsm;
teuf? &mZ0ifusrf;? orkdif;usrf;? okawoerSwfwrf;rsm;ukd ppfawGNrdKUrSom &½Sdekdifayonf/ ppfawG
NrdKUü½SmazGí? iSm;&rf;ír&EkdifvQif? ppfawGNrdKUrSwqifh &efukefokdYrSm&onf/ xkdYaMumifh ppfawGNrdKUESifh
uRefawmfaeaom½Gmukd ESpf 20 eD;yg;rQr&yfrem;oGm;vmaecJh&avonf/
uRefawmfpmpía&;csdefukd 1979-ckESpf[k trSwf&ygonf/ pma&;pu uRefawmfa&;om;onfrSm
0w¬Kwkdjzpfygonf/ uRefawmfjzpfcsifcJhonfrSm 0w¬Kwkdq&mjzpfygonf/ orkdif;a&;&mrsm;? orkdif;okaw
oeaqmif;yg;? pmwrf;rsm;a&;om;&efr&nf½G,fcJhyg/ okdYaomforkdif;ESifhAk'¨bmomqkdif&mpmtkyftawmf
toifhukd avhvmzl;cJhonf/ orkdif;ukdem;vnfatmifavhvmzl;ygonf/ 0w¬Kq&mtaejzifh 0w¬Kyifa&;
a&;? uAsmyifa&;a&;? pma&;&efBudK;pm;olwpfOD;onf orkdif;ukdem;rvnfyJa&;vQif? jynfolUtusKd;jyK
pmayrjzpfEidk [ f al om cH,cl sufaMumifjh zpfygonf/ rSwrf od avmuf 1979-&ckid w f efaqmifr*¾Zif;rS ]tar}
0w¬Kwkd? 1980-&ckdifwefaqmifr*¾Zif;rS ]ta½SUukdavQmufygvkdY taemufukdwJharQmfvkduf&if}0w¬Kwkd?
1981-azaz:0g&Dvxkwf pE´mr*¾Zif;rS ]a0'emvm; &ovm;}0w¬KwkdwkdYonf uRefawmfpmayavmu
okdY pwif0ifa&mufcJhaom0w¬Kwkdrsm;jzpfMuygonf/
1981-ckESpftwGif; uRefawmfonf q&mBuD;armifAodef;ESifh pwif&if;ESD;cGifh&cJhygonf/ 1985-
ckESpfcefYu ppfawGaumvdyfr*¾Zif;wGif uRefawmf]&ckdifjynfAk'¨bmomorkdif;OD;}aqmif;yg;ukda&;om;NyD;
aemuf? q&mBuD;armifAode;f u ]q&m? &ckid af cwfO;D orkid ;f eJY? &ckid Af 'k b
¨ momacwfO;D orkid ;f ukd avhvmNyD;
aqmif;yg;awG? pmwrf;awGa&;apcsifw,f? vkt d yfwt hJ ultnDudk uRefawmfay;r,f/}}[k tBuHjyKygonf/
xkdtcsdefrSpí orkdif;OD;okawoebufokdY uRefawmfOD;vSnfhcJhygawmhonf/
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tokH;cscJhonf/ q&mBuD;xHrS? &mZ0if? orkdif;? pmwrf;rsm;pGmukd iSg;&rf;í ajcmufESpfcefYrem;raeul;,l
cJhygonf/ xkdpOfu ppfawGNrdKUwGif rdwåLul;pufr½Sdao;/
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\orkid ;f pmwrf;rsm; tawmftoifh jynfph v Hk monf/ ,if;wkYdu½dk mS azG,if;? pkaqmif;,if;/ avhvm,if;yif
orkdif;OD;qkdif&maqmif; yg;rsm;uRefawmfa&;om;cJhygonf/
ajrmufOD;NrdKU½Sd? tmeE´pjE´ausmufpmtaxmuftxm;t&? &ckdifwGif bDpD-7-&mpkwGif NrdKUjyEkdifiH
xlaxmifNyD;jzpfygonf/ at'D-370-rStpjyKaom pjE´rif;qufudk a0omvDacwf[o k wfrw S v f Qif? bDp-D
7&mpkraS t'D 370-xdrif;qufudk &mZ0ifuñTejf yaom"n0wDrif;quf[k owfrw S &f ayrnf/ xkYd aMumifh
&ckid af cwfO;D rS "n0wDNrdKUjy,Ofaus;rSKonf? ausmufpmtaxmuftxm;t& jrefrmEkid if w H iG f a&S;tusq;Hk
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uRefawmfwkdY uGif;qif;avhvmrSKrsm;t&? &ckdif?"n0wD? a0omvDacwfwkdYwGif xGef;um;cJhaom &ckdif
,Ofaus;rSKonf? **Fgjrpf0Srf;,Ofaus;rSKrSqif;oufvmaom ,Ofaus;rSKjzpfaMumif;wdwdusus od&yg
onf/
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&ckdifwkdY\bkd;bGm;rsm;jzpfonfh ]ud&mw}ac:]tif'dkrGef*kdvTdKuf} wkdYonf/ tm&d,H,Ofaus;rSKukda&m? rGef*kd
vTdKuf,Ofaus;rSKukdyg? &ckdifa'ookdYonfaqmifcJhMuygonf/ &ckdifa'o? ukvm;wefjrpf0Srf;ESifh? av;NrdKU
jrpf0Srf;wkdYwGif xGef;um;cJhonfh &ckdif,Ofaus;rSKonf? xkd,Ofaus;rSKrsm;ukd tarGcH,lxm;aom,Ofaus;
rSKrsm;jzpfMuygonf/
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rSKonf tm&d,, H Ofaus;rSKESihf rGe*f v
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rSKukd&½SdorQ taxmuftxm;tm;jzihf pl;prf;rdygonf/ ,ckpkaygif;wifjyxm;aom aqmif;yg;rsm;rS
xkdpl;prf;avhvmrSK\toD;tyGifhtcsKdUjzpfygonf/ BuD;rm;us,fjyefYaom ,Ofaus;rSKtarGtESpfrsm;ESifh
xkxnfBuD;rm;aom,Ofaus;rSKtaxmuftxm;rsm;ukd ½SmazG? az:xkwfxdef;odrf;&ef? a½SUokdYykdrkdwkd;wuf
atmif aqmif½Guf&ef uRefawmfwkdYwGif wm0ef½Sdygonf/ ,ckwifjycsufrsm;onf? taxmuftxm;?
tukd;tum;jynfhpkHvkHavmufrSKr½SdyJ a&;om;xm;csufrsm;jzpfojzifh NyD;jynfhpkHonf[kr,lqyg/ bmom
,Ofaus;rSKu@\tpdwftykdif;tcsKdUomjzpfygonf/ okdYaomf tem*wfvli,frsm;? onfuJhokdYwm0ef
rsm;aqmif½Guf&mwGif tkwfwpfcsyfoJwpfyGifhrQtaxmuftuljzpfEkdif&ef &nf½G,fygonf/
1995-ckESpfwGif at'D-10&mpkxdtjrifopf&ckdifjynfAk'¨omoemorkdif;ukd uRefawmfjyKpkNyD;jzpfcJh
ygonf/ ,if;orkdif;pmwrf;ukd? ,if;ESpf'DZifbmvwGif? ppfawGNrdKUü? pma&;q&mrsm;? okawoDrsm;ukd
yifhzdwfí zwfMum;wifjycJhygonf/ okdYaomfþpmtkyfygaqmif;yg;rsm;onf ,if;pmwrf;ygpmwrf;i,f
rsm;r[kwfyg/ 1986-ckESpfrS2002-ckESpftwGif; r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif uRefawmfa&;om;cJhaomaqmif;ygtcsKdU
ukdacwftvkduf? u@mtvkdufpkpnf;wifjyxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/
&ckdifwGif orkdif;rwifrDacwftaxmuftxm;ESifhywfoufí awGUyifawGU½Sd&aomfvnf; enf;yg;
ao;ojzifhf ynm½Sifrsm;\a&;om;xm;csufrsm;? ta½SUawmiftm½S?tdE´d,b*Fvm;paome,fajrrsm;ESifh
qufpyfí awG;qa&;om;ygonf/ &ckdifwkdY&ckdifajrokdY0ifa&mufvmrSKESifh ywfoufí? þvrf;aMumif;
onftrSefyifjzpfjim;aomfvnf;? tukd;tum;rjynfhpkHojzifh r0efYr&Ja&;&ygonf/ "n0wDNrdKU
wnfaqmuf rSKESifhywfoufaomt,ltqukdum; &J&J0efY0efYyifwifjyxm;ygonf/ tcdkifrmqkH;tae
jzifw h ifjyxm;onfrmS a0omvDrif;qufjyóemjzpfygonf/ ausmufpmESihf &mZ0ifuñ dk EdS KS id ;f wifjy aom
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a&;xkd;&mwGif csefxm;cJhaomrif;wpfyg;ukd '*Fg;taxmuftxm;jzifh ½SmazGwifjyxm;ygonf/
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taxmuftxm;rsm;ESifh? omoemhorkdif;rSwfwrf;rsm;? okawoDynm½Sifrsm;\a&;om;rSKrsm;ukd ukd;um;
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xif&aom aqmif;yg;tcsKdUukda½G;cs,fíwifjyxm;ygonf/
orkid ;f pOfEiS yhf wfoufívnf;aumif;? omoemxGe;f um;cJyh EHk iS yhf wfoufívnf;aumif;? ausmufpm?
½kyfxk? ½kyf<ursm;? acwfNydKifrSwfwrf;rsm;? orkdif;okawoDwkdYa&;om;csufrsm;onf? &mZ0ifrsm;xufykd
í ckdifrmygonf/ ½kyfxk½kyf<uif;ausmufpmrsm;um;? xkdacwfutajctaeukdaz:jyaeonfh ckdfifrmaom
taxmuftxm;rsm;jzpfMuygonf/
&mZ0ifrsm;wGif ukd,fhtrsKd;ukd`rSifhwifvkdpdwfjzifh? 550-xJrS om"utcsKdUukdrdrdwkdYajray:wGif jzpfcJh
av[efa&;om;rSKrsm;½SdcJh\/ þokdYa&;om;rSKrsKd;um; jrefrm? &ckdif? rGefESifh ½Srf;&mZ0ifrsm;wGifomru?
at'D-4&mpku'Dy0Ho? at'D-6-&mpkur[m0Housrf;rsm;üyif rvGwfuif;acs/ vlrsKd;wrsKd;\aumif;
aomt&nftcsif;ukd tuJcwfum? trSefukdawGU½Sdatmif okawoejyKaz:xkwfa&;om;rSomvQif? xkd
vlrsKd;uk*d P
k jf yKtrTr;f wif&ma&mufrnfjzpfí xked nf;uku d RefawmfEpS of ufygonf/ orkid ;f uk, d xmblwus
us wifjyok;H oyfNyD;? taumif;tqk;d ukd oifcef;pm,lum? trSeu f adk vQmufvrS ;f &ef BudK;yrf;rSK? wk;d wuf
atmifaqmif½u G rf KS onfyif orkid ;f avhvmrSK\yef;wkid jf zpfoifyh gonf/ xkYdaMumifh uReaf wmfwYdkonf rdrw d Ydk
orkdif;ukd jyefvnfokH;oyfí ESKdif;ESKdif;csdefcsdefa&;om;csdefwefygNyD/
trSefawmh &ckdifacwfOD;taMumif;ukd a&;om;&mwGif jrefrmEkdifiH½Sd pmtkyfpmwrf;taxmuftxm;
rQjzifh jynfhpkHrnfrxifyg/ ppfwaumif;? umvuwåm;? e,la'vD? ukdvHbkd? yDuif;? yJ&pf? vef'ef?
armfpukdpmMunhfwkdufrsm;tjyif atmufpzkdYwuúokdvfpmMunhfwkduf? uif;A&pfwuúokdvfpmMunhfwkduf
ukdyg 0ifa&mufavhvmzkdYvkdtyfayrnf/ ,if;pmMunhfwkdufrsm;wGif 15-ESpfcefYavhvmí? uGif;qif;ok
awoeESifhaygif;pyfvQif tawmftwefjynfhpkHEkdifygrnf/
uReaf wmfonf 0efxrf;b0jzifh tMuyftwnf;½So d jzif?h ppfawG? &efuek w f YdkrpS mtkyw
f pftyk pf ESpt
f yk pf
0,f,l&effyif tcuftcJ½Sdoljzpfygonf/ tpm;rrSef? ttdyfrrSefjzifh pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;tMum;wGif
okawoe ½l;½l;aeaom uRefawmfonf rdom;pkpm;0wfaea&;Muyfwnf;rSKukdvnf; vSnfhrMunhfcJhyg/
uRefawmfwkdYZeD;armifESH vpmaiGjzifh rdom;pkpm;0wfaea&;? om;orD;ynma&;twGuf rvkHavmufyg/
rdrd\vpmaiGukdpmtkyfpmwrf;0,f&efom uReffawmfpOf;pm;ygonf/ ZeD;rSmusef;rma&;Xme0efxrf;jzpf
í? aus;vufa'owGif olr\tjyif0ifaiGjzifh rdom;pkjyóemukad jz½Si;f ½Smygonf/ wjcm;olrsm;? pD;yGm;
a&;vkyfief;jzifh? jyify0ifaiGrem;rae½SmazGum? ypönf;Opömwkd;wufrsm;jym;vmap&ef BudK;pm;aeonfh
,cktcsdefrsKd;wGif? acwfOD;&ckdifESifh "n0wD? a0omvDudkvkduf½Sm,if;? pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;tMum;wGif
okawoearSmf0ifaeaom uRefawmftm; wpfBudrfwpfcgrQtjypfqkd? NidKjiifrSKr½SdcJhyg/ vkdtyfvQifwwf
pGrf;oa½GUyif ulnDtm;ay;cJhygonf/ olronfuRefawmfhtm; em;vnfcGifhvTwfaomZeD;aumif; wpfOD;
r[kwfcJhvQif? uRefawmfonf pma&;jcif;tvkyfukd vkyfEkdifcJhrnfr[kwfyg/
 ,ckrl tcuftcJtrsKd;rsKd;tMum;rS 'ku©cHíavhvma&;om;cJhonfh? r*¾Zif;aqmif;yg;tcsKdUukd?
pm½SKolrsm;xHrS pkpnf;wifjycGifh&ojzifh xkwfa0ol OD;vSjrifh (&ckdifom;BuD;pmay)tm;vnf; txl;yif
aus;Zl;wifrdygonf/ uRefawmf\acwfOD;&ckdifESifhywfoufaoma&;om;rSK? wifjyrSKrsm;ESifhywfoufí
pmzwfolrsm;\aumif;aom&nf½G,fcsufjzifh tBuHjyKa0befrSKukdtrSefyifvkdvm;ygonf/
ed*kH;tm;jzifh? ,ckuJhokdYavhvma&;om;Ekdif&ef? ukd,fykdifpmMunhfwkdufukd arTaESmuf½SmazGcGifhjyKum?
tzufzufurS tBuHjyK? tultnDay;cJhaom okawoDq&mBuD; armifAodef;tm;? txl;av;pm;pGmjzifh
aus;Zl;wif½SdygaMumif; a&;om;vkdygonf/
,if;tjyif? pD;yGm;a&;tMuyftwnf;rsm;tMum;rS NidKjiifwm;qD;jcif;rjyKyJ? pmayavhvma&om;rSK
udk tm;ay;ulncD ahJ om? 'kuc© b H ufjzpfonfh uReaf wmf\ZeD;a':cifoed ;f tm;vnf; aus;Zl;pum;rqkv d Qif
jynfhpkHrnfr[kwfay/

armifjyL;(oHw GJ)
 pma&;ol\tw¬KyÜwådtusOf;
trnf&if; ]OD;wifaz}jzpfonf/ zcifOD;nDaiG? rdcifa':wifcwkdYrS? 1954-ckESfpfwGif? oHwGJNrdKUe,f?
uif;armf½GmüarG;zGm;cJhonf/ i,frnf ]armifjyL;}jzpfonf/ 1964-ckESpfwGif? uif;armf½Gmtpkd;&rlvwef;
ausmif;rS pwkw¬wef;atmifjrifonf/ 1971-ckESpfwGif uif;armf½GmtajccHynmtxufwef;ausmif;rS
'orwef;ukdatmifjrifcJhonf/ 1972-wGif &efukef0ZÆmESifhodyÜHwuúokdvfwGif qufvufynmoif,lcJh
onf/ &efukefwuúokdvfrsm; &ckdifwkdif;&if;om;pmayESifh ,Ofaus;rSKaumfrwDwGif? oHwGJc½kdifukd,fpm;
vS,ftjzpfvnf;aumif;? *DwrSK;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? &ckdifwefaqmifr*¾Zif;aumifrwD0iftjzpfvnf;
aumif;? ]awmifukwf? oHwGJ? *G(rdom;pkykdif;)ynmoifaxmufyhHa&;toif;}}wGif oHwGJNrdKUe,ftwGif;a&;
rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? wm0efrsm;xrf;aqmifcJhygonf/ 1977-ckESpfwGif ? &efukef0dZÆmESifhodyÜHwuúokdvf
rS ]'óeduaA'}ynm&yfudk ]'óeduaA' jyóemrsm;} bmom&yfü *kPx f ;l jzifh atmifjrifí? 0dZmÆ bGUJ ukd
&½SdcJhonf/ 1979-ckESifh? 1980-ckESpfxkwf &ckdifwefaqmifr*¾Zif;rsm;wGif ]tar}ta&SUukdavQmufygvkdY
taemufukdwJharQmfvkduf&if} 0w¬Kwkdrsm;? 1981-ckESpfazaz:0g&Dvxkwf pE´mr*¾Zif;wGif ]a0'emvm;
&ovm;} 0w¬Kwkdjzifh? pma&;om;rSKukdpwifcJhonf/
1981-ckESpfrSpí &ckdifjynfe,ftwGif;? NrdKUe,fr*¾Zif;rsm;wGif 0w¬Kwkdrsm;a&;om;cJhonf/ 1986-
ckppfawGaumvdyfr*¾Zif;rS ]&ckdifjynfAk'¨omoemorkdif;OD;} aqmif;yg;jzifh &ckdifacwfOD;orkdif; okawoe
aqmif;yg;rsm;pwifa&;om;cJhonf/ 1994-ckESpfwGif? ESpf20-jynfh &ckdifjynfe,faeYtxdrf;trSwftjzpf
usif;yaom ]&ckdifjynfe,fvkH;qkdif&m? Xmeqkdif&m pmwrf;^&wk^pmpDpmukH;NydKifyGJ}wGif ]]&ckdifjynfe,f
twGif;omoemawmfxGef;um;jyefYyGm;a&;}} pmwrf;jzifh yxrqk&½SdcJhonf/ 1995-ckESpfwGif ]tjrifopf
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txm;rsm;ukd ñSí d awG;qygonf/ xkYd aMumifh rdr\ d teKrmevnf;ygonf/ tcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif ,lqcsuf
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&ckdifjynfwGifausmufacsmacwfonf ,Ofaus;rSKxGef;um;cJhonf[kqkdvQif,kwådrwef[krqkdomacs)/
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onf tdE´d,EkdifiHa0omvDjynf ousomuD,tEG,f0if rif;rsKd;rif;EG,frsm;r[kwfcJhvQif? a0omvDjynf
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NyD;aemuf½Sd&if;pGJj'mAD;'D;,ef;rsm;onf? tif'kdrGef*kdvGdKkufrsm;twGif a&m,Sufpdrfh0ifí wjznf;jznf;aysmuf
uG, fo Gm;ygonf/ xkdYa Mumifh& ckdi fvlrsKd ;rsm;wG if MopBwpf aoG ;ygonf [l aoma'guf wmS.K-
CHATTERJIESifha'gufwmS.B.QANUNGOwkdY\t,ltqrsm;rSm ,kwådrwef[krqkdomacs/
tif'kdrGef*kdvGdKufwkdYonf AD-3&mpkrS 10&mpktwGif; &ckdifjynftwGif;okdY tokwfvkduf/ tokwf
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wkdif;pNE´rif;}}ukdeef;wifcJhMujyefygonf/ r[mwkdif;pNE´rif;onf ESpfaygif; 50cefYMumanmif;onfh ppfyGJ
twGif;üysufpD;oGm;cJhaoma0omvDNrdKUawmfukd jyefvnfjyKjyifcJh&[ef½Sdygonf/ AD-10&mpkwGif rGef*kd
vGdKufwkdYaemufqkH;tBudrf0ifa&mufwkdufckdufNyD; a0omvDNrdKUawmfukdzsufqD;vkdufMuygonf/ ,if;okdY
0ifa&mufvmaom tif'kdrGef*kdvGdKufrsm;onf? ½Sd&if;pGJvlwkdYa&m,SufaexkdifvmMu&m ,aeY&ckdifvlrsKd;
rsm;qif;oufcJhMuNyD;? rGef*kdvGdKuf&if;jrpfbmompum;ukd ysKd;axmifajymMum;vm&mrS? vuf½Sd&ckdifbmom
pum;wkdifatmif zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufcJhygonf/
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bufEidk if rH sm;ESit
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tu©&m? ouú#?ygVdbmomwkdYa&;om;aom a½S;OD;&ckdifvlrsKd;rsm; oHwGJc½kdifxda&muf½SdaeMuygNyD/ ivkH;
armfausmufpmwGif ]]rJum}}[laom &ckdiftrnfukdAsnf;ESifho&wGJí a&;om;aeonfhtaxmuftxm;awGU
&ygonf/
a½S;OD;&ckdifwkdYonf tdE´d,ajray:wGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmaecJhMuNyD;? tm&d,ef,Ofaus;rSKudk vufcH
usifoh ;Hk cJMh uaomfvnf;? tm&d,efbmompum;ajymqko d mG ;aom vlrsKd;pkrsm;wGif ryg0ifyg/ rdrw d Ydk \&if;
jrpfbmompum;uko d m ajymqkcd MhJ uygonf/ xkpd Ofuajymqkcd ahJ om &ckid b
f mompum;onf ,aeYajymqkd
aeMuaom &ckdifbmompum;ESifh wax&mwnf;rwlnDonfhtjyif? ]]&ckdif}}[kaomtrnfukdvnf; r&½Sd
ao;yg/ vuf½Sd&ckdifbmompum;onf a½S;OD;&ckdifrsm;jyKpkysKd;axmifajymqkdvmcJhonfYrGef*kdvGdKuf&if;jrpf
bmompum;rS zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufvmaom bmompum;jzpfygonf/
rdrdwkdYvlrsKd;ryaysmufap&ef/ rdrdwkdYbmompum;ryaysmufap&ef/ rdrdwkdY,kHMunfaom Ak'¨omoem
ryaysmufap&ef/ jA[®P0g'jyefvnfacgif;armhvmaom? jA[®P0g'Drsm;pkd;rkd;vmaom AD-3-4-5&mpk
rsm;twGif;rSpí tdE´d,ta½SUzsm;a'o ppfwaumif;e,fajrukdjzwfoef;um &ckdifurf;ajrmifa'o
okdYajymif;a&TUtajccsvmMuaom tif'kdrGef*kdvGdKufwkdYukd usef&pfaomr*"wkdif;om;rsm;u ]]&u©dwrsm;}}
[kac:í? olwkdYaexkdifaome,fajrukd ]]&u©dwyl&}}okdYr[kwf]]&u©yl&}}[kac:qkdcJhMuygonf/
xkdr*"wkdif;om;wkdYac:qkdaom ]]&du©dw}}[laomyk'fukdtpGJjyKí ]]&u©dw}} ]]&u©dKuf}}]]&u©dKif}} ]]&ckdif}}[k
ajymif;vJac:a0:vmjcif;jzpfygonf/
okdYaMumifhuRefawmfwkdY&ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;onf MopMwpf(okdYr[kwf)j'mAD;'D;,ef;aoG;ygaom tif'kdrGef*kd
vGdKufrsm;rS qif;oufvmolrsm;jzpfNyD;? vuf½Sd&ckdifbmompum;rSmvnf;? a½S;OD;&ckdifrsm;jyKpkysKd;axmif
&mrSzGHUNzdK;wkd;wufvmcJhonfhrGef*kdvGdKuf&if;jrpf bmompum;rSqif;oufzGHUNzdK;vmaombmompum; jzpf
aMumif;wifjytyfygonf/
armifjyL;(oHwGJ)
ukd;um;aompmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;
(1)acwfa[mif;jrefrm&mZ0if(1969-&efukef) a'gufwmoef;xGef;
(2)tajcjyjrefrmEkdifiHa&;orkdif; y-wGJ (1983) vrf;pOfygwD
(3)urÇmYorkdif;\rSwfwkdifrsm;-y-wGJ(1964) vrf;pOfygwD
(4)AdóEkd;NrdKUa[mif;ESifhorkdif;tjrif OD;b½Sif
(wuúokdvfynmya'ompmapmif wGJ(1)? ykdif;(3)1966-pufwifbmv)
(5)&ckdifajrmufzsm;a'orSoufwkdif;&if;om;rsm;(1988) xGef;a&Tckdif
(6)The New Stone Age of Burma (Working Peoples' Daily 29/3/64) Prof: Nyi Nyi
(7)The Story of Indo-Pakistan (Karachi-1969) S.F. Mahmud
(8)The OutLine of History H.G.Wells
(9)A History of Chittagong (vol-1)(Chittagong University 1988) S.B.Qanungo
(10)The Making of South East Asia (Landon-1966) G.Coedes
(11)The Living Races of Man (London-1965) G.S Coon
(12)The History and Culture of Indian People (Vol-1)(London-1952) S.K Chatterji
(13)The Culture Heritage of India (London-1954) S.K Chatterji
 (14)Ancient Arakan (Ph.D Thcsis) (National University, Australlia-1977) P.Gutman
(15)An Introduction to the Study of Theravada N.R. Ray
Buddhism in Burma (Calcutta University-1946)

tjrifopf ]]&ckdif}} ed'gef;

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ukd;um;aomusrf;rsm;
1/ a&Trif;-a0omvDESifh{u0PÖ &ckdifo[m,toif;aiG&wkpmapmif?1987)
2/ oef;xGe;f acwfa[mif;jrefrm&mZ0if/
3/ Dr. S.B Qanungo-A History of Chittagong.
4/ H.G Rawlinson-The Concise History of Indian People.
5/ K.S Latourette-A History of Far East.
6/ Pamela Gutman-Ancient Arakan.
7/ Maurice Collis-Arankan's Place in the Civilization of the Bay.
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 armifjyL;(oHwGJ)
ukd;um;aompmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;
(1) tajcjyjrefrmhEkdifiHa&;orkdif; y-wGJ(1964) vrf;pOfygwD
(2) urÇmYorkdif;\rSwfwkdifrsm; y-wGJ (1964) vrf;pOfygwD
(3) acwfa[mif;jrefrm&mZ0ifpmwrf;(1) (1969) oef;xGef;
(4)&ckdifajrmufzsm;a'orSoufwkdif;&if;om;rsm; (1988) xGef;a&Tckdif
(5)em;a#mif;0wf&ckdif (rkedajrr*¾Zif; (4)(2000) eDrif;oQif(ppfawG)
(6)A History of Chittagong Vol-1 (1988)Chillagong) S.B. Qarungo
(7)The Making of South East Asia (1966-London) G-Coedes
(8)The History and Culture of Indian People Vol-1(1952) S.K. Chatterji
(9)The Story of Indo-Pakistan (1969-Karachi) S.F.Mahmud
(10)Ancient Arakan (1977, Australia) Pamela Gutman
(11)The Cultural Heritage of Ancient India (1984-London) S.K.Chatterji
(12)Introduction to the Study of Thravada Buddhism N.R Ray
in Burma(1946-Calculta)

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armifjyL;(oHwGJ)
(1) &ckdif&mZ0ifopfusrf;(Yy-tkyf)(1997) ½SifpE´
(2) &ckdifñGefYzl; (5)(1999) &ckdifom;BuD;pmay
(3) acwfa[mif;jrefrm&mZ0if(1969) a'gufwmoef;xGef;
(4) tajcjyjrefrmEkdifiHa&;orkdif;(y-wGJ)(1983) vrf;pOfygwD
(5) urÇmYorkdif;rSwfwkdifrsm;(y-wGJ)(1964) vrf;pOfygwD
(6) tjrifopf&ckdifed'gef;(&ckdifwefaqmif-19) armifjyL(oHwGJ)
(7) The Story of Indo-Pakistan(Calcutta-1969) S.F Mahnund
(8) B.R.S.F.A.P.(No-2) Rangon-1960
(9) A History of Chiltagong (vol-1) (1988) S.B.Qanungo

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pma&;olonf oHwGJc½kdifawmifykdif;wpfcGif vSnfhvnfoGm;vmzl;ygonf/ &ckdifpum;oD;oefYajym
qkad om&GmrawGUzl;yg/ okYd aomfArmpum;ajym&mwGif pum;ajym[ef? avoHrwlnMD uyg/ tcsKUd &Gmrsm;um;
ArmyDyDooajymqkdMuygonf/ tcsKdU&Gmrsm;u csif;oH0Jíajymum? tcsKdU&Gmrsm;u &rf;NAJa'od,&ckdif
avoHjzifh Armpum;ajymMuygonf/ awmifukwf? oHwGJ? *GokH;ûrdUe,ftwGif; ta&SUbuf&ckdif½kd;rawmif
pG,f/ awmifapmif;? awmifzsm;rsm;ü awmif,mpkdufysKd;í toufarG;aeMuonfh csif;vlrsKd;rsm;aexkdif
aom&Gmi,frsm;&SMd uygonf/ tcsKdUaom&Gmrsm;okYd pma&;olu, dk w f idk af &mufz;l ygonf/ &ckid rf sm;ESiphf mvQif
vlOD;a&tvGefenf;ygonf/ olwkdYonf&ckdifrsm;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;t&qufqHMuygonf/ Ak'©bmomESifh
ewfukd;uG,frIrsm;&Sdygonf/ olwkdYukdaqmif;OwkwGif awmifukwf? oHwGJ? *GûrdUrsm;\aps;twGif;aps;0,f
aeMuonfukdawGU&wwfygonf/ &ckdifbmompum;wwfol&SdouJhokdY? rwwfolrsm;vnf;&Sdygonf/
olwkdYonf oHwGJc½kdiftwGif;okdYaemufqkH;qif;oufcJhMuonfh csif;tkyfpkrSjzpf[ef&Sdygonf/ Armpum;
ajymolrsm;ukdvnf; awGUzl;ygonf/
tcsKyftm;jzifhqkd&ygrl? &ckdifjynfe,f oHwGJc½kdifawmifbufjcrf;üaeolrsm;onf ysLvlrsKd;wkdY\
tquf tEG,frsm;r[kwfMuyg/ rlvtm;jzifh &ckdifom;rsm;omjzpfMuygonf/ olwkdYonf orkdif;OD;uyif
csif;vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh a&maESmqufqHcJhMuNyD;? aemufykdif;umvrsm;wGif ½kd;rwpfzufrSArmrsm;ESifh ESpfaygif;
rsm;pGma&maESmqufqHvmcJhMujcif;aMumifh Arm,Ofaus;rIu wpfpwpfpvTrf;rkd;vmNyD; Armpum;ajymqkd
vmMujcif;jzpfygonf/ xkdYaMumifhoHwGJc½kdifawmifbufjcrf;wGif,cktcg csif;vlrsKd;rsm;ESifhaoG;aESmcJhNyD;
Arm,Ofaus;rIukdusifhokH;vsuf ]&ckdif}vlrsKd;rsm;[k avhvmcsufrsm;t& awGU&Sd&ygonf/ vlrsKd;wrsKd;ESifh
wrsKd;umv&SnfMumaygif;oif;qufqHvmaomtcg wpfrsKd;\bmompum;? "avhp½kduf? ,Ofaus;rIwkdY
onf tjcm;vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;okdY ysHUESHUul;pufwwfonfrSm vlUorkdif;wGif "r®wmyifjzpfygonf/
pma&;olonf oHwûJG rdUe,f? uif;armf&mG Zmwdjzpfygonf/ þaqmif;yg;ukd orkid ;f tjrifjzihaf &;om;
jcif;jzpfygonf/

armifjyL;(oHwGJ)

(1) &SifpE´rmvm &ckdif&mZ0ifopfusrf;('k-tkyf)

(2) OD;zkd;0g? OD;oufpk 'Gg&0wDESifha&TqHawmforkdif;opf
(3) a&Trif;? a0omvDESifh {u0PÖ (&ckdifo[m,pmapmif-1/ 1986)
(4) avhvmolwpfOD; ta0;a&muf&ckdifrsm;? (&ckdifo[m,pmapmiftrSwf4)
(5) xGef;a&Tckdif &ckdifa&S;a[mif;ûrdUawmfrsm;
(6) armifjyL; tjrifopf&ckdifed'gef;?&ckdifwefaqmifr*¾Zif;(1996)
(7) oef;xGef; acwfa[mif;jrefrm&mZ0if
(8) S.B. Qanungo A History of chita gang (Vol.1)
(9) P.Gutman Ancient Arakan
(10) Forchanmar Arakan.
(11) G.H.Luce The Ancient Pyus
(12) Mr. Smart Burma Gazalteer, Sanda way Distmet
 ]]&ckdif"n0wD NrdKUawmfa[mif;}}
armifjyL;(oHwGJ)
&ckdifa½S;a[mif;"n0wDûrdUawmfonf pdwful;,Of'@m&DxJu ûrdUr[kwf/ trSefwu,fwnf&SdcJh
aomûrdUawmfwpfckjzpfygonf/ "n0wDûrdUawmfa[mif;ukd ½kduful;aomaumif;uif"gwfykHtultnDjzifh?
&efukefwuúokdvfyx0D0ifXmeygarmu©a'gufwma':oif;Munfonf? "n0wDNrdKUawmfa[mif;ajrykHukda&;
qGJí?Journal of Burma Research Society . L11, 1970, Dec-6 ]]Arakanese Capitals: A Preliminary Survey
of Their Geographical Setting}} wGifwifjycJhygonf/
&ckdifa½S;a[mif;"n0wDûrdUawmfonf '@m&DxJrSûrdUr[kwfaomfvnf;? &ckdif&mZ0ifrsm;wGif az:jy
xm;aom "n0wDûrdUorkdif;um;'@m&Drsm;jzpfMuygonf/ "n0wDrwkdifrDu 'Gg&m0wDacwf[lí&SdcJhyg
ao;onf/
bDp-D 5000rwkid rf u D tdE,d´ Ekid if H Owå&ywwkid ;f todwOöeûrdUrS 0goka'0? Ava'0nDaemifwpfusyd f
wkdYonf? ppfa&;ta&;edrfhí xGufajy;wrf;a½SmifvmMu&mrS &ckdifjynf'Gg&m0wDac:oHwGJûrdUokdYa&muf&Sd í
rif;jyKcJhMuaMumif;ukd &ckdif&mZ0ifrsm;wGif azmfjyxm;Mu\/ tdE´d,EkdifiH\orkdif;ukdavhvmMunmhfaom
tcg? bDpD-7&mpktwGif;u 0goka'0? Ava'0 ol&Jaumif;wkdYacgif;aqmifí 0oQedvlrsKd;pkwkdYonf?
tm&d,efrsm;ESiahf oG;aESmrcH? ckcaH wmfveS af omaMumif?h acsrKS ef;cH&aMumif;? tdE, d´ ta½SUykid ;f ESihf awmifyidk ;f
a'orsm;okYd wdr;f a½SmifMuaMumif;uko d m awGU&ygonf/ (Chatterjee, ]]The cultural Heritage of India (The
Religion)}}P-142)/&ckdif&mZ0ifopfusrf;q&muvnf; ]]0goka'0? Ava'0nDaemifwkdYa&muf&SdcJhaom
'Gg&m0wDjynfonf oHwGJûrdUrjzpfEkdif? tdE´d,ajrmufykdif;rSom ½SdoifhaMumif;(pE´rmvm]]&ckdif&mZ0ifopf
usrf; 1997('k-Budrf)&efukef? pm-189)? 0goka'0nDaemifwkdYaecJhMuonfh 'Gg&uûrdUqkdonfrSm? tdE´d,
jynf ar½Gwûf rdUteD;rS ][&f'gG &} ûrdUrsm;omjzpfaMumif; (pE´rmv ]]ZrÁL'DytdE, d´ e,fyu Hk sr;f }}?1929-rEÅav;?
pm-241)a&;om;cJhygonf/
"n0wDacwf&mZ0ifwiG ?f bDp-D 3000ausmfu cwå, d rsKd;? omuD,EG,/f uydv0wfjynf½h iS ?f tZÆKe
rif;onf? &aohjyKíawmxGufvm&mrS? &ckdifajrmufykdif;ukvm;wefjrpfzsm;okdYa&mufvmNyD;vQif? ½SdESifhNyD;
jzpfaom? oufvlrsKd;pkxJrS? ouftrsKd;orD;wpfOD;ESifh&nfiHrdí? aygif;oif;Mu&mrS? rm&,kac:om;awmf
wpfyg;arG;zGm;cJhygonf/ rm&,konf bDpD-3325ckwGif yxr"n0wDeef;ESifh/ ûrdUukdwnfaxmifí?
rif;(54)yg;wkYd EpS af ygif; 1816ESppf ;dk pHMu\/ bDp-D 1507wGif uH&mZmBuD;onf 'kw, d "n0wDeef;qufudk
wnfaxmifí? rif;(28)yg;wkdY? 927-ESpfpkd;phcJhonf/ wzef bDpD 580wGif pE´mol&d,rif;onf wwd,
"n0wDrif;qufwnfaxmifí? rif;(25)yg;onf? ESpfaygif;900rQpkd;pHcJhMuonf/ pE´mol&d,rif;BuD;
vufxufwGif? a*gwrAk'¨onf &ckdifjynf"n0wDokdY<ua&mufcJhNyD;? r[mrkedqif;wkawmfukdoGef;vkyf&ef
cGifhjyKawmfrlí? r[mrkedqif;wkawmfukdoGef;vkyfcJhonf/ &ckdifwkdYonf bpD-3000ausmfu rm&,k\
tquftEG,frsm;jzpfí? Ak'¨omoemonf Ak'¨vufxufawmfuyifxGef;um;vmcJhonf/ þum;&ckdif
"n0wD&mZ0ifukd tusOf;rQazmfjyjcif; jzpfygonf/
pma&;olonf"n0wDNrdKUawmfa[mif;okdY ukd,fwkdifuGif;qif;avhvmNyD;aemuf? "n0wDûrdUwnf
umvukd? okawoeorkdif;rSwfwrf;rsm;ESifh ñSdKESKdif;í? "n0wDûrdKUawmf\wHwkdif;ykHtrSefukdwifjyygrnf/
jrefrmEkdifiHykHawmifvlwly½kdif;rdwf½kyf<uif;rsm;t&? vlom;rsKd;EG,frsm;qif;oufvm&m? vlwly½kdif;
rdwfrsm;onf? vGefcJhonfhESpfoef;40cefYu? jrefrmhajray:wGif pwifcJhvdr®nf[k ,lqbG,f&mjzpfygonf
(a'gufwmwifodef;?]]ykHawmify½kdif;rdwfrsm;}}a&TatmifvHr*¾Zif;?2001? pufwifbm? pm-72)/ okdYaomf
tckid tf rmod&&dS onfrmS ? jrefrmhausmufacwfv,fvo l m;rsm;onf/ tdE, d́ ajrmufyidk ;f ? *sAm;? w½kwEf ikd if H
rsm;rS ausmufacwfvo l m;rsm;ESihf wpfacwfwnf;jzpfonf/ (vrf;pOfygwD]]tajcjyjrefrmhEkdifiHa&;orkdif;}}
y-wGJ/ 1970/pm-72)/ rkd;BudK;oGm;[kac:aom ausmufacsmacwfvufeufrsm;ukd &ckdifjynfe,fawmif
ykdif;oHwGJe,fwGifawGU&ouJhokdY(Prof. Nyi Nyi, ]]The New Stone Age of Burma }}W.P.D. 24-3-1964)&ckdifjynf
ajrmufyidk ;f wGiv f nf;awGU&ygonf (S.B.Qanungo, ]]History of Chittagong }}1988, P-32)/jrefrmhausmufacwf
v,fumvonf bDpD-16000rS 5000xdjzpfonf/ yvkdifpwkdqif;ac:ESif;cJacwfudkvGefajrmufvQif
ausmufacsmacwfokdY ul;ajymif;ygonf/ (vrf;pOfygwD?]]tajcjy---}}?pm-80)/ jrefrmekdifiHwGif bDpD-
2000cefYu ausmufacsmacwfvo l m;rsm;\vuf&mrsm;ukv d nf; awGU&ygonf/(vrf;pOfygwD? ]]tajcjy-
--}}/pm-45)/ &ckdifwGifawGU&aomausmufacsmacwfvufeufrsm;rSmvnf; bDpD-2000rwkdifrDujzpfyg
onf(S.B.Qanungo,]]-----Chittagong }}P-32)/ tcsKdUynm&Sirf sm;u jrefrmEkid if t H ygt0if ta&SUawmif tm&S
wpfckvkH;\ausmufacsmacwfonf bDpD-1000twGif;ujzpfí? c&pfawmfay:csdefü aMu;avm[macwf
okdYul;ajymif;onf[kvnf; (oef;xGef;? ]]acwfa[mif;jrefrm&mZ0if}}? 1969? pm-14)? ,lqygonf/
twdtusod&aomtjcm;wpfckrSm jrefrmEkdifiHwGifausmufacsmacwftxd ûrdUjy,Ofaus;rIr&Sdyg(vrf;pOf
ygwD? ]]tajcjy---}}pm-121)/
jrpf0gjrpf0rS ;f übDp-D 2500cefYu ]vef½eS }f ausmufacsmacwf,Ofaus;rIxeG ;f um;cJNh yD;? w½kwjf ynfwiG f
bDpD-1523rS 1050xd ]½Sef}eef;qufonf yxrqkH;eef;qufjzpfygonf(vrf;pOfygwD?]]urÇmYorkdif;\
rSwfwkdif;rsm;}}y-wGJ?1964-pm-109)/
tdE,d́ Ekid if \ H ausmufacwfonf bDp-D 4000txdjzpfygonf(S.F. Mahmud,]]The Story of Indo-Paki-
stan }}?Karachi, 1969, P-13)/bDpD-4000cefYwGif ]rkd[if*sKd'g½kd}ESifh ][m&yÜ}ûrdUrsm;ay:xGef;í ,OfausrI
tqifjh rifrh m;cJ\ h / (vrf;pOfygwD?]]---rSww f idk rf sm;}}pm-93) **Fgjrpf0rS ;f ,Ofaus;rIonf tD*spf,Ofaus;rI
ESifhacwfNydKifjzpfonf(H.G.Wells, ]]The Outline of History, P-17) tD*spf,Ofaus;rIonf bDpD-2740ESifh
2270Mum;umvwGif tqifjh rifrh m;qk;H jzpfc\ hJ / (vrf;pOfygwD?]]-----rSww f idk rf sm;? pm-75)/ xkYd aMumifh
**Fgjrpf0Srf;,Ofaus;rIonf bDpD2500cefYutqifhjrifhrm;pGm xGef;um;cJhbG,f&Sdygonf/
&ckdif&mZ0ifrsm;\tqkdukdvkdufí? ukvm;wefjrpf0Srf;,Ofaus;rIonf Ekdif;jrpf0Srf;? ,lza&;wD;jrpf
0Srf;? tdE´Ljrpf0Srf;? **Fgjrpf0Srf;ESifhjrpf0gjrpf0Srf;,Ofaus;rIwkdYxufykdí a&S;usonf[kqkdEkdif&eftaxmuf
txm;r&Sdyg/ taxmuftxm;rsm;t&rl? ukvm;wefjrpf0Srf;,Ofaus;rIonf **Fgjrpf0Srf;,Ofaus;rI\
tarGcHomjzpfonfukd awGU&ygonf/
okawoetaxmuftxm;rsm;t& jrefrmEkdifiHwGiftapmqkH;tjzpf,lqxm;aom ADóEkd;ûrdUudk/
at'D-1&mpkwiG w f nfaxmifygonf(OD;b&Si?f ]]AdóEk;d NrdKUa[mif;ESio hf rkid ;f tjrif}}?w?y?'wG(J 1)?ykid ;f (3)?pm-
152)/ &ckdifjynfe,fa'owGif bDpD-2000ESifh 1000tMum;umvonf ausmufacwfaESmif;,Ofaus;rI
jzpfí? ûrdUjy,Ofaus;rIwnf&SdcJhonfh taxmuftxm;r&Sdyg/
tm&d,efrsm;onf tm½Stv,fykdif;rS tdE´d,taemufajrmufykdif;twGif;okdY pwif0ifa&mufvmcJh
MuonfrmS bDp-D 2000ESihf 1500twGi;f ujzpfygonf/ (Rolinson, ]]The Concise History of Indian People}}
London, 1946, P-13) }}/ tm&d,efwYdk tE d ,
d́ wpfEidk v f ;Hk udk vTr;f rk;d rdonfum; bDp-D 750cefYwiG f jzpfygonf
(vrf;pOfygwD?]]tajcjy---}}?pm-173)/ tm&d,efwkdYwGif rlvuZmwfcGJjcm;rIpepfr&Sdacs/ tdE´d,okdY
0ifa&mufNyD;aomtcg? rdrdwkdYu j'mAD'D,efrsm;xuf trsKd;oefYonf[kcGJjcm;&mrS (jA[®vm? cwåd,?
0ó?ok'¨)Zmwf-4rsKd;cGJjcm;onfhpepfay:aygufvmygonf(vrf;pOfygwD?]]---rSwfwkdifrsm;}}? pm-101)/
,if;tjyif rGe*f v dk KdG ufrsKd;&if;rS? oufvrl sKd;tpkonf? ZDcRrfe,fwiG ?f jrefrmvlrsKd;pkEiS chf x JG u
G í
f ? [l;aumif;
csKdifh0Srf;ukdjzwfausmfum? {&m0wDjrpfzsm;ykdif;okdY pwifa&muf&SdonferSm? at'D-(1)&mpkwGifjzpfygonf
(OD;&nfpdef? ]]jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;rsm;a&TUajymif;0ifa&mufvmrIyPmravhvmcsuf]],Ofaus;rIAdrmef? pm-
13)/xkdYaMumifh bDpD-3000rwkdifrDuyif? cwåd,rsKd;? omuD,bk&ifwpfyg;ESifh ouftrsKd;orD;wpfOD;wkdY?
ukvm;wefjrpfzsm;ü awGUqkHMuonfZmwfvrf;rSm jzpfEkdiftHhrxifay/
&ckid "f n0wDoYdk b&k m;&Siaf &muf&cdS o hJ nf[al om ,kMH unfro I nf? &ckid rf if;orD;{csif;taxmuftxm;
t&? at'D-15&mpkxufyí dk ? a&S;usygonf/ at'D-2&mpktwGi;f u omoemjyKa&muf&cdS o hJ nfh Ak'o¨ mo
emjyKtzGJUtm;tpGJtrSwfjyKí? þt,ltqqif;oufay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfbG,f&Sdí? Ak'¨onfoufawmf
xif&Sm;&SdpOfu **Fgjrpf0Srf;ukdausmfvGefí omoemjyKc&D;r<ua&mufcJhonfhtjyif rdrd\qif;wkawmfudk
oGef;vkyfukd;uG,f&ef rnfolYukdrQcGifhjyKcJhjcif;r&Sday(S.B Qanungo, ]]----Chittagong P-82)/45-ESpfumvywf
vkH;tdE´d,jynfwGif;üom? omoemjyKcJhygonf(Christmas Humphreys,]]Buddhism}}London, 1964, P-34)?
Ak'¨qif;wkawmfukd;uG,frIonf at'D-76xufa&S;rusaomfvnf; (oef;xGef;?]]uRefawmfvJtajzrodyg}}?
½kyf½Sifaw;uAsmr*¾Zif;? 2000?pufwifbm?pm-46)at'D 1&mpkwGifyiftpjyKcJhygonf/ (wkdufpkd;?]]uydv
0wf½SmykHawmf}}&wemrGefr*¾Zif;? 2000?----v? pm-19)/ OD;pHomatmifurl Ak'¨tm;ewfa'0gbk&m;
wpfqltjzpf,kHMunfukd;uG,frIajymif;vJvmNyD;rSomvQif? qif;wkawmfukd;uG,frIpwifcJhjcif;jzpfonf[k
qkdygonf(San Tha Aung,]]The Buddhist Art of Ancient Arakan }}1979,Yangon, P-61) / at'D-1&mpkwGif
Ak'¨bwåd0g'txGwftxdyftjzpf? Ak'¨qif;wkawmfukd;uG,frIray:aygufcJhyg(okawoD OD;odef;xGef;?]]c&pf
BudK 5&mpkESifh 1&mpktwGif; Ak'¨qif;wkawmfr&Sdjcif;ukdavhvmjcif;}}(bmompmayESifh,Ofaus;rIynm&yf
qkdif&m okawoemaqG;aEG;yGJ)&efukefwuúokdvf? 1970?{NyDv-11&uf? pmwrf;? pm-17/
qif;wkawmfukd;uG,frIonf &ckdifppfwaumif;a'ookdY at'D-2&mpkwGif pwifa&muf&SdvmcJhonf
(S.B. Qanungo,]]----Chittagong, }} P-82)/ &cki d jf ynfr[mjrwfrek q
d if;wkawmfBuD;ukd oGe;f vkycf o hJ nfrmS at'D-
225-ckESpfujzpfygonf(OD;omxGef;atmif?]]&ckdif&mZ0ifa[mif;rsm;&SmazGpkaqmif;a&;toif;\rSwf
wrf;}}&efukef? 1920?pm-18)/ yk*H&mZ0ifopfESifhr[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD;wkdYurl? &ckdifjynfrSr[mrkedqif;
wkawmfBuD;rSm t&darwå,sbk&m;avmif;\qif;wkawmfjzpfonf[kqkdcJhygonf(N.R.Ray, ]]Sanskrit Bud-
dhism in Burma}}Calculta, 1936, P-45)/&ckdif"n0wDokdY bk&m;&Sif<ua&mufcJhaMumif;ukd jA[D®tu©&m? ygVd
bmomjzifha&;xkd;xm;cJhonfh? "n0wDawmifaygufBuD;ausmufpm[lí&SdcJhonf[k? ajymqkda&;om;aecJh
Muaomfvnf;? rlvausmufcsyf/ ausmufpm"gwfy?Hk ausmufpmrif;ul;ykpH onfjrifh ? ckid rf maom? ,kMH unf
tyf? okawoDrsm;ukd;um;tyfaom taxmuftxm;wpkHw&mr&Sdyg/
tmeE´pNE´ausmufpmwGif bDp-D 638rS at'D-370xda0omvDacwfrwkid rf D rif;qufuadk zmfjyxm;yg
onf(OD;pHomatmif?]]teE´pNE´}}&efukef? 1975? pm-156)/ þrif;qufonf "n0wDacwfrif;qufjzpf
í? ausmufpmtaxmuftxm;jzifh az:jyxm;aom jrefrmEkdifiH\a&S;tusqkH;rif;qufjzpfygonf/
þrif;quftrnfrsm;ukd? tdE´d,rqef? ouúwrqefaomrif;trnfrsm;tjzpfawGU&ygonf
(P.Gutman,"Ancient Arakan" Australlia, 1976, P-40)/ ,if;rif;rsm;tkyfpkd;pOfumvu? &ckdifwGiftdE´d,
,Ofaus;rIpuf&dyfrxifao;yg(oef;xGef;-]]acwfa[mif;---}}pm-72)/ xkdYaMumifh bDpD 7-&mpku&ckdif
"n0wDûrdUawmfudkwnfaxmiftkyfpkd;olrsm;rSm tm&d,efrsm;r[kwfaMumif; od&ygonf/ &ckdifwkdY\rlv
rsK;d &if;jzpfaom wdbufjrefrmrsm;rSmvnf;? bDp-D 1000cefYwiG ?f w½kwjf ynfta&SUykid ;f uku d adk emfKokonorrS
awmifbufokdYqif;vmaeqJom&Sdygao;onf(oef;xGef;? ]]acwfa[mif;---}}pm-72)/
,if;tcsdeu f ? tE´, d Ekid if H ,rkeH mjrpftaemufbufurf;? rxl&m0ef;usifa'owGi?f ,m*kac:,m'0
vlrsKd;rsm;aecJhMu\/(B.G. Gokhule, "Buddhism and Ssoka"P-117)/ ,m*kac:,m'0wkdYonf tm&d,efrsm;
r[kwfMuay(Chalterjee, "The Cultural Heritage of India (The Religion) P-114)/ bDpD-750cefYwgif tm&d
,efrsm;onf tdE´d,ukdvTrf;rkd;NyD;aemuf? a'ocHvlrsKd;rsm;tm;aoG;aESmaomenf;jzifh pnf½kH;cJh\/ uk½k
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a&;xkd;xm;NyD; ausmzufwGif em*&Dtu©&mjzifh pmcwfESdyfxm;ygonf/ ckESpfouú&mZfryg&Sdyg/
plvukad &;&mü(p)tu©&ma&;ykrH mS ajrmufO;D acwfta&;tom;rsKd;r[kwaf Mumif;ESihf þ'*Fg;onfajrmufO;D
acwf'*Fg;r[kwfaMumif; OD;pHomatmifu oufaojycJhygonf11/ OD;pHomatmif\&ckdiftu©&majymif;
vJvmykEH iS hf wkud q
f idk Mf unhaf omtcgvnf; at'D(8)&mpkrS (10)&mpka&;xk;d xm;aom tu©&mESihf wlnyD g
12
onf /
,if;tjyif avmif;Muufacwfrif;xD;'*Fg;\&ifbwfü ,ckacwfokH;tu©&mjzifh (660)]e&ywd
OD;&D;awmf r[meE´b,}[ka&;xk;d xm;NyD; ausmzufwiG f e*&Dtu©&mjzfifh pmcwfEydS x f m;ygonf/ ouú&mZf
a&;xkd;rIr&Sdjcif;? tu©&mta&;tom;a&S;usjcif;wkdYaMumifh plvr[m&mZm '*Fg;onf avmif;Muufacwf
ajrmufOD;acwfwkdYxufykdí a&S;usaMumif;xif&Sm;ygonf/ plvr[m&mZm'*Fg;onf &mZ0iftwGufom
ta&;BuD;onfr[kwfbJ? &ckdiftu©&morkdif;twGufvnf; wefzkd;rjzwfEkdifaomoufaocH'*Fg;jzpfae
ygonf/ xkdYjyifa0omvD'*Fg;rsm;onf pmoufoufa&;xkd;avhr&Sdqkdaom arm&pfaumvpf\t,ltq
rSm;,Gif;aMumif;awGU&Sd&ygonf/
þplvpNE´m;'*Fg;ukdavhvmjcif;jzifh (8)&mpkrS (10)&mpktwGif &ckdifpmaytu©&mta&;tom;onf
a&S;a[mif;jA[®q D ifyh mG ;tu©&mrS ajrmufO;D acwftu©&mta&;tom;okYd wa&GUa&GUajymif;vJvmaMumif;awGU
Ekdifygonf/ xkdYaMumifh þ'*Fg'onf &ckdiftu©&morkdif;twGuf ta&;BuD;aMumif;qkdEkdifjcif;jzpfygonf/
&mZ0ifwGif plvpNE´m;rif;\ eef;pHESpfaygif;ukd (36)ESpf[k jyqkday&m þrif;onf at'D(921)wGif
eef;pHí '*Fg;rsm;ukdvnf; at'D(957)rwkdifrD oGef;vkyfcJhrnf[kcefYrSef;Ekdifygonf/ þtaxmuftxm;
rsm;t& (10)&mpktv,fykdif;wGif &ckdifjynfü,aeYokH;pGJaeaom tu©&mta&;tom;ay:aygufaeNyDjzpf
onf[k ,lq&ayrnf/ tjcm;taxmuftxm;rSm ,if;'*Fg;wGif]plvr[m&mZm}ukd a&;&mü(v?r?[)
tu©&mwkYd onf ajrmufO;D acwfo;Hk tu©&mrsm;ESihf qifwal eaomaMumifyh ifjzpfonf/ xkYd aMumifh (11)&mpk
(12)&mpkwGifrS pmta&;tom; yk*HrSa&mufvmonfqkdaom arm&pfaumvpf\t,ltqrSm;,Gif;ae
ygonf/ &ckdiforkdif;pOfwGif(8)&mpkrS (10)&mpkxdumvukd tao;pdwfavhvmazmfxkwfEkdifvQif &ckdif
pmaytu©&mta&;tom;onf a&S;ya0oPDacwfuyif qif;oufvmcJhonfhajymif;vJrIuGif;qufukd
awGUjrifekdifygrnf/
txufygtaxmuftxm;rsm;aMumifh plvr[m&mZm'*Fg;onf tmeE´pNE´m;ausmufpmyg rif;rsm;
teuf aemufqkH;awGU&Sd&aom '*Fg;jzpfonfh "r®pNE´m;'*Fg;ESifh ajrmufOD;acwfrif;xD;'*Fg;wkdYMum;umv
wGif oGef;avmif;aom'*Fg;jzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;aeygonf/ xkdYaMumifhplvpNE´m;ESifh od*FpNE´m;rif;wkdYonf
tmeE´pNE´m;ESihf avmif;Muufacwfrif;xD;wkYd Mum;umvwGif a0omvDüpk;d cHcahJ om rif;rsm;teuf yg0ifae
aMumif;odomygonf/
(2) r[mwkdif;pNE´m;rif; pkd;pHaomumvrSm (*) &mpkESifh (10)&mpkMum;umvjzpfaejcif;/
(3) plVpNE´m;'*Fg;onf pmaytu©&mta&;tom;ü a0omvDacwfta&;tom;rS avmif;Muufacwf
tu©&mta&;tom;bufokdYajymif;vJaeaomacwfwGif a&;xkd;xm;aom '*Fg;jzpfaejcif;/
(4) &mZ0ifvmrif;qufrS ol&d,pNE´m;? od*FpNE´m;rif;wkdY\ '*Fg;rsm;udkawGU&Sd&NyD;jzpfjcif;/
(5) od*FpNE´m;rif;\trnfukd ausmufpmwkdif ajrmufbufrsufESm&Sd (10)&mpkxkd; ausmufpmwGif
awGU&S&d jcif;/
ponfwYdk aMumifh r[mwkid ;f pNE´m;rif;onf at'D(788)wGif a0omvDjynfujdk yefvnfxal xmifaom
rif;wpfyg;NzpfNyD;? ,if;onfausmufpmvm'GifpNE´m;rif;r[kwfaMumif;xif&Sm;aeygonf/ xkdYaMumifh
a'gufwm*Refpwif\&mZ0ifvm pNE´m;rif;qufonf ausmufpmvmpNE´m;rif;qufukd jyefvnfrSef;q
jyKjyifazmfjycsufomjzpfonf[laom wifjycsufrSm tajctjrpfrckdifvkHyg/
trSefrSm þrif;rsm;onf a0omvDaESmif;acwfrif;rsm;jzpfwef&monf/ '*Fg;rsm;u ,if;rif;rsm;
rwkdifrDuyif pNE´m;rif;quf&SdcJhonfukd azmfjyaeonf[laom OD;pHomatmif\a&;om;csufukdtav;
teufxm;í rSwf,lpOf;pm;zG,f&Sdaeygonf/ taMumif;aMumif;ukdaxmufqvkdufvQif ausmufpmvm
'GifpNE´m;rif;BuD;onf&mZ0ifvmr[mwkdif;pNE´m;rif;BuD;r[kwfaMumif;ukd uRefyfwkdYrSwf,l&ayrnf/

1/ tmeE´pNE´(8)&mpk &ckdifa0omvDrif; (OD;pHomatmif) pm-106^7^8/

2/ ---¤if;----- pm 161/
3/ &ckdifnGefYzl; pm 127/
4/ &cdkifacwfOD;orkdif; (ppffawGaumvdyfr*¾Zif;) pm-
 5/ Some Sanskrit Insceription of Arakam (E.H.Johnston)
6/ &ckdif'*Fg;rsm; (OD;pHomatmif) pm-ykH (13)(18)(19)
7/ tmeE´mpNE´m; (OD;pHomatmif) pm 172/
8/ &ckdif'*Fg;rsm; (OD;pHomatmif) ykH 18/
9/ Arakan's place in the Civilization of the Bay (M. Callice)
10/ &ckdif'*Fg;rsm; (OD;pHomatmif) ykH 19/
11/ &ckdif'*Fg;rsm; (OD;pHomatmif) pm 27/
12/ Arakan's Scripts its origin and Evolution (U Aung Tha Oo)
13/ &ckdif'*Fg;rsm; (OD;pHomatmif) pm 7/

a0omvDacwf tjrifopf
a0omvDacwfukdjyefvkdYMunfhuwfzkdY qkdauawmhcg tmeE´pNE´ausmufpmukd owd&uwfygvdar/
,if;ausmufpma& a0omvDacwfeefY ywfoufysm &ckdif&mZ0ifusrf;tm;vkH;xuf ykdvkdYckdifrma&qkdpGmukd
okawoD½kdY vufcHuwf&yga&/ ZmaMumifhvJ;vkdYqkdau vuf[d&mZ0ifwdpGm 15&mpkeefY aemufykdif;usrS
&D;cuwfaw&mZ0ifwdjzpfNyD;au ausmufpmuawmh a0omvDacwfxJrmyif &D;xkd;ca&twGufeefYjzpfyg
a&/ a,'gvJ; ausmufpmrmyga& rif;½kdUoGef;vkyfca& '*Fg;wdukd wGdeDuwf&a&ykdif &mZ0ifvmrif;wcsKdU
oGef;ca&'*Fg;wdukdvJ; wGd&a&twGuf &mZ0ifrmyga& rif;½kdYvJ; a0omvDrmtrSefpkd;pHcuwfaw rif;wd
jzpfawqkdpGmukd uRefawmf½kdUvufcHuwf&yga&/
&mZ0ifrm a0omvDrif;qufudk r[mwkid ;f pNE´rif;BuD;pGm at'D 788ckEpS rf mS wnfaxmifa&vkYd qydk g
a&/ (uk;d -9/pm-5)/ OD;pHomatmifuvJ; a0omvDrif;qufudk &ckid &f mZ0ifrm at'D 8&mpku 10&mpkxd
pkd;pHuwfawvkdY azmfjyyem/ rif; 9yg;[dNyD;au aemufqkH;rif;pGm plvpNE´rif;jzpfawvkdY (ukd;-3?pm-
7)&D;cyga&/ tmeE´pNE´ausmufpm*gxm(19)(20)eefY (21)½kdUrma0omvDukd wnfaqmufawrif;pGm
'GifpNE´rif;BuD;jzpfaMumif;? ûrdUawmfpGm ewfjynfxufykdvkdYvSyaMumif;ukd (ukd;-4?pm-108)&D;xkd;cyga&/
ûrdUemrnfukdawmhcg ausmufpmrm rwGd&yg/ a,'gvJ; a'gufwm*Refpwif? a'gufwmqmum;?
OD;pHomatmif tp[da&okawoD½kdUu taxmuftxm;ckdifckdifvkHvkHeefY 'GifpNE´rif;BuD;wnfca&ûrdUpGm?
a0omvDûrdUjzpfawvkdY qkdcuwfygAsm,f/
'GefpNE´rif;BuD; a0omvDûrdUwnfa&ESpfukd a'gufwmqmum;u at'D370vkdY owfrSwfyga&/
tmeE´NE´ausmufpm&D;xkdk;a&ESpfukdvJ; at'D 729ckvkdY owfrSwfcyga&/ &ckdiforkdif;okawoD½kdUuawmh
atowfrSwfcsufukd trsm;tjym;vufcHuwfyga&/
tcsKdUokawoD½kdUu &mZm0ifu r[mwkdif;pNE´rif;BuD; eef;wufawESpfukd at'D 327vkdY jyNyD;au
plvpNE´rif;ewf&GmpHa&ESpfukd at'D 769vkdY &D;uwfyga&/ (ukd;-5? pm-191)/ ,csifhtjyif ol½kdUu
ausmufpmu 'Gipf NE´rif;eefY &mZ0ifu r[mwkid ;f pNE´rif;½kUd ukd xyfwjl yKNyD;au 'Gipf NE´rif;BuD;eef;wufaw
ESpfukdvJ; at'D 327vkdY&D;yem/ tmeE´pNE´rif; ewf&GmpHa&ESpfukdvJ; at'D 667vkdY&D;ygoD;,ifh(ukd;-5/
pm-195)/ ol½kdU,lqcsufrm r[mwkdif;pNE´ueDyem plvpNE´rif;xd &mZ0ifrmyg[da& a0omvDrif;½kdU
eef;pHESpfaygif;pGm 441ESpfjzpfawtwGufeefY? at'D 769txdjzpfNyD;au ausmufpmu a0omvDrif;½kdY
eef;pHEpS af ygif;pGm 359ESpjf zpfawtwGuf at'D 686txdjzpfNyD;? a0omvDeef;ysufp;kD vm;ca& ESpef efYywf
oufyem 83ESpf uGmjcm;eDpmG wG&d yga&/ ,if;okawoD½Ydk pmG ? ausmufpmvm pNE´rif;qufudk &mZ0ifvm
pNE´rif;qufeefYxyfwljzpfawvkdY &D;om;,lqeDuwfauvJ;? atykdifa0omvDxD;eef;ysufvm;ca& ckESpf
eefY ywfoufvkdY uGm[eDpGmukdawmh ajz&Sif;csufryD;EkdifuwfygoD;/
,if;okawoD½kdUu 'GifpNE´rif;pGm r[mwkdif;pNE´rif;BuD;jzpfawvkdY qkd½kHru ausmufpmrmyga&
umvpNE´? oD&"d r®0Zd ,rif;½kUd ukd &mZ0ifxu J umvpNE´? oD&pd NE´rif;½kUd jzpfawvkYd v;J qku
d wfygoD;a&/
wcsKdUokawoD½kdUuawmh tmeE´pNE´rif;ukd &mZ0ifu plvpNE´rif;jzpfawvkdYawmif qkdyga&(ukd;-7?pm-
126)/
,if;okawoD½kdU wifjycsufwdrm plvpNE´rif;ewf&Gmvm;a&ESpfukd at'D 769ckvkdY qkdNyD;au ,if;
rif;eef;pHa&ESpfaygif;u 36ESpfvkdYqkda&twGufeefY plvpNE´rif;eef;wufawckESpfpGm at'D 733jzpfvm;yg
a&/ a,au,if;rif; oGef;vkyfca&]]plvr[m&mZm}} '*Fg;ukd at'D733ckrm oGef;vkyfawvkdY qkdpGmeefY
twlwljzpfyga&/ a,'gvJ; ,if;'*Fg;rmyga& tu©&mt&D;tom;t& at'D733rmoGef;vkyfaw '*Fg;
ZmykdifvJ; jzpfEkdifzkdYtaMumif;r[dyg/ at'D 8&mpktwGif;rm &ckdifjynfrm atykdiftu©&mrsKd;okH;pGJeDa&?
ay:aygufeDa&taxmuftxm;r[dyg/ at'D 729rm &D;xkd;ca& tmeE´pNE´ausmufpmukdyif emvE´mu
ykHajymif;vma& jA[®DqifhyGm; tu©&mwdeefY&m &D;xkd;eDoD;pGmukd wGd&yga&/ ,if;Zl;eefYplvpNE´rif;eefwuf
awckESpfukd at'D 733vkdY ,lqvkdYrSefEkdifzkdYrjrifrdyg/
aemufwpfcku 'GifpNE´rif;BuD;eef;wufckESpfukd at'D327vkdY tmeE´pNE´ausmufpm&D;xkd;a&ESpfukd
,if;okawoD½kdUazmfjyuwfawykdif at'D686vkdY(ukd;-5/pm-195)owfrSwfawvJ tmeE´pNE´ausmufpm
ukd emvE´mu,aom"grHausmufpmxuf,if;vkdY &D;xkkd;ca&vkdY qkda&ykdifjzpfeDyga&/ ausmufpmrm yga&
tu©&mt&D;tom;t&vJ ,if;ykdifrjzpfEkdifyg/
a'gufwm*Refpwifu ]]'Gi}f }eefY ]]wkid ;f }}pGmbmomaA't& eD;pyfaw/ ]]'Gipf NE´}}pGm]]r[mwkid ;f }}pNE´jzpf
Ekdifa&qkdpGmukd oHa,mifvkdufyem tcsKdUuvJ; ausmufpmuoD&d"r®0dZ,rif;ukd &mZ0ifrm yg[da&
oD&pd NE´rif;jzpfawvkYd taxmuftxm;r[dbJ q d u
dk wfjyefyga&(uk;d -5/pm-192)/ a,auvJ; &mZ0ifrm
rif;9yg;jyqkdyem? ausmufpmrmu rif;22yg;ukdwGd&yga&/
&ckdif&mZ0ifrm a0omvDacwf pNE´rif;qufeef;pccuwfaw ckESpfeefYywfoufNyD;au t,ifuyif
t*ktxdokawoD½kdUxJrm oabmxm;uGJvGJrIwd wGd&yga&/ OD;pHomatmiftqkdt& qkdauzwfvkdYr&Ekdif
avmufatmif ysufpD;eD;a& tmeE´pNE´ausmufpmwkdifajrmufzufrsufESmrm &ckdif&mZ0ifvm rif;qufukd
wGd&a&vkdY&D;cyga&/ zwfvkdY&oavmufodCHpNE´rif;ukd wGd&a&vkdYvJ; qkdyga&/ yifrvm*wårifuawmh
cg zwfvkdY&oavmufrm ]]odCHpNE´}}]]plvpNE´}}bGJUwdukdvJ; wGd&a&vkdYqkdyga&/ OD;pHomatmifu
atausmufpmrm tmeE´pNE´aemuf a0omvDrSm pkd;pHcuwfaw rif;wdyg0ifNyD;au aemufqkH;rif;pGm
plvpNE´rif;jzpfawvkdY(ukd;-3/ukd;-4)qkdyga&/
ausmufpmeefY &mZ0ifukdñSdEIdif;a&tcg okawoD½kdUtcsif;csif;xJrm ,if;ykdifoabmxm;uGJeDpGmwd
ukd wGdvm&a&tcgatjyóemukd uRefawmf½kdUtedefeefYypfxm;vkdYr&EkdifygAsm,f/ twwfEkdifqkH;qkda&
ykdif ñSdEIdi;fpdppfzkdYvkdtyfvmyga&/ ,if;ykdifpdppfawtcg ausmufpmeefY&mZ0ifu rif;½kdUemrnfcsif;qifwl
eDa&udp?ö &mZ0ifvmrif;wdpGm ausmufpmvm rif;xJu bkef;BuD;a&rif;wdukd&mazmfjyjcif;jzpfawqkda&
udp?ö wpfqufxJrm ,if;udpw ö dukdaqG;aeG;,yif; '*Fg;wdukd ynmoQif½kdUowfrSwfcuwfaw owfrSwf
csufeefY csdefqysm a0omvDacwftpeefYtqkH;umvukd uRefawmf½kdUowfrSwf&ygzkdY/
&ckdif&mZ0ifrm r[mwkdif;pNE´rif;pGm trSwfpOf(1)jzpfNyD;au umvpNE´rif;pGm trSwfpOf(5)jzpfyg
a&/ ausmufpmrm 'GifpNE´rif;pGm trSwfpOf(1)jzpfNyD;au umvpNE´rif;pGm trSwfpOf(3)rmjzpfeDpGmukd
wG&d yga&/ &mZ0ifq&mpGm ausmufpmrmyga& pNE´rif;½kUd ukrd eS ;f qazmfjya&qkad u? umvpNE´rif;ukd trSwf
pOf(5)rmxnfhoGif;yem/ ol&d,pNE´? armvpNE´eefY aygvpNE´rif;½kdUukd trSwfpOf(2)(3)eefY(4)½kdUrSm xnfh
oGif;czkdYr[kwfyg/ odCHpNE´rif; '*Fg;eefY (plvr[m&mZm'*Fg;½kdUuvJ;)atrif;qufpGm pdwful;,Of
rif;qufr[kwfqkdpGmukd oufoDjyeDuwfyga&/ a,NyD;au ausmufpma0omvD yxrrif;quftqkH;rm
rif;(16)yg;vkdY&D;xkd;xm;yem &DwGufMunhfa&cg rif;13yg;xJ wGd&a&twGufeefY csefxm;ca&rif;3yg;pGm
atrf;wdjzpfEidk zf Ydkvm;vkYd wGuq f Munhyf ga&/ ,if;ykid q f jdk yefau]]0d&pNE´}}]]NyDw
d pd NE´}}½kUd ykid ef ef;pHEpS u
f aumif;eJ
a& rif;wdudk ausmufpm&D;xk;d pGmrSmcsex f m;zkYdqpdk mG rjzpfEidk v f Ydkwu
G Mf unhrf yd ga&/ a,NyD;au]]umvpNE´}}eefY
]]xlvpNE´}} rif;½kdUykdif rif;qkd;rif;npfwdukd &mZ0ifrmwGd&pGmuvJ &mZ0ifrmyga& rif;wdpGm xif&Sm;
ausmfMum;NyD;au bkef;wefckd;BuD;rm;a& rif;wdukdazmfjyxm;pGm jzpfawqkdpGm jzpfEkdifzkdYr[kwfyg/
&mZ0if½kdUrmu toDtcsmavhvmMunhfa&cg umvpNE´rif;eefYywfoufyem]]&wemokH;yg;ukd
rMunfñ?kd tvªow D if;r[d? wkid ;f jynfp;D yGm;csr;f omukv d ;J wk;d wufatmifrvky?f wkid ;f jynfv;J rNidr;f csr;f ?
&wemrkd;vJ; r&Gm?(ukd;-1]]a#mf}}csyf]]0rf;}}?ukd;-2?]]p}}csyf]]0rf;}})vkdYqkda&/ ausmufpmrm umvpNE´rif;pGm
(9)ESpfeef;pHa&/ EkdifiHa&;? vlrIa&;rmuRrf;usifa& ,if;rif;pGm ewfjynfukd <ujref;a&}}vkdY(ukd;-4? pm-
110)wG&d yga&/ ,csifw h u d dk axmufyem&mZ0ifxu J umvpNE´rif;pGm? ausmufpmrmyga& umvpNE´rif;
vkH;0rjzpfekdifqkdpGm wGufqMunhfvkdY&yga&/ &mZ0if½kdUrm ]]xlvpNE´}}rif;eefYywfoufysm taysmftyg;
vkud pf m;NyD;au olawmf aumif;½kUd tqk;H trukrd emcH? &wemok;H yg;? oDvpm*rmvJrwnf? rif;usihf w&m;
eefYvJ;rnD? jynfol½kdU pD;yGm;ukdvJ; rapmifha&SmufvkdY (ukd;-1?]]a#mf}}csyf]]aMum}}? ukd;-2?]]p}}0rf;)jyqkd
uwfyga&/ &mZ0iftm;vk;H rm atrif;wdudk rif;aumif;rif;jrwfw?d bke;f BuD;NyD;xif&mS ;a&rif;wdvYdk r&D;om;
uwfyg/ wcsKdUokawoD½Udk u atykid q f ;dk &Gm;pGma& rif;ukyd ifausmufpm&D;xk;d ca& tmeE´pNE´rif;jzpfawvkYd
qkud wfygoD;a&/ (uk;d -7?pm-126)/ ol½Udk uawmh atrif;pGmtoufi,f&, G o f ;D a&twGuef efY aemiftcgrm
w&m"r®ukdrsufuG,fjyKyem? taysmftyg;vkdufpm;cpGm jzpfEkdifa&vkdYtaMumif;jyyga&/ a,'gvJ;
wkdawmif;a& eef;pHumvtwGif;rm ,if;ykdifajymif;vJvmzkdYqkdpGm jzpfEkdifzkdYcJ,Of;yga&/ xlvpNE´rif;
eef;pHESpfukd &mZ0ifBuD;rm 25ESpf? irnf&mZ0ifeefY &ckdif&mZ0ifopf½kdUrm 19ESpf? "n0wD&mZ0ifopfrm
9ESpf? tif;apmufrm 16ESpf qkdyemtrsKd;rsKd;jyqkduwfyga&/ ewf&GmpHa&tcg ,if;rif;toufukd
&mZ0ifBuD;rm 54ESp?f irnf&mZ0if eefY &ckid &f mZ0ifopf½Udk rm 41ESp?f tif;apmuf&mZ0ifrm 38ESpv f Ydkqu
dk wf
yga&/ ausmufpmrmawmhcg eef;pHESpfaygif;ukd 9ESpf&m&DwGufvkdY&yga&/ a,NyD;au &mZ0ifrm
xlvpNE´eefYywfoufNyD;au aumif;rIuo k vdk jf yKvkyaf wvkYd wpdaoQvJ;azmfjyxm;pGm rwG&d yg/ ,if;ZkeefY
xlvpNE´pGm? tmeE´pNE´rif;jzpfekdifzkdY tajctaer[dyg/
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a& rif;wdjzpfeu D wfawykid ?f &mZ0ifpNE´rif;qufvJ at'D 8&mpku 10&mpkxd pk;d pHca&rif;qufjzpf&ygzkYd /
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ñSdEIdif;wGufqNyD;au a0omvDacwfukd atmufazmfjya&twkdif; owfrSwfcyga&/

(1) "n0wDacwf (? at'D 370 xd)

(2) a0omvDacwf (at'D 370 rS at'D 994 xd)
(3) yOömacwf (at'D 1018 rS at'D 1118 xd)
(4) yk&defacwf (at'D 1118rS at'D 1142 xd)
(ukd;-11?pm-109)
,if;ZkeefY &ckid jf ynfrm bke;f rD;eDvxGe;f awmufca&]]a0omvDacwf}}pGm at'D 370upNyD;au at'D
994xdqkdpGm trSwfjzpfawvkdY wifjyvkdufyga&/ okawoD½kdUwGufqMunhfzkdYtaxmuftulaoQ wpfck
teDeefYwifjy&jcif;jzpfyga&/

ukd;um;aom pmtkyfpmwrf;wd

(1) q&mirnf; &ckdif&mZ0if(ppfawGûrdUMum;ausmif;ayrI)

(2) tif;apmuf&mZ0if? (okawoDynmpm&rI)
(3) OD;pHomatmif &ckdif'*Fg;rsm;
(4) OD;pHomatmif tmeE´pNE´
(5) xGef;a&Tckdif &ckdifa&S;a[mif;ûrdUawmfrsm;
(6) xGef;a&Tckdif &ckdifa0omvDacwfAk'¨tEkynm
(7) atmifvSodef; a0omvDacwfpdppfcsuf&ckdifr*¾Zif;(17)
(8) Dr. apmxGef;atmif &Spfaomif;bk&m; ausmufpmwkdifajrmufzufrsufESm
(&ckdifo[m,pmapmif 1986)
(9) U San Shwe Bu A Brief Note on the old Capitals of Arakan
(10) P.Gutman-Ancient Arakan
(11) U San Tha Aung The Budddhist Art of Ancient Arakan
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vm ]wkdif;pNE´}rif;qufr[kwfEkdifaMumif;ukd pma&;olkonf 1986ckESpfu xkwfa0cJhaom &ckdifo[m,
toif; aiG&wktxdrf;trSwfpmapmifwGif a&;om;cJhzl;ayonf/
trSefrSm]'GifpNE´rif;}onf at'D(370)wGif a0omvDukdwnfaxmifpkd;pHoljzpfNyD; r[mwkdif;pNE´rSm
q&mirnf;\&mZ0ifwiG f jyqko d uJo
h Ydk at'D(788)wGif a0omvDujdk yefvnfwnfaqmuftyk pf ;dk aomrif;
jzpfp&m&Sdygonf/ &ckdif&mZ0ift& r[mwkdif;pNE´onf at'D (788)wGif a0omvDukdwnfaxmifpkd;pHNyD;
at'D(957)wGif rGef*kdwkdY\wkdufckdufrIaMumifh a0omvDysufqD;cJh&onf/(udk;um;-8)
(D.C Sircar)\ tvkt d & ausmufpmvm a0omvDyxrrif;qufonf at'D(370)rS at'D(600)xd
vnf;aumif;? 'kw, d rif;qufonf at'D(600)rS at'D(729)xdvnf;aumif; pk;d pHonf/ (uk;d -7? uk;d -
2? pm-159-171)r[mwkid ;f pNE´rmS at'D(788)wGif pk;d pHaomrif;jzpfonf/ "n0wDEiS ahf 0omvDacwfrif;
rsm;\ eef;pHouú&mZfrsm;tcsif;csif; uGJvGJaerIrsm;aMumifh OD;pHomatmifonf rnfonfh&mZ0ifusrf;ukd
yif trSef,l&rnfukd rodEkdifaomtajctaewGif &Sdygonf/(ukd;-2? pm-216)[k a&;om;cJhzl;\/
&mZ0ifvmpNE´rif;qufonf tmeE´NE´aemuf a0omvDwGif at'D(788)ü pwifpkd;pHaomrif;quf
[kwfonf? r[kwfonf[laomtcsufonf r[m0d&ukdppf½IH;ol}tm;&SmazG&mwGif ta&;BuD;aom
taxmuftxm;jzpfay&m &mZ0ifvmpNE´rif;qufrS odCHpNE´rif;'*Fg;ukd OD;pGmqef;ppfygrnf/
,if;okYd avhvm&mwGif odCpH NE´'*Fg;xufyí dk a&S;us[ef&adS om ]"r®pNE´} '*Fg;ESiEhf idI ;f ,SOaf vhvm&ef
vkt d yfygonf/ "r®pNE´rif;onf at'D(704)wGif a0omvDüeef;pHonf/ &ckid rf if;rsm;onf eef;wufaom
ESpfüyif '*Fg;oGef;vkyfMuay&m "r®pNE´'*Fg;ukd at'D(704)wGifyifoGef;vkyfjcif;jzpfayonf/ odCHpNE´rif;
'*Fg;wGif a&;xkd;xm;aomtu©&mrsm;rSm at'D(10)&mpkwGifrS &ckdifjynfokdYa&muf&Sdvmaom &Spfaomif;
bk&m;ausmufpmwkdifajrmufbufrsufESmrS a&SUajy;b*Fvdtu©&mrsKd;jzifh a&;xkd;xm;ygonf/
]oD&dodCH*@}[laomtrnfukd '*Fg;ay:wGif pmaMumif;a&ESpfckjzifha&;xkd;xm;ygonf/ (ukd;-1?
ykH-18)Pamela Gutmanu þ'*Fg;onf tmeE´pNE´ausmufpma&;xkd;NyD; umvtwefMumjrifhaom
tcsdefwGifrS oGef;vkyfNyD;&Spfaomif;bk&m;ausmufpmwkdifajrmufbufrsufESmrS at'D(10)&mpkxkd; tu©&m
ta&;tom;ESifhwlnDaMumif; þ'*Fg;rSm ausmufpmwGifyg0ifaom ]oD&dodCHywdol&pNE´} [laomrif;\
'*Fg;jzpfEkdifaMumif; (ukd;-9? pm-125)qkdygonf/
OD;pHomatmifuvnf; ausmufpmwkdifajrmufbufrsufESmwGif &mZ0ifvmrif;tcsKdU\trnfukdawGU
&aMumif;? odCpH NE´rif;\trnfyg0ifaMumif; (uk;d -1?pm-9)qkad y&m þ'*Fg;onf &mZ0ifvm odCpH NE´
rif;\ '*Fg;jzpfEkdifaMumif;qkH;jzwfekdifygawmhonf/
tcsKdUu&mZ0ifvm r[mwkdif;pNE´rif;\eef;pHouú&mZffukd at'D(327)[kqkdygonf/ (ukd;-4? pm-
191)/ ,if;wkYd \tqkt d &jzpfaom odCpH NE´\eef;pHEpS f at'D(667)rS at'D(733)(uk;d -4?pm-191)onf
D.C-Sircar wifjyxm;onfh tmeE´pNE´ausmufpmvm "r®pNE´rif;\eef;pHESpfESifh wkdufqkdifaeonfhtjyif
azmfjycJhNyD;jzpfonfhtwkdif; odCHpNE´'*Fg;ay:wGif a&;xkd;xm;aomtu©&mrSm &ckdifjynfwGif at'D(7)ESifY
(8)&mpktwGif; rokH;pGJao;yJ/ at'D(10)&mpktwGif;pkd;pHaom rif;qufjzpfNyD; odCHpNE´\eef;pHumvrSm
at'D(935)rS at'D(951)xd[k jyqkdaom (ukd;-8)&ckdif&mZ0ifvm rSefuefaMumif; odomEkdifygonf/
odCHpNE´'*Fg;ukd ausmufpmt& at'D(704)rS at'D(720)xd eef;pHoGm;aom "r®pNE´rif;\'*Fg;
(ukd;-1?ykH-19)ESifh EIdif;,SOfMunfhvQifvnf; vufa&;vufom;ynmt&vnf;aumif;? a&;xkd;xm;aom
tu©&mrsm; okH;pGJaomacwft&vnf;aumif;? "r®pNE´'*Fg;onf odCHpNE´'*Fg;xufrsm;pGm a&S;usaeonf
ukdawGU&ayonf/
]"r®pNE´}[ka&;xk;d xm;aom'*Fg;ay:wGif a&;xk;d xm;aomtu©&mta&;tom;ukd ,if;'*Fg;oGe;f vkyf
NyD; ("r®pNE´rif; eef;wufNyD;)aemuf 25ESpt f MumwGif a&;xk;d cJah om tmeE´pNE´ausmufpmrS pmta&;tom;
ESifh EIdif;,SOfEkdifygonf/ ausmufpmwGif a&;xkd;xm;aomtu©&mrSm ausmufpmra&;xkd;rDeSpf tenf;i,f
twGif;u emvE´rS wkduf½kduf,laqmifvmaom ],aom0grH tu¨&m}jzpfonf/(ukd;-5)/
"r®pNE´'*Fg;ay:wGif a&;xkd;xm;aomtu©&mta&;tom;rSm ,aom0grHtu©&mta&;tom;
ra&mufvmrDuyif &ckdifjynfüokH;pGJaeaom tu©&mta&;tom;jzpfonf/
xkdYaMumifh]"r®pNE ´}rif;\trnfukd '*Fg;ay:wGifa&;xkd;xm;aomtu©&mta&;tom;ESifh ausmufpm
wGifa&;xkd;xm;aomtu©&m ta&;tom;vkH;0eD;yg;uGJjym;aeygonf/ ]"}ukda&;&mwGif tenf;i,fwlnD
ovkd &Sdygonf/ '*Fg;ay:wGif ]r}ukdESpfvkH;qifh a&;om;xm;aomfvnf;? ausmufpmwGif]r}ukd tay:rS
0JbufokdY armufcs[efjzifh a&;xkdk;xm;ygonf/]pNE´}ukda&;&müvnf; ]e}ukd a&;&mwGifomwlnDNyD; usef
tm;vkH;uGJjym;ygonf/ '*Fg;ay:wGifa&;om;xm;aom tu©&mta&;tom;onf at'D(6)&mpktwGif;u
a&;om;xm;aomtu©&mta&;tom;rS xif&Sm;odomaomajymif;vJrI r&Sdao;onfukdawGU&ygonf/
"r®pNE´'*Fg;oGef;vkyfcsdefonf tmeE´pNE´ausmufpma&;xkd;csdefxuf a&S;usaMumif;odomvSygonf/
pma&;oltaejzifh '*Fg;rsm;ukdvnf;aumif;? '*Fg;ESifhausmufpmukdvnf;aumif;? EIdif;,SOfwifjyae
jcif;rSm "r®pNE´'*Fg;wGifa&;xkd;xm;aom tu©&mta&;tom;onf tmeE´pNE´ausmufpmta&;tom;
xufvnf;aumif; odCHpNE´'*Fg;yg tu©&mta&;tom;xufvnf;aumif; a&S;usaMumif;odom&efESifh
odCHpNE´rif;tygt0ifjzpfaom pNE´rif;qufonf at'D(8)&mpkrS (10)&mpkxd pkd;pHcJhaom rif;qufom
vQif jzpfaMumif;&Sif;vif;pGm em;vnfap&efjzpfygonf/
þokdYjzifh yla&yl&rS r[m0d&ukd ppf½IH;oltm;qufvuf pl;prf;rnfqkdvQifr[m0d&rodrf;,lrDu
a0omvDeef;pHcJhaom rif;tcsKdU\'*Fg;ukd avhvm&efvkdtyfayOD;rnf/ ausmufpmt& "GwdpNE´rif;onf
r[m0d&rwkid rf D pNE´rif;qufwiG f aemufq;Hk rif;jzpfí at'D(597)rS at'D(610)xd pk;d pHcyhJ gonf/ (uk;d -
2? pm-159)/
"r®pNE´rif;onf "GwdpNE´rif;xuf (107)ESpf aemufusí xD;eef;pkd;pHcJhjcif;aMumifh "r®pNE´'*Fg;oGef;
vkyfrIonf "GwdpNE´oGef;vkyfcsdefxuf ESpfaygif;(107)ESpf aemufusrnfjzpfonf? "r®pNE ´'*Fg;wGif
a&;xkd;xm;aom tu©&mta&;tom;rSm at'D(6)&mpkokH;tu©&mta&;tom;rS ododomomtoGif
ajymif;vJaom ta&;tom;rsKd;r[kwfay? okdYaomf "r®pNE´rif;\eef;pHcsdefonf at'D(8)&mpktpwGif
jzpfonfukd owdûy&ayrnf/
OD;pHomatmifu ]ausmufpmvm 'kwd,rif;qufpm&if;wGif yg&Sdaom rif;(9)quf\'*Fg;rsm;ukd
awGU&S&d NyD;jzpfayonf/ þwGif ruao;? vufa&;vufom;ynmt& ,if;acwfwiG yf ifoeG ;f vkyo f nf[k
rSw, f El idk af om ]ol&,
d pNE´} '*Fg;wpfjym;ukd awGU&Sx
d m;onf? þol&, d pNE´\trnfrmS tmeE´pNE´ausmuf
pmrif;qufpm&if;ryg&Sday/ þawGU&Sdcsufukd &Sif;vif;&efvkdtyfaeayao;onf? (udk;-2? pm-161)/ [k
a&;om;cJh\/
þt"dyÜm,ft&qkdvQif þ'*Fg;ukdoGef;vkyfcJhaom ol&d,pNE´rif;onf at'D(370)rS (600)xd
pkd;pHaom 'GifpNE´rS "GwdpNE´xdrif;rsm;ESifh wpfacwfwnf;jzpfp&m&Sdí? at'D(600)rS (729)xdpkd;pHaom
r[m0d&rS teE´pNE´xdrif;qufwGifvnf;aumif;? at'D(788)rS (957)xdpkd;pHaom r[mwkdif;pNE´rS plv
pNE´xdrif;qufwGifvnf;aumif;? yg0ifaomrif;r[kwfonfrSm aocsmvSayonf? þ'*Fg;onf &mZ0if
vm ol&d,pNE´rif;\ '*Fg;omjzpfvQif at'D(6)&mpktwGif;u okH;pGJcJhaomtu©&mrsm;ESifhwlnDaom
tu©&mrsm;uko d ;Hk pGrJ nfr[kwb
f J tmeE´pNE´ausmufpmok;H tu©&mta&;tom;xuf aemufusaomta&;
tom;jzifhom oGef;vkyfzG,f&m&Sdygonf/
tb,faMumifhqkdaomf tmeE´pNE´ausmufpmonf &mZ0ifvm ol&d,pNE´rif;rwkdifrDu a&;xkd;xm;
aom ausmufpmjzpfonfhtjyif &mZ0ifvmol&d,pNE´rif;yg0ifonfh rif;qufrS oHCHpNE´rif;\'*Fg;wGif
a&;xkd;xm;aom a&SUajy;b*Fvdtu©&mvnf; &ckdifjynfokdYra&muf&Sdao;aomaMumifhyif jzpfayonf/
xkdYaMumifh awGU&Sd&aom ol&d,pNE´'*Fg;ukd oGef;vkyfaom ol&d,pNE´rif;onf &mZ0ifvmol&d,pNE´rif;
r[kwfonfrSm aocsmaeayawmhonf/
ausmufpmt& "Gwpd NE´rif;ewf&mG pHaom at'D600üyif yla&yl&rS r[m0d&onf a0omvDx;D eef;ukd
pkd;pHonf/ okdYaomf ol&d,pNE´'*Fg;onf vufa&;vufom;ynmt& ausmufpmvm yxra0omvDrif;
rsm;ESifh wpfacwfwnf;wGif oGef;vkyfjcif;jzpfrnf[k OD;pHomatmifcefYrSef;xm;ay&m ,if;'*Fg;oGef;vkyf
aomESpfukd vufa&;vufom;ynmt& at'D600xufaemufusí rnfokdYrQ rowfrSwfEkdifawmhay/
þol&d,pNE´'*Fg;onf vufa&;vufom;ynmt& ausmufpmvma0omvD yxrrif;quftwGif;[k
cefYrSef;&ojzifh 'kwd,rif;quftwGif;rS tapmqkH;awGU&Sdxm;&onfh "r®0dZ,'*Fg;xufvnf; a&S;us
onf[laomtcsufukd owd&rnfjzpfayonf/
ol&d,pNE´'*Fg;ü tu©&mta&;tom;ukdavhvmaomtcg ol\vuf0Jtay:ykdif;wGif ysufpD;aeNyD
jzpfaomfvnf; at'D6&mpktwGif;u a&;om;onfhykHpHtwkdif;yif a&;om;xm;aMumif;cefYrSef;Ekdifonf/
]&d}ukad &;om;&mwGif ]&}ukd 0d&pNE´'*Fg;wGif a&;xk;d xm;onft h wkid ;f yif a&;om;xm;umvk;H BuD;wif
ukd a&;&mwGif at'D6&mpktwGif;u ta&;tom;ESifh EIdif;pmvQif 0JbufokdYarmufcs&mwGif atmufokdY
&Snf&SnfrqGJawmhyJ tenf;i,fwkdoGm;onfukdawGU&onf/ (Pemela Gutman)url vkH;BuD;wifukd
0kid ;f pufpmG a&;om;xm;onf[k ,lqygonf/ (uk;d -9? pm-124)/ ],}ta&;tom;ukd avhvmaomtcg
OD;pGmtm;jzifh at'D6&mpktwGif;u &ckdifjynfwGif a&;om;aeaom],}tu©&mta&;tom; 4rsKd;&Sdonfukd
awGU&onf/ ,if;4rsKd;rSm (1)a0omvDaMu;eDjym;wGifa&;xkd;xm;aomta&;tom;(2)a0omvDoif;uspf
awmifausmufpmwGifa&;xkd;xm;aomta&;tom;? (3)a0omvDacgif;avmif;pmwGif a&;xkdk;xm;aom
ta&;tom;ESifh (4)oHwGJc½kdif ivGrf;armfausmufpmwGif a&;xkd;xm;aom ta&;tom;[k (4)rsKd;uGJjym;
pGmawGU&onf/ (ukd;-3? Z,m;-22-23)/
þwGif xl;jcm;onfrSm ol&d,pNE´'*Fg;wGif],}tu©&mta&;tom;onf oHwGJc½kdifivGrf;armf
ausmufpmwGif a&;xkd;xm;aom ta&;tom;rS wyg;/ at'D6&mpktwGif; tjcm;rnfonfhausmufpm?
aMu;eDjym;pm? acgif;avmif;pmwGifrS rawGU&jcif;jzpfygonf/(Pemela Gutman)u oHwGJc½kdif ivGrf;armf
ausmufpmukdavhvmí ,if;ausmufpmygta&;tom;rsm;onfvnf;aumif;? ,if;ausmufpmyg ],}
tu©&mta&;tom;ESifh at'D 7&mpktpykdif;wGif a&;om;okH;pGJcJhaom ta&;tom;rsKd;jzpfaMumif; qkday
onf/(ukd;-9?pm-94-124)/ þtcsufukdvnf; txlowdjyK&ef vkdtyfayonf/
wzefa0omvD'kwd,rif;qufrS "r®0dZ,'*Fg;ESifhEIdif;,SOfavhavmjyefvQifvnf; tu©&mta&;
tom;tvGeu f mG [aejcif;aMumifh "r®0Zd ,rif;xufEpS t
f wefMum apmpD;pGmuyif a0omvDüeef;pHcahJ om
rif;jzpfonf[k cefYrSef;Ekdifayonf/ xkdYjyifol&d,pNE´'*Fg;yg ]&}tu©&mta&;tom;onf0d&pNE´'*Fg;yg
ta&;tom;ESifhwlnDrIaMumifhvnf;aumif;? OD;pHomatmif\azmfjycsuft& þ'*Fg;ukdoGef;vkkyfaom
ol&d,pNE´rif;onf ausmufpmvma0omvDyxrrif;qufESifh wacwfwnf;jzpfaeaomaMumifh
vnf;aumif;? (Pemela Gutman)azmfjycsuft& ol&, d pNE´'*Fg;ay:rS ],}tu©&mta&;tom;onf at'D
6&mpktqk;H ESihf at'D7&mpktpwGif tok;H jyKaomta&;tom;jzpfaejcif;aMumifv h nf;aumif; þ'*Fg;ay:&Sd
tu©&ma&;xkd;xm;ykHrSm "GwdpNE´ESif ,if;rwkdifrDrif;rsm;\ '*Fg;rsm;wGifa&;xkd;cJhaom pmvkH;rsm;avmuf
0kdifpufajyjypfnDvmrI r&Sdjcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? þol&d,pNE´'*Fg;ukd oGef;vkyfcJhaomol&d,pNE´rif;
onf "GwfpNE´ewf&GmpHcJhaom ESpfxufvnf;rapm? r[m0d&eef;wufaom ESpfxufvnf;aemufrusyJ?
a0omvDwGifeef;pHcJhaomrif;wpfyg;jzpfonf[k ,lq&ayawmhrnf/
(Pemela Gutman)url ol&d,pNE´'*Fg;ukd at'D625ESifh 650tMum;wGif oGef;vkyfonf[k cefYrSef;
ygonf/ (ukd;-9? pm-127)? okdYaomf ,if;umvonf r[m0d&rS tmeE´pNE´rif;qufrSm (D.C-Siacar)
tvkdt& ao0if&ifrif;ESifh "r®ol&rif;wkdY\eef;pHcsdefrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;? (E.H-Johnston)\tvkdt&
"r®ol&ESifh 0ZD&owådrif;wkdY\eef;pHcsdefrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif; wkdufqkdifae½kHrQru ausmufpmvma0omvD
'kwd,rif;qufwGif rif;wpfyg;yg;ukdtrnfa&;rxkd;yJ csefxm;cJhonf rnfonfhoJvGefprS rawGU&aom
aMumifhvnf;aumif;/ þumvwGif ol&d,pNE´'*Fg;ukdoGef;vkyfzG,f&m taMumif;r&Sd[k ,lqygonf/
tu©&mta&;tom;t& r[m0d&tp&Sdaomrif;qufxuf a&S;uszG,fom&SdNyD; OD;pHomatmif\
cefYrSef;csuft& yxrrif;quftwGif;rS rif;jzpfEkdifaomaMumifh ol&d,pNE´'*Fg;oGef;vkyfcJhaomrif;onf
ausmufpmvmyxra0omvDrif;qufwGif trnfa&;rxkd;yJ csefxm;cJhaomrif;(3)yg;teufrS wpfyg;
tygt0ifjzpfonf[k rSwf,lEkdifygonf/
okdYaomfvnf; ausmufpm*gxm trSwf33t& "GwfpNE´rif;ewf&GmpHaomESpfüyif yla&yl&rS r[m
0d&onf a0omvDwGif xD;eef;pkd;pHonf/ okawoDrsm;uvnf; ausmufpmukd taxmuftxm;jyKí
r[m0d&onf a0omvDwiG f xD;eef;pk;d pHonf rlvpNE´rif;tquftEG,rf [kwb f J ppfyqJG ifEí
JT atmifjrif
ojzifh a0omvDwGif eef;pHoljzpfaMumif;qkdMuygonf/
okdYaomfr[m0d&\rlvûrdUawmfjzpfaom yla&yl&ESifhywfoufí t,ltquGJvGJvsuf&SdMuygonf/
E.H.Johnston uppfawGûrdUESihf ukw'D,Mum;&Sd yifv,furf;½k;d wef;rS ûrdUwpfûrdUjzpfNyD; ewfjrpfta&SUbuf
&ckdifykdifeuftwGif;&Sd b*Fvm;ESifh &ckdife,fpyfteD;rS]y½kr}a'ojzpfEkdifonfqkd\/ (Pemela Gutman)u
tqkdyg y½krrSm a&S;acwfu *päye'Dta&SUbufurf; 99ûrdUrS wpfûrdUjzpf[efwlaMumif;? &ckdiforkdif;rSwf
wrf;ukd ukd;um;íqkdygonf/(ukd;-9? pm-44)/
oluqufíyla&yl&onf b*Fvm;a'h&efS ,fajrbufreS wfjrpf0teD;&Sq d yd u
f rf;ûrdUwpfûrdY[k cef;rSe;f yg
onf/(ukd;-9?pm-171)/ OD;pHomatmifurl ausmufjzLc½kdif **Fg&GmrteD;wGif a0omvDESifh acwfNydKif
ûrdUwpfûrdU&SdcJhonf/ þûrdUonfyif yla&yl&ûrdUavm okdYr[kwf ½kd;rwpfzufu ysLvlrsKd;wkdY\ûrdYawmf qkd
onfukdrodEkdifay/(ukd;-2/ pm-212)[kqkdygonf/
þokdYqkdvQif yla&yl&rS r[m0d&ukdppf½IH;olonf rnfolayenf;/
tmeE´pNE´ausmufpmt&qkdvQif "GwfpNE´rif;onf a0omvDwGif 3ESpfpkd;pHNyD;aemuf ewf&GmpHaom
ESpfwGifyif r[m0d&onf a0omvDxD;eef;ukdpkd;pHcJhay&m r[m0d&xHwGif ppf½IH;cJholrSm "GwfpNE´yifjzpf
aMumif; rSwf,lp&mjzpfaeygonf/ okdYaomfpma&;oltxufwGif wifjycJhonfhtwkdif;-
(1) ol&d,pNE´'*Fg;yg vufa&;vufom;ynmt& ol&d,pNE´rif;onf ausmufpmvmyxr
a0omvDrif;rsm;\acwfwGif ay:aygufcJhaomrif;jzpfaejcif;/
(2) ol&d,pNE´'*Fg;onf ausmufpmvm"r®0dZ,? "r®pNE´rif;wkdY\ '*Fg;rsm;xufa&S;usí
,if;rif;rsm;yg0ifaoma0omvD'kwd,rif;qufrS r[m0d&xuf a&S;usaomrif;
jzpfaejcif;/
(3) ol&d,pNE´'*Fg;ygtu©&mta&;tom;rsm;onf ausmufpmvma0omvDyxrrif;qufrS
rif;rsm;\'*Fg;rsm;wGifygaom tu©&mta&;tom;rsm;teuf "GwfpNE´'*Fg;xuf
aemufus[ef&Sdjcif;/
 (4) ol&d,pjE´'*Fg;yg tu©&m(txl;ojzifh ],}tu©&m)ta&;tom;rSm vufa&;vufom;
ynmt& at'D6&mpktukef at'D7&mpktpwGif a&;xkd;aom '*Fg;jzpfaejcif;/
(5) ol&d,pjE´'*Fg;yg tu©&mta&;tom;onf &mZ0ifvmpjE´rif;quf\ acwfxufykdí
apmpD;pGmuyif &ckid jf ynfwiG f ok;H pGcJ ahJ om tu©&mta&;tom;jzpfjcif;aMumifh ol&, d pjE´
'*Fg;ukdoGef;vkyf cJhaom ol&d,pjE´rif;onf &mZ0ifvmol&d,pjE´rif; r[kwfaMumif;
ay:vGifaejcif;/
ponfYtaMumif;rsm;aMumifh þ'*Fg;ukdoGef;vkyfcJhaom ol&d,pjE´rif;onf "GwfpjE´rif;ewf&GmpHí
r[m0d&rif;eef;wufaom at'D600jynfESpfwGifyif a0omvDüpkd;pHcJhaom rif;wpfyg;jzpfaeayonf/
þokdYqkdvQif "GwfpjE´rif;ewf&GmpHNyD;aemuf at'D 600wGifyif a0omvDüeef;pHaomrif;rSm ol&d,
pjE´rif;ESihf r[m0d&rif;wkYd jzpfaeay&m ol&, d pjE´rif;ukd ausmufpma&;xk;d &mwGif tb,faMumifh csefvyS f
xm;cJhygoenf;/
taMumif;aMumif;ukd axmufpmvkdufvQif "GwdpjE´rif;onf at'D 597wGif a0omvDüxD;eef;pkd;pH
onf/ ,if;rif;onf at'D 600jynfhwGif ewf&GmpHonf/ "GwdpjE´rif;ewf&GmpHaomtcg ol&d,pjE´rif;
eef;wufonf/ þrif;onf &mZbdaour*Fvmusif;yNyD;onfESifh ol&d,pjE´'*Fg;oGef;vkyfawmfrlonf/
rMumrDtcsdeftwGif;üyif yla&yl&rS r[m0d&onf a0omvDukdppfjyKvmonf/ ppfyGJwGif ol&d,pjE´rif;
ppf½;HI í a0omvDx;D eef;ukd r[m0d&pk;d pHonf/ þokYd jzifh "Gwpf jE´rif;ewf&mG pHaomESp?f ol&, d pjE´x;D eef;
qufcHí '*Fg;oGef;vkyfvmonfhESpf? r[m0d&rif;a0omvDukdeef;wufaomESpfrSm wpfESpfwnf;twGif;ü
jzpfayonf/ xkdYaMumifh '*Fg;oGef;vkyfcJhaomfv nf; eef;pHumvrSm tvGefwkdawmif;vSaomaMumifh
ol&d,pjE´\trnfukd ausmufpma&;xkd;&mwGif xnfhoGif;jcif;rjyKyJ csefvSyfxm;cJhjcif;jzpfayrnf/
xkdYaMumifhr[m0d&onf a0omvDukdppfyGJqifETJpOfu r[m0d&xHppf½IH;olrSm ausmufpmwGifyg&Sd
aom "Gwpf jE´rif;r[kwyf J at'D600ckEpS üf yif eef;wufí acwårQeef;pHc&hJ NyD; xD;eef;ukpd eG Yf vw T cf &hJ aom
ol&d,pjE´'*Fg;ukdoGef;vkyfcJhonf ol&d,pjE´rif;yifjzpfzG,f&SdaMumif; wifjytyfygonf/

ukd;um;aompmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;

(1) &ckdif'*Fg; OD;pHomatmif

(2) tmeE´pjE´ OD;pHomatmif
(3) at'D6&mpkESifh ,if;rwkdifrD&ckdifjynfokH;tu©&m OD;pHomatmif
(4) &ckdifa&SUa[mif;ûrdUawmfrsm; xGef;a&Tckdif
(5) &cdkif&mZ0iforkdif;ESifhokawoDwkdY\tawG;tjrif OD;atmifomOD;
(6) Some Sans Krit Inscrip Tions of Arakan E.H-Johnston
(7) Inscriptions of Chan Dras of Arakan D.C-Sircar
(8) A Brief Note on The Old Capital of Arakan U San Shwe Bu
(9) Ancient Arakan Pamela Gutman
 a0omvDacwf ol&d,pjE´rif;ESpfyg;
&ckdiftmeE´pjE´ausmufpma&? at'D-8&mpktapmykdif;umvu &D;xkd;ca&twGufeefY? a'edtxd
vufqifhurf;yem,laqmifcuwfaw &ckdif&mZ0ifusrf;wdxJrSm? ½SdtusqkH;&mZ0ifrSwfwrf;jzpfygzkdY/
*EÅ0if&ckdifpum;tjyif? vuFmwdeefY&D;xm;ca&? t*kvuf[d&ckdif&mZ0ifwdpGm? t*ktcg&SmvkdYzGDvkdY
r&EkdifAsmjzpfaw rlv&ckdif&mZ0ifwdukd rSD;yem&D;om;rSwfwrf;wifcpGm jzpfuwfawtjyif? tenf;qkH;
bpD-3000ausmaf vmufu pwifyem? at'D-1800avmuftxd &ckid &f mZ0ifudk rSww f rf;wifcpGmjzpfaw
twGuef efY? bDp-D 7&mpku? at'D-729xd &ckid &f mZ0ifudk tusOf;avmufacs&D;xk;d ca& tmeE´pjE´ausmuf
pmeefY ESKdif;pmau? ykdvkdYjynfhpkHa&/ ,if;ykdifrSwfcsufcsEdkifyga&/ a,auav;? t*kvuf[d&mZ0ifwdukd
jyKpkcwwfaw&mZ0ifq&mwdpGm? rl&if;taeeefY &mZ0ifwpfapmifxJukdrSDjirf;cuwfpGm r[kwfawtjyif?
,if;&mZ0ifq&mwd rSDjirf;ca& &mZ0ifwdxJrSm tmeE´pjE´ausmufpmrygqkdpGmawmh'g oDcsma&udpöyg/
rif;t&DtwGuf? rif;emar? eef;wufawckESpf? eef;pHESpfaygif;½kdUukdaz:jypGmrSm? &mZ0ifwdrwluGJjym;edef
uwfawtjyif? bDpD-7&mpku edefyem at'D 729txd &mZ0ifukdaz:jypGmrSm &mZ0ifusrf;tm;vkH;½kdUa&
tmeE´pjE´ausmufpmeefY vkH;0uGJjym;edefa&tcsufu oufoDyifr[kwfygvm;/
,if;ykid u
f jJG ym;ederf uwfpmG xJu a0omvDacwfeefYywfoufvYdk ajym&zkYd / ,if;ykid v f Ydk qadk u? ausmuf
pmrSmyga& pjE´rif;trsm;pk½Udk emarwdudk cyfEydS x f m;a& '*Fg;wduw dk &dG a&twGuef efY? ausmufpmvmpjE´rif;
qufpmG aoma0omvDrmS trSeef ef;pHcuwfawqkpd mG ukd uReaf wmf½Udk vufc, H MHk unf&ygzkYd/ ,if;ykid yf g Asm,f/
&mZ0ifvmpjE´rif;qufu rif;wcsKUd '*Fg;ukw d &dG jyefa&twGu/f &mZ0ifxu J pjE´rif;wdvaJ omh a0omvDrmS
trSefeef;pHcuwfawvkdY ,lq&yga&/
okawoDwdtqkdt&? ausmufpmvm]'GifpjE´}uedefyem]"GwdpjE´}txd rif;wdukd at'D370u 600
txd eef;pHca& a0omvdyxrrif;quf?]r[m0D&} uedefyem]tmeE´pjE´}txd rif;wdukd at'D 600u
729txdeef;pHca& a0omvD 'kw, d rif;qufvYdk owfrw S uf wfyga&/ ausmufpmyxrrif;quftqk;H rSm
rif;(16)yg;vkdYjyqkdxm;auav? &DwGufMunfha&tcgrif;(13)yg;&mwGd&yga&/ ,if;twGufeefYtaMumif;
trsKd;rsKds;aMumifh ausmufpmrSm r&D;xkd;yJeefY? csefxm;ca&rif;(3)yg;[kdedefpGmukd wGd&yga&/
ausmufpmvm yxrrif;qufu? rif;wdeefY? eef;pHEpS ?f ouú&mZf½Udk ukad z:jyygar(uk;d -1/pm-159)/
(1) 'GifpjE´ (at'D370-425) (2) &mZpjE´ (at'D425-445)
(3) umvpjE´ ( / 445-454) (4) a'0pjE´ ( / 454-476)
(5) ,VpjE´ ( / 476-483) (6) pjE´AE¨K ( / 483-489)
(7) blrpd jE´ ( / 489-496) (8) blwpd jE´ ( / 496-520)
(9) eDwdpjE´ ( / 520-575) (10) 0D&pjE´ ( / 575-578)
(11) NyDwdpjE´ ( / 578-590) (12) jyxGDpjE´ ( / 590-597)
(13) "GwdpjE´ ( / 597-600)
ausmufpm'kw, d rif;qufrmS rif;(9)yg;yg0ifNyD;au? rif;rif;½kUd ? eef;pHEpS ?f ouú&mZf½Udk au az:jyyg
ar(ukd;-1/ pm-171)/
(1) r[m0D& (at'D 600-612) (2) 0&,Zyf (at'D 612-624)
(3) ao0d&mZf ( / 624-636) (4) "r®ol& ( / 636-649)
(5) 0Z&owåd ( / 649-665) (6) "r®0dZ, ( / 665-701)
(7) e0&jE´0dZ, ( / 701-704) (8) "r®pjE´ ( / 704-720)
 (9) tmeE´pjE´ ( / 720-729)
&ckid &f mZ0ifwrd mS awmhcg a0omvDacwfrmS pjE´rif;(9)yg;pk;d pHca&vkYd az:jyuwfyga&/ OD;pHomatmif
u]]&ckid &f mZ0ifrmS pjE´rif;qufudk at'D 8&mpkuedeyf em 10&mpkxpd ;dk pHca&vkq d akd &/ rif;(9)yg;[dNyD;au?
aemufqkH;rif;pGm rlvpjE´rif;jzpfaw/ ,if;rif;qufpGm at'D-957avmufrSmysufawvkdY(ukd;-2/ pm-
7)&D;cyga&/ OD;pHa&Tbu k ? r[mwkid ;f pjE´rif;eef;wufca&ESpu f dk at'D-788vkYd azmfjyyem? plvpjE´ewf&mG
pHa& ouú&mZfukd at'D-957vkdY (ukd;-6/ pm-5^6)&D;yga&/ &mZ0ifvmpjE´rif;½kdU eef;pHouú&mZfwdukd
azmfjyygar/
(1) r[mwkdif;pjE´ (at'D 788-810) (2) ol&d,pjE´ (at'D-810-830)
(3) armvpjE´ ( / 830-849) (4) aygvpjE´ ( / 849-875)
(5) umvpjE´ ( / 875-884) (6) xlvpjE´ (/ 884-903)
(7) oD&dpjE´ ( / 903-935) (8) odCHpjE´ (/ 935-951)
(9) plvpjE´ ( / 951-957)
OD;pHomatmifu ]]a'&mZ0ifvmrif;wdpGm a0omvDrSm aeSmif;acwfrSmrS &mpkd;pHca&rif;wdjzpfygzkdY/
'*Fg;wdu? a'rif;wdrwkid ;f cifuyif a0omvDrmS pjE´rif;quf,cdS zl;a&qkpd mG az:jyedeu f wfaw}}vkYd (uk;d -
2/ pm-7) &D;xm;a&/ q&mBuD;OD;pHomatmif t&D;tom;t&qkad u? &mZ0ifxu J pjE´rif;qufpmG ? tmeE´
pjE´aemufrS a0omvDrSmpkd;pHca&rif;qufjzpfawvkdY oabmaygufyga&/ ,if;ykdifvkdYqkdau &mZ0ifvm
a0omvDpjE´rif;qufeef;pHumvukd txufrSmwifjya&twkdif; at'D 8&mpku? 10&mpkxdpkd;pHca&vkdY
jyxm;a& &ckdif&mZ0ifpGmtrSefjzpfygzkdY/
E.H. Johnston uausmufpmvm]'Gif} qkdpum;vDoHeefY? &mZ0ifvm]wkdif;}qkda&pum;vDoH ½kdUpGmwl
uwfaw/ bmomaA't&vkYdqadk &/ ,if;ykid af jymyem ausmufpmeefY? &mZ0if½Udk rSmyguwfaw pjE´rif;quf
½kdUukd qufpyfa&mxGD;zkdYBudK;pm;zl;a&/ ]&mZ0ifvm pjE´rif;qufpGm ausmufpmvmpjE´rif;qufukdrSef;q
ûyjyifazmfjyxm;pGmjzpfawvkdY (ukd;-7/pm-357^85)qkda&/ ,if;t,ltqeefYwqufwnf;wlnDa&
q&mBuD; OD;atmifomOD;tqkdu]&mZ0ifrSm rif;(9)qufqkda&pum;pGm? bkef;wefckd;BuD;NyD;au xif&Sm;
ausmfMum;a&rif;(9)qufukdqkdvkdjcif;jzpfawmvkdY? &D;om;jcif;yifjzpfyga&/
E.H. Johnston eefYOD;atmifomOD;½kdUawG;qcsufwdukd tNcD;ysm;wcsKdUuausmufpmeefY&mZ0ifrSm
]umvpjE´}vkYd emarwlyga&? ,if;ykid v f Ydkqydk em? ausmufpmuoD&"d r®0Zd ,rif;pGm? &mZ0ifxu J oD&pd jE´rif;
jzpfawvkdY (ukd;-4?pm-192)&D;vlu&D;? tmeE´pjE´rif;ukdyif? &mZ0ifrSmyg[da&]xlvpjE´}rif;jzpfawvkdY
(uk;d -5?pm-126) &Dvu l &D;eefY? u½kud wf xku d wf &d ;D vmuwfpmG wG&d yga&/ ,if;ykid ef efYyif ]r[mwkid ;f pjE´
rif;pGm 'GifpjE´jzpfaw}vkdY &D;yem? &mZ0ifrSmyga&pjE´rif;qufeef;wufouú&mZfwdukd ausmufpmeefY
ñSdyem
(1) r[mwkdif;pjE´ (at'D-327-384) (2) ol&d,pjE´ (at'D-384-433)
(3) azmvpjE´ ( / 433-481) (4) aygvpjE´ ( / 481-525)
(5) umvpjE ( / 525-576) (6) wlvpjE´ ( / 576-595)
(7) oD&dpjE´ ( / 595-667) (8) odCHpjE´ ( / 667-733)
(9) plvpjE´ ( / 733-769)

,if;ykdifysifyem&D;uwfyga& (ukd;-4/ pm-191)att,ltqpGm? OD;pHa&Tbk½kdU? OD;pHomatmif½kdU

a&;om;xm;csufwdeefYrukdufyg/
uRefawmfa&? ausmufpm? BuD;eDjym;pm? '*Fg;pmeefY&mZ0if½kdUukd ñSDyem? &mZ0ifvmpjE´rif;qufpGm
ausmufpmvmpjE´rif;qufukd rSef;qûyjyifxm;pGmr[kwfaMumif;? bkef;wefckd;BuD;rm;a&rif;(9)yg;ukdqkdvkd
pGmr[kwfaMumif;? r[mwkdif;pjE´rif;pGm teE´pjE´ewf&GmpHNyD;rS&m? a0omvDrSmeef;pHca7rif;qufjzpfaw
taMumif;ukd? 1986-o[m,r*¾Zif;(1)rSm ]'GifpjE´onf r[mwkdif;pjE´avm}aqmif;yg;? 1994-&ckdif
r*¾Zif;(16)rSm ]r[m0D&ukd ppf½IH;ol}aqmif;yg;? 1998-&ckdif½kd;rr*¾Zif;(2)rSm ]a0omvDacwftjrifopf}
aqmif;yg;
½kYd rmS tus,f&;D om;cygAsm,f/ ,if;aqmif;yg;wduadk vhvmNyD;? ataqmif;yg;ukd zwfau uRefawmf
qkdvkdpGm? uRefawmfht,ltqukd&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;odEkdifygzkdY/
a,au? t*ka0omvDacwfo&l , d pjE´rif;(2)yg;ukd wifjypGmrSm av;? ausmufpmvmpjE´rif;qufpmG ?
&mZ0ifvmpjE´rif;qufeefYZmwpfckav rywfoufqkdZGmukd wpdaoQwifjyzkdYvkdtyfeDefyga&/
ausmufpmeefY&mZ0ifrSm]umvpjE´} emrnfygpGmudpöjzpfyga&/ ausmufpmrSm ]umvpjE´} qkdpGm
oD o D c smcsmjywf j ywf o m;om;zwf v k d Y &pG m um;r[k w f y g/ E.H. Johnstonu,i;f pum;vk H ;
pGm]bmv}rjzpfEidk ?f ]umv}eefY]&mv}wckcjk zpfEidk af &qkyd em ]umv}vkYd &D;xm;cpGm&mjzpfyga&/ OD;pHomatmif
u]](um)v}}vkYdroDcsma& t"dygÜ ,feefY&;D xm;cyga&/ (uk;d -1/pm-80)P.Gutmanu,if;pum;vk;H ukd ]bmv}
vkdY ,lqyem,if;rif;emarukd [Ba]La Candna'vkdY (ukd;-8/ pm-55)&D;yga&/
NyD;au? &mZ0ifrSmoD&dpjE´rif;a&? oHCawmf(2000)yifhzdwfNyD;au ax&0g'yd#uwfawmfeefYtX
uxmusrf;wdukd o*Fg,emwifa&vkdYarmfuGef;vuFmrSm wGd&yga&/ ausmufpmrSm oD&d"r®0dZ,rif;
taMumif;azmfjy&mrSm ]&wemokH;yg;ukdtpOfatmufrdjcif;ukokdvfeefY,SOfaomaMumifh}vkdY ,i;fykdif&mwGd
&yga&/ ]o*Fg,e}]oF*w d }D ]oHCor*¾}qkad & oHCmawmf½Udk pkpnf;rIeefY? o*Fg,emeefYywfoufaw pum;
vkH;t&dyfta&mifaoQyifrwGd&yg/ oD&d"r®0dZ,ri;f&mtrSefo*Fg,emwifczkdY/ ,if;ykdifqkdau? tmeE´pjE´
rif;pGm? ausmufpmrSm o*Fg,emeefYywfoufvkdY xnfhoGif;&D;xkd;cygzkdY/ a,ZkeefYoD&dpjE´mrif;eefY oD&d
"r®0dZ,rif;½kdU twlwljzpfawvkdYqkdpGm rrSefEkdifyg/
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tcsdeuf ek ef ed pf mG wG&d a&/ ,if;xlvpjE´udk tmeE´pjE´qv dk Ydk Zmykid jf zpfEidk yf gzkYd v/J ,i;fyidk ;f As,f/ ausmufpm
u umvpjE´qkda& rif;aumif;rif;jrwfyg&m/ &mZ0ifxJu umvpjE´rif;u? xlvpjE´rif;ykdifygAs,f/
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rzkdYum;rwefyg/ ,if;--umvpjE´? xlvpjE´rif;½kdYukdum;? bkef;wefckd;BuD;rm;NyD;? xif&Sm;ausmfMum;a&
rif;wdvkdYZmykdifowfrSwfEkdifygzkdYav;/ ,if;twGufeefY &mZ0ifvmpjE´rif;qufpGm ausmufpmxJu
rif;qufukd wenf;enf;ukd,fpm;ûyaz:jypGmr[kwfvkdY,lqyga&/
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aw '*Fg;wdukdwGdxm;&ygAsm,f/ a,NyD;em? vuf&D;vufom;ynmt& ,if;acwfrSmyifoGef;vkyfaw
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ausmufpmrSrygyg/ þwG, d cdS sufudk &Si;f vif;zkYd vedk ed yf god,if/h &ckid &f mZ0ifrmS awmhcg ol&, d pjE´rif;xuf
aemufusa&]odCHpjE´rif;} '*Fg;eefY? ausmufpmvm 'kwd,rif;qufu]"r®pjE´rif;}'*Fg;½kdUukd ESKdif;,SOf
avhvmzkdYvkdtyfvmygAsm,f/
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ukd;um;a&pmtkyfpmwrf;
(1) OD;pHomatmif tmeE´pjE´(½Spf&mpk&ckdifa0omvDrif;)
(2) / &ckdif'*Fg;rsm;
(3) / at'Dajcmuf&mpkESifhrwkdifrD&ckdifjynfokH;tu©&m
(4) xGef;a&Tckdif &cdkifa&S;a[mif;ûrdUawmfrsm;
(5) atmifvSodef; a0omvDacwfpdppfcsuf? &ckdifr*¾Zif;(17)
(6) San Shwe Bu A Briefrlate On the Old Capitals of Arakan (Golden Tid-bid of Arakan-1964)
(7) E.H Johnston Some Sanskrit Insuiptians of Arakan
(8) P. Gutman Ancient Arakan

yOö NrdKUoufwrf;ESifh NrdKUwnfESpf

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usrf;ukd;pm&if;
1/ q&mirnf &ckdif&mZ0if
2/ tif;apmuf&mZ0if
3/ OD;pHomatmif &ckdif'*Fg;rsm;/
4/ OD;pHomatmif tmeE´pjE´
5/ xGef;a&Tckdif &ckdifa&S;a[mif;ûrdUawmfrsm;
6/ xGef;a&Tckdif &ckdifa0omvDacwfAk'¨tEkynm/
7/ atmifvSodef; a0omvDacwfpDppfcsuf(&ckdifr*¾Zif;-17)
8/ a'gufwmapmxGef;atmif &Spfaomif;bk&m;ausmufpmwkdifajrmufrsufESm/
9/ U San Shwe Bu A Brief Note on the Old Capitals of Arakan.
10/ Pamela Gutman Ancient Arakan
11/ U San Tha Aung The Buddhits Art of Ancient Arakan.

&ckdifjynf Ak'¨omoem orkdif;OD;

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aMumif;Christmas Humphreys\Buddhismusr;f pmwGiaf wGU&ygonf/ OD;pHomatmifurl Ak'o ¨ moem twGi;f
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taxmuftxm;rsm;ukd tajcûyí &ckdif&mZ0iftqkdukd qef;ppf&ayvdrfhrnf/
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[k ork'x f u dk af om pajE´m',rif;onf}} [laomtyk'd rf S ]]olawmfpif[o k rk'x f u dk af om}} qko d nf0h ad oo
ûycsufukd taMumif;ûyí awG;awmcJhMu\/ ,if;rwkdifrD rif;rsm;ukdrl ]]cGeftm;BuD;aomrif;}} ]]EkdifiHa&;
uRrf;usifaomrif;}}[líavmuDqkdif&m 0daoorsm;jzifhom csD;usL;xm;NyD;vQif pajE´m',rif;rpí
]]olawmfpif[k ork'fxkdufaom}} ]]oDvNrJaom}} ]]tvSL'ge&ufa&maom}}ponfh avmukwå&mqkdif&m
*kPfyk'frsm;jzifh 0daooûyxm;aomaMumifh pajE´',rif;vufxufrSpí &ckdifjynfwGif Ak'¨omoemxGef;
um;cJhonf[k,lqMuygonf/
at'Dyxr&mpk aemufykdif;umvrsm;wGif tdE´d,jynf ukoetifyg,mukd tkyfpkd;aom]]uedoQu
rif;}}vufxufwGif r[m,meEG,f0if oAÁwdu0g'*kdPf;onf pwkw¬o*Fg,emudk wifMuygonf/
,if;umvwGif *&dausmufqpfynm\ vTrf;rkd;rIatmuf0,f *E¨&tEkynmacwfonf tvGefxGef;um;cJh
ygonf/ þrif;vufxuf *E¨&tEkynmacwfrpS í Ak'\ ¨ ½kyyf mG ;awmfrsm;ukd pwifxv k yk v f mMuygonf/
tqkdyg½kyfyGm;qif;wkrsm; oGef;vkyfukd;uG,frIynmonf r[m,me0g'ESifhtwl ywf0ef;usifEkdifiHrsm;okdY
ysHUESHUcJhygonf/ e,fajrcsif;tvGefeD;pyfaom &ckdifjynfokdYESpfaygif;w&mtwGif; ysHUESHU&efrSmjzpfEkdifp&m&Sd
ygonf/ xkYd aMumif&h ckid jf ynf&dS rlvax&0g'omoemtwGi;f r[m,meAk'b ¨ mom xyfrí H a&muf&cdS rhJ nf
rSm oHo,&Sdp&mrvkday/ pajE´m',rif;vufxuf a&muf&Sdvmaom r[m,me Ak'¨bmomESifhtwl
qif;wkawmf oGef;vkyfukd;uG,frIvnf; a&muf&Sdvmvdrfhrnf/ okdYrSomr[mrked½kyfwkawmfukd þrif;
vufxufoGef;vkyfcJhonf[k cefYrSef;Ekdifygrnf/ ouú&mZfukdpdppfcJhjcif;? trnfemreD;pyfjcif;rQaMumifh
omvQif r[kwrf b l J r[mrkeq d if;wkawmftm; at'D(2)&mpkwiG f oGe;f vkyjf cif;jzpfEidk o f nft h aMumif;vnf;
E.H JohnstoniESifh OD;jrifhaqGwkdYonf &mZ0ifvmpE´ol&d,rif;ESifh tmeE´pjE´ausmufpmyg pajE´m',rif;udk
twlwljzpfonf[k ,lqcJhMujcif;jzpfwef&mygonf/ xkdYaMumifh pajE´m',rif;vufxufrSpí a&muf&Sd
vmaom omoemonf r[m,eAk'b ¨ momjzpfNyD; &ckid jf ynfoYdk 'kw,
d tBudraf jrmuf 0ifa&mufvmaom
Ak'¨omoemjzpfaMumif; ,lq&ayawmhrnf/

&ckdifax&0g' omoem rlvblw

2000-jynfEh pS ?f pufwifbmvxkwf ½ky&f iS af w;uAsm&opkrH *¾Zif;wGif q&mBuD; a'gufwmoef;xGe;f
\]]uRefawmfvJtajzrodyg}}aqmif;yg;ukd zwf½I&ygonf/ q&mBuD;\aqmif;yg;wGif t"dutcsuf
ok;H csuu f dk awGU&NyD;,if;ok;H csut
f eufwiG ]f ]c&pf&pS &f mpkq&dk if ysLu[de,ejzpfaeNyD? &ckid u
f b,ftcsed u
f
pNyD; [de,ejzpfcJhygovJ}}[laom tcsufvnf;yg0ifygonf/
xkdYaMumifh &ckdifax&0g'omoemESifhywfoufí orkdif;OD;tajctaeukd &ckdifa'otwGif;awGU&Sd
&aom taxmuftxm;rsm;ukdtajccHí wifjyvkdygonf/
okawoetjrift& Ak'¨onf rZÑdra'orS tjyifokdYc&D;rxGufcJhyg/ qif;wkawmfukd;uG,frIonf
c&pfESpf 76-ckxuf rapmyg/ bk&m;a&mufonf[k &ckdifu 15-&mpktwGif;u pa&;ygonf/ jrefrm?
rGef wkdYuvnf; a&;Muygonf/ oD[kdVfrSr[m0Housrf;t&qkdvQif oD[kdVfom;wkkdY c&pf6-&mpkuyifa&;
Muygonf/
16-&mpktwGif; wdbufbkef;awmfBuD;wm&memhofa&;cJhaom tdE´d,Ak'¨omoemorkdif;pmtkyfwGif
]]&ckdif? yk*H? [Hom0wDe,frsm;ukd tmaomurif;BuD;vufxufuyif a'&0g'omoema&muf&SdcJhonf/
0okAE¨KacwfoYdk a&mufro S m r[m,mea&mufvmcJo h nf[k a&;om;cJyh gonf/ (N.R.Ray, Sanskrit Buddhis,
in Burma, 1936, Calcutta, P-80) c&pf128-rwkdifrDuyif jrefrmEkdifiHajrmufykdif;ukd jzwfoGm;aom w½kwf?
tdE´d,vrf;rBuD; wGifus,faeNyDjzpfygonf/ (Luce and Pe Maung Tin, Burma Down to the Fall of Pagan,
JBRSFAP, Rangon, 1960, P-385)/tmoH? ZDcRrfe,frsm;ukd jzwfaomvrf;jzpfygonf/
þvrf;rS &ckdifokdYqif;aomvrf;(2)vrf;&Sdygonf/ ppfwaumif;? aumhyZm;? &mrl;urf;ajcbufrS
0ifvmaomvrf;ESihf ukvm;wefjrpfzsm;ykid ;f rS awmifMum;twkid ;f pkeq f if;vmaom vrf;jzpfygonf/ 1611-
ckESpfu ay:wl*Dbkef;awmfBuD; refe&pfonf þ'kwd,vrf;jzifha&mufvmNyD; ajrmufOD;ûrdUawmfokdY
a&muf&SdcJhygonf/ emvE´mESifh wkduf½kdufqufoG,fEkdifaomvrf;jzpfNyD; ouf? ûrd?crD;?&ckdifwkdYonf &ckdif
a'otwGif;okdY þvrf;rsm;jzifh 0ifa&mufcJhMuonf/ (xGef;a&Tckdif? ]]&ckdifa0omvDacwf Ak'¨tEkynm}}/
&efukef? 1990?pm-4)
tmeE´pjE´ausmufpmt& &ckdifwGifc&pfBudKESpf 6-&mpkuyif xD;eef;pkdufí ûrdUjy,Ofaus;rI
wnfaqmufNyD;jzpfygonf/ &ckdifa&S;a[mif;ayrl t[d HouolZ0HoESifh a0omvD&mZ0ifayrlrsmt&
&cdkife,fajrwpfckvkH;tm; wkdif;(9)wkkdif;cGJí owfrSwfcJh&mwGif r[d Houwkdif;[laom trnfjzifh
wkdif;wpfckyg0ifonfukd awGU&ygonf/ 1930-ckESpfu rEÅav;ûrdUrS½kdufESdyfxkwfa0cJhonfh &rf;NAJawmif
ausmif;q&mawmfBuD;a&;om;cJhonfh]]tdE´d,e,fykHusrf;}}wGif r[d Houwkdif;qkdonfrSm ta&SUb*Fvm;
ESifh&ckdifurf;ajca'oukd jyqkdxm;ygonf/ taomurif;vufxufu yg#vdokwfrS t&Sifa&0wESifh
&[ef;ig;yg;onf r[d o H uwkid ;f okYd omoemûyxGucf ahJ Mumif; taomuausmufpmwGif a&;xk;dk cJyh gonf/
c&pfBudKESpf 3-&mpk? taomurif;BuD;vufxufu &ckdifa'ookdYa&muf&SdcJhaom Ak'¨omoem\
taxmuftxm;ukd &SmazGqef;ppfaomtcg ajrmufOD;ûrdU&Spfaomif;bk&m;ukef;awmfay:rS ausmufcsyfwpf
csyfukdawGU&ygonf/ t&Snf8ay6vufr? tus,f2ay5vufr? xk1ay 4vufr&Sdygonf/ ausmufcsyf
\ atmufzuftpGef;wGif xkxGif;xm;aom vuFsm&pfc½koif;ykHyg&Sdonf/ ,if;c½koif;xdyfrS MumyGifh
wpfyGifhxkd;xGufaeNyD; MumyGifh\tzsm;rsm;onf "r®pMumt0kdif;ukd xdaeygonf/
(ykH)
&Spfaomif;bk&m;ukef;awmfay:rSausmufcsyf
(þausmufcsyfykHukd OD;pHomatmif\ ]]tmeE´jE´}} pm-19?ykH-7ukd ul;,lazmfjyygonf)
azmfcsr®mu? jA[®P0g'ukd uk, d pf m;ûyaom c½koif;rSA'k u¨ ,
dk pf m;Mumyef;ykx H xk iG ;f vmNyD; Ak'w
¨ &m;
awmfu, dk pf m; "r®pMumt0dik ;f xGi;f xkxm;onf[k qkyd gonf/ (E.Forchammar, "Arakan"Chap.11, Mrohaung,
P20/21)/
tdE´d,wGif taomurif;vufxufü Ak'¨qif;wkawmfukd;uG,frIr&Sdyg/ apwDykxkd;? vkdPf*lrsm;ü
Ak'¨0ifcef;rsm;ukdawGU&aomfvnf; Ak'¨qif;wkawmfxkvkyfrIukd *½kpkdufía&SmifusOfcJhygonf/
qif;wkawmfukd;uG,frI wGifus,fvmNyD;aemufüyif ty&r[m0deaovd,*kdPf;ESifh r[d Homou
*kdPf;wkdYonf qif;wkawmfukd;uG,frIukd tqkH;xdvufrcHcJhMuyg/ (H. Sarcar, ''Some Aspects of the Buddhist
Monuments at Nagajunikonda, 1960, P-84)/ taomuAk'0 ¨ ifcef;rsm;wGif Ak'\ ¨ uk,
d pf m;? aAm"dyify?Hk "r®pMumyk?H
xlygykHrsm;ukdomawGU&NyD; qefcsDykxkd; wk½kdPfwkdifrsm;wGif aAm"dyif 67-ykH? "r®pMum 6-ykH? xlyg 32-
ykHawGU&ygonf/ tr&0wDwGifrl ajcawmf&mykH? Mumyef;ykHrsm;ukdawGU&ygonf/ þoauFw
uk;d uG,rf rI sm;onf qif;wkawmfu;dk uG,rf rI wkid rf u
D xGe;f um;cJyh gonf/ &ckid w f iG af wGU&onfh Mumyef;yk?H
"r®pMumt0kdif;ykHrsm;onf c&pfBudKESpf(3)&mpk? taomuacwftwGif; arm&d,tifyg,mrS ax&0g'
omoemESifhtwlysHUESHUvmaom oauFwukd;uG,frItaxmuftxm;jzpfonf[k,lqygonf/ Ak'¨
oauFwukd;uG,frItjcm;wpfckrSm &Spfaomif;bk&m;*ltwGif;okdY a&muf&Sdaeaomajcawmf&mjzpfygonf/
tjcm;aESmif;acwfajcawmf&mrsm;ESifhrwl/ jzpfawmfpOfrsm;vnf;rygaom? omref½kd;½kd;ajcawmf&mrsm;om
jzpfNyD;tvGefa&S;us[ef&Sdygonf/ &Spfaomif;ykxdk;wnf bk&ifrif;Amonf rnfonfhae&mrS ajymif;a&TU
ylaZmfcJhonf[k rSwfwrf;rawGUrdao;yg/ þajcawmf&mrsKd;tm; em**sLeduGef'gteD;rS tr&0wDwGifom
awGU&ygonf/
omoemhorkdif;wGif ajcawmf&mxGif;xkukd;uG,frIonf qif;wkawmfoGef;vkyfukd;uG,frIxufykdí
a&S;usonf[kawGU&ygonf/(W.Awalf, ''Buddhism, Art and Faith, The Buddha Legend, P-32/33)
c&pfESpf150-cefYu wkdavrD\rSwfwrf;ü **Fgjrpf0rSta&SUbufokdYoGm;vQif ud&'d,ESifh bm&uk&
okdYa&mufonf/ qufíoGm;vQif ]]aiGajrokdYa&mufonf/]]aiGajr}}wGif]]qifA&}}]]q'g;}}]]ab&b le}}
]]awrvm}}ûrdUrsm;&SdMuonf/ ,if;rvGefvQif yifv,ftilukda&mufonf/ ]]aiGajr}}qkdonfrSm &ckdifa'o
jzpfNyD; yifv,ftilqkdonfrSm armfwifpGef;jzpfEkdifonf/ (]]tajcjyjrefrmekdifiHa&;orkdif;}}y-wGJ?pm-216)
c&pfESpf-50cefYu]]yGefykd;ed,yfarvm}}\rSwfwrf;wGif **Fgjrpf0Srf;rS ta&SUbufokdYqufíoGm;vQif
a&TuRef;? aiGuRef;rsm;okYd a&mufonf/ teD;tem;uRef;rsm;wGif vlrnf;rsm;aexkid Mf uonf[k awGU&onf/
(¤if;-pm-216)/ c&pfESpfyxr&mpktwGif; ]]tD&Do&D,efa&aMumif;rSwfwrf;}}wGif tqkdyg a&TuRef;?
aiGuRef;rsm;ESifh **Fgjrpf0Srf;okdYoGm;aeaom ]]uvef'D,kdzkefwm}}[kac:am &GufavSBuD;rsm; tdE´d,awmif
ykdif;wGif awGU&aMumif; rSwfwrf;awGU&ygonf/ (H.G Luce.J.B.R.S.F.A.P Vol, 1960.Rangon.P-386)/
&ckdiforkdif;okawoDyifyvm*wårifonf qD;'D;pfESifhA&m'JvfwkdY\pmwrf;rsm;ukd ukd;um;í]]bm&
uk&}}onf ewfjrpf0wGif&Sdonff/ ]q'g;}qkdonfrSm oHwGJûrdUjzpfonf/ &ckdifa'oonf tdEd́,ta&SUbuf
urf;a'orsm;ESifh a&aMumif;c&D;tquftoG,f&Sdonf[k qkdygonf/ (P. Gutman, ''Ancient Arakan'' Ph.D.
Thesis, Australlian National University, 1976, P-37)/ &cdik Ef iS t
hf Ed ,
d´ ta&SUbufurf;a'oonf rnfonft h csed u
f
pwifqufoG,fcJhonfukd rod&aomfvnf; c&pfESpfqef;pwGifrl qufoG,frIwGifus,faeNyDjzpfygonf/
(¤if;?pm-7/8 )/
c&pfESpf(3)&mpktwGif;ü em**sLeDuGefY'gwGif tkyfpkd;cJhaom ]wåoGmuk}rif;qufrS ]r'´&dykwåoD&d
0D&yk&do'wå}rif;\eef;pH(14)ESpfajrmufüa&;xkd;cJhaomausmufpmwGif tdE´d,awmifykdif;rS ax&0g'
&[ef;rsm;omoemûyxGufcJhaom a'orsm;ukdazmfjycJhygonf/ ,if;a'otrnfrsm;wGif ]]pdvmw}}jynf
[kyg0ifygonf/ (N.R Ray, ''An introdction to the Studey of Theravada Buddhism in Bwima, Culculta, 1946,P-15)/
þausmufpmrS pdvmwjynfqkdonfrSm r[mbm&w? [&d0Ho? yl&PESifh yOöwEÅpaom ouúwusrf;
rsm;wGif azmfjyxm;onfh ]]ud&mw}}yifjzpfonf/ wkad vrD\rSww f rf;wGiyf g&Sad om ]]wdvm'g;}}qko
d nfrmS
]]pdvmw}}ukd *&doHjzifhajymMum;jcif;jzpfNyD; wkdavrD\ ]]wdvm'g;}}ausmufpmrS ]]pdvmw}}ESifh ouúw
usrf;rsm;rS]]ud&mw}}wkdYvnf; twlwlyifjzpfMuygonf/(¤if;/ pm-15)/
rmua@;,syl&mZfusrf;tvkdESifh EIdif;,SOfvQif ]]ud&mw}}qkdonfrSm &ckdifa'owpfckvkH;ESifh jrefrm
Ekid if aH tmufyidk ;f [k a'gufwma&;uqkyd gonf/ (Theravada Buddhism in Burma P-16)/ a'gufwmueef*u dk rl
ppfwaumif;a'oESifh &cdkifurf;ajcukdqkdvkdaMumif; a&;ygonf/(S.B. Qanungo, ''A History Of Chiltagong''
Vol (1), 1988. P-51)/jrefrmEkdifiHa&S;a[mif;ûrdUjyEkdifiHrsm;jzpfaom ud&mwjynf? usifvifjynf? vif,efjynf
wkdYwGif Ak'¨0g'a&muf&SdxGef;um;cJhygonf/ (Nidrf;ausmf]]aiGawmif}}1973/ &efukef/pm-49)/
taxmuftxm;rsm;t& &ckdifa'oonf ud&mwa'o(okdYr[kwf) ud&mwa'o\ tpdwftykdif;
jzpfonfrSmxif&Sm;ygonf/
&ckid af 0omvDacwfO;D u Ak't
¨ Ekynmvuf&mrsm;onf em**sKedueG 'f grS vuf&mrsm;ESihf qifwo l nf
udkawGU&ygonf/ (P.Gutnian, ''Ancient Arakan'' p-222)/ taxmuftxm;rsm;t& ax&0g'omoemonf
&ckdifa'ookdY c&pf-3&mpktwGif; tdEd́,awmifykdif;rS ysHUESHUvmcJhao;onf[k awGU&Sd&ygonf/ tmeE´pjE´
ausmufpmwGif azmfjyxm;onfh c&pf(3)&mpkESifh (4)&mpktwGif; &ckdifa'oütkyfpkd;cJhMuonfhrif;rsm;ukd
azmfjy&mwGif ]]olawmfpif[k orkwfxkdufaom}} ]]tvSL'ge&ufa&maom}} ]]'geoDvNrJaom}}ponfjzifh
awGU&Sd&jcif;u oufaojzpfygonf/ ,if;tjyif&ckdifwGif at'D-2&mpk? 3-&mpktwGif;u tdE´d,awmif
ykdif; em**sKeduGef'ga'ookH;jA[®Dtu©&mjzifha&;xkd;xm;aom ]]opöuy&dA¨muZde}}ygVdpmwrf;ukd ausmuf
qif;wkwpfq\ l aemufausmwGif awGU&jcif;uvnf;taxmuftxm;jzpfygonf/þtaxmuftxm;rsm;
t& &ckdifwGif ax&0g'usrf;tjynfhtpkHr[kwfonfhwkdif toifhtwifha&muf&Sdaernf[k ,lq&ygonf/

(ykH) opöu y&Akduf

&ckdifa'owGif c&pfESpf 5-&mpk? 6-&mpktwGif;ü ausmufpma&;xkd;cJhaom"avhxGef;um;cJhygonf/

ygVd? ouúw? ausmufpmtrsm;tjym;awGU&Sd&ygonf/ c&pfESpf(3)&mpk(okdYr[kwf) c&pfBudKESpf(3)&mpk
uyif &ckdifa'ookdYa&muf&SdcJhaom ax&0g'Ak'¨omoemonf c&pff(6)&mpkwkdif ckdifrmpGmxGef;um;aeqJ
jzpfygonf/

(ykH) a0omvDbk&m;ausmufpm

taxmuftxm;tjzpf c&pf-6&mpktwGif;u *kyÜwtu©&m? ygVdbmomausmufpmwpfcsyf\ ykHukd

azmfjyvkdufygonf/ þausmufpmonf a0omvDbk&m;BuD;ukef;awmfay:&Sd apwDysufwpfqlrS xGufus
vmaomausmufpmjzpfygonf/ a,"r®m*gxmawmfyg ausmufpmjzpfygonf/ (þausmufpmukd
OD;pHomatmif? at'D 6-&mpkESifh ,if;rwkdifrD &ckdifjynfokH;tu©&m}} Or®matmifpmay? tif;pdef? 1974-
pmtkyfrS? ykH (22)ukd ul;,lazmfjyygonf/)
þrQjzifq h vdk Qif q&mBuD;\&ckid u
f b,ftcsdeu f pNyD; [de,ejzpfcyhJ govJ[al om ar;cGe;f twGuf
ajzqkdcsufjynfhpkHvdrfhrnf[k ,lqygonf/

at'D(3) &mpktwGif; &ckdifjynfa&muf Ak'¨omoem

&ckid &f mZ0ifusr;f rsm;tvkt d m;jzifh bk&m;&Sio
f ufawmfxif&mS ;&Spd Ofuyif Ak'o
¨ moemawmfonf &ckid f
jynfwGifxGef;um;cJhonf[k rSwfom;&ygonf/ Ak'¨y&dedAÁmefûyNyD;aemuf acwfumvtoD;oD;wGif tdEd́,
Ekid if rH S omoemûy&[ef;awmfrsm;onf ywf0ef;usifEidk if rH sm;okYd omoemûyc&D;<ucJMh uygonf/ &ckid jf ynf
okdYvnf;acwfumvtoD;oD;wGif Ak'¨omoe*kdPftoD;oD;rS &[ef;awmfrsm;<ua&mufcJhMuygonf/
xkdYaMumifh &ckdifjynfwGif Ak'¨omoem*kdPf;uGJwpfckxufrenf; xGef;um;cJhonfukd ½kyf0w¬Ktaxmuf
txm;rsm;t& od&Sd&ygonf/
omoemhorkdif;wGif ax&0g'*kdPfonf rm*"D?ygVdbmomwkdYukdokH;pGJcJhNyD;? r[moHCduESifh r[m
,e*kP d wf Ydkonf jyu&dw? ouúwbmomwkYd udk ok;H pGcJ MhJ uygonf/ &ckid jf ynfwiG f ygVdpmaya&m? ouúw
pmayygawGU&Sd&ygonf/ xkdYaMumifh ax&0g'omoemomru r[m,meomoemvnf; a&muf&SdxGef;
um;cJhonf[laom ,lqcsufrsm;rSm ,kwådwefygonf/ a'gufwmoef;xGef;u]]a0omvDacgif;avmif;pm
rSm ouúwbmoma&;jzpfí ta&SUb*Fvm;wGif okH;pGJcJhaom *kyÜwta&;tom;jzifh a&;xkd;cJhygonf/
ta&SUb*Fvm;ESihf tquftqHûycJah Mumif; xif&mS ;onft h jyif Ak'o
¨ moemr[m,e*kP d \
f puf&yd af tmuf
okdY a&mufcJhonf[k ,lqzG,f&Sdygonf/ (ukd;-1/pm-66)/ ûrdUa[mif;(ajrmufOD;) bk&m;BuD;apwDysuf
wpfqlrS a,"r®m*gxmausmufpmwpfckawGU&onf/ þausmufpmukd ygVdESifha&;xkd;xm;onfu
qef;onfxljcm;onf[k azmfjyvsuf&Sdygonf/ r[m,evTrf;rkd;aeaomfvnf;? ax&0g'vnf;&Sdonf[k
azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf[lí ,lqEkdifygonf/ (ukd;-1/pm-67)[k a&;om;xm;ygonf/
þokYd jzifh acwfO;D &ckid jf ynfwiG f ax&0g'omoemESihf r[m,eomoem,SOí f xGe;f um;cJo
h nf[k
,lqaom ynm&Sio f ak woDtrsm;tjym;yif&adS y&m? pma&;olonf þaqmif;yg;wGif at'D(3)&mpktwGi;f
(a&S;acwf) &ckdifjynfokdYa&muf&SdcJhaom Ak'¨omoem*kdPf;ESifh 0g'ukdajc&mcHí qef;ppfwifjyxm;ygonf/
rsm;pGmaomokawoDwkdYu at'D(3)&mpktwGif;ua&;xkd;cJhaom tdE´d,EkdifiHta&SUbufurf;ajc&Sd?
upöemjrpf0uRef;ay:a'orS em**sKdeuGe'f g ausmufpmukd uk;d um;í ,if;a'orS&ckid jf ynfoYdk omoemûy
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tE¨&ma'owGi&f ydS gonf/ þa'oonf taomurif;vufxuf arm&d,tif,g,mwGif yg0ifco hJ nf/
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rif;qufopfukdwnfaxmifaom]]oEÅrlvrif;}}onf jA[®P0g'Djzpfaomfvnf; ,if;aemufqufcHaom
rif;rsm;rSm Ak'¨omoemukdtm;ay;cJhMuojzifh jA[®P0g'xGef;um;rIonf tcsdefrMum&SnfcJhay(ukd;-2/
pm-201)/ em*g*seduGef'gausmufpmukd ]]r'´&dykwårif;}}\pwkw¬ajrmufeef;pHESpfwGif a&;xkd;cJhonf/
þrif;\trnftjynhftpkHrSm ]]r'´d&dykwåod&d0g&Hyk&do'wå}}jzpfonf/
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Ekid if aH tmufyidk ;f a'ojzpfaMumif; (uk;d -13/pm- )qkNd yD;? rEÅav;r[mrkeb f &k m;teD; acgif;avmif;pmwpfck
wGif ud&mwa'oonf jrefrmekdifiH\tpdwftykdif;a'owpfckjzpfaMumif;yg&Sdonf/ (ukd;-8?pm-2)/
a'gufwmyg*sDwmu ]]ud&mwa'oonf [dr0EÅmawmifwef;rsm;\ awmifbufqifajcavsma'ojzpf
aom yef*syfjynfe,frS tmoH? ppfwaumif;? awmifwef;a'owpfavQmufe,fajrrsm;ukd ac:onf[k
qkdonf/ (ukd;-9? pm49)/ a'gufwmueef*kdu ppfwaumif;awmifwef;a'owpfavQmuf[kqkd&mü
&ckid af wmifwef;ESihf awmifbufe,fajrwpfcv k ;Hk yg0ifonf[q k o
dk nf/(ud;k -13? pm-51)/ ynm&Sirf sm;\
tqkdt& ûcHíokH;oyfvQif &ckdifjynfonfud&mwa'owGif yg0ifaMumif;odomygonf/ þtcsufukd
axmufcHaom tjcm;tcsufrsm;&Sdygonf/
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uJhokdY0if;0g\/ a&wgifusifvnf\/ usm;tppfuJhokdYaMumufrufzG,faumif;\[k azmfjyxm;ygonf/
,if;tjyifud&wwkdYonf ta&SUbuf&Sdawmifwef;rsm;wGifvnf;aumif;? yifv,fem;wGifvnf;aumif;
aexkdifMuaMumif;? olwkdYonf a&T? aiG? ausmufoHywåjrm;<u,f0ít0wftxnf,ufvkyfrIwGif
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urf;ajca'orsm;wGifaexkdifolrsm;ukd &nf&G,fjcif;jzpfaMumif; awGU&ygonf/ ,if;tjyifxkdpOfu &ckdif
jynfe,f? ajrtus,t f 0ef;udk azmfjyaom a&S;a[mif;ayrlvuFmwGi]f ]us,0f ef;aequf? taemufbufrmS ?
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at'D(3)&mpktwGi;f u em**sKedueG 'f grS &[ef;awmfrsm;omoemûycJMh uonfh ud&mwa'owGif &ckid jf ynf
yg0ifaMumif;odomxif&Sm;ygonf/
em*g*seduGef'ga'orS Ak'¨omoemonf &ckdifjynfokdYysHUESHUa&muf&SdcJhonfhg taxmuftxm;rsm;&Sd
ygonf/ em*g*seduGef'ga'o&Sd a&S;a[mif;Ak'¨omoedu taqmufttkHrsm;rSm at'D(3)&mpkESifh (4)&mpk
twGif;u aqmufvkyfcJhMuaom taqmufttkHrsm;jzpfonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHrSAdóEkd;ESifh oa&acwå&m
ESpfûrdUvkH;wGif em*f*seduGef'grS Adokumvuf&mrsm; vTrf;rkd;ykH&onfhtaqmufttkHrsm;&Sdonf/(ukd;-4/
pm-176)/ ysLwkdYonf tdEd́,ta&SUbufurf;ESifhvnf;aumif;? wmjrvdyfESifhvnf;aumif;? qufoG,f&m
wGif &ckdifurf;ajcrSwpfqifh pcef;csqufoG,fcJhonf[k vkpfuqkdonf/(ukd;-10/pm-110)/ &ckdifjynf
a0omvDacwfOD;u Ak'¨bmomausmufqpftEkynmvuf&mrsm;rSm em*g*sKeduGef'ga'orS ausmufqpf
vuf&mrsm;ESifh qifwlonf/ (ukd;-10/pm-222)/ okdYjzpf&m &ckdifESifhysLûrdUawmfrsm;onf c&pfESpfrsm;tp
ykid ;f uyif qufqrH &I adS ecJNh yD;/ em*g*sKedueG 'f ga'orS Ak'o ¨ moemonf &ckid jf ynfrw S pfqifh ysLûrdUawmfrsm;
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em*g*sKed uGe'f ga'oESihf &ckid jf ynfe,fEiS hf rkwo f ek v
f rf;aMumif;jzifh a&vrf;c&D;rSqufo, G cf MhJ uayonf/
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rSm rnfonfhAk'¨bmom*kdPf\omoemjzpfonfukd qef;ppf&ayrnf/
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bmom*kdPf;ESifh r[moHCdu*kdPf;uGJrsm;xGef;um;cJhaMumif; avhvmawGU&Sd&ygonf/ r[moHCdu*kdPf;
onf wwd,o*Fg,emaemufykdif;wGif yg#vdykwfjynfESifh a0omvDjynfudkajcukwf,lí omoemjzefYcsd
cJh&mwjznf;jznf;ESifh tdE´d,wpfjynfvkH;ukd vTrf;rkd;cJhonf/ tr&0wDESifh em*g*seduGef'gausmufpmrsm;
wGif r[moHCdu*kdPf;tiftm;BuD;rm;cJhykHukd awGUEkdifygonf/ em*g*seduGef'g&Sd ausmif;wkdufBuD;rsm;rSm
r[moHCdu*kdPf\ A[kdvfXmejzpfcJhzl;onf/ at'D(7)&mpku w½kwf&[ef;awmfrsm; [l,ifqifESifh
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wkdufBuD;rsm;&SdaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifcJhMuonf/ (ukd;-5/pm-53^54)/
tr&0wDESifh em*g*seduGef'gausmufpmrsm;wGif r[moHCdu*kdPfuGJrsm;jzpfaom A[kokwdu*kdPf?
apwD,*kdPf;wkdYtaMumif; ax&0g'*kdPf;cGJjzpfaom r[domou*kdPf;taMumif;yg&Sdonf/ xkdtcsdefu
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wGif r[moHCdu*kdPf;uGJjzpfaom avmukwå&m0g'*kdPf; vTrf;rkd;aecJhayonf/(ukd;-¤if;)/
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r[m0deaovd,*kdPf;onf MoZmtanmif;qkH;vnf; qkdygao;onf/
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okdYr[kwf &ckdifbufrS,ckywdrf;izJvrf;twkdif; rif;bl;avmufrSwpfqifh 0ifa&mufEkdifMuonf/(ukd-2/
pm-200)[kvnf;aumif;? omoemyifa&mufcJhvifhupm; AdóEkd;üpmayxGef;um;jcif;r&Sd[k qkd&ayrnf/
a&muf&SdcJhaompmayonf tE¨&wkdif;wGif at'D-200cefY jA[®Dtu©&mjzifh a&;om;aom ygVdpmayjzpf
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awGU&NyD; tjcm;pmaytaxmuftxm;rawGU&yg/ &ckdifjynfwGifrl jA[®Dtu©&mjzifh a&;om;xm;aom
]]o'¨uyk&ykd'f}}urÁnf;pmESifh]]"n0wDawmifaygufBuD;ausmufpm}}wkdY&Sdonf/ tdE´,awmifykdif;ESifh &ckdif
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tE¨&e,fonf arm&d,tifyg,mwGifyg0ifí jA[®Dtu©&mta&;om;xGef;um;cJh&ma'ojzpfygonf/
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onf em*g*sKeduGef'ga'orS at'D-3&mpktwGif;a&muf&Sdvmonf[k ,lqowfrSwf&ayrnf/
azmfjycJhNyD;jzpfonfhtwkdif; at'D-3&mpktwGif;u em*g*sKeduGef'ga'owGif r[m0d[m&oD*kdPf;?
r[domou*kdPf;? A[kokwdu*kdPf;ESifh ty&r[m0deaovd,*kdPf;wkdY xGef;um;cJhonf/ 'Dy0Housrf;
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(18)*kP d ;f ukd jyqkx d m;ygonf/ okYd aomf 'Dy0HowGif ty&r[m0deaovd,*kP d ;f \trnfukd rawGU&yg/
uxm0w¬Kusrf;wGifrlum; tqkdyg(18)*kdPf;tjyif? ykAÁaovd,? ty&aovd,? &mZ*d&du? o'¨wådu
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taomurif;BuD;onf wwd,o*Fg,emwifyGJNyD;onfhaemufwGif &Sifr[dE´ax&fESifh oCFrwå
ax&DwkdYukd oD[kdVfuRef;okdY omoemûyapvTwfcJhavonf/ a'0geHyd,wdórif;BuD;vnf; omoemh
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emawmfESpf440wGifjA[®Pwdóacgif;aqmifí olykefxjyef&m wrDvfppfwyfonf tdE´,rS oD[kdVfokdY
ul;í Ak'o ¨ moemawmfudk zsufp;D ESrd ef ;f jyefonf/ oD[Vdk rf rS [m0d[m&0goD &[ef;awmfrsm; em*g*sKedueG f
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tjcm;*kdPf;rsm;ESifhtwl,SOfí xGef;um;cJhonfukdawGU&ygonf/,if;r[m0d[m&0goDax&0g'*kdPf;onf
tdE´d,wGif&SdESifhNyD;aom jA[d®tu©&mESif oD[kdVfrS o,faqmifvmonfh ygVdbmomukd tokH;ûycJhonf/
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r[kwfyg/ r*"dbmomjzifha&;xkd;cJhjcif;jzpfygonf/(ygVdESifh r*"drwlnDaMumif;ukd ygarmu©a':tkef;\
ygVddpmayorkdif; ]]&Sifo*&mbd0Ho(jyefqkd)\ ]]tdE´dpmayorkdif;(Ak'¨pmayu@)?wGif tus,f½Iyg/) Ak'¨
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a'owkdYukd a&Smifwdrf;oGm;Mujyefw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh tJ'Dtcsdefu em*g*sLeduGef'g? tr&0wD? udOdöyl&?
e*&yl&pwJhûrdUawG[m ax&0g'omoemxGef;um;wJhûrdUawGjzpfvmw,f/(ukd;-4/pm-199/ukd;-13/pm-
313)/ awmifyidk ;f rSm ax&0g'[m tjcm;*kP d ;f awGeYJ ,SONf yD;xGe;f um;cJw h ,f/ r[m0d[m&0goD&*kP d ;f [m
tpykdif;rSmawmh qif;wkawmfukd;uG,frIukd vufrcHcJhbl;/ aemufykdif;usawmh vufcHvmw,f/ 'gayr,fh
r[m0d[m&0goD*kdPf;[m tdE´d,EkdifiHrSm wpfckwnf;aomygVdAk'¨bmom*kdPf;jzpfygw,f/
&ckdifeJYAdóEkd;u jA[®Dtu©&mawG[m at'D-200avmufu tdE´d,awmifykdif; tE¨&ma'orSm
a&;om;cJhMuwJhta&;tom;awGjzpfygw,f/ tdE´d,rSm qif;wkawmfukd;uG,frI[m okawoetaxmuf
txm;awGt&awmh at'D-1&mpkrSm tpysKd;cJhwmjzpfw,fvkdY okawoDynm&SifawGqkdMuygw,f/ aemuf
rMumrDrSmyJ Ak'¨&JUom0BuD;awG&JUqif;wkawmfawGukd vkdufNyD;xkvkyfMuygw,f/ 'gawGaMumifh &ckdifrSm
awGU&wJh opöuyk&dAkdZfvkd om0uBuD;awG&JU ½kyfwkawmfxkvkyfrI[m at'D-3&mpktapmykdif;avmufujzpf
r,fvkdY qkdEkdifygw,f/ opöuyk&dAkdZf[m tpOD;u Ak'¨eJYt,l0g'ûydifqkdifcJhNyD;? aemufawmh Ak'¨&JUom0u
BuD;vkYd qEdk idk yf gw,f/ ygVdy#d uwfawmfrmS xif&mS ;ygw,f/ 'DawmhAó d ek;d eJY &ckid rf mS awGU&wJh jA[®t D u©&m
ygVdbmomta&;tom;wkYd [m em*g*sLedueG 'f ga'ou wcsdew f nf;rSma&mufvmwJh ta&;tom;awGjzpf
NyD; r[m0d[m&0goD*kdPf;&JU ax&0g'omoemeJYtwl ysHUESHUvmwmjzpfw,fvkdY wxpfcsajymEkdifygw,f/
em*g*sLeduGef'gtxl;tpD&ifcHpmjzpfwJh tdE´d,a&S;a[mif;okawoeXme&JUrSwfwrf; trSwf(54)rSm
awmh em*g*sLeduGef'grSm tkyfpkd;wJhrif;awG[m jA[®Pt,l0g't&usifhokH;Muayr,fh rdzk&m;awGeJY trsKd;
orD;? aqGawmfrsKd;awmfawGuawmh Ak'o ¨ moemukt d m;ay;vkYd 'Da'orSm Ak'o ¨ moedutaqmuftOD;awG
aqmufvyk v f LS 'gef;cJMh uvkYd at'D-3&mpk? 4-&mpkawGrmS ausmufwu dk Bf uD;awG? xlygawG ykrd rdk sm;jym;cJw h ,f
vkdY azmfjyxm;ygw,f/(ukd;-1/pm-203)/ em*g*sLeduGef'ga'oawGrSmawGU&wJh ausmufxGif;½kyf<uawG
ukd Zmwuusrf;? ed'geuxmusrf;? vvdwå0dw¬m&usrf;? r[m0w¬Kusrf;/ okE´&eE´umAsusrf;? 'dAsm0g
'geusrf;? okr*Fvm0dvmodeDusrf;? r[my&dedAÁmeokwfeJY "r®y'tXuxmusrf;awGu Zmwfvrf;Zmwf
uGufawGeJY o½kyfazmfxGif;xkxm;ygw,f/ 'DtcsufawGukdaxmuf&if 'Da'oeJYtdE´d,awmifykdif;rSm ygVd
Ak'0¨ g'*kPd ;f eJY ouúwAk'0¨ g'*kP d ;f awG[m twl,OS w f NJG yD;aecJMh uw,f/ t,l0g'uGjJ ym;ayr,fh wpf*P dk ;f
eJY wpf*kdPf;qufqHa&;ajyvnfMuw,fvkdY od&ygw,f/ 'gwifruao;bl;/ *kdPf;wpf*kdPf;u &[ef;
wpfyg;[m wpfjcm;*kP d ;f awG&UJ pmayawGuv dk nf; ESUHS pyfatmifavhvm&w,fvYdk qydk gw,f/(uk;d -15/pm-
176)
&ckid af 'orSm at'D3-&mpk? 4-&mpktwGi;f u oGe;f xkcw hJ hJ Ak'q
¨ if;wkawmfvYdk tckid t f rmrawGU&ao;
ygbl;/ 'gayr,fh okawoDawGu tJ'D"n0wDacwfaESmif;u oGef;xkcJhw,fvkdY,lqwJh wjcm;ax&0g'
qkid &f m ½kyw f ak wGawmhtrsm;tjym;awGU&ygw,f/ Ak'q ¨ if;wkawmfrawGU&jcif;[m tJ't D csderf mS oGe;f vkycf hJ
NyD;jzpfwJh r[mrkedqif;wkawmfBuD;(tck-rEÅav;rSm&Sdygw,f)eJU,SOfNyD; wjcm;qif;wkawmfoGef;vkyfrI
ukd a&SmifMuOfcJhMuwmjzpfr,fvkdY ,lqMuygw,f/ 'grSr[kwf &ckdif&mZ0ifawGrSmawGU&ovkd r[mrked
odrfawmfBuD;[m obm0&moDOwk&JU zsufqD;rIukd tBudrfBudrfcHcJh&? rD;ab;tBudrfBudrfoifhcJh&?
&efoal wG&UJ zsufq;D rIudk tBudrBf udrcf cH &hJ wmawGaMumifh Ak'q ¨ if;wkawmfrawGU&wmjzpfr,fvYdk &ckid o f ak w
oDawGu ,lqxm;Muygw,f/ wzufuMunhrf ,fq&dk ifvnf; AdóEk;d rSm ty&r[m0de,aoud,*kP d ;f
eJYr[d Homou*kdPf;vnf;a&muf&SdcJhvkdY qif;wkawmfrawGU&wmjzpfr,fvkdY jrefrmokawoDawGu,lq
xm;ovk?d &ckid af 'orSmvnf;yJ ygVdA'k b ¨ mom*kP d ;f xGe;f um;cJah yr,fh r[d o H mou*kP d ;f eJYty&0deaovd
,*kdPf;awG&JUqif;wkawmfrukd;uG,fwJht,ltqvnf;yJa&muf&SdysHUeSHUcJhvkdYjzpfr,fvkdY,lqEkdifygao;w,f/
&cdkifa'or[mrkedukef;ay:u ausmuffqpfvuf&mawGuawmh rxl&m,Ofaus;rIvuf&mawGjzpfyg
w,f/ (ukd;-16/pm-115)/ rxl&mtEkynmacwf[m at'D-1&mpku 4-&mpkxdjzpfygw,f/ rxl&mtEk
ynm[m em*g*sLeduGef'ga'oukdvTrf;rkd;cJhw,f/ NyD;awmh &cdkifuausmufqpfvuf&mawGuvnf;
em*g*sLeduGef'guvuf&mawGeJYwlw,f/ (ukd;-7/pm )/AdóEkd;wlazmfrIrSmawGU&wJh taqmuftOD;awG&JU
yEéufykHpHawGuvnf; em*g*sLeduGef'ga'ou ykHpHtwkdif;jzpfw,f/ (ukd;-4/pm-176)/ &ckdif'*Fg;awGeJY
AdóEk;d ysL'*Fg;awG tajccHtcsufww l mukvd nf; ajymcJyh gNyD/ AdóEk;d eJY&ckid rf mS awGU&wJph muvnf; at'D-
200avmufu tdE´d,awmifykdif;rSmokH;pGJcJhwJh jA[®Dtu©&meJYygVdbmomawGjzpfaew,fqkdawmh &ckdif
"n0wDwJh AdóEkd;ûrdUukd em*g*sLeduGef'g&SdwJh tE¨&me,fzufu ysHUyGm;vmwJh Ak'¨omoem[m t"du
tm;jzifh r[m0d[m&0goD*kdPf;&JU ax&0g'omoemjzpfw,fqkdwm ay:vGifaeygw,f/
'ghaMumifh at'D-3&mpktwGif;u a&;xkd;cJhwJh em*g*sLeduGef'gausmufpmrSmygwJh tdE´d,awmifykdif;
u ax&0g'&[ef;awGomoemûycJhMuwJh pdvmw(okdYr[kwf)ud&mwa'oqkdwm &ckdifa'oeJYjrefrmekdifiH
atmufykdif;a'ojzpfNyD; at'D-3&mpktwGif;u "n0wDûrdUeJY AdóEkd;ûrdUwkdYrSm ax&0g'omoemxGef;um;
cJhw,fvkdY rSwfcsufcs&ygr,f/
ukd;um;
1/ OD;b&Sif AdóEkd;ûrdUa[mif;ESifhorkdif;tjrif(wuúokdvfynmya'ompmapmiftwGJ-1?
tykdif;-3/1966? pufwifbmv)
2/ armifpHazmf ud&mwavm? urf;,Havm(&ckdifr*¾Zif; twGJ-1?trSwf-1?1964)
3/ Nidrf;ausmf aiGawmif (pmobifpmtkyfwkduf? &efukef/ 1973?pufwifbmv)
4/ pdefarmifOD; oa&acwå&mûrdUa[mif;(wuúokdvfynmya'ompmapmif? twGJ-3?tykdif;1?
1968)
5/ OD;pHomatmif at'D6-&mpkESifh ,if;rwkdifrD&ckdifjynfokH;tu©&m(Or®matmifpmay?
ydEéJukef;?tif;pdef? 1974-ekd0ifbmv)
6/ armiftHh omoemawmf 2500c&D;(yxrwGJ) (omoema&;OD;pD;Xme?&efukef?1989-
pwkw¬tBudrf)
7/ Gangoly Andhra Scripture. Pls XVIII, XXXIX, XL(Huderabud-1973)
8/ N.R.Ray- Introduction to the study of Theravada Buddhism in Burma.
(University of Calcutta-1976)
9/ F.E. Pergiter Ancient Countries in Ancient India
(Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 66, 1897)
10/ S.B. Qunango A Histroy of Chittagong (Vol-1)(University of Chittagong-1988)
11/ H.Sarkar Some Aspect of the Buddhist Monument at Nagajunikonda 1960
12/ P. Gutman Ancient Arakan (Ph.D.Thesis. Australian National University 1974)
13/ G.H. Luce The Ancient Pyu (Burma Research Society Fifteeth Anniversary
Publication No-2)
14/ Luce And Pe Mg Tin Burma down to the fall of Pagon (Burma Research Society Fifteeth
Anniversary Publication No-2)
15/ S.Dutt- Buddhist Monks and Monasteries (London-1962)
16/ San Tha Aung The Buddhist Art of Ancient Arakan(Daw Saw Saw Sarpay. Rangon-1981)
 at'D(5)&mpktwGif;u &ckdifjynfa&muf Ak'¨omoem
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at'D 370rwkdifrDumvukd "n0wDacwf[kvnf;aumif;? at'D 370rS 994txdukd a0omvDacwf[k
vnf;aumif; ynm&Sifrsm;owfrSwfygonf/(ukd;-14/pm-109)
&ckdif&mZ0ifusrf;rsm;wGif jrwfpGmbk&mocifonf bkd;awmf tOöerif;ûzd<uif; ouú&mZf 123ckwGif
wwd,"n0wDûrdUwnf pE´mol&d,rif;vufxufü wynfhoHCmig;&mNcH&Hvsuf &ckdifjynfokdYa&muf&SdcJh
aMumif;/ xkpd Ofuyif r[mrkeq d if;wkawmfuo dk eG ;f vkycf ahJ Mumif;azmfjyMuygonf/&ckid &f mZ0ifusrf;rsm;t&
qkdvQif Ak'¨omoemonf Ak'¨oufawmfxif&Sm;&SdpOfuyif&ckdifjynfwGifxGef;um;cJhonf[krSwf,l&ygrnf/
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tm&SEkdifiHrsm;? ta&SUawmiftm&SekdifiHrsm;? urÇmYta&SUzsm;EkdifiHrsm;okdY ysHUESHUcJhayonf/ xkdokdY Ak'¨omoem
awmf ysUH ESUH &mwGif wpfae&mESihf wpfae&mrwlnMD uay/ Ak'y¨ &deAd mÁ efûyNyD;aemuf tdEad´ jray:wGif Ak'o ¨ mo
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rS a&mufvmjcif;r[kwfbJ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmumvtwGif; wpfokwfNyD;wpfokwf ae&mtqifhqifhukdjzwf
ausmfa&muf&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/(ukd;-1/pm-122)[kqkdonf/ tcsKdUaomorkdif;okawoDrsm;u jrefrmEkdifiH
(&ckdiftygt0if) okdY at'D 1&mpkwGifrS pwifa&muf&Sdonf(ukd;-2/pm-44)[kqkdygonf/ ,if;tjyif
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uGm&Sd upöemjrpf0Srf;ü xGef;um;cJhaom tr&0wDAk'¨,Ofaus;rIvnf; qkdygao;onf/
okdYaomfAk'¨omoemawmfxGef;um;ysHUESHUvmrIESifhywfoufí qkd&vQif a&S;acwf&ckdifjynfukd tjcm;
aom ta&SUawmiftm&SEkdifiHrsm;ESifhpmaomf oD;jcm;azmfjy&ef vkdtyfayrnf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf
tmaomurif;vufxufu tokH;ûycJhaom oauFwukd;uG,frItaxmuftxm;ukd &ckdifjynfe,fwGif
awGU&Sdxm;NyD;jzpfaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ *smreDokawoD a'gufwmazmfcsefrmonf &Spfaomif;bk&m;ukef;
awmfay:rS ausmufcsyfwpfckwGif yg&Sdonfh "r®pMumpuf0kdif;ykHukd awGU&Sdum þpuf0kdif;onf Ak'¨\"r®
pMumukd ukd,fpm;ûyaomykHjzpfaMumif; ol\(ARAKAN) pmtkyf pmrsufESm 20wGif azmfjycJhonf/
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okYd omoemûya&muf&cdS o hJ nf[al omtqkw d Ydkonf trSejf zpfonf[k ,lq&ayrnf/ ,if;tjyifcidk rf maom
taxmuftxm;t& bDp-D 3&mpkwiG f tdE, d´ jynfarm&d,tifyg,mrS ax&0g'Ak'o ¨ moemonf &ckid jf ynf
okdY yxrqkH;tBudrf a&muf&SdcJhonf[k owfrSwf&ayrnf}}(ukd;-3/pm-60)
xkdYaMumifh &ckdifjynfokdY Ak'¨omoemysHUESHUvmrIESifhywfoufvQif tjcm;aomEkdifiHrsm;ESifhpmaomf
oD;jcm;azmfjy&efvkdtyfaMumif;wifjy&jcif;jzpfygonf/ þrQru ta&SUawmiftm&S[laom EkdifiHrsm;wGif
tdE, d́ Ekid if H Ak'o
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ukdvnf; owdrlp&m&Sdaeayao;onf/
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wGifus,faeNyDjzpfonf/ (ukd;-7/pm-7)/ tdEd́,ajrmufykdif;rS Ak'¨omoemonf &ckdifjynfokdY **Fgjrpf0Srf;
ukd jzwfausmfum apmpD;pGmuyif a&muf&SdaeNyD; r[mrkedukdr@dKifûyí jrefrmekdifiH\a&S;usaom Ak'¨
omoeme,fajrtjzpf xif&Sm;cJhayonf/(ukd;-8/pm-1)/
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ykid ;f rS awmifbufoYdk awmifMum;twkid ;f pkeq f if;vmaomvrf;jzpfonf/(uk;d -9/pm-180)/ þvrf;onf
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twkdif; 0ifa&mufcJhMuonf/ arm&d,tifyg,mrS ax&0g'omoemonfvnf; þvrf;rsm;twkdif;
0ifa&mufcJhayrnf/
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tdE´d,om;wkdYonf {&m0wDjrpfaMumif;twkdif; qefwufvmu jzpfEkdifonf/ okdYr[kwf &ckdifbufrS
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oa&acwå&mokdYysHUESHUcJhaom r[m,e*kdPf;onf tdE´d,rSwkduf½kdufvmonf[kvnf;awG;awmEkdifonf/
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&ckdifwkdif;okdY a&muf&SdaeNyDjzpfaMumif;ukd ausmufawmfûrdU r[mrkedukef;ay:üawGY&Sdaom bk&m;avmif;
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eef*kdu ppfwaumif;a'oonf r[m,eAk'¨bmom\tcsuftcsmjzpfcJhzl;aMumif;? a'gufwmtefau
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&ckdifjynfpjE´rif;rsm;onfvnf; r[m,eAk'¨bmom0ifrsm;jzpfaMumif;(ukd;-13/pm-85)qkdayonf/
t&yf&yftaxmuftxm;rsm;t& at'D5-&mpkrS at'D8-&mpktwGi;f ü a0omvDacwfwiG f &ckid jf ynf
ü ax&0g'ESifh,SOfí acwfOD;r[m,e*kdPf;rsm;jzpfaom oAÁ0g'*kdPf;ESifh r[moHCdu*kdPf;rsm;a&muf
&SdxGef;um;cJhonfukd awGU&ayonf/ acwfOD; r[m,e\ Ak'¨trdwmb ukd;uG,frIESifh aAm"dowåt0
avmudawoGm& ,kHMunfrI&SdcJhonfukd awGU&ayonf/ ,cktcg wefzkd;t&SdqkH; &ckdiforkdif;usrf;pm
wpfapmifjzpfaom tmeE´pjE´ausmufpmukd ygVdbmomjzifhr[kwfrrlbJ ouúwbmomukd a&G;cs,fí
a&;xkd; cJhonfukd axmuf½IvQif at'D 5&mpkuyif pwifa&muf&SdcJhonfh r[m,e Ak'¨bmomonf
&ckdifjynfwGif rnfonfhtajctaexd MoZmanmif;cJhonfukd cefYrSef;Ekdifygonf/ okdYaomfvnf;
tmeE´pjE´rif;onf oD[kdVfrS ax&0g'oHCmawmfrsm;twGuf ykd;ouFef;ESifh w&m;a[myv’if;awmfwkdY
ay;ykYd vLS 'gef;onfudk axmufjcif;jzifh ax&0g'omoemawmfonf &ckid jf ynfrS vk;H 0aysmufu, G o
f mG ;jcif;
r&SdcJhonfukdawGUjrif &ayonf/
ukd;um;aompmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;
(1) OD;odef;vIdif ta&SUawmiftm&SokdY tdE´d,,Ofaus;rIysHUESHU0ifa&mufjcif;?wyp?wGJ(7) ykdif;(1)
(2) Nidrf;ausmf aiGawmif
(3) armifjyL; &ckdifjynfAk'¨omoemhorkdif;OD;(1982-83? ppfawGaumvdyfr*¾Zif;
(4) OD;b&Sif AdóEkd;ûrdUa[mif;ESifh orkdif;tjrif?wyp? wGJ(1)? ykdif;(3)
(5) pdefarmifOD; oa&acwå&mûrdUa[mif; wyp?wGJ(3)? ykdif;(1)/
(6) armiftHh omoem 2500c&D;(y-wGJ)
(7) P.Gutman Ancient Arakan . (Ph.D Thesis. Australian University)
(8) Forchammar Arakan
(9) M. Collis THE LAND OF THE GREATIMAGE
(10) G.H.Luce COUNTRIES NEIGH-BOURING BURMA. BRSFAP(2) 1960.
(11) E.Conze BUDDHISM ITS ESSENCE AND DEVELOPMENT.
(12) N.RAY SANSKRIT BUDDHISM IN BURMA (1936)
(13) S.B. Qanungo A History of Chittagong(1988)
(14) San ThaAung The Buddhist Art of Ancient Arakan.
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ukd;um;aomusrf;rsm;
(1) OD;pHomatmif at'D-6&mpkESifh ,if;rwkdifrD&ckdifjynfokH;tu©&m
(2) xGef;a&Tckdif &ckdifa0omvDacwfAk'¨tEkynm
(3) OD;b&Sif AdóEkd;ûrdUa[mi;fESifhorkdif;tjrif(wuúokdvfynmya'ompmapmif
twGJ-1?tykdif;-3)
(4) armifjyl; &cdkifjynfAk'¨omoemhorkdif;OD;(1982-83ppfawGaumvdyfr*¾Zif;)
(5) Nidrf;ausmf aiGawmif (pmobifpmtkyfwkduf-1973)
(6) &SifZm*&mbd0Ho(jyef)tdE´d,pmayorkdif;(Ak'¨pmayu@)
 (7) U San Tha Aung The Buddhist Art of Ancient Arakan.
(8) U San Shwe Bu A Brief Note on the old Capitals of Arakan
(9) Pamela Gutman Ancient Arakan
(10) S.:B.Qanungo A History of Chittagong (Vol 1)
(11) Christmas Humphreys Buddgism (1964)
(12) N.R. Ray An Introduction to the study of Theravada Buddhism in Burma (1946)

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um;vmonf/ "r®ygv\acwfrSpí r[m,e0g'Drsm;pGm&Sdonf/ txl;ojzifh aoerif;(4)qufcefY
twGif;ü? r*"wkdif;wGifa&muf&Sdaeaom? omoemh0efxrf;rsm;\ xuf0ufrSm þwkdif;jynfrsm;rSjzpf\/
þwkid ;f jynfrsm;wGif ax&0g'ESihf r[m,e0g',SOí f xGe;f um;aecJ\ h / tb,um,rif;vufxufrpS í
r[m,ewkdY ykdívTrf;rkd;vm\/ r*"wkdif;tm; wk½k&Sodrf;ykdufcsdefrSpí rZÑdra'orS ynm&Siftrsm;tjym;
onf þwkdif;jynfrsm;okdYa&muf&SdcJhNyD;aemuf r[m,eAk'¨omoemxGef;um;rI ykdrkdus,fjyefYvmcJhonf[k
qkdygonf/
ygvrif;rsm;tm;ay;cJhaom r[m,eAk'¨omoemonf ygvrif;wkdY bkef;wefckd;BuD;rm;csdefüvnf;
ppfwaumif;a'ookYd a&muf&cdS \ hJ / ppfwaumif;a'otm;vufatmufct H jzpf odr;f oGi;f xm;cJah om &ckid f
jynfpjE´rif;rsm;(at'D-788rS 957)onfvnf; r[m,eAk'¨bmom0ifrsm;jzpfMuayrnf[k a'gufwm
ueef*kdu qkdygonf/ þtwkdif;rSefygu r[m,e Ak'¨omoemonf at'D-10&mpkwkdif ax&0g'ESifh
,SOfí&ckdifjynfwGif xGef;um;cJhonf[k rSef;qygonf/
Ak'¨trdwmb ukd;uG,f,kHMunfrIonf &ckdifjynfokdYysHUESHUvmcJhbl;aomfvnf;? oAÁwåd0g'? r[m,e
oHCu d wkYd uo hJ Ydk acwfO;D r[m,e0g'avmuf us,fjyefY? Mum&Snpf mG wnfwchH [ hJ efrwlay/ Ak't ¨ rdwmb
,kHMunfrIonf tdE´d,ta&SUajrmufykdif;a'orsm;rS 0ifa&mufvaom tif'kdrGef*kdvdGKufwkdYESifhtwla&muf&Sd
vmNyD;? Ak'¨trdwmb\qif;wkawmfaMu;oGef;tEkynm tqifhtwef;jrifhrm;cJhonfukd awGU&ygonf/
þaMu;oGef;qif;wkawmfrsm;ukd tif'kdrGef*kdvGdKufwkdYukd,fwkdif oGef;vkyfcJhjcif;jzpfayrnf/ tif'kdtm&d,ef
wkYd \ ,Ofaus;rIvrT ;f rk;d cJ&h onfh rGe*f v
dk KdG ufwYdk oGe;f vkycf MhJ oonfqjdk cif;uk?d Ak't¨ rdwmb\ wefqmqif
rIrsKd;jzifh wefqmqifxm;aomfvnf; qif;wkawmfrsm;\ rsufEmS [efrmS rGe*f v dk KdG ufwYdk \rsufEmS [efayguf
aejcif;u oufaocHaeayonf/
Ak't¨ rdwmb ouf0if,MHk unfro I nf a0omvDa&Teef;awmfxad ygufa&mufEidk cf ahJ omfvnf;? tajcckid f
rmNyD;jzpfaom ax&0g'omoemawmfaMumifh umvMum&SnfxGef;um;cJh[ef r&Sdacs/ r[m,eAk'¨omo
em &ckid jf ynfoYdk rjyefYymG ;cJyh J ax&0g' omoemomvQiw f nf&adS ecJrh nfqv
dk Qio f &D pd jE´rif;BuD;onfo[ D Vdk f
rSoHCmawmf(1000)yifhí oH*Fg,emwifp&mtaMumif;vnf;&Sdrnfr[kwfacs/ r[m,e Ak'¨omoem
onf oD&pd jE´rif;\ o*Fg,emwifyaJG emufyidk ;f wGirf S &ckid jf ynfwiG f wpwpwdraf umvm[ef &Syd gonf/

usrf;ukd;
(1) armiftHh Ak'¨omoemawmf 2500c&D;(ywGJ)
(2) &SifZm*&mbd0Ho(jyef) tdE´,pmayorkdif;(Ak'¨pmayu@)
(3) Nidrf;ausmf aiGawmif
(4) P.Gutman Ancient Arakan
(5) N.R.Ray Sankrit Buddhism in Burma
(6) S.B. Qanuango A History of Chittagong
(7) E.H. Johnston Some Sankrit Inseriptions in Arakan
(8) San Tha Aung The Buddhist Art of Ancient Arakan

a0omvDpjE´rif;rsm;\ bmoma&;ukd;uG,f,kHMunfrI

2000-jynfhESpf? Zlvkdifvxkwf]]½kyf&Sifaw;uAsm &opkHr*¾Zif;}}(twGJ16?trSwf-7)wGif a'gufwm

oef;xGe;f \ ]]&ckid af jrmufO;D &Spaf omif;bk&m;&Sd tmeE´pjE´ausmufpm}}aqmif;yg;ukzd wf&ygonf/ q&mBuD;
\a&;om;csufwiG f ausmufpma&;xd;k ESp?f tu©&mta&;tom;? rif;quf? eef;wuf? ouú&mZfponfwYdk
ESifh ywfoufí a&S;okawoDrsm;\azmfjycsuftwkdif;yif awGU&ygonf/
2000-jynfhESpf? Mo*kwfv]]½kyf&Sifaw;uAsmr*¾Zif;}}(twGJ-16?trSwf-8)wGif wzef q&mBuD;yif
a&;om;aom ]]tmeE´pjE´ausmufpmtuJjzwf}}aqmif;yg;ukd zwf&ygonf/ q&mBuD;\a&;om;csufwGif
]'GifpjE´}rif;BuD;pwifwnfaxmifhtkyfpkd;aom c&pfESpf-370rSpí &ckdifa0omvDûrdUwGif c&pfESpf600xd
N*D
eef;pHcJhaom ]"Gwd}pjE´rif;txd a0omvDyxrrif;qufukd rif;trnf? eef;wufckESpf/ eef;pHESpfrsm;ukd
az:jyNyD;]]'Drif;awG[m jA[®Pt,l&Sdw,f? oD0*kdPf;jzpfr,fxifw,f/ qlylvIyf&Sm;rIawGaMumifh
wkdif;jynfysufNyD; ûrdUopf? rif;qufopfp&ygw,f}}[k tuJjzwfxm;onfukd awGU&ygonf/
q&mBuD;\txufyg tuJjzwfcsufEiS hf pyfvsOf;íjyefvnfí wifjyzG,&f adS eygonf/ q&mBuD;ESihf
wuG a&S;okawoDrsm;u &ckid af 0omvDûrdUawmfudk c&pfEpS -f 370wGif ]]'Gipf jE´}}rif;BuD; pwifwnfaxmif
eef;pHcNhJ yD; a0omvDyxrrif;quf\ aemufq;Hk rif;jzpfaom ]]'Gwpd jE´}}rif;onf c&pfEpS 6f 00-wGif eef;pH
onf[k qkdMuygonf/ þrif;qufwGif rif;(13)yg;yg0ifNyD; ¤if;wkdY\trnfESifh eef;wufouú&mZfrsm;
rSm N*]]'GD h ipf jE´}}(c&pf-370)? ]]&mZpjE´}}(c&pf-425)/]]umvpjE´}}(c&pf-445)]]a'0pjE´}}(c&pf-454)? ]],VpjE´}}
(c&pf-476)]]pjE´AE¨IK}}(c&pf-483)? ]]blrdpjE´}}(c&pf-489)?]]blwdpjE´}}(c&pf-496)?]]eDwdpjE´}}(c&pf-520)?
]]0D&pjE´}}(c&pf-575)? ]]NyDwdpjE´}}(c&pf-578)?]]jywdpjE´}}(c&pf-590)?]]"GwdpjE´}}(c&pf-597)[lí
jzpfygonf/(ukd;um;-2? pm-159)/
þrif;qufrwkdifrD c&pfESpf370-rwkdifrDrif;rsm;\ *kPfyk'frsm;wGif q&mBuD;\azmfjycsufrsm;wGif
yg0ifonfh ]]olawmfaumif;taygif;wkdY ESpfvkdaomrif;}}? ]]ay;urf;&ufa&maomrif;}}? ]]omoema&;wGif
arGUavsmfaomrif;}}? ]]omoemukdtpOfwpkdufcsD;a`rSmufaomrif;}}? ]]omoemhtwkdif;tkyfpkd;aomrif;}}?
]]ay;urf;pGefYBuJ&müra&mif&JEkdifaomrif; (ukd;-1/pm-92/93)ponfazmfjycsufrsm;onf Ak'¨bmom
rif;aumif; rif;jrwfrsm;\vu©Pmrsm;yifjzpfygonf/ OD;pHomatmif\ tmeE´pjE´ausmufpmjrefrmjyef
qkdcsufwGifvnf;]]olawmfpif[k orkwfxkdufaom}}(ukd;um;- ?pm-97)?]]tvSL'geukdtxl;xl;tjym;jym;
tm;jzifh ay;vSLum}} (uk;d um;-2?pm-98)? ]]oDvNrJjcif;}}(uk;d um; ? pm-99)/]]tvSL'gersm;pGmûyvkyv f si}f }
(ukd;um;-2?pm-100)/ [líAk'¨bmomrif;rsm;\ aumif;jrwfaomvu©Pmrsm;ukd awGU&ygonf/
q&mBuD;ESpfOD; bmomjyefqkdcsufrsm;onf pum;tm;jzifhuGJjym;aeaomfvnf; qkdvkdcsufrSmtwlwlyifjzpf
ygonf/ þtcsurf sm;ukd azmfjyNyD;aemufq&mBuD;u]]tJ'gawG[m &Sib f &k ifwidk ;f rSm&St
d yfwhJ t&nftcsi;f
awGyJ}}[k (ukd;um;-1/pm-92^93)tuJjzwfygonf/ Ak'¨bmom0ifrif;rsm;[k rqkdyg/
,if;aemuf a0omvDwGifpkd;pHcJhMuonfh ]'GifpjE´}rS "GwdpjE´xd}(c&pf-370rS 600xd) rif;qufukd
jA[®Pt,l&Sdaom rif;rsm;tjzpf tuJjzwfygonf/ þrif;qufyg a0omvDpjE´rif;rsm;\*kPfyk'frsm;
ukd ausmufpmjrefrmjyefwGif avhvmMunhfaomtcg ]]'GifpjE´rif;}}\ *kPfyk'fukd]]ukokdvfaumif;rIûyjcif;}}
(ukd;um;-2/pm-106)/ ]]blrdpjE´}}rif;\ *kPfyk'fukd ]]ukokdvfaumif;rIuHaMumifh (ukd;um;-2/pm-113)/
]]jyxGDpjE´rif;}}\ *kPfyk'fukd ]]w&m;awmfukdtNrJvkdufemusifhokH;avh&Sdaom}} (udk;um;-2?pm-117)[lí
Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdY\ vu©Pmrsm;jzifhazmfjy0daooûyxm;onfukdawGU&ygonf/
þrif;qufygrif;rsm;onf q&mBuD;tuJjzwfxm;ouJhokdY jA[®Pt,l&Sdolrsm;r[kwfMuonfh
oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;&SdMuygonf/ ausmufpmü þrif;quftqkH;wGif ]]oD0ewfrif;tEG,frS
qif;oufvmcJhMuaom . . . rif;(16)yg;}}[kyg0ifaeonfhtwGuf q&mBuD;u ]]oD0*kdPf;jzpfr,fxif
w,f}}[k tuJjzwfvkdufjcif;jzpf[efwlygonf/ &ckdifa'oonf tdE´d,,Ofaus;rIvTrf;rkd;&ma'ojzpfyg
onf/ tdE´d,EkdifiHwGif tm&d,efrsKd;EG,frS qif;oufcJhonf Ak'¨bmom0ifrif;rsm;onfvnf;aumif;?
tif'kdrGef*kdvSKdufEG,f0ifrif;rsm;onfvnf;aumif;? Ak'¨bmomukd ukd;uG,fcJhMuvifhupm; tm&d,ef,Of
aus;rI? ,kHMunfrIjzpfaom ]]oD0ewfrif;tEG,frS qif;oufvmonf}}[laom ,kHMunfrI&SdcJhMuonfh
taxmuftxm;rsm;&Sdygonf/ tqkdygrif;rsm; cyfESdyfcJhonfh'*Fg;rsm; wnfaqmufcJhMuonfh omoedu
taqmuftOD;rsm;wGifyiff tm&d,ef,kHMunfrIvu©PmtpGef;tprsm;ukd oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;
tjzpf awGU&ygonf/
tm&d,ef,Ofaus;rIESifh Ak'¨,Ofaus;rIa&maxG;xGef;um;cJhonfh &ckdifa0omvDacwfwGifvnf;
pjE´rif;rsm;onf ,if;uJhokdY vufcHa&;om;cJhMujcif;jzpfEkdifavonf/

(ykH)eDwdpjE´rif;rdzk&m;ausmufpm
,ckwifjyxm;aomausmufpmonf &ckdifa0omvDwGif c&pfESpf 520-rS 575-xdpkd;pHcJhonfh eDwd
pjE´rif;\rdz&k m;]]om0DwmpjE´ ,m}} a&;xk;d cJo h nfh ausmufpmjzpfygonf/ (þausmufpmukd uk;d um;-
3rS yk-H 15ukd ul;,lazmfjyjcif;jzpfygonf/) c&pfEpS f 6-&mpktwGi;f pu *kyw
Ü tu©&mjzifh a&;xk;d xm;aom
ausmufpmjzpfygonf/ ygVdtenf;i,fa&maESmaeaom ouúwbmomjzifh a&;xkd;xm;ygonf/ þ
ausmufpmwGif Ak'¨omoemawmf\tESpfcsKyf? opömav;yg;w&m;awmf\tESpfcsKyfjzpfaom ]]a,"r®m
*gxm}} awmfukd xnfhoGif;a&;xkd;xm;ygonf/ ausmufpmjrefrmjyeftjynfhtpkHrSm-
]]jrwfpmG bk&m;onf a&S;uûycJzh ;l aom taMumif;w&m;aMumifh jzpfay:vmukeaf om tusK;d w&m;wkYdudk
a[mawmf\/ xkdtaMumif;tusKd;w&m;wkdY\ csKyfNidrf;&mw&m;ukdvnf; a[mawmfrl\/
þ(apwDawmf)onf usufoa&r*Fvmtaygif;ESifh jynfhpkHawmfrIaomeDwdpjE´rif;\ om0DwmpjE´
,mtrnf&Sd rdzk&m;\a',s"r®'gwAÁtvSLawmfjzpf\/ xkdrdzk&m;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;ü
o'¨gMunfndKjcif; jynfhpkHaom 'g,dumrjzpfonfhtavQmuf owå0gtaygif;wkdYonf tjrwfqkH;aom
(todOmPfw&m;uk)d &Muapjcif;tusK;d iSm þtvSLukûd yvkyv f LS 'gef;awmfro
l nf}}[k jzpfygonf/(uk;d um;-
3?pm-103) (ukd;um;-4?pm-20)(ukd;um;-5/pm-357^8)/ (udk;um;-7?pm-84)/
tjcm;wifjyvkdonfrSm þa0omvDpjE´rif;qufwGif yg0ifNyD; &ckdifa0omvDwGif(c&pfESpf-575rS
578xd)pkd;pHcJhonfh 0D&pjE´rif;a&;xkd;cJhaomausmufpmjzpfygonf/ þausmufpmukd a0omvDûrdUa[mif;
teD; oif;csyfawmfawmif? tmeE´pjE´apwDrS &&Sdjcif;jzpfygonf/ *kyÜwtu©&mjzifh a&;xkd;xm;NyD; ygVd
a&maESmaeaom ouúwbmomjzpfygonf/
(ykH) 0D&pjE´rif;ausmufpm
(þausmufpmukd ukd;um;-3? ykH -16rS ul;,lazmfjyjcif;jzpfygonf)
þausmufpm jrefrmjyeftjynfhtpkHrS
]]"ar®eoare? w&m;ojzifh xD;eef;ukdqufcHpkd;pHaom olwpfyg;\ aumif;usKd;ukd o,fykd;aqmif
&Gu&f ef &nfoefvsuf&adS om oD&0d &D pjE´a'0rif;onf rdryd idk af iGaMu;wkYd udk tuket
f uscHí opömw&m;ukd
ouf0if,kHMunfonfhftavsmuf urÇm\tqifwefqmjzpfaom apwDawmftqlaygif;wpf&mukd wnf
aqmufawmfro l nf/(uk;d um;-3/pm-104)? (uk;d um;-4?pm-20)? (uk;d um;-6/pm-109)? (ud;k um;-7?pm-
84)/
tjcm;wpfcwk ifjyvkod nfrmS ]]a0omvDb&k m;BuD;uke;f ausmufapwDrS ausmufpmjzpfygonf/ a0om
vDrif;wpfyg;wnfxm;cJhonfh ausmufapwDysufwpfqlrS xGufusvmaomausmufpmjzpfygonf/ *kyÜw
tu©&mukd tok;H ûyí ygVdbmomoufoufjzifh a&;xk;d xm;ygonf/ pmaMumif;a& 4aMumif;yg&Syd gonf/

(ykH) a0omvDbk&m;BuD;ukef;ausmufpm
(þausmufpmukd ukd;um;-3/ykH-22ukd ul;,lazmfjyjcif;jzpfygonf)
a&;xkd;xm;aomtaMumif;t&mrSm ]]a,"r®m*gxm}}yifjzpfygonf/(ukd;um;-3? pm-116)þa,
"r®*gxmawmfonf ax&0g'0de,usr;f wGif ygVdbmomESihf awGU&S&d ouJo h Ydk r[m,e0de,usr;f jzpfaom
r[m0w¬Kt0g'geusrf;wGif ouúwbmomjzifh yg&Sdygonf/ &ckdifwGifawGU&aom ouúwbmoma&;
ausmufpmukd axmufxm;ía0omvDacwfwGif ax&0g'ESifh r[m,e(okdYr[kwf) ouúwAk'¨bmom
vnf; xGef;um;cJhzl;onf[k tckduftwefYtm;jzifh ,lq&ygonf/
txufwiG af zmfjycJah om a0omvDew D pd jE´rif;\ rdz&k m;ausmufpm 0D&pjE´rif;ausmufpmESihf a0om
vDrif;wpfyg;wnfxm;cJo h nfh ausmufapwDrS ausmufpmrsm;taxmuftxm;tm;jzifh &ckid af 0omvDwiG f
c&pfEpS f 370-rS 600xdeef;pHcMhJ uonfh pjE´rif;rsm;onf jA[®Pt,l&o dS rl sm;r[kwbf J Ak'b
¨ mom0ifrif;
rsm;om jzpfonf[k wifjyvkdygonf/
tjcm;wifjyvko d nft h csufrmS ]]qlyv
l yI &f mS ;rIawGaMumifh wkid ;f jynfysufNyD;? ûrdUopfrif;opfp&ygw,f}}
[laomtcsufjzpfygonf/ ausmufpmwGif c&pfESpf600wGif ]]r[m0D&}}eef;wufonfhudpEö Sifh ywfoufí
]]xkdYaemufyla&yl&rSvlwkdY\t&Sifrif;r[m0D&onf w&m;awmfESifh tnD 12-ESpfwkdifatmifrif;ûyav\/
[k(ukd;um;-2/pm-120)azmfjyxm;ygonf/ r[m0D&rif;onf yla&yl&rS a0omvDukdvma&mufwkdufckduf
odrf;,leef;,lonfjzpfí qlylvIyf&SmrIjzpfonfrSwf,lEkdifygonf/ r[m0D&onf rif;rsKd;½kd;r[kwfojzifh
rif;opf p&onft h axmuftxm;oJveG pf r&Syd g/ rawGUyg/ ausmufpmtaxmuftxm;t&qkv d Qif r[m
0D&onf a0omvDüyif eef;pHco hJ nf[k ,lqygonf/ ûrdUopfwnfaomtaxmuftxm;rawGUyg/ xkYdaMumifh
r[m0D&rS tpûyaom rif;qufonfvnf; a0omvDwiG f pk;d pHcahJ omrif;qufjzpfonf[k wifjytyfygonf/

ukd;um;aompmtkyfrsm;
(1) a'gufwmoef;xGef; ]]tmeE´pjE´ausmufpmtuJjzwf}}
(½kyf&Sifaw;uAsmr*¾Zif;? 2000-ckESpf? Mo*kwfv)
(2) pHomatmif ]]tmeE´pjE´}}(&Spf&mpk&ckdifa0omvDrif;)
txufwef;ynmOD;pD;Xme? &efukef-1975)
(3) pHomatmif ]]at'D 6-&mpkESifh ,if;rwkdifrD &ckdifjynfokH;tu©&m
(Or®matmifpmay? tif;pdef? ekd0ifbm 1974)
(4) a&S;a[mif;okawonTefMum;a&;0ef ESpfcsKyftpD&ifcHpm(1956^57 ckESpf)
(5) JOHNSTON E.H Sanskrit Inscri ptions of Arakar (B.S.O.A.S, XI.II. 357-
385)
(6) SIRCAR DC Inscription of Chandars of Arakar(Ephigraphia
India.xxxii,iii. July 1957-pp103-109)
(7) PAMELA Gutman Ancient Arakar (Ph-D Thesis, Australlian National
University-1976)

a0omvDacwf &ckdifjynfAk'¨omoemppfwrf;

&ckid &f mZ0ifpmayonf a0omvDacwf tmeE´pjE´ausmufpmaMumifo h mvQif pmaytvif;a&mifacwf

okYd a&muf&cdS &hJ onf[al om ,lqcsufudk avhvmok;H oyf&ef uRefyw f Ydk vufraES;cJah y/ trSev
f nf;awGU&S&d
orQaom &ckdif&mZ0ifusrf;pmrsm;ukd ñSdEIdiif;í rIef0g;0g;jzpfaeaom &ckdif&mZ0ifonf tmeE´mpjE´m;
ausmufpmaMumifhomvQif tawmfyDjyifMunfvifaom tajctaeokdY a&muf&SdEkdifcJhayonf/ &mZ0ifvm
tqkdrsm;? ausmufpmygtcsuftvufrsm;? awGU&SdorQ'*Fg;rsm;ukd wkdufqkdifñSdEIdi;fjcif;jzifh &ckdif&mZ0if
onf tawmfyDjyifaeNyD[k qkd&rnfjzpfayonf/ okawoDwkdY [kdwpfponfwpfp aumuf,l&&Sdaom
ausmufpmtusK;d tyJw h Ydkudk aumuf,q
l ufpyfMunhjf cif;jzifh &mZ0if½yk v f ;Hk onf wjznf;jznf; xifay:vm
aeNyD jzpfygonf/
okYd aomfjyóemum; usef&adS eqJyifjzpfygonf/ a&S;a[mif;acwfudk avhvmvQif okawoDwYdk onf
,Ofaus;rIukd OD;pm;ay;avhvmavh&SdMu\/ ,Ofaus;rIukdavhvmaomtcg ukd;uG,f,kHMunfrIqkdif&m
bmom,Ofaus;rIonf csefxm;ír&Ekdifavmufatmif qufpyfae&um; a0omvD,Ofaus;rIukdavhvm
vQif a0omvDacwfbmoma&;ukd rvTrJ a&SmifomavhvmcJMh u&\/ okYd &mwGif a0omvDacwf bmoma&;
qkdif&m t,ltqü okawoDwkdY wpfpdwfwpf0rf;wnf;&SdaeNyD[líum; rqkdomay/
þokdYt,ltquGJjym;aeaomtcg a0omvDorkdif;ûypka&;twGuf tcuftcJESifh &ifqkdifvm\/
okYd aomf þjyóemum; ajz&Si;f ír&Ekid af umif;aomjyóemr[kwaf y/ pma&;oltaejzifh þjyóemukd
ajz&Si;f vk&d if;r[kwb
f J okawoDwYdktwGuf tkww f pfcsyo
f w
H pfyiG rhf Q axmufuv
l adk omapwemjzifh wifjy
jcif;omjzpfayonf/

o*Fg,emyGJrsm;
a*gwrAk'¨ukd bDpD563-ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf/ touf29ESpfwGif awmxGufí &[ef;ûyonf/
oufawmf35ESpfwGif Ak'¨tjzpfa&muf&Sdonf/ bDpD438-ck? oufawmf80-wGif y&dedAÁmefûyonf[laom
\ Mde z-Wickremsingh \tqkdûycsufukd okawoDtrsm;pkvufcHxm;MuNyD;jzpfygonf/¨
Ak'¨y&ddedAÁmefûyNyD;aemuf tdE´d,ajray:wGif Ak'¨0g'*kdPf;toD;oD;onf tBudrfBudrfo*Fg,emwifcJh
Mu\/ okYd aomf&mZN*dK[fjynf tZwowfrif;vufxufwiG f usif;yaom yxro*Fg,emwify?JG umvm
aomurif;BuD;vufxufwGif usif;yaom 'kwd,o*Fg,emwifyGJ? oD&d"r®maomurif;BuD;vufxuf
usif;yaom wwd,o*Fg,emwifyGJrsm;rSty tjcm;tdE´d,ajray:rS o*Fg,emyGJrsm;ukd ax&0g'DwkdY
todtrSwf rûyay/
uedoQrif;BuD;vufxuf o*Fg,emwifyrJG mS oAÁwu d 0g'*kP
d ;f \ o*Fg,emyGjJ zpfonf/ oAÁwu d
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d ;f onf [de,e[k trnfccH ahJ omfvnf; aemufyidk ;f wGif r[m,ewkYd \vTr;f rk;d rIucdk cH &hJ \/ o*Fg,em
orkdif;wGif 'kwd,o*Fg,emyGJuyif ax&0g'? oAÁwdu0g'ESifh r[moHCdu0g'*kdPf;wkdY uGJjym;cJhNyD;
jzpfygonf/ r[moHCduwkdYonf pifûydifo*Fg,emyGJrsm;yif usif;ycJhaMumif; r[m0if? 'Dy0ifwkdYuqkd
ygonf/
r[m,e\tp

'kwd,o*Fg,emyGJwGif azmfjyygtwkdif; *kdPf;uGJNyD;aemuf wwd,o*Fg,emwifonfh tmaomu

rif;BuD; uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf arm&d,tifyg,mBuD; ûyduGJoGm;aomtcg tdE´d,ajray:wGif r[moHCdu
*kdPf;ESifh oAÁwdu*kdPf;wkdY vTrf;rkd;cJhNyD; ax&0g'omoemaysmufuG,fcJhavonf/
ax&0g'*kP d ;f rSm tm;enf;ojzifh oD[Vdk Ef idk if o
H Ydk qkwcf mG cJ&h ayonf/ oAÁwu d *kP
d ;f onf tpykid ;f
wGif [de,e[ktrnfcHcJhaomfvnf; at'D yxr&mpkwGif pwkw¬o*Fg,emwifNyD;aemuf ul&Sefrif;wkdY
tiftm;arS;rSdefoGm;aomtcg r[moHCdu*kdPf;\ vTrf;rkd;rIukdcH&NyD; at'D-4&mpkwGif r[m,etjzpf
ajymif;vJcJhayonf/ þwGif [de,etrnfcH oAÁwdu0g'ESifh r[moHCduwkdY\t,ltqonfrnfrQ
wlnDonfukd a'gufwm0ifwmepfu atmufygtwkdif;rSwfcsufcsxm;cJhayonf/
þtopfwnfxGifcJhaom tawG;tac:ESifh r[m,ewkdY\ ukd;uG,frIqkdif&monf [De,e*kdPf;
twGif; tajcwnfí jyifqifrI&SdNyD; jzpfapumrl ¤if;\wpfqifhukd;uG,frIatmufwGif jzpfcJh&\/ xkdY
twlyif ¤if;\tbd"r®mykid ;f qkid &f monf jA[®Ptbd"r®m\MoZmvTr;f rk;d rIatmufwiG f jzpfc&hJ \/ xkYd twl
yif ¤if;\tbd"r®mykdif;qkdif&monf jA[®Ptbd"r®\MoZmvTrf;rkd;rIatmufwGif [de,ew&m;awmfrsm;
ukd oifhawmfatmifûyjyifxm½kHrQomjzpf\/
a&S;a[mif;oAÁwu d 0g'*kP
d ;f \r[m0w¬Kusrf;onf ¤if;uk, d w
f idk yf ifvQif r[moHCu d wkYd \usrf;
ESihf nDnw G af om0de,usrf;pmjzpfaMumif;qkx d m;\/ r[m0w¬Kusrf;wGif vk&d if;tpdwt f ykid ;f BuD;jzpfaom
Ak'¨\tw¬KyÜw¬donf tHhzG,fo&Jrsm;jzifh a0qmpGmwefqmqifxm;&um; r[moHCduwkdY\ w&m;awmf
ESifh xyfwljzpfae\/
oAÁwdu0g'DwkdY\ Ak'¨bmomouúXpmay[kqkd&rnfjzpfaom þpmaypkrsm;pGmaom tpdwftykdif;
wkdYonf r[m,epmokdYaomfvnf;aumif;? r[m,eMoZmvTrf;rkd;rIcH&aompmayrsm;ukdvnf;aumif;
ouf0ifaeMu\/
at'D 3-&mpkwGif tdE´d,wpfEkdifiHvkH; r[moHCduac: r[m,ewkdYvTrf;rkd;onfh tajctaeukd
tr&0wDEiS ehf m**sLeDu@ k vausmufpmrsm;rSwpfqifh od&&dS ayonf/ oAÁwu d 0g'D*P
dk ;f ESihf r[moHCu
d
*kdPf;wkdYukd acwfOD;r[m,e*kdPf;rsm;tjzpf owfrSwfMuNyD; ,if;acwfOD;r[m,e0g'onf at'D7&mpk
wkdif xGef;um;cJhNyD;aemufykdif;ü wjE´m?rjE´mrsm;? [dE´Lewfrsm;? aAm"dowåKrsm;? bk&m;rsm;? bk&m;rrsm;ukd
wDxGifukd;uG,fvmaom acwfaESmif;r[m,exGef;um;vmcJhavonf/ acwfOD;r[m,e0g'onf aAm"d
owåbk&m;avmif;rsm;ukd ukd;uG,frI&Sdaomfvnf; acwfaESmif;r[m,e0g'ESifh uGJjym;aMumif;em;vnf
oifhygonf/
uGJvGJcsufrsm;

at'D yxr&mpkrwkid rf u D yif ax&0g'onf r[m,e*kP d ;f ESihf vk;H 0uGjJ ym;rI&adS eNyD;jzpfonf/ okYdaomf
ax&0g'pmayonfyiffvQif yl&mrfusrf;rsm;? r[mbm&wusrf;? b*0g*Dwusrf; ponfwkdYESifh
pmayul;vl;qufqHrI&SdcJhonf[k ynm&Sifrsm;u ,lqMuonf/
r[m,e*kdPf;onf Ak'¨w&m;awmftwkdif; vkdufemusifhBuHa&;xuf Ak'¨\ukd,f&nfukd,faoG;ukd
uk;d uG,af om*kP d ;f jzpfygonf/ Ak't ¨ m;tNrJwap raoraysmufo?l aumif;uifbw Hk iG f raoraysmufpaH e
ol[k ,lqMuonf/ Ak'¨tm;ewfbk&m;wpfqltjzpf ajymif;vJukd;uG,fvmMuonf/ aAm"dowå
bk&m;avmif;rsm; wDxiG í f ½kyw f rk sm;oGe;f vkyu
f ;dk uG,v f mMuonf/ wjE´? rjE´rsm;wDxiG í f [dEL´ bmomrS
ewfb&k m;rsm;ukv d nf; Ak'E¨ iS whf ef;wlxm;uk;d uG,u f m bk&m;tavmif;ewfom;rsm;? bk&m;avmif;ewforD;
rsm;? bk&m;rsm;? bk&m;rrsm;wDxGifukd;uG,fvmMuonf/
at'Dyxr&mpkESpf oAÁwdu0g'DwkdY tpysKd;vkdufaom ½kyfyGm;qif;wkawmfukd;uG,frIonf tjcm;
aom *kdPf;rsm;okdYpdrfh0ifysHUESHUcJhygonf/ þwGif rSwfom;zG,fwpfcsufrSm a&S;tcgu ax&0g'DwkdYonf
Ak'¨qif;wkawmfukd ouFef;½kHxm;aom o@mefomxkvkyfukd;uG,fMuNyD; acwfOD;r[m,ewkdYurl rukd#f
o&zlaqmif;aom½kyfyGm;rsm;? aAm"dowå½kyfyGm;rsm;ukdvnf; xkvkyfukd;uG,fMuygonf/ ax&0g'DwkdYurl
bk&m;avmif;tjzpf t&darwåm,swpfqlukdom ,kHMunfMuygonf/
r[m,ewkdYonf Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfoGef;vkyfukd;uG,fjcif;? ½kyfyGm;awmfukd ylaZmfyojcif;jzifh
bk&m;avmif;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? bk&m;tjzpfvnf;aumif; a&muf&EdS idk o f nf[k ,if;wkYd \r[m0w¬Kusrf;
o'´ryk@&Du usrf;rsm;wGif jyqkx d m;aomfvnf; ax&0g'url r*¾vrf;pOfudk usifBh uHEidk yf grS oHo&mrS
vGwfajrmufEkdifrnf[k ,kHMunfonf/ um,'kp½kduf? 0pD'kp½kduf? raem'kp½kdufrsm;ukd a&SmifusOfjcif;?
okp½ku d q
f ,fyg;yknBud,m0w¬Kq,fyg;ESihf jynfph jHk cif;? avmba'goarm[wnf;[laom tnpftaMu;
wkdY uif;&Sif;apjcif; ponfh"r®y'usrf;vm Ak'¨\tqkH;trukdom ,kHMunfMuygonf/
tjcm;ta&;BuD;onfh uGJvGJcsufwpfckrSm ax&0g'*kdPf;onf ygVdpmayukdom tokH;ûyaom*kdPf;
jzpfí ouú#pmayESifh ygVdouú#a&maESmaeaom a&m&mouú#pmayonf r[m,e*kdPf;okH;pmayjzp
o
f nf[al om uGv J cJG sufyifjzpfonf/ trSev f nf; oAÁwu d 0g'*kP d ;f onf at'D yxr&mpko*Fg,emwif
yGw
J iG f ouú#bmomukt d ok;H ûycJNh yD; ywf0ef;usiEf idk if rH sm;okYd oAÁwu d 0g'ESihf avmukw&å m0g'w&m;awmf
rsm;ukd ysHUESHUapcJhonf/ ax&0g'*kdPf;rSmrl oD[kdVfekdifiHwGif ygVdbmomjzifh o*Fg,emwifcJhayonf/
 a0omvDacwf

txufygtaMumif;tcsufukd wifjyjcif;rSm a0omvDacwf omoema&;tajctaeukd &Sif;vif;pGm

tuJcwfEkdif&efjzpfygonf/ &ckdifjynfwGif a0omvDacwfü awGU&Sd&aomtaxmuftxm;rsm;ukd avhvm
í a0omvDacwfomoema&;tajctaeukd tuJcwfEkdifygonf/ tcsKdUokawoDwkdYurl jA[®P0g'ESifh
r[m,eAk'b ¨ momavm okYd r[kwf &ckid w
f Ydk ,cku;dk uG,af eMuaom ax&0g'Ak'b ¨ momrsKd;avm qko
d nf
rSm qufvufajz&Sif;&OD;rnfh jyóemjzpfonf[k ,lqxm;qJyif&Sdygonf/
a0omvDukd at'D 320wGif wnfaxmifonf[k *Refpwifu tckdiftrmoufaoxljycJhygonf/
&mZ0ifESifhorkdif;rSwfwrf;rsm;t& at'D 957wGif ysufpD;cJhonf/ a0omvDukd pwifxlaxmifolrSm
'GifpjE´m;rif;BuD;jzpfonf/ a0omvDonf plvpjE´m;rif;vufxufwGif rGef*kdrsm;0ifa&mufwkdufckdufí
ysufp;D cJo
h nf/ þudpEö iS yhf wfoufí t,ltquGv J rJG t
I enf;i,f&adS omfvnf; a0omvDacwfonf at'D
4&mpktpykdif;rS 10&mpkaESmif;ykdif;txd ESpfaygif; 600ausmfcefY Mum&Snfatmif wnfwHhcJhonf[laom
tcsufwGif orkdif;okawoDwkdY wpfpdwfwpf0rf;wnf;&SdMuygonf/

ax&0g'D
arm&pfaumvpfonf a0omvD'*Fg;rsm;? tjcm;½kyf0w¬Kypönf;taxmuftxm;rsm;udk avhvmí
a0omvDjynforl sm;ESihf tkypf ;dk olrsm;onf[Ed L´ rsm;jzpfaMumif; a0omvDwiG rf [m,eAk'b ¨ momESihf [dEL´
0g'wkYd ,OS í
f xGe;f um;cJah Mumif; tqkûd ycJyh gonf/ okYd aomf ,if;tqkrd sm;onf rjynfph aHk Mumif; ax&0g'
omoemxGe;f um;cJah Mumif; q&mBuD;OD;pHomatmifu tqkûd ycJyh gonf/ a0omvDwiG af wGU&S&d aom ½kyx f k
rsm;rSm acwfaESmif;r[m,e½kyyf mG ;rsm;r[kwaf Mumif;? ,if;½kyx f rk sm;rSm at'D 4-5&mpk vuf&mrsm;jzpfNyD;
,if;tcsdefu acwfaESmif;r[m,e0g'vnf; ray:aygufao;aMumif;ukdvnf; wifjycJhygonf/
OD;pHomatmifonf a0omvDûrdUa[mif;apwDysufrsm;rS &&Sdaomausmufpmrsm;? a0omvDûrdUa[mif;
twGif;rS&&Sdaom a,"r®m*¾gxmxkd;ausmufpmwpfcsyf? ouú#bmomjzifh a&;xkd;xm;aom ausmufpm
ESpfcsyf? oif;uspfawmfawmifcg;yef;rS&&Sdaom a,"r®m*gxmxkd;ausmufpm? a0omvDûrdUa[mif; ta&SU
buf&Sd OPSDouawmifay:apwDysufrS&&Sdonfh a,"r®m*gxmygaom edwdpjE´m;rif;rdbk&m;ausmufpm?
ausmufjzLESio hf w
H w JG Ydk rS &&Sad oma,"r®g*gxmxk;d ausmufpmrsm; ponfah t'D 4-5&mpku ausmufpmrsm;
oufaoxljycJhygonf/
a,"r®*gxmonf ax&0g'0de,yd#uwGiyf g0ifonf/ "r®pBuFmw&m;awmf\ tqDtESpjf zpfojzifh
ax&0g'DwYdk tav;tjrwfûyMuonf/ ,if;*gxmukd taMumif;ûyí ax&0g'omoemxGe;f um;cJah Mumif;
OD;pHomatmifu tqkdûycJhonf/
tjcm;wpfckrSm a0omvD&Gm taemufbuftkwfukef;BuD; wpfckrS&&SdaomapwDwnfausmufpmjzpf
onf/ xkdausmufpmyg pum;tokH;tESKef;rsm;rSm ax&0g'pmaytxl;ojzifh "r®y'usrf;vmpum;tokH;
tESKef;twkdif;yifjzpfygonf/
owå0gtaygif;wkYdonf (avmb paom) tnpftaMu;ok;H yg;ukd z,f&mS ;tyfuek o f nfjzpfí wPSm
wnf;[laom vIdif;wefykd;wkdYjyif;xefpGm vIyf&Sm;½kdufcwfonfh toHjrnf[nf;vsuf&Sdonfh b0wnf;
[laom ork'´&mrS (edAÁmefwnf;[laom) urf;wpfbufokdY csrf;ompGma&mufMuygapownf;[laom
tokH;tEIef;rsm;yifjzpfonf/ OD;pHomatmifonf a0omvDjynfolwkdY ûyvkyfavh&Sdaom atmufygtavh
txrsm;ukd xkwfazmfcJhonf/
 a0omvDjynfolwkdYonf-
(1) apwDwnfMuonf/
(2) bk&m;wnfMuonf/(ausmufqif;wkaMu;qif;wk)
(3) bkef;BuD;ausmif;aqmufonf/
(4) ajrvªMuonf/
(5) rdbrsm;tm;vnf;aumif;? tjcm;owå0grsm;tm;vnf;aumif; &nfp;l í trQay;a0Muonf/
(6) qDrD;ylaZmfMuonf
(7) a,"r®m*gxm a&;xkd;Muonf/

þtaxmuftxm;rsm;onf ,ckacwf &ckdifjynfax&0g'Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;ûyvkyfaom"avhESifh

wlnDojzifh ,if;acwftcguvnf; ,ckuJhokdY ax&0g'omoemxGef;um;cJhaMumif; a&;om;cJhygonf/
xkdYjyif &ckdifjynfa0omvDacwfESifh acwfûydifoD[kdVfEkdifiHwGif ax&0g'omxGef;um;aecJhygonf/
tmeE´pjE´m;ausmufpm*gxmtrSw(f 61)ü *dvmarCrif; wkid ;f jynf&dS t&d,moHCmawmfrsm;xHoYdk w&m;
yv’if? aumif;jrwfaomqifr,OfomwpfpD;ESifh ykd;ouFef;wkdYukd ykdYvTwfawmfrltyfNyD[k yg&Sdygonf/
*DvmarCrif;onf at'D727-766twGif; oD[kdVfwGif eef;pHcJhaom rif;wpfyg;jzpfygonf/ þ
taxmuftxm;t& oD[kdVfuRef;wGifxGef;um;aeaom ax&0g'Ak'¨omoemonf a0omvDokdYa&muf&Sd
cJhonfukd oHo,&Sdp&mrvkday/
xkdYjyifausmufpm*gxm trSwf(61)ü olawmfaumif;w&m;qkdif&m usrf;*efrsm;ukd ul;,laptyfNyD;
[kyg&Sd&m oD[kdVfrS ax&0g'usrf;pmrsm;ul;,ljcif;jzpfEkdifygonf/ taMumif;aMumif;ukdaxmufqvQif
a0omvDacwf &ckdifjynfwGif ax&0g'Ak'¨omoemxGef;um;cJhonfukd jiif;qkdzG,fr&Sdyg/ xkdYaMumifh
&ckdifjynfonf yk*Hvufatmufa&mufaomtcgrS ax&0g'omoemxGef;um;cJhaMumif;? pmta&;tom;
onfvnf; 11-12-&mpkwGif;rS ykH*HjynfrS &&SdaMumif;qkdaom arm&pfaumvpf\ ,lqcsufonf rckdif
vkHyg/ xkdYjyifa&S;usaom ax&0g'½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;ukdvnf; &ckdifjynfwGif awGU&Sd&NyD;jzpfygonf/

r[m,e

ax&0g'omoemonf &ckid jf ynfoYdktapmqk;H taejzifh bDpD -3&mpkuyif a&muf&cdS ahJ Mumif;? at'D-
3&mpkpajE´m',rif;vufxufa&muf&Sdvmaom omoemrSm ul&Sefrif;wkdYjzefjzL;cJhonfh oAÁwduAk'¨
omoemjzpfEidk af Mumif;? ax&0g'onf OD;pGma&muf&NdS yD;rS aemufaemifrS a&mufvmMuaom r[m,eESihf
a&maxG;cJh[ef&SdaMumif; (1983)ckESpfxkwf ppfawGaumvdyfr*¾Zif;wGif uRefawmfwifjycJhygonf/
ausmfpHom(orkdif;)onfvnf; pajE´m',rif; vufxufa&muf&Sdvmaomomoemukd ul&Sefrif;wkdY
jzefYjzL;cJhaom omoemjzpfaMumif; ,lqygonf/
&ckdifjynfa0omvDacwfwGif ax&0g'tjyif r[m,eAk'¨omoema&mufcJhonfra&mufcJhonf
[laom jyóemrSm tjiif;yGm;zG,fjzpfaeay&m awGU&Sd&orQaom taxmuftxm;rsm;jzifhom uRefyfwkdY
cefYreS ;f &ayrnf/ uREyfk w
f Ydkonf ausmufpmvufa&;vufom;ESit hf ok;H ûyaom bmompum;wkYduadk vhvmí
tcsdefumvESifh Ak'¨bmom*kdPf;ukd cefYrSef;Ekdifygonf/
tu,fía0omvDwiG af x&0g'omoemwpfcw k nf;omxGe;f um;cJo h nfqydk gvQiaf 0omvDb&k m;BuD;
rS&aom ax&0g'*kP d ;f ok;H ygVdbmomausmufpmrsm;tjyif oAÁwu d 0g'r[m,e*kP d ;f ok;H ouú#bmom
ESifh a&ma&mouú#bmomausmufpmrsm;ukd tb,faMumifh awGU&oenf;qkdonfukd ajz&Sif;&ayOD;rnf/
 a0omvDrif;tqufqufonf ckdifrmaomtaxmuftxm;(Oyrm-edwdpjE´m;rif;rdzk&m;ausmufpm)
rsm;t& ax&0g'Ak'¨omoemukd udk;uG,f,kHMunfMuolrsm; jzpfcJhMuaomfvnf; ta&;BuD;aom &mZ0if
usr;f wpfapmifjzpfonfh tmeE´pjE´m;ausmufpmukd ygVdbmomjzifrh [kwb f J ouú#bmomjzifh a&;xk;d xm;
onfukd axmufqvQif a0omvDacwftpOftvmwGif ouú#bmomonf rnfrQxdMoZmvTrf;rkd;cJhonf
ukd cefYrSef;Ekdifygonf/
þouú#bmomta&;tom;onf tdE, d´ jynfrS &ckid jf ynfajrmufyidk ;f okYd uke;f vrf;c&D;jzifh 0ifa&muf
cJhjcif;jzpfay&m r[m,eAk'¨bmom,Ofaus;rIESifhtwl 0ifa&mufvmcJhjcif;r[kwfvQif tjcm;rnfonfh
qufoG,frIrsKd;jzifh 0ifa&mufvmcJhoenf;qkdonfukd ajc&mcHívkdufp&m&Sdaeygonf/ orkdif;qkdif&m
usrf;pmrsm;\tqkt d & qkyd gvQif ygVdpmay ta&;tom;ESihf ouú#pmayta&;tom;onf ta&SUawmif
tm&SekdifiHrsm;okdY Ak'¨,Ofaus;rIESifhomvQif twla&muf&SdcJh\/
ouú#bmomonf tdE´d,EkdifiHajrmufykdif;rS r[m,e,Ofaus;rIESifhtwla&muf&SdcJhonfr[kwf[k
qkdygvQif xkdacwfu a0omvD,Ofaus;rIonf tdEd́,,Ofaus;rIESifh tquftoG,fr&Sd[kqkd&ma&mufyg
rnf/ ouú#pmayonf &ckdifjynftESHUawGU&aMumif;ukd OD;pHomatmifxkwfazmfcJh\/
at'D 6-&mpkEiS hf ,if;rwkid rf D &ckid jf ynfo;Hk tu©&mpmtkyw f iG f pmaytrsK;d tpm; 13rsK;d ukd wifjyxm;
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 ukd;um;aomusrf;rsm;
1/ r[m0if0w¬KawmfBuD;(ZrÁL'Dypmwrf;) usD;oJav;xyfq&mawmf
2/ tdE´d,pmayorkdif; &SifZm*&mbd0Hojrefrmjyef
3/ omoem 2500c&D; armiftHh
4/ at'D yxr&mpkrwkdifrDAk'¨qif;wkawmf OD;odef;xGef;
(ukd;uG,frIr&Sdjcif;ukdavhvmjcif;
(1970)ckESpf &efukefwuúokdvfokawoe
aqG;aEG;yGJwGif wifjyaompmwrf;)
5/ a0omvDorkdif;ûypka&;(&ckdifjynfe,fpmapmif) armifAodef;
6/ tmeE´pjE´m;(&Spf&mpk&ckdifa0omvDrif;) OD;pHomatmif
7/ at'D 6&mpkESifh,if;rwkdifrD&ckdifjynfokH;tu©&m OD;pHomatmif
8/ at'D 1000rwkdifrD &ckdifjynfAk'¨bmom OD;pHomatmif
(&ckdifjynfe,fpmapmif)
9/ acwfOD;&ckdifjynfokdYAk'¨bmoma&muf&SdysHUESHUykH ausmfZHom(orkdif;)
10/ &ckdif&mZ0ifopf &SifpE´rmvmvuFm&
11/ BUDDHISM CHRISTMAS HUMPHREYS
12/ THE BUDDHIST ART OF ANCIENT ARAKAN U SAN THA AUNG
13/ THE ARAKANESE STELES AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE MYINT AUNG
(The Working People's Daily-15th Dec., 1980)
nSdEIdif;aomusrf;rsm;
1/ ygVdpmayorkdif; a':tkH;
2/ Ak'¨bmomppfwrff; &SifrkedE´
3/ pifMu,faomAk'¨bmom &SifyndE´mbd0Ho
4/ a0omvD,Ofaus;rI OD;atmifomOD;
5/ r[m,eAk'¨0g' OD;aomfZif
6/ SANSKRIT BUDDHISM IN BURMA N.RAY
7/ 2500 YEARS OF BUDDHISM P.V. BAPAT

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usrf;pmawGyJjzpfw,fvkdY xifp&mjzpfygw,f}}qkdwJha&;om;csufjzpfygw,f/
uRefawmfhtaeeJY q&mBuD;ukdMum;jzwfajymMum;vkdwmwpfck&Sdygw,f/ q&mBuD;ukdtckvkd wkefYjyef
a&;om;aewm[m q&mBuD;tay:tNidK;taw;? tmCweJYa&;om;aejcif;r[kwfyg/ ynm&SdowdjzpfcJ
qkdovkd? owdrrl*lrjrifqkdwJh oabmobm0t& q&mBuD;rSm;,Gif;aejcif;omjzpfr,fvkdY ,lqygw,f/
NyD;awmh q&mBuD;wkdYvkd yk*d¾KvfBuD;awGa&;vkduf&if aemufynm&SifawGu trSef,lNyD;ukd;um;a&;om;Mu
wJhtcg &ckdiforkdif;OD;eJY ywfoufNyD; trSm;t,Gif;awGjzpfrSmukd pkd;&drfwJhtwGuf tcsdefrDwkefYjyefwifjy
aejcif;jzpfygw,f/
tmeE´pjE´rif;[m r[m,e*kP d ;f 0ifvm;? ax&0g'*kP d ;f 0ifvm;? tmeE´pjE´rif;a&;ul;wJh yd#u[m
ygVdyd#uvm;? ouúwyd#uvm;qkdwmukd tmeE´mpjE´ausmufpmtjyif a0omvDacwfwpfavQmufvkH;
&ckdifeJYqufqHcJhMuwJh ysLûrdUawmfoa&acwå&m? ta&SUb*Fvm;eJYtdE´d,ajrmufykdif;? tdE´d,awmifykdif;?
em**sKdeduGef'ga'oawG&JUtajctaeawGeJYEIdif;,SOfavhvmNyD; wifjyvkdygw,f/
&ckid rf mS a0omvDacwf[m c&pf-370u 957xd&n S Mf umcJyh gw,f?'DacwfrmS ausmufpm?aMu;eDjympm?
acgif;avmif;pmawGudk ouúwbmomeJY trsm;tjym;awGU&NyD; ygVdbmomeJYtenf;tusO;f yJawGU&ygw,f/
omoemhorkid ;f rSm ygVdbmomax&0g'*kP d ;f &JUwpfcw k nf;aom bmompmayjzpfNyD;? ouúwbmom
uawmh r[m,e*kdPf;awGeJY 0ZD&m,*kdPf;u okH;pGJcJhwJhbmomjzpfygw,f/(Ricnard.A.Gard, 'Buddhism'
'New York, 1963.PP-3)/&cki d af 0omvDacwfrmS ouúw bmompmayawGtjyif r[m,eaAm"d owåqif;wk
awGvJawGU&w,fqkdawmh (a&S;a[mif;okawoe nTefMum;a&;0ef\ 1958^59ck ESpfcsKyftpD&ifcHpm?
pm-24?ykH(33)&ckdifa0omvDacwfrSm ax&0g'eJY,SOf NyD;r[m,eAk'¨bmomvJxGef;um;cJhw,fqkdwm
xif&Sm;ygw,f/
&ckdifa'o[m orkdif;OD;umvuyJ tdE´d,ajrmufykdif;eJY tquftoG,f&SdaecJhygw,f/ *kyÜw
tifyg,mu xif&Sm;wJh emvE´mwuúokdvfBuD;u r[m,eouúwAk'¨bmom &cdkifukdysHUESHUcJhygw,f/
&ckid af 0omvDacwfrmS ouúwbmomta&;tom;[m ykNd yD;wGiu f s,cf whJ ,f/ r[m,e,kMH unfu;dk uG,rf I
u ykdNyD;us,fjyefYr,fvkdYtckduftwefYtm;jzifhqkdEkdifygw,f/
&ckdifa0omvD[m ax&0g'r[m,eESpfrsKd;vkH;xGef;um;cJhwJh oa&acwå&meJY tquftoG,fawG
trsm;BuD;&SdcJhygw,f/ oa&acwå&mrSmawGU&wJh tcsKdUtu©&mawG[m &ckdifa0omvDu tu©&mawGeJY
qifwlw,f/ oa&acwå&m '*Fg;awG[m c&pfESpf 4-&mpkvkdYcefYrSef;&wJh a0omvDpjE´rif;'*Fg;wpfcskkKdUeJY
tajccHykHpHwlnDaewm awGU&ygw,f/ (pdefarmifOD;? ]oa&acwå&mûrdUa[mif;? wuúokdvfynmya'om
pmapmif? twG(J 3)? tykid ;f (1)pm-202)/ 'Dawmh &ckid af 0omvDrmS ygVdA'k b ¨ mom*kP d ;f eJY ouúwAk'b ¨ mom
*kdPf;awG[m b,fvkdtajctaersKd;eJYxGef;um;aecJhMuovJqkdwm avhvmMunhfzkdYvkdtyfygr,f/
&cdik af 0omvDacwfO;D u Ak'b ¨ momausmufqpf tEkynmvuf&mawG[m em**sKed u d eG 'f gu vuf&m
awGeJYqifwljzpfaewmawGU&ygw,f/ (Pamela Gutman, ''Ancient Arakan"Ph.D Thesis, Australlian National
University , 1976, PP-222)/em**sKe du d eG 'f gxif&mS ;pOfu tJ'aD 'orSm Ak'0¨ g'*kPd ;f (4)*kP
d ;f xGe;f um;cJh ygw,f/
r[m0d[m&0goD*kdPf;? r[d Hou*kdPf;?A[kokwdu*kdPf;eJY ty&r[m0demaovd,*kdPf;awG ygyJ/(H.
Sarkar, 'Some Aspects of the Buddhist Monuments at Nagajunikonda, 1966, PP-68/69/ [m0d[m&0goD *kP d ;f [m
ax&0g'*kdPf;jzpfNyD; oD[kdVfrSmMoZmvTrf;rkd;ygw,f/'D*kdPf;[mwpfckwnf;aomygVdAk'¨0g'*kdPf; jzpfNyD;
'D*kdPf;&JUygVdyd#uwfawmfawG[m jrefrm? ,kd;',m;? uarÇmZEkdifiHawGukd ysHUESHUa&muf&SdcJhygw,f/ (S.C
Eliot, 'Hinduism and Buddhism' Vol-1, PP-276)/
tJ'D*kdPf;awGxGef;um;aecJhwJh em**sKdeduGef'ga'orSm ausmufxGif;½kyf<uawGudk Zmwuusrf;?
ed'geuxmusrf;? vvdwå0dw¬m&usrf;? okr*Fvm0dvmodeDusrf;? r[my&dedAÁmeokwfeJY "r®y'tXuxm
usrf;awGu Zmwfvrf;ZmwfuGufawGeJY o½kyfazmfxGif;xkxm;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh em**sKdeduGef'grSm
ygVdAk'¨0g'*kdPf;eJY ouúw*kdPf;awGtwlwuG aecJhMuwmod&ygw,f/ r[m0w¬KeJY 'dAsm0g'geusrf;[m
tJ'Dae&mrSm xif&Sm;ygw,f/ ygVdeJYouúw*kdPf;awG t,ltquGJjym;MuayrJh wpf*kdPf;eJYwpf*kdPf;
qufqHa&;rjywfawmufcJhyg(Nidrf;ausmf?]]aiGawmif}}? 1973?&efukef? pm-50)/
oD[Vdk af x&0g'*kP d ;f u xif&mS ;wJt h Xuxm q&m&SiAf 'k a¨ Cmo[m? twå'óD? Ak'r¨ w d eå YJ ? Ak'a¨ '0
qkdwJhrax&fwkdY&JUawmif;yefcsuft& Zmwu tXuxmusrf;ukd a&;om;cJhygw,f/ (Zmwu tXuxm
ck'´uedum,-yxrbma*g) Ak'¨omoemtzGJU &efukef? 1959?1-2)/ 'Dawmh ouúwAk'¨0g'*kdPf;jzpfwJh
r[d Hou*kdPf;acgif;aqmif Ak'¨a'0eJY? r[m0d[m&0goD*kdPf;u tXuxmq&m&Sif Ak'¨aCmowkdY&JU
yk*d¾Kvfa&;qufqHrI? tJ'D*kdPf;awGMum;rSm tmCmwr&SdrIawGukd awGU&ygw,f/ 'ghtjyif 0gokAE¨Ktw¬K
yÜwådukd pD&ifcJhwJh t&Sify&rwå(c&pf 499-569)&JU &[ef;wpfyg;[m *kdPf;tm;vkH;&JU yd#uwfawGudk
ESHUpyf&w,f? tao;pdyfygrusef avhvmqnf;yl&w,fvkdY od&ygw,f/ (S. Dutt, 'Buddhist Monks and
Monasteries. 'London, 1962, PP-176)/'Dawmhem**sKdeduGef'ga'orSm ouúwAk'¨0g'*kdPf;eJY ygVdAk'¨0g'*kdPf;
[m tqifajyajyqufqHMuNyD;? wpf*kdPf;uyk*d¾KvfawG[m wpfjcm;wpf*kdPf;upmayawGukd avhvmMu
w,f/ tkyfpkd;olrif;awGuvJ vGwfvyfpGmukd;uG,fcGifhûywmukd awGU&ygw,f/ 'g[m&ckdifeJYul;oef;
qufqHrI&SdwJh em**sKdeduGef'ga'orSm&JU? ygVdAk'¨0g'*kdPf;eJY ouúwAk'¨0g'*kdPf;wkdY&JU taetxm;yg/
NyD;awmhbk&m;ocifvufxufawmftcgu olY&JUqif;wkawmfoGef;vkyfukd;uG,frIukd cGifhûycJhwmr&Sdbl;
vkdY ynm&SifawGu ajymygw,f/ (S.B.Qanungo, 'A History of Chittagong 'Vol 1, Chittagong University, 1988,
Pp-82)/ q&mBuD;uvJqif;wkawmfukd;uG,frI[m c&pf-76xufrapmbl;vkdY qkdygw,f/ (oef;xGef;
]]uRefawmfvt J ajzrodyg}} ½ky&f iS af w;uAsm r*¾Zif;? pufwifbmv?2000-ckEpS ?f pm-46)/ q&mwku d pf ;dk
uvJ c&pf-1&mpkrSm ul&Sefrif;awGvufxufrS tpûyw,fvkdYqkdygw,f/ (wkdufpkd;]uydv0wf&SmykHawmf}
&wemrGerf *¾Zif;? 2000-ck?pm-39)/ tJ'aD emufyidk ;f rSm em**sKdeu d eG 'f ga'oukd qif;wkawmfu;dk uG,rf aI wG
ysHUESHUvmwJhwkdifatmif? a&S;OD;ykdif;ty&r[m0deaovd,*kdPf;eJY r[d Hou*kdPf;wkdY[m qif;wkawmf
uk;d uG,rf u I dk b,fwek ;f urSvufrcHcMhJ uyg/ (H/Sarkar, 'Some Aspects ...at Nagajunikonda, Pp-84)/ 'gayr,fh
'D*kdPf;ESpf*kdPf;[m qif;wkawmfoGef;vkyfukd;uG,fMuwJh wpfjcm;*kdPf;awGeJYtwl ,SOfwGJaexkdifNyD;
qufqHa&;ajyjypfacsmarGUcJhwmukd awGU&ygw,f/
 jrefrmEkdifiHukda&mufvmwJh ouúwAk'¨0g'*kdPf;[m oAÁwåd0g'*kdPf;jzpfw,f/ 'D*kdPf;&JUrlva'o
uawmh tdE´d,ta&SUajrmufykdif;jzpfw,fvkdY wpfcsKdUynm&SifawGuajymygw,f/ (N.R. Ray, 'Sanskrit
Buddhism in Burma, Calcutta, 1936, PP-88)/ trSefawmh tdE´d,awmifykdif;uvJ a&muf&SdvmEkdifygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm ouúwyd#uwfawmfeJY ygVduwfawmfukdEIdif;,SOfNyD; enf;enf;wifjyvkdygw,f/ Dr. Winternitz
u ]]pum;ok;H EIe;f rIeYJ usrf;pmpDpOfraI wGrmS ouúwyd#uwfawmf[m ygVdy#d uwfawmfeYJ wlnrD aI wGtrsm;
BuD;&Sdygw,f/ uGJvGJcsufawGvJ&Sdygw,f/ yd#uwfawmfESpfckvkH;[m aysmufuG,foGm;NyDvkdY ,lq&wJh
r*"dyd#uwfukd twlwlrSD;,lul;cscJhMuvkdY 'DvkdwlnDcsufawG&Sdaew,fqkdwm ,kwådwefw,f/ tJ'D r*"D
yd#uwfawmfu ygVdyd#uwfawmf[m tdE´d,jynfa'owpfckukd ,laqmifcGJxGufoGm;NyD; ouúwyd#
uwfawmf tJ'x D ufaemufusNyD; tdE, d´ jynfwpfjcm;a'owpfcu k dk cGxJ uG o f mG ;wmjzpfr,f}}vkYd qkyd gw,f/
(&SiZf m*&mbd0o H (jyef)?]tdE, d´ pmayorkid ;f }(Ak'p¨ mayu@)}? &efuek ?f pm-355)/ 'ghtjyif ygVdy#d uwfawmf
vm edum,awGeJY tvm;wlemrnfawG[m ouúwyd#uwfrSm ]]tm*r}}vkdY awGU&ygw,f/ 'DCm*r[m
'DCedum,? rZÑdrm*r[m rZÑdredum,? oH,kwåm*r[m oH,kwåedum,? {ukwå&m*r[m t*Fwå&ed
um,qkdNyD; awGU&w,fvkdYqkdygw,f/ Dr. Winternitzuawmh ouúw tm*rawGeJY ygVdum,mawGukd
rl&if;wpfcx k u
J ul;,lpak qmif;cJah yr,fh rwlw*hJ P dk ;f awGrmS rwlwt hJ pDtpOfawGeYJ ûypkxm;wmvkYd ajymyg
w,f/ 'Dae&mrSm uRefawmfajymcsifwmu tJ'aD cwfu ouúwyd#uwfawmfxu J a'oemawmfawG[m
ygVdyd#uwfawmfeJYodyfNyD; uGJvGJcsufr&Sdao;bl;qkdwJh tcsufyJjzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifhtwl,SOfwGJaeekdif
cJw h mjzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh c&pf-6&mpktwGi;f u &ckid af 0omvDrmS pjE´rif;wpfyg;a&;xk;d cJw h hJ ausmufpm
rSm ygVd0ed ,ussr;f xJu a,"r®m*gxmukd ygVdbmomeJYawGU&ovk?d ouúwr[m0w¬Kusr;f xJu a,"r®m
*gxmukv d J eDwpd jE´rif; rdz&k m;ausmufpmrSm ouúwbmomeJYawGUjrif&wmjzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh &ckid f
a0omvDrSm ouúw*kdPf;eJY ygVd*kdPf;[m twl,SOfwGJxGef;um;cJhwm xif&Sm;ygw,f/
&cdkifrSm a0omvDacwfxGef;um;aecsdefrSm &ckdifeJYe,fajrcsif;qufpyfaewJh tdE´d,ta&SUzsm;e,fukd
avhvmMunhaf wmh ]b*Fvm;e,f or#wrSm ewfausmif;awGuBuD;pk;d aecJw h ,f/ 'gayrJh ax&0g'*kP d ;f 0if
bke;f awmfBuD;ausmif;(30)eJYoC H m(1000)&Sw d ,fvYdk w½kwcf &D;onf &Tiu f si&f UJ rSww
f rf;rSm awGU&ygw,f/
w½kwf&[ef;awmf ,dusifhukd,fwkdif wpfESpfMumatmif oDwif;okH;cJhwJh ta&SUba*Fge,fu [m&dauv
ûrdUtygt0if? tdE, d´ ta&SUykid ;f wpfciG vf ;Hk rSm ax&0g'*kP d ;f ? r[moHCu d *kP d ;f ? oAÁw0d g'*kP d ;f eJY orÜwd
,*kdPf;awG xGef;um;aeygw,f/
tJ'Da'orSmvJ oHCmawmftm;vkH;wkdY[m rdrdwkdY&JUyg&rDOmPf &ifhoefa&;twGufeJY vlawG[mvJ
ynmOmPfpGrf;&nf jrifhrm;a&;twGuf *kdPf;(18)*kdPf;vkH;&JU pmayusrf;*efawGukd nSdEIdif;aqG;aEG;avh
&SMd uygw,f/ (G.H. Luce, 'Countries Neighbouring Burma', B.R.S.F.A.P. Vol-II, Rangon, 1960,PP-302/303)
&ckid af 0omvDrmS ygVd*P dk ;f eJY ouúw*kP d ;f wkYd [m tmCmwr&SMd ubJ em**sKdeu d eG 'f geJY? tdE, d́ ta&SU
ykdif;a'oawGrSmvkdyJ? tjyeftvSefavhvmaqG;aEG;rI&SdNyD;? Nidrf;csrf;pGmaecJhMuygw,f/ rif;awGuvJ
vGwfvyfpGmukd;uG,fcGifhay;NyD; ulnDapmifha&Smufay;urf; vª'gef;rIawG&SdaecJhw,fqkdwm tmeE´pjE´rif;&JU
aqmif&GufcsufawGu azmfjyaeygw,f/ tJ'Dtcsdef(c&pf8-&mpktapmykdif;rSm &ckdiftu©&m? &ckdifpmay
ray:aygufao;awmh *kyÜwyGg;tu©&meJY ouúwbmomu ykdNyD;wGifus,fcJhavawmh &ckdifrSm ouúw
bmomukd trsm;okH;pmaybmomtjzpf tokH;ûycJhMuygw,f/
tmeE´pjE´rif;[m ausmufpmukdouúwbmomeJY a&;xkd;wmvJ rSefygw,f/ jA[®P0g'DykPÖm;awG
twGuf a&wGif;? a&uef? ajr? ausmif;? ae&mawGtrsm;BuD; vªcJhwmvJrSefygw,f/ 'ghtjyifAk'¨qif;wk
awmfawG? &Sipf Ek w ´ Ydk vdk &[EÅmawG&UJ qif;wkawmfawG? aAm"dowåb&k m;avmif; qif;wkawmfawG oGe;f vkyf
NyD; r[m,eAk'¨bmomqkdif&m aqmif&GufrIawGûyvkyfcJhwmvJ rSefygw,f/ 'gaMumifh olYukd Dr. Johnston
u 0dOmP0g'*kdPf;0ifjzpfw,fvkdY (Some Sanskrit Inscriptions of Arakan', Bull, S.O.A.S. Vol-XI, Pt-2, PP-357-
85)ajymzl;cJo h vkd ol[m ]]o'¨&rf y® @
k &duusrf;}}ukd oiftaH vhusufcrhJ ,fvYdk P.Gutman u (Ancient Arakan
PP-248)a&;cJhw,f/ trSefawmh tmeE´pjE´rif;[m ouúwAk'¨0g'*kdPf;awGukd ulnDapmifha&Smuf cJhNyD;?
ouúwpmayusrf;*efawGukdyg ESHUpyfatmifavhvmcJhygvdrfhr,f/ 'gayrJh ol[max&0g'Ak'¨bmom udk
ukd;uG,fwJhrif;wpfyg;jzpfygw,f/
jA[®PbmomeJY r[m,eAk'b ¨ momukd uk;d uG,cf iG ûhf yNyD; ulnvD 'ª gef;apmifah &Smufcv hJ Ydk tmeE´pjE´rif;
ukd r[m,eAk'¨bmom0ifvkdYajymMupwrf;qkd&if q&mBuD;ajymwJh c&pf-11&mpkyk*HrSm ygVdyd#uwf ul;
a&;wJu h sefppfom;rif;ukd b,fvadk jym&ygrvJ/ usefppfom;rif;eJYywfoufNyD; enf;enf;wifjyvkyd gw,f/
yk*u H dk oxku H ygVdy#d uwfawmfa&mufwm c&pfEpS f 1057vkYd OD;ukvm;&mZ0if? rSeef ef;&mZ0ifawG
uqkyd gw,f/ 'gayr,fh oxkH Ak'0¨ g'[m ax&0g'oefYoefYr[kwb f ;l vkYd ygarmu¨ Luceuajymygw,f/
(''Mons of Pagon Dynasty" J.B.R.S. XXXVi, i, August, 1953, P-8)/ bmaMumifhvJqkdawmh taemf&xmrif;
vufxufrSm yk*HrSmr[m,eAk'¨bmomxGef;um;aeao;NyD; taemf&xmrif;ukd,fwkdifvJ 'D0g'ukdESpfouf
vkdufemaecJhao;vkdYyg/ (N.R.Ray, "Sanskrit Buddhism in Burma", Calculta, 1936,PP-42)/
yk*rH mS ygVdax&0g'a&mufvmvkYd ouúwbmomeJY r[m,e? wEÅ&0g'awG t<uif;rJah ysmufroGm;
cJhygbl;/ usefppfom;rif;vufxufrSm t,l0g'trsKd;rsKd;awG ukd;uG,fcJhMuwm q&mBuD;odygw,f/
q&mBuD; OD;azarmifwifuqk&d if usefppfom;rif;vufxufrmS Ak'0¨ g'rSm AdóEk;d 0g'? ewfe*g;uk;d uG,f
rIawG b,favmuftxda&maESmaecJhw,fqkdwm usefppfom;rif;a&;xkd;cJhwJh rGefausmufpmawGuazmfjy
aeygw,fvYdk qkcd yhJ gw,f/ (U Pe Maung Tin, "Buddhism in the Inscriptins of Pagan."B.R.S.F.A.P Vol-11, 1960)/
usefppfom;rif;[m olY&JUrdzk&m;acgifBuD; ukd;uG,fwJhr[m,e 0g'? jrefrmjynfawmifykdif;u
AdóEkd;ukd;uG,frI? jrefrmjynfajrmufykdif;rSmxGef;um;aewJh e*g;ewfukd;uG,frIawGukd cGifhûycJhygw,f/
(G.H.Luce, "The career of Htilaing Min (Kyansittha, J.R.A.S,1966,PP-62) /'gwifru usefppfom;rif;[m
tdE´d,ajrmufykdif;u r[m,e&[ef;awGudk aumif;aumif;rGefrGef0wfûyylaZmfcJhygao;w,f/ G.E Harvey,
"History Of Burma", London1967, PP-40)/yk*[ H m &ckid v
f ydk J tdE, d́ awmifyidk ;f ? oD[Vdk ?f tdE,
d́ ajrmufyidk ;f eJYyg
tquftoG,f&SdcJhwmyg/
tdEd́,ukefonfawG? pGefYpm;oGm;vmolawG? ynm&SifawG? &[ef;awG[m ewfukd;uG,frI? jA[®0g'?
0dZÆm,eeJY wEÅ&Ak'¨bmomawGukd yk*Hukd,laqmifcJhMuygw,f/ (N.R.Ray "Theravada Buddhism in Burma",
Calcutta, 1946, PP-148/ 'gwifruao;yg/ jA[®Pbmom0ifawG tav;tjrwfûyMuwJh &mr,euAsmBuD;
[m yk*Hukda&mufcJhNyD;? usefppfom;rif;ukd,fwkdifu ,kHMunfvufcHcJhygw,f/ (ukd,farmifarmifBuD;
]]jrefrmjyZmwfa&pD;aMumif;}}? w?y?p twGJ(4)? tykdif;(1)? Zefe0g&D 1969? pm-216-227)/'gaMumifh
yk*HrSm r[m,eeJYwEÅ&Ak'¨0g'DawG&JU ouúwyd#uwfawG&Sdw,fvkdY ynm&SifawGuqkdygw,f/ (Le May,
"The Development of Buddhist Art in Burma". J.R.S.A, June, 1949, P-544)/ wm&memx&JUa&;om;csuft&vJ
yk*H?&ckdifeJYyJcl;wkdYrSm r[m,e0g'DawG trsm;BuD;&Sdw,fvkdY od&ygw,f/ (N.R.Ray, "Sanskrit Buddhism in
Burma."Pp-74)/ usefppfom;rif;[m r[m,e Ak'¨bmomukdb,favmuftxd tm;ay;cJhovJqkd&if
olwnfxm;cJhwJh ty,f&wemvkdPf*lbk&m;? e*g;½kHbk&m;? olewf&GmpHNyD;rSwnfwJh *lajymufBuD;bk&m;?
ykx;dk om;rsm;bk&m;? 12-&mpkrmS wnfwhJ avmuOaoQmifb&k m;? 13-&mpkrmS wnfwhJ eE´rnbk&m;? bk&m;
ok;H ql? orÇLvbk&m;awG[m oufaoyg (S.C. Eliot "Hindusm and Buddhism" Vol-11, London, 1954, PP-86-89/
ty,f&wembk&m;qdk&if usefppfom;rif;eJY ty,f&wemrdzk&m;[m ta&SUb*Fge,fua&muf&Sdvm wJh
wEÅ&Ak'0¨ g'DawGtwGuf oD;oefYaqmufv'ª gef;cJw h myg/(G.H.Luce, "The Career of Htilaing Min (J.R.A.S,1966,PP-
56) /'Dtaxmuftxm;awGt&qkd&if usefppfom;rif;[m r[m,e*kdPf;rif;wpfyg;vkdY ,lqp&m
jzpfygw,f/ 'gayr,fo h rkid ;f ynm&Siaf wGu tJ'v D rdk qk;H jzwfcMhJ uyg/ &Sit
f &[Hudk vuFsmxm; q&mwifNyD;
ygVdyd#uwfokH;ukd pkaqmif;odrf;qnf;NyD; oefY&Sif;wnfhrSefaatmif a&;om;apcJhwJhtcsufukd axmufNyD;
(OD;cspfodef; (wnfjzwf? jrefrmjyef)?]]rGefausmufpmaygif;csKyf}}? &efukefa&S;a[mif;okawoe Xme?
1965?pm-51) usefppfom;rif;ukd ax&0g'*kdPf;0if rif;wpfyg;vkdYowfrSwfMuygw,f/
tmeE´pjE´rif;[mvJ jA[®PykPÖm;awGtwGuf tvªawGay;NyD; r[m,etwGuf omoeduypönf;
awG wnfaqmufûyjyifay;cJah yr,fh ol[m r[m,e*kP d ;f 0ifr[kwyf gbl;/ ax&0g'*kPd ;f 0if rif;wpfyg;
omvQif jzpfygw,f/ 'DtwGufvJ ausmufpmrSm ckdifrmwJh taxmuftxm;yg&Sdygw,f/
tmeE´pjE´ausmufpm? *gxmtrSwf(6)rSm ol[m ]]ZdvmarCrif;&JU wkdif;jynfu t&d,m &[ef;
oHCmawGtwGuf w&m;yv’i?f aumif;jrwfwq hJ ifr,OfomwpfaumifeYJ yk;d ouFe;f awG ay;ykYd v'ª gef;w,f
vkdY a&;xkd;xm;cJhw,f/ (OD;pHomatmif ]]tmeE´pjE´(&Spf&mpk &ckdifa0omvDrif;)}} 1975-&efukef?pm-
149)/ ausmufpmu *dvmarCrif;&JU wkdif;jynfqkdwm tJ'Dtcsdefu ]]*dvmarC0PÖrif;}}tkyfpkd;aewJh
oD[kdVfuRef;jzpfygw,f/ (OD;pHomatmif ]]tmeE´}pm-213)(oef;xGef;]acwfa[mif; jrefrm&mZ0if 1969?
pm-75)?(E.H. Johnston, Bull S.O.A.S Vol-xi, pt2, PP-357-85)(P.Gutman, "Ancient Arakan" PP-48) /
&ckdif[m oD[kdVfeJYc&pfESpfqef;puyJ tquftoG,f&SdcJhNyD; &Spf&mpkwkdiftquftoG,frjywfcJhwm
awGUjrif&ygw,f/ jynfwiG ;f rSm jA[®P0g'? r[m,e0g'? ax&0g'bmom0ifawGtm;vk;H twGuf ulnD
axmufyHhrIawG ûycJhayr,fh jynfyomoemh qufqHa&;rSm? oD[kdVfuRef;u ax&0g'&[ef;oHCmawmf
awGtwGuf w&m;yv’if? ykd;ouFef;? tp&SdwJhvªzG,f0w¬KawGukd ay;ykdYvª'gef;w,fqkdwJhtcsufu tmeE´
pjE´rif;[m ax&0g'*kdPf;0if Ak'¨bmomrif;wpfyg; jzpfw,fqkdwmxif&Sm;ygw,f/
'gaMumifh yk*HrSm usefppfom; yd#uwfa&;ul;csdefxuf? ESpf-300apmNyD;? &ckdifrSm tmeE´pjE´rif;
a&;ul;wJhyd#uwf[m r[m,eusrf;pmawG r[kwfbJ? oD[kdVfu ul;a&;wJh ax&0g'ygVdyd#uwfawmf
omjzpfaMumif; wifjytyfygw,f/
 &ckdifjynf Ak'¨omoemtpOftvm ppfwrf;
a&S;acwf&ckid jf ynf\ Ak'o ¨ moemorkid ;f ESiyhf wfoufoufí pma&;olonfrrd ad vhvmawGU&Scd sufrsm;
ukd tpOfwpku d af &;om;vmcJo h nfrmS 17-ESpcf efYMumjrifv h mcJyh gNyD/ &ckid af cwfO;D u Ak'o
¨ moemxGe;f um;
cJyh rHk sm;ukd acwftvku d ?f &mpkEpS rf sm;tvkud cf jJG cm;í tweftoifw h ifjycJyh gonf/ ½ky0f w¬Ktaxmuftxm;
rsm;ukd tajcûyí acwfûydit f axmuftxm;rsm;? rSww f rf;rsm;?jynfwiG ;f jynfyokawoDrsm;\a&;om;csuf
rsm;? omoemhorkid ;f qkid &f mrSww f rf;rsm;ukd uk;d um;ñSEd idI ;f í?,xmblwususwifjya&;om;vmcJyh gonf/
,cktcg tcsKdU&[ef;yk*Kd¾ vfrsm;u &ckid jf ynfe,f\omoemonf r[m,etpOftvmrS qif;ouf
vmaom omoemjzpfonf[kvnf;aumif; (ausmfausmfvS? ]]ax&0g'omoem&ckdifrSmxGef;um;vmykH}}
&ckdifo[m,r*¾Zif;(3)? 1996? pm-45)? jrefrmhorkdif;ynm&SifwpfOD;u ]]tmeE´pjE´ausmufpmvm
yxr pjE´rif;qufonf jA[®P0g'D? oD0*kP d ;f 0ifrsm;jzpfMuonf/ yk*w H iG f usepf pfom;rif; yd#uwfa&;ul;
csdefxuf ESpf-300apmí? &ckdifa0omvDwGif tmeE´pjE´rif;a&;ul;aom yd#uwfonf r[m,eusrf;pm
rsm;om jzpfp&m&Sdonf[kvnf;aumif; (oef;xGef;?]]tmeE´pjE´ausmufpmtuJjzwf}} ½kyf&Sifaw;uAsm
r*¾Zif;? 2000-ck Mo*kwv f ?f pm-93)?
pm-93)?]]c&pf&pS &f mpkqv dk Qif ysLu[de,ejzpfaeNyD? &ckid u f b,ftcsdeu f
pNyD ; [d e ,ejzpf c J h y govJ [ k v nf ; aumif ; (oef ; xG e f ; ?]]uRef a wmf v J t ajzrod y g}}?
½kyf&Sifaw;uAsmr*¾Zif;? 2000-ck? pufwifbmv? pm-46) pm-46)a&;om;xm;onfukd zwf½I&ygonf/
xkdYaMumifha&S;acwf&ckdifjynf\ Ak'¨omoemorkdif;uefYvefYjzwfykH um;csyfukdtwwfEkdifqkH;tusOf;
csKyfí? ½kd;om;pGmwifjyvkduf&ygonf/ ,ckwifjycsufonf pma&;ol\ okawoetjrifjzpfygonf/
þaqmif;yg;ukd a&;om;&mü ]]Ak'o ¨ nftEd , d́ jynfajrmufyidk ;f **Fgjrpf0rS ;f ukad usmfveG í
f omoemûy
c&D;rxGufcJh[kvnf;aumif;? (S.B. Qanungo, "A History of Chittagong" Vol-(1),Chittagong, 1988, P-82) /
Ak'¨onf 45-ESpfywfvkH; tdE´d,jynfajrmufykdif;wGifom vSnfhvnfíomoemûycJhonf[kvnf;aumif;?
(Christmas Humphreys, "Buddhism" Penguin Books, 1964, P-34) ?Ak'¨qif;wkawmfukd;uG,frIpwifcsdef
onfc&pf-76xufa&S;rus[kvnf;aumif; (oef;xGef;?]]½kyf&Sifaw;uAsmr*¾Zif;? 2000-ck? pufwifbm
v? pm-46)? at'D-1&mpk ul&Sefrif;wkdYvufxufwGifrS tdE´d,qif;wk½kyfyGm;twwfay:aygufvmonf
[kvnf;aumif; (wkdufpkd;?]]uydv0wf&SmykHawmf}} &wemrGefr*¾Zif;? 2000-ck? v? pm-
39)
39)qif;wkawmf ukd;uG,frIonf?Ak'¨tm;ewfbk&m;tjzpf ,kHMunfukd;uG,frIajymif;vJvmcsdefwGif
pwifcJhonf[kvnf; aumif;? (San Tha Aung , "The Buddhist Art of Ancient Arakan," Rangoon, 1979, P-
61)?Ak'q ¨ if;wkawmf uk;d uG,rf o I nf &ckid pf pfwaumif;a'ookYd at'D-2&mpkwiG f pwifa&muf&cdS o hJ nf[k
vnf;aumif;? (Quanungo A History of Chittagong, P-82) ?r[mrkeq d if;wkawmfBuD;ukd oGe;f vkycf ohJ nfrmS c&pf-
225wG i f jzpf o nf [ k v nf ; aumif ; (OD ; omxG e f ; atmif ? ]]&ck d i f & mZ0if a [mif ; rsm;&S m azG
pkaqmif;a&;toif;\rSwfwrf;}} trSwf(1)? 1920? &efukef)? &ckdifjynfrS r[mrked qif;wkawmfBuD;rSm
yk * H & mZ0if E S i f h r[m&mZ0if a wmf B uD ; rsm;wG i f azmf j ycsuf t & t&d a rwå , sbk & m;avmif ;
ewfom;\qif;wkawmfjzpfonf[kvnf;aumif;? (N.R.Ray, "Sanskrit Buddhism in Burma, 1936, P-
43)?ponfjzifh awGU&Sd&ygojzifh "n0wDjynfokdY bk&m;&Sif <uvmawmfrljcif;ESifhywfoufí?
tjiif;yGm;bG,frjzpfap&ef csefvSyfcJhygonf/
okawoetjriftm;jzifh a&S;acwf&ckdifjynfokdY Ak'¨omoemawmf pwifa&muf&SdysHUESHUvmcJh
onfrSm bDpD-3&mpktwGif;u jzpfonf[kawGU&Sd&ygonf/
16-&mpktwGif;u wdbuf&mZ0ifq&m bkef;awmfBuD; Taranath a&;om;cJhonfh? tdE´d,
Ak'o¨ moem orkid ;f wGi?f &ckid ?f yk*?H [Hom0wDjynfrsm;ukd Kuki jynfrsm;[kac:qkx d m;NyD;? xkd Kukijynfrsm;okYd?
tmaomurif;BuD;vufxufuyif arm&d,tifyg,mrS? ax&0g'Ak'¨omoemysHUESHUcJhaMumif;? 0okyE¨K
(at'D-320-400)\ wynfhrsm;acwfokdYa&mufrS Kuki jynfrsm;okdY r[m,eAk'¨bmomysHUESHUcJhaMumif;
a&;om;cJhygonf/ (N.R.Ray, "Sanskrit Buddhism in Burma, P-80) jrefrmjynfajrmufykdif;ukdjzwfoGm;aom
w½wf?tdE, d́ vrf;rBuD;rSm bDp-D 128wGif wGiu f s,fpmG tok;H ûyaeNyDjzpfygonf/ (Luce and Pe Maung Tin,
"Burma Doun to the Fall of Pagan" J.B.R.S.F.A.P, NO.2, Rangon, 1960, P-385) / tdE´,jynf? r*"wkdif; rS
?tmoHrPdyl&ESifh jrefrmjynfajrmufykdif;ukdjzwfí ,leeffe,fokdYa&mufaomvrf;jzpfygonf/
þvrf;rS &cdik jf ynfoYdk 0ifvmEkid af om vrf;(2)oG,&f ydS gonf/ ppfwaumif;? aumhyZm;? &mrl;urf;
ajcbufrS0ifvmaomvrf;ESifh ukvm;wefjrpfzsm;ykdif;rS awmifMum;vrf;twkdif;pkefqif;vmEkdifaomvrf;
jzpfygonf/ 1611-ckESpfu? ay:wl*Dbkef;awmfBuD; Manrique onf þ'kwd,vrf;jzifh 0ifa&mufcJhNyD;?
ajrmufOD;ûrdUawmfokdYa&muf&SdcJhygonf/ þvrf;onf emvE´mESifhvnf; wkduf½kdufqufoG,fEkdifaomvrf;
jzpfonf/ ouf?ûrd?crD;? csif;?&ckdifwkdYonf &ckdifjynfwGif;okdY þvrf;rsm;rSwqifh 0ifa&mufcJhMuonf/
(xGef;a&Tckdif]]&ckdifa0omvDacwf Ak'¨tEkynm}}&efukef? 1990?pm-4) 1990?pm-4)/ arm&d,tifyg,mrS Ak'¨omoem
onf þvrf;rsm;rSwqifh 0ifa&mufysHUESHUvmonf[k ,lq&ygonf/
jrefrm&mZ0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;t& tvGefa&S;usaom tcsdefumvuyif tdE´d,rSjrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;
0ifa&mufvmolrsm;onf csif;wGif;jrpf0Srf;txufykdif;ukd jzwfoGm;onf[k þw½kwf tdE´d,vrf;rBuD;
twkdif; a&muf&SdcJhonf[k azmfjyMuygonf/(S.Buddhism in Burma, P-15/
taomuausmufpmESifh oD[kdVfr[m0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;wGif bDpD-3&mpktwGif; wwd,o*Fg,emyGJ
tNyD;wGi?f ]]r[d o H uwkid ;f }}okYd &Sirf [ma&0wax&fEiS hf &[EÅmig;yg; omoemûy<ucscD ahJ Mumif; rSww f rf;
wifxm;ygonf/V.A.Smith uJhokdYaom orkdif;q&mrsm;url r[d Houwkdif;onf tdE´d,awmifykdif;rS
Mysoree,fjzpfonf[k azmfjyMuygonf/ &ckdifjynfwGifawGU&aom ]]t[d HouolZ0Ho}} ESifh ]]a0omvD
&mZ0if}}a&S;a[mif;ayrlrsm;wGif xkdacwfu&ckdifjynfukd]r[d Houwkdif;}[k ac:qkdaMumif;awGU&ygonf/
&rf;jynfûrdUawmifausmif;q&mawmfBuD;\ ]tdE, d´ e,fyu Hk sr;f wGiu
f m;? &mZN*dK[fjynf\awmifbuf? r'&yf
ajrmufbufjzpfaom? r[d o H u? tE¨u0d'? Mo&d,e? b*Fvm;? ppfwaumif;? zavmifcsdw?f yef;0gESihf
awmifbuf&ckdifjynfw0Sef;vkH;ukd r[d Hour@v[kazmfjyxm;ygonf/ OD;atmifomOD;url &ckdifjynf
onf r[d Hour@v\tpdwftykdif;jzpfonf[k azmfjycJhygonf/(OD;atmifomOD;?]]Ak'¨omoemESifh&ckdif
jynf}}? 1974?pm-9)/ wzef?"n0wD? a0omvDacwfrsm;twGi;f u &ckid yf idk ef ,fajrw0Se;f vk;H uk?d wkid ;f (12)
wkid ;f cGjJ cm;owfrw
S íf tkycf sKyfc&hJ mwGi]f ]em*oQEÅ&wkid ;f }} ]]ur®½yl wkid ;f }} ]]r[d o
H uwkid ;f }} ]]'Gg&m0wDwidk ;f }}
]]&r®m0wDwkdif;}} ponfjzifh awGU&Sd&ygonf/ (a*g,majrapm0if;?]]&ckdifacwfûrdUjyEkdifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;}}?
&ck d i f wef f a qmif r *¾ Z if ; (18)1995?pm-17)
(18)1995?pm-17)/ &ck d i f j ynf \ "n0wD a cwf e ,f a jronf
ajrmufbufrSyvuf0awmif ukef;a'o? ur®½ly(tmoH)e,fedrdwfESifh qufpyfvQuf&Sdygonf/
a0omvD a cwf w G i f r l **F g jrpf t a&S U buf urf ; rS ewf j rpf 0 xd ? ,ck b *F v m;e,f a jronf
&ckdifjynftwGif;yg0ifonf (OD;bpH?]]&ckdife,fedrdwf}} ? &ckdifo[m,r*¾Zif;(2)? 1996?pm-43)/
wdbufbkef;awmfBuD; Taranath u? taomurif;BuD;vufxufu yif Ak'¨omoemysHUyGm;cJhonf[k
azmfjyaom&ckdifjynf[kqkd&mwGif tmoHe,frStp? ppfwaumif;e,fvnf; yg0ifonf/(A. History of
Chittagong, P-83) /xkdYaMumifh "n0wDESifha0omvDacwf &ckdifjynfqkd&mü **Fgjrpf ta&SUbufurf;rS
armfwifpGef;txdukd &nfnTef;jcif;jzpfygonf/
ppfwaumif;a'owGif aexkdifMuonfh Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;wGifvnf; Ak'¨onfppfwaumif;a'ookdY
ukd,fawmfwkdif<ua&mufcJhNyD;vQif Chakaria, Chakrasala, Hastigrama, Chandranatha, Mahamuni, Shakpura
a'orsm;okdYvSnfhvnfí omoemûycJhonf[k tpOftvmt,ltq&Sdygonf/ &ckdkifppfwaumif;a'orS
þt,ltqrsm;onf Ak'o ¨ moemûytzGUJ vma&mufomoemûycJjh cif;ukd tajccHítpOftvmajymqkv d mcJh
Mujcif;jzpfygonf(A History of Chittagong , P-81/82) /
bDpD-3&mpktwGif;u &ckdifjynfokdY Ak'¨omoemysHUESHUcJhonfh taxmuftxm;ukd&SmazGaomtcg?
ajrmufOD;ûrdU&Spfaomif;bk&m; ukef;awmfay:rS ausmufcsyfukd oufaotjzpfawGU&ygonf/ ausmufcsyf
onftvsm;8ay? 6vufr? teH2ay?5vufr? xk 1ay4vufr&Syd gonf/ ausmufcsy\ f atmufzuftpGe;f
ü xGif;xkxm;aom vufsm&pfc½koif;ykHyg&Sdonf/ ,if;c½koif;xdyfrS MumyGifhwpfyGifhxkd;xGufvmNyD;?
MumyGifh\tzsm;rsm;onf "r®pBuFmt0kdif;ukd xdaeonfh ykHukdxGif;xkxm;ygonf(OD (OD;pHomatmif?]]tmeE´
jE´(&Spf&mpk&ckdifa0omvDrif;)}} 1975/ykH-7)/
a'gufwmForchammaru þykHonf jA[®P0g'ukd ukd,fpm;ûyaom c½koif;rS? Ak'¨\ukd,fpm;
MumyGifhykHay:vmNyD;? "r®pBuFmw&m;awmftxdrf;trSwf?"r®pBuFmtykdif;ukdxdaeonfhykHukd xGif;xkxm; [k
qkyd gonf/(E.Forchammer, "Arakan", Chapter II, Mrohaung, P-20/21)/
tdE, d́ Ekid if w
H iG f taomurif;BuD;vufxufü Ak'q ¨ if;wkawmfoeG ;f vkyuf ;dk uG,rf rI &Syd g/ apwDyx k ;dk
vdkPf*lESifh omoedutaqmuftOD;rsm;wGif Ak'¨0ifcef;rsm;ü? Ak'¨qif;wkawmfxkvkyfukd;uG,frIukd
*½kwpkdufa&SmifusOfcJhygonf/ Ak'¨ukd,fawmfwkdif cGifhûyxm;csufr&SdcJhonfhtjyif? twkr&Sdjrifhjrwfaom?
Ak'¨\ykHwlqif;wkukd rxkvkyftyf? rEIdif;,SOftyf? rukd;uG,ftyf[k,lqcJhaomaMumifhyifjzpfayrnf/
Ak'¨oufawmfxif&Sm;&SdpOfu rdrd\qif;wkukdoGef;vkyf&ef rnfolUukdrQcGifhûycJhjcif;r&Sdyg (A His-
tory of Chittagong , P-82) / xkYd aMumify h if tdE, d́ Ekid if w
H iG f qif;wkawmfu;dk uG,rf I wGiu f s,fvmonfw h idk f
a&S;OD; ty&r[m0deaovd,*kP d ;f ESirhf [d oH mou*kP d ;f wkYd onf qif;wkawmfu;dk uG,rf u I rdk nfonft h cg
rQvufrcHcahJ y/(H.Sarkar "Some Aspects of the Buddhist Monuments ata Nagajunikonda, 1960, P-84/
taomuacwf Ak'¨0ifcef;rsm;wGif qif;wkawmfxkvkyf&rnfhae&mü aAm"dyifykH? "r®pBuFm0kdif;ykH?
xlygyk?H Mumyef;ykEH iS hf tr&0wDwiG f ajcawmf&mykrH sm;ukd awGU&ygonf/ þoauFwuk;d uG,rf "I avhonf
qif;wkawmfukd;uG,frI rxGef;umrDu? Ak'¨ESifhAk'¨w&m;awmf trSwftom;tjzpf? xGif;xkudk;uG,fcJhMu
onfh trSwt f om;rsm;jzpfMuygonf/ &Spaf omif;bk&m;uke;f awmfay:rS az:jyygausmufcsyo f nf arm&d,
tifyg,mrS ax&0g'Ak'¨omoemESifhtwla&muf&SdcJhaom Ak'¨ESifhAk'¨0g'ukd,fpm;ûyoauFwrsm;wGif
xGif;xkxm;aomausmufcsyfjzpfygonf/
tjcm;wpfckrSm &Spfaomif;bk&m;*ltwGif;rS ajcawmf&mjzpfygonf/ ajcawmf&monf &ckdifjynftESHU
awGU&aom tjcm;ajcawmf&mrsm;ESifhrwlyJ wrlxl;jcm;ygonf/ tvGefa&S;usaom omrmefajcawmf&m
oufoufjzpfí? aESmif;acwfajcawmf&mrsm;uJhokdY jzpfawmfpOfrsm;xGif;xkxm;rI ryg&Sday/ þuJhokdYajc
awmf&mrsKd;ukd em**sLeduGef'gteD;rS tr&0wDwGifawGU&ygonf/
Ak'¨omoemhorkdif;wGif Ak'¨tm;&nfrSef;í ajcawmf&mwGif xGif;xkudk;uG,frIonf? qif;wkawmf
oGe;f vkyuf ;dk uG,rf x I uf ykíd a&S;usygonf(W. Zwarf, "Buddhism, Art and Faith" The Buddha Legend, P-91) /
at'D-50cefYu Ponponious Mela \rSwfwrf;wGif **Fgjrpf0Srf;rS ta&SUbufokdYqufoGm;vQif?
a&TuRef;?aiGuRef;rsm;okYd a&mufonf/ teD;tem;uRef;rsm;wGif vlrnf;rsm;aexkid Mf uonf[k azmfjycJo h nf/
(vrf;pOfygwD?]]tajcjyjrefrmhekdifiHa&;orkdif;}} y-wGJ?1970? pm-216)/ at'D-1&mpk 'kwd,ykdif;wGif
Periplus of the Enythraean SearSww f rf;ürl? ,if;a&TuRe;f ESihf **Fgjrpf0rS ;f a'orsm;okYd &Guv f iT ohf mG ;vmaeaom
Kalandiophonta[kac:aom&Gua f vSBuD;rsm;ukt d Ed ,d´ awmifyidk ;f wGiaf wGUcJ&h onf[rk w S w
f rf;wifxm;ygonf/
(Luce and Pe Maung Tin , J.B.R.S.F.A.P, Vol-II, Rangoon, 1960, P-386) /
 at'D 150cefYu Ptolemy \rSwfwrf;wGif **Fgjrpf0Srf;rS ta&SUbufokdYoGm;ygu yxrKiradia ESifh
Barakura okYd a&mufonf/ xkr d q
S ufomG ;vQif Argyre (aiGajr)okYd a&mufonf/ Argyre wGif Syrnbyra Sada,
Beraboona, TemelaûrdUrsm;&Sdonf/ xkdrSvGefvQif yifv,ftilokdYa&mufonf/ Argyre qkdonfrSm&ckdif
a'ojzpfNyD;? yifv,ftilrSm armfwifpGef;jzpfayrnf/ (tajcjyjrefrmhEkdifiHa&;orkdif;? y-wGJ-pm-216) pm-216)/
tmeE´pjE´ausmufpm*gxm-33wGif az:jyxm;aom yla&yl&ûrdUonf Ptolemy \yx0DajrykHü Barakura
ûrdUjzpfNyD;? **Fgjrpfta&SUbufurf;ajcüwnf&NdS yD;? ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;qdyu f rf;ûrdUjzpfonf/ ,if;ûrdUonf
&ckdife,ferdwftwGif;wnf&SdNyD; xkdûrdUüûrdUpm;tjzpftkyfcsKyf&aom r[m0D&rif;onfa0omvDausmufavS
um;pjE´rif;qufukd qufcHcJhonf/(OD;bpH? ]]&ckdifo[m,r*¾Zif;(2)-pm-43) (2)-pm-43)/ Pamela Gutman url
Coedes ESihf Bradell wkYd\rSww f rf;rsm;ukd uk;d um;a&;om;&mwGif Barakura onf ewfjrpf0wGi&f o dS nf/ ArgyrerS
Symbyraonf r,ljrpf0wGi& fo
dS nf/ Sadaqko d nfrmS oHwûJG rdU(Sandoway) jzpfrnf/ oHwEJG iS t hf Ed ,
d´ ta&SUbuf
urf;? ,ck Kistna ESifh Yadavari jrpftMum;a'o&Sd Palouraa'oESifh a&aMumif;qufoG,frI
rsm;&SdcJhonff[kqkdonf/ (Pamela Gutman, "Ancient Arakan" Ph-D Thesis, Australlian National University
1976, P-57)/ &ckdifESifhtdE´d,urf;ajca'orsm;onf rnfonfhtcsdefupwifí qufoG,fcJhonfukd
twdtusrod&aomfvnf;? c&pfESpfqef;ptcsdefwGif qufoG,frIwGifus,faeNyD jzpfonf (P. Gutman,
"Ancient Arakan, P-7/8) /
at'D-3&mpktwGif;u tdE´d,ta&SUawmifykdif;? em**sKeduGef'ga'owGif tkyfpkd;cJhonfh Iksvaku
rif;qufrS ]]r'´&dykwåoD&d0D&yk&do'wå}}rif;onf ,if;\(14)ESpfajrmufeef;pHESpfwGif? a&;xkd;cJhaom
ausmufpmü? tdE, d́ jynfawmifyidk ;f rS ax&0g'&[ef;rsm;omoemûyxGucf o hJ nfah 'orsm;ukd azmfjy&mwGif
Cilata[kawGU&ygonf/(N.R. Ray, "An Introduction to the Study of Theravada Buddhism in Burma", University of
Calcutta, 1946, P-14) / þausmufpmrS Cilata qkdonfrSm r[mbm&w? [&d0Ho? yl&mPESifh yOöwEÅ&
ponfhouúwusrf;rsm;wGifazmfjyaom Kirata a'oyifjzpfygonf/ Ptolemy rSwfwrf;wGif? **Fgjrpf0Srf;
tvGefa'orsm;rS vlrsm;ukdazmfjyaom Tiladai qkdonfrSmCilata ukd *&doHjzifh zvS,fíajymxm;jcif;jzpf
ygonf/ xkYd aMumifh Ptolemy \ Tiladai ?ausmufpmrS Cilata ESi?hf ouúwusrf;rsm;rS Kirata wkYd onftwlwl
yifjzpfMuygonf(N.R.Ray, Theravada Buddhism in Burma", P-15)/
rmua@;,syl&rfusrf;tvkdESifh EIdif;csdefí? ouúwusrf;rsm;wGif azmfjyxm;aom tdE´d,ta&SUzsm;
a'orS Kinata a'oqko d nfrmS ? &ckid jf ynfEiS hf jrefrmjynfatmufyidk ;f ? rGe*f v
dk KdG ufwYdk aexkid &f ma'ojzpfonf
[k N.R.Ray uqkyd gonf/(Theravada Buddhism in Burma, P-16)/a'gufwmS.B Qanungo url ppfwaumif;
ESihf &ckid af 'orsm;ukq d vdk o
dk nf[k ,lqygonf(A History of Chittagong , P-51) /
jrefrmjynf\a&S;a[mif;ûrdUjyEkdifiHrsm;jzpfaom? ud&mwjynf? usifvifjynf? vif,efjynfwkdYudk
Ak'¨0g'a&muf&SdxGef;um;cJhygonf(Nid (Nidrf;ausmf? ]]aiGawmif}}&efukef? 1973? pm-49)/ vif,ef(Lin-
Yang) jynfukd a'gufwmfLuceu jrefrmjynfajrmufykdif;(okdYr[kwf) tv,fykdif;[kqkdí (J.B.R.S. Vol XIV,
Part II, P-154) N. R. Ray url oa&acwå&m[kqv dk ydk gonf(Theravad Buddhism in Burma, P-25) /okawoD
OD;b&Sifurl AdóEkd;ysLa'o[k,lqygonf (OD;b&Sif?]AdóEkd;ûrdUa[mif;ESifh orkdif;tjrif}}?
w?y?p?twGJ(1)? tykdif;(3)? 1966? pufwifbmv?pm-196)/ t&yf&yftaxmuftxm;rsm;tm;jzifh
vuf&Sd&ckdifjynfe,f onf Kirata a'o\tpdwftykdif;jzpfonfrSm xif&Sm;ygonf/
em**sKeduGef'ga'orS a&S;acwfAk'¨bmomtaqmuftOD;rsm;onf at'D-3&mpk? 4-&mpktwGif;rS
taqmuftOD;rsm;jzpfí? AdóEk;d ESihf oa&acwå&mwkYd wiG f ,if;Adou k mvuf&mrsm; vGrT ;f rk;d onfuadk wGU&
onf(pd (pdefarmifOD;? ]]oa&acwå&mûrdUa[mi;f}} w?y?p?twGJ(3)?tykdif;(1)? 1960?pm-177) 1960?pm-177)/ ysLwkdYonf
tdE´d,urf;ajcrS? tE¨&e,f? Mo&doe,frsm;ESif qufoG,f&mwGif &ckdifurf;ajca'orSwqifh pcef;csí
qufoG,fcJhonf(Ancient Arakan, P-110) &ckdifa0omvDausmufqpftEkynmvuf&mrsm;rSSmem**sKeduGef'g
rS vuf&mrsm;ESifhqifwlonfukd awGU&ygonf/(Ancient Arakan, P-222)/ xkdYaMumifhax&0g'omoemESifh
Ak'¨tEkynmonf tdEd́,awmifykdif;a'orsm;rS at'D3&mpkuyifa&muf&SdysHUESHUvmcJhonf[k,lq&ygonf/
em**sKeduGef'gxif&Sm;cJhpOfu Ak'¨0g'*kdPf; (4)*kdPf;xGef;um;cJhygonf/ ,if;wkdYrSm r[m0d[m&
0goD*kdPf;? r[d Homou*kdPf;ESifh ty&r[m0deaovd,*kdPf;rsm;jzpfMuonf/(H. Siarkar, "...at
Nagajunikonda, P-68/69)/ r[m0d[m&0goD*P dk ;f onf ax&0g'*kP d ;f jzpfí?oD[Vdk w f iG f MoZmtvTr;f rk;d qk;H
*kdPf;jzpfygonf/ þ*kdPf;onf wpfckwnf;aom ax&0g'*kdPf;jzpfí? þ*kdPf;\ygVdyd#uwfawmf
rsm;onf? jrefrm? ,k;d ',m;? uarÁmZekid if rH sm;okYd ysHUES UHS cJyh gonf(S.C. Eliot, "Hinduism and Buddhism. Vol
(1) , P-276)/
tmeE´pjE´ausmufpmt& a0omvDacwfrwkid rf D "n0wDacwfrif;rsm;[k ,lq&aom pajE´m',rif;
(at'D-202-229)? tPÖa0wrif;(at'D-229-234)? &dbsayÜg(at'D310-334)? uka0&mrda'0 (at'D-
334-341)(D.C. Sircar, "Inscriptions of Chandras of Arakan, 1957)/wkdY\*kPfyk'frsm;ukdazmfjy&mwGif
]]olawmfpif[korkwftyfaom}}]]tvª'gersm;pGmûyvkyfaom}}]]'ge?oDv...}}ponfjzifh azmfjyxm;yg
onf (OD;pHomatmif? ]]tmeE´pjE´}}pm-97-101) }pm-97-101)/ ,if;tjyif AdóEkld;ûrdUa[mif;rS wl;azmf&&Sdonfh
]]oHCoD&d}}[k jA[®Dtu©&m? ygVdbmomjzifha&;xkd;xm;aom pmwrf;ESifh wacwfwnf;jzpfaom? at'D-
2&mpktwGif;u tdE´d,awmifykdif;wGif tokH;ûycJhonfh jA[®Dtu©&mjzifh ]]opöuy&AÆmuZde}}[laom
ygVdpma&;xkd;xm;onfh ausmufqif;wkwpfqlukd &ckdifjyhnfwGifawGU&SdNyD;jzpfygonf/ jA[®Dtu©&m
ta&;tom;ESifhygVdpmayonf at'D-3&mpkxufaemufrusyJ &ckdifjynfokdYa&muf&SdcJhygonf/okdYaomf
at'D-2&mpkcefYua&;xkd;cJhonf[k owfrSwfekdifonfh ouúwbmompmay ta&;tom;ukd &ckdifa'o
wGifrawGU&yg/ xkdYaMumifem**sKeduGef'ga'oESifh? tdE´d,awmifykdif;rS &ckdifjynfokdYa&muf&SdcJhaom Ak'¨
omoemonf? r[m0d[m&0goD*kdPf;\ ygVdAk'¨0g'jzpfonf[k ,lqygonf/ xkdYaMumifh oD[kdVfwGif
bDpD-33ütjynfhtpkHtu©&mwifcJhaom ygVdyd#uwfawmfonf
(oef ; xG e f ; ?]]½k y f & S i f a w;uAsmr*¾ Z if ; ?2000? Mo*k w f v ?pm-93) ES p f a ygif ; (300)cef Y t wG i f ; ?
c&pfESpfqef;ptcsdefwGif tdE´d,awmifykdif;a'orsm;ESifh ul;oef;qufoG,frIwGifus,faeNyDjzpfaom
&ckdifjynfokdYa&muf&SdcJhrnf jzpfygonf/
jA[®tD u©&mukd tdE, d´ jynfwiG f bDp-D 3&mpkr?S at'D -2&mpkxo d ;Hk pGcJ yhJ gonf(OD
(OD;pHomatmif? ]]at'D-
6&mpkESifh ,if;rwkdifrD &ckdifjynfokH;tu©&m}}&efukef?1974? pm-16)/ em**sKeduGef'ga'oonf
ar&d, tifyg,mwGif yg0ifcyhJ gonf/ &ckid jf ynfa&muf jA[®t D u©&mta&;tom;onf? tdE, d´ awmifyidk ;f ESihf
em**sKeduGef'ga'orSa&muf&Sdvmjcif; jzpfygonf/ D.G.E.Hallu em**sKeduGef'gteD;? tr&0wDAk'¨
,Ofaus;rIonf ta&SUawmiftm&SwGif? at'D 150ESifh 250tMum;wGif txl;ojzifh ysHUESHUcJhonf[kd
qkdygonf(Hall, "History of South East Asia, P-20)/ ,if;tjyifem**sKeduGef'gwGif pkd;pHcJhaom Iksvaku
rif;quftwGif;ü? Ak'¨qif;wkawmfukd;uG,foGef;vkyfrIonf ]]oEÅrlvrif;}}(at'D 225-250)vufxuf
wGifrSpwifvmygonf/ {[k0voEÅrlvrif;vufxuf(at'D-285-334)wGifem**sKeduGef'gü? Ak'¨½kyfyGm;
awmfukd;uG,frIonf txGwftxdyfokdYa&muf&SdcJhonf (H.Sarkar, ...at Nagajuni Konda, P-84)/ xkdYaMumifh
jA[®Dtu©&m? ygVdpmayta&;tom;onfem**sKeduGef'ga'orS qif;wkawmfukd;uG,frIESifhtwl &ckdifjynf
okdkYa&muf&Sdvmjcif;jzpfNyD; at'D-3&mpkxufa&S;usbG,fr&Sdyg/ ygVdpmayta&;tom;onf &ckdifjynfokdY
at'D-250cefYwGif a&muf&SdxGef;um;cJhNyD;? ouúwpmayta&;tom;rSm at'D 450cefYwGif a&muf&Sd
xGef;um;cJhonf[k ,lq&ygonf(armif (armifjyL;? ]]&ckdifjynfokdYygVdESifh ouúwta&;tom;pwifa&muf&Sd
jcif;}} &ckdif½kd;rr*¾Zif;(1)? 1996?pm-135)
1996?pm-135)/
 *kywÜ acwfonf at'D 300rS 600xd jzpfygonf(Christmas Humphreys, "Buddhism", 1964, P-210)/
xkad cwftwGi;f *kyw Ü tu©&mESihf ouúwpmayonf ywf0ef;usiEf idk if rH sm;okYd ysUH ESUH cJo
H nf/ *kyw
Ü acwfonf
tdE´d,EkdifiHwGif r[m,eAk'¨bmomtxGwftxdyfokdY a&muf&SdcJhaomacwfjzpfNyD;? ta&SUbufESifh
ta&SUawmifbufEkdifiHrsm;okdY r[m,eAk'¨bmomukd trsm;qkH;jzefYjzL;cJhaomacwfjzpfygonf/ wdbuf
bkef;awmfBuD; TaranathazmfjycJhonfh? 0okAE¨K\wynfhrsm;Kukijynfrsm;okdY r[m,eAk'¨omoemjzefYjzL;cJh
onfrSm þ*kyÜwacwftwGif;ujzpfygonf/
Akk'¨omoemorkdif;wGif ygVdbmomonf ax&0g'*kdPf;okH;bmomjzpfí? ouúwbmomrSm r[m
,e*kdPf;rsm;okH;pGJaom bmomjzpfygonf(Richard A-Gard, "Buddhism" New York, 1963, P-3)/at'D-
5&mpktwGif;ü &ckdifjynfwGif *kyÜwtu©&m? ouúwpmayrsm;ukdawGU&Sd&ojzifh? at'D-5&mpkwGif *kyÜw
tifyg,mrS r[m,eAk'¨bmomonf &ckdifjynfokdYa&muf&Sdonf[k qkd&ygrnf/ OD;atmifomOD;u r[m
,eAk'b ¨ momonf &ckid jf ynfoYdk r*"wkid ;f rS0ifa&mufvmonf[k ,kMH unf&aomfvnf;? at'D-5&mpkxuf
ykdía&S;rusEkdif[kqkdygonf(OD;atmifomOD;?]]Ak'¨omoemESifh&ckdifjynf}}?
&ckdif,Ofaus;rItzGJU?&efukef?1974? pm-12)/
w½kyf&[ef;awmfFa-Hsien\rSwfwrf;wGif azmfjycJhcsuft&qkdvQif at'D-380rS 415wGifpkd;pHcJhaom
pjE´*kyÜwrif;vufxuf? *kyÜwtifyg,monf? **Fgjrpfta&SUbufe,fokdYausmfvGefcJhNyD;? at'D 370-
425 wGif pkd;pHaom&ckdifa0omvDjynfh&Sif 'GifpjE´rif;BuD;\e,fedrdwfESifhxdpyfaeonfukd awGU&ygonf/
at'D-5&mpk? 6-&mpktwGif; &ckdifjynfwGifausmufpma&;xkd;aom "avhxGef;um;cJh&m awGU&Sd&orQ
ausmufpmrsm;\&Spfq,f&mEIef;rSm *kyÜwtu©&m ouúwbmomrsm;jzpfay&m? *kyÜwtifyg,mESifh &ckdif
jynf\qufqHa&; rnfrQxdwGifus,fcJhrnfukd rSef;qEkdifavmufygonf/ *kyÜwtifyg,mrS emvE´m
wuúokdvfBuD;onf? at'D-6&mpktwGif;uBuD;us,fcef;em;cJhNyD;? r[m,eAk'¨omoem\ yifrtcsuf
tcsmjzpfcJh\/ *kyÜwtifyg,mESifh &ckdifjynfonf qufoG,fEkdifaomvrf; trsm;tjym;yif&SdcJh&m? *kyÜw
tu©&m? ouúwbmomta&;tom;onf? &ckdifjynfokdYtiftm;BuD;rm;pGm 0ifa&mufcJhNyD;? ax&0g'Ak'¨
omoemxufyif ykdrkdwGifus,fcJhonf[k taxmuftxm;rsm;u nTefjyaeygonf/
tdE´d,EkdifiHajrmufykdif;rS Ak'¨omoemonf **Fgjrpf0Srf;ukdjzwfausmfum? &ckdifjynfokdYapmpD;pGmu
yif a&muf&SdcJNyD;? r[mrkedukdr@dKifûyí? jrefrmEkdifiH\a&S;usaom Ak'¨omoeme,fajrtjzpf xif&Sm;cJh
ygonf/ (Forchammar, Arakan, P-1)/ &ckdifa0omvDacwfwGif tdE´d,awmifykdif;Ak'¨,Ofaus;rIESifh
ajrmufyidk ;f Ak',
¨ Ofaus;rIEpS rf sK;d vk;H ukd awGU&ygonf/ (P. Gutman, "Ancient Arakan" P-184)/ &ckid jf ynf wGif
Ak'¨tEkynmvuf&mtrsm;tjym;onf *kyÜwacwfOD;rS rwl&mvuf&mrsm;ESifh wlnDonfvnf;&Sdyg onf/
(San Tha Aung, "The Buddhist Art of Ancient Arakan, Rangon, 1979, P-115)/ ausmuf a wmf û rd U
r[mrkedukef;rSawGU&Sd&aom aAm"dowåqif;wk(pd (pdefarmifOD;? w?y?p?wGJ(3)? ykdif;(1)-pm-202)? aAm"d
owå0gZdoGm&qif;wk (Ancient Arakan, P-257)wkdYuvnf; &ckdifjynfwGif r[m,eAk'¨bmomxGef;um;cJh
aMumif; nTefjyaeMuygonf/
N.R. Ray url jrefrmEkdifiHokdYa&muf&SdcJhaom ouúwAk'¨0g'*kdPf;onf? rlvoAÁwåd0g'*kdPf;jzpfí
tdE¨d,ta&SUajrmufykdif;rS0ifa&mufvmjcif;jzpfonf[k qkdygonf (Sanskrit Buddhism in Burma, P-88)/
aAm"dowå0g'ukd r[m,e*kdPf;rsm;omr[kwf oAÁwåd0g'*kdPf;uvnf;OD;pm;ay;cJhonf(armif (armiftHh?
]]omoem2500c&D;}}&efukef? 1989? pm-130)/ tmeE´pjE´rif;onf aAm"dowåqif;wkawmfrsm;xkvkyf
aMumif;(OD;pHomatmif? ]]tmeE´pjE´}}? pm-135)od&ygonf/ P.Gutmanurl Ak'¨trdwmb\ okc0wD
taemufedAÁmefjynfukd ouf0if,kHMunfoljzpfaMumif;ESifh (Ancient Arakan, P-184)/r[m,ew&m;awmf
rS usrf;wpfqljzpfaom o'¨&fr®yk@&duusrf;ukd qnf;yl;avhvmoljzpfonfhtaMumif;ukd (Ancient
Arakan, P-248)rSwfcsufcsxm;ygonf/ E.H Johnstonurl a0omvDacwftwGif;u &ckdifjynfwGif ta&SU
b*Fvm;rS 0dOmP0g'*kdPf;a&muf&SdxGef;um;cJhonf[k qkdygonf/ txufygtaMumif;tcsufrsm;ukd
tajccHí tmepjE´rif;onf r[m,eAk'¨bmom0if oyoumwpfOD;jzpfonf[k okawoDrsm;u ,lq
Muygonf/
r[m,eusr;f rsm;wGif yg0ifaom a,"r®m*gxmawmfonf &ckid jf ynfoif;uspaf wmfawmifr&S &Sd aom
a,"r®*gxmESifhtwlwlyifjzpfygonf(Ancient Arakan , P-77)/ a0omvDwGifawGU&aom eDwdpjE´rif;
\rdzk&m;ausmufpmwGif yg&Sdaoma,"r®*gxmrSm r[m,e0de,usrf;jzpfaom r[m0w¬Kt0'geusrf;
vm*gxmESifh wykHpHwnf;wlnDaeygonf (Ancient Arakan, P-84)/ oif;uspfawmfawmifausmufpmyg
a,"r®m*gxmonf? at'D-7&mpk? 8-&mpktwGif;u ,leefjynfrS ausmufcsyfpwlygrsm;wGif yg0ifonfh
a,"r®m*gxmESifh *gxmykHpHa&m? vufa&;vufom;yg wlnDonfhtjyif &ckdif? b*Fvm;?tmoH? ,leefESifh
ysLûrdUawmfrsm;wGif omoemûyrsm; tjyeftvSefoGm;vmul;oef;rIrsm; &SdcJhygonf(Ancient Arakan, P-78)/
&ckdifjynfwGifawGU&aom rukd#fo&zlaqmif;qif;wkawmfrsm;\ rlvblwonf o'¨&fr®yk@&du
usrf;jzpfygonf/ þqif;wkawmfrsm;rSm r[m,eAk'¨0g'vm Ak'¨\um,okH;yg;(Bwdum,)teufrS
aumif;uifbkHwGif pHjref;aeaom oHabm*um,ukd&nfrSef;í oGef;vkyfxm;jcif;jzpfygonf(Ancient
Arakan, P-284)/ &cki d jf ynfwiG f o&zlaqmif;qif;wkawmfrsm;onf Ak't ¨ rdwmbuk;d uG,rf EI iS hf qufpyfae
NyD;? þqif;wkawmfrsm;wGif a&mifjcnfawmfrsm; uGefYjrLí? vnf&GJ? b,uf? vufaumuf? rukd#f?
vufusyf?vufpGyfponfwkdY qifjref;xm;ykHrsm;onf? uif;A&pfwuúokdvfpmMunhfwkduftwGif;&Sd
]]tVo[owduynmyg&rDwmusrf;}} ayrlwGif az:jyxm;onfhtwkdif; o½kyfazmfoGef;vkyfxm;onf[k
od&ygonf(Ancient Arakan, P-249)/ ´
þqif;wkawmftrsm;pkonf acwfOD;r[m,eAk'¨bmomrS Ak'¨trdwmb\qif;wkawmfrsm;jzpfMu
ygonf/ Batta Caria \ ]tdE, d́ y#drmody}HÜ usrf;t& trdwmbbk&m;onf ta&miftqif;tm;jzifh eDMuif
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onf? *kdPf;tm;vkH;\yd#uwfrsm;ukd ESHUpkyf&onf/ tao;pdwfavhvmqnf;yl;&onf[k od&ygonf/
(S. Dutt, "Buddhist Monks and Monasteries", London, 1962, P-176/a'gufwmWinternitzuygVdy# d uwfawmf
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ewfausmif;rsm;pGm &Syd gonf/ ax&0g'*kP d ;f 0ifoC H mausmif;(30)ESihf oHCm(2000)&So d nf[o k &d ygonf/
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d *kP
d ;f rsm;xGe;f um;aeygonf
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"Buddhism"P-11) /tdE, d´ ajrmufyidk ;f a'orsm;wGif oHCmawmftm;vk;H onf rdr\ d yg&rDOmPf&ifo h ef a&;ESihf
vltrsm;onfvnf; rdrdwkdYtodw&m;&ifhoefjrifhrm;a&;twGuf? *kdPf;tm;vkH;\pmayusrf;*ef rsm;ukd
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ax&0g'0de,ESihf tbd"r®mrsm;rSm qufvufíwnfwchH idk Nf rJco hJ nf[ak &;om;cJ\ h /(S.B.Qanungo, "A History
of Chittagong", P-84)/
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tjyeftvSefaqG;aEG;avhvm ñSdEIdif;jcif;jzifh Nidrf;csrf;pGmukd;uG,fcJhMuygonf/ a0omvDrif;rsm;uvnf;
wkid ;f jynftwGi;f vGwv f yfpmG ,kMH unfu;dk uG,cf iG ûhf yxm;NyD;? bmoma&;*kP d ;f wpfcEk iS w hf pfc?k ,kid ;f yif;ulnD
rI? vª'gef;pGeYf BuJrrI sm;&Sad ecJMh uonfudk tmeE´pjE´rif;\aqmif&u G cf sufrsm;u oufaojyvsuf&ydS gonf/
&ckdifjynfonf wkdif;oljynfom;wkdYtm; vGwfvyfpGmukd;uG,fcGifhûyaom wkdif;jynfjzpfonf/
xkdYaMumifh*kdPf;uGJrsm;ay:vmNyD;aemufwGif? [de,e*kdPf;0if? r[m,e*kdPf;0if[kcGJjcm;rIr&Sdacs/ a0om
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kpGm ukd;uG,fcGifhay;xm;jcif;jzpfí? a&m,SufaeMujcif;r[kwfyg(OD (OD;atmifomOD;]]Ak'¨omoemESifh
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rSm trSefyifjzpfygonf/ okdYaomfa0omvDacwfwGif? a,"r®m*gxmuJhokdY ygVdouúwusrf;rsm;wGifyg&Sd
aom omoema&;qkid &f mpmayrsm;tjyif rdrw d Ydk \tvª'geudprö sm;? avmuD? avmukw&å maqmif&u G cf suf
rsm;ESifhywfoufí rSwfwrf;a&;xkd;&mwGif ouúwbmomukdom a&G;cs,fa&;xkd;avh&SdMuonfukdaxmuf
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tmeE´pjE´rif;onf *dvmarCrif;\wkdif;jynf(okdYr[kwf) oD[kdVfuRef;(oef;xGef;?]]acwfa[mif;
jrefrm&mZ0ifpmwrf;(1)?pm-75 (1)?pm-75/ OD;pHomatmif]]tmeE´pjE´}} pm-213/ 'P.Gutman, "Ancient Arakan,
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ukd ausmufpma&;xk;d cJyh gonf/ a0omvDacwfjynfyomoemqufqaH &;ESihf ywfoufí þtcsufwpfck
om ausmufpmwGifawGU&Sd&ygonf/ þtaxmuftxm;tm;jzifhqkdvQif tmeE´pjE´rif;onf ax&0g'
Ak'¨bmom0iftjzpf,lqbG,fjzpfygonf/ tmeE´pjE´rif;onf? c&pfESpftpykdif;uyif tdE´d,awmifykdif;?
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pjE´rif;(9)yg;onf? ax&0g'omoemawmfukd ouf0if,kHMunfMuonf/ tcsKdUaomrif;rsm;wnfxm;
ukd;uG,fcJhonfh? bk&m;? ykxkd;tcsKdUukd ,ckwkdifawGUjrif&ygao;onf/
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A[kv d Xf mejzpfvmcJyh gonf(A History of Chittagong, P-84)/ a'gufwmN.N. Lawu b*Fvm;wGiyf gvrif;rsm;
wefc;dk xGe;f awmufcsed üf ppfwaumif;wGif r[m,e*kP d ;f rsm;xGe;f um;cJo h nf[k qkyd gonf/ ppfwaumif;
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taxmuftxm;rsm;yif jzpfMuygonf (A History of Chittagong , P-86)/ M. Collis url at'D 788rS
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ae&mvyfyifr&Sad Mumif; oufaojyjcif;jzpfygonf/ r[mrkeu d ek ;f awmfay:wGif ½kyw f ?k ½ky<f u?trsKd;tpm;
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þ½kyfvkH;½kyf<ursm;tm; wEÅ&Ak'¨bmomtaxmuftxm;rsm;[k ,lqayrnf[k a&;om;cJhygonf(The
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yg0ifaMumif;? pjE´rif;rsm;vufxuf &ckdifjynfwGif wEÅ&0g'onf tajcckdifrmpGmxGef;um;cJhNyD;
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w½kyfjynfrsm;bufokdY ysHUESHUcJhjcif;ponfhtcsufrsm;yifjzpfygonf/
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vmaom&ckid rf Bl udK;wrf;yd#uwfawmftm;?jznfph u G jf cif;?y,fEKS wfjcif;?rûyyJcidk Nf rJpmG \xde;f odr;f Ekid &f efjzpfyg
onf/ tmeE´pjE´ausmufpm*gxm(50)wGif yg&SdouJhokdY a&Ta&;rif;a&; unpfa&;tm;jzifh ti,fpm;a&;
ul;wifaom o*Fg,emyGiJ ,frsKd;um; rif;&ifjzLvufxufxd &ckid jf ynfwiG f (11)Budrrf Q&Scd o hJ nf[k od&yg
onf(atmif(atmifcspfpdef?]]&ckdifjynfAk'¨omoemESifh omoemûyvkyfief;BuD;}}? &ckdifr*¾Zif;(4)? 1977?pm-
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ax&0g'omoemawmfukd jyefvnfûypkawmfrlcJh&ygonf/ ae&Oö&mawmifilacwf i&refrif;vufxufü
vnf; Owå&"r®oC H mh"yd wdq&mawmfonf wynfo h CH m(36)yg;ESit hf wl oD[Vdk o f Ydk omoemûy<ua&muf
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r[m&mZmwkdYvufxufwGif &ckdifjynfrSoHCmawmfrsm;yifhaqmifí omoemawmfukdjyefvnfûypkawmf
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Mum;cJh&bl;ygonf/
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nDnGwfaomazmfjycsufrsm;jzpfMuonf/
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azmfjyrIrsm;ukd OD;pGmwifjyygrnf/
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rif;vufxuf c&pf1639ESpfwGif a&muf&Sdvmygonf/
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pE´ok"r®&mZmrif;BuD;u oufolZmtm;csD;rGrf;awmfrl\}}[kvnf; azmfjyxm;ygonf/ oufolZmtm;
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cEÅmjywfvdrfh? ewfvnf;rwl? vlvnf;ru? b,f'geaMumifh? tvSokdYpifvGefoenf;/
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ajymifom;? wefaqmiftwl? xGm;jymjzLvQi?f rk;d olewf&yf? EIid ;f rpyfonf?h ajcmufxyfwcH eG ?f vSwif[ h efEiS ?hf
,k*efxdyfzsm;? b,fodMum;onf? rSwfom;aemifzkdY&efoenf;/
[laomtvSbGJ&wkvuFmrsm;onf r*kdrif;orD;\tvStyukd azmfjyEkdifpGrf;&SdNyDvQif? *kPftvuFm
&owkdYESifhjynfhpkHaom? pE´ok"r®&mZmrif;\? *EÅ0ifajrmufaomtzGJUtEGJUjzpfaMumif;? jrefrmpmayorkdif;
wGif rSwfwrf;wifoifhvSayonf/

&nfnTef;ukd;um;aomusrf;rsm;
(1) &ckdif&mZ0if q&mirnf;(ppfawGûrdUMum;ausmif;ayrl)
(2) tif;apmuf&mZ0if okawoDynmpm&rl(r[mrked"r®&u©dwausmif;? ppfawGûrdU)
(3) &ckdif&mZ0ifopf('k-wGJ) &SifpE´rmvmvuFm&('k-Budrf-1997? &efukef)
(4) &ckdif'*Fg;rsm; OD;pHomatmif(1979-&efukef)
(5) The Story of Indo-Pakistan by S.F. Mahmud ( Karachi , 1966, P-152, 154, 157)
(6) A History of Chittagong by S.B. Qanungo. (Chittagong, 1988, P 300 to 360)
(7) History of Burma by G.E Harvey (London, 1925, P-147-148)
(8) A History of South East Asia by D.G.E. Hall (London, 1968 tkef;armif(jyef)pm-140?141? 1
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&Sm½I*smonf &ckdifjynfajrmufOD;ûrdUwGif uG,fvGefcJh&onfukdtaMumif;ûyí 1666ckESpfwGif r*kd
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ppfwaumif;e,fajrukd r*kdwkdYodrf;ykdufEkdifrIonf atmf&efZpfvufxufü *kPf,lp&matmifyGJ
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(3)r*kdrif;om;&Sm½I*smonf &ckdifwkdYvufcsufjzifh usqkH;cJh&jcif;/
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onf[k,lqaom r*kd{u&mZfatmf&efZpf\jyif;xefaom vufpm;acswkefYjyefrIjzpfonf[k azmfjycJh
ao;\/ okdYaomfr*kdwkdYonf &ckdife,fajr\tpdwftykdif;jzpfaom ppfwaumif;a'oukd odrf;ykdufEkdifcJh
aomfvnf; &ckdifppfwyf\jyif;xefpGmckcHwkdufrIaMumifh ,if;wkdY\&nf&G,fcsuf&SdcJhonfh ajrmufOD;
ûrdUawmfteD;okdY ruyfa&mufEkdifcJhaMumif; arm&pfaumvpfu a&;om;cJhavonf/

&nfñTef;ukd;um;aomusrf;rsm;
(1) &ckdif&mZ0ifBuD; q&mirnf;(ppfawGûrdUMum;ausmif;ayrl)
(xl-(0rf;)?aw(0rf;)?aw(aMum)
(2) &ckdif'*Fg;rsm; OD;pHomatmif(pm-52)
(3) The Story of Indo-Pakistan by S,F.Mahmud (Karachi-1696)(P-152, 154, 157)
(4) A History of Chittagong by S.B. Aanungo (Chittagong 1988)(P-300 to 360)
(5) History of Burma by G.E. Harvey (London 1925) (P-147, 148)
 (6) A History of South East Asia by D.G.E. Hall (London-1968)(tkef;armif(jyef)pm-140rS 142)
(7) Arakan's Place in the Civilization of the Bay by M.Collis, (B.R.S.F.A.P No-2, 1960, Rangon)

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ukd;um;aompmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;
(1) The Home of Pali(The Light of Majjhimadesa)(Nalanda University, India) U Razinda
(2) M. History of Indian Literature Vol II M. Winternitz
(3) R.O. Franke Pali and Sanskrit
 (4) ygVdpmayorkdif; ygarmu©a':tkH;
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1274)\acwftxd? c&pf,efausmif;awmf0g' (Scholasticism)vTrf;rkd;cJhaom? ESpfwpfaxmifcefY&Snfvsm;
onfh Oa&myorkid ;f umvuk?d orkid ;f ynm&Sirf sm;u Oa&mytarSmifacwf(TheDarkAge)[kowfrw S af &;om;
Muygonf/ 18-&mpktwGif;üMontesquieu (1689-1755), Voltaire (1694-1778), Rousseau (1712-1778) ponfh
awG;ac:&Sifrsm;u tarSmifacwfausmif;awmf0g'\orkdif;'óersm;ukd qefYusifawmfvSefcJhMuygonf/
19-&mpktpykdif;wGif Oa&myorkdif;'óeavmuü MoZmBuD;rm;cJholum; *sref'óeynm&Sif
ygarmu© G.W.F. Hegel (1770-1831)jzpf\/ ol\orkid ;f 'óeukd Reason in History pmtkyfwGif tjynfhpkHqkH;
awGU&\/ ol\orkid 'f óetESpcf sKyfrmS vlUorkid ;f onf ed,rw&m;ESit hf nD? 'kid , f mvufwpfenf;usus
ajymif;vJwkd;wufaeonf/ vlUorkdif;ajymif;vJwkd;wufrIjzpfpOfonf teEÅ0dOmOfawmfBuD;(Absolute Idea)
\jzpfpOf? teEÅ0dOmOfawmfBuD;\pdwful;(0g)qifjcifwkHw&m;twGif;ü tusKH;0ifonf/ vlUorkdif;onf
xkdteEÅ0dOmOfawmfBuD;\tvkdqE´twkdif;?teEÅ0dOmOfawmfBuD;qDokdYa&GUvsm;aeonf/
Hegel \orkdif;'óersm;onf vGefpGmeufeJíMoZmvTrf;rkd;cJhaomfvnf;? 19-&mpktwGif;ol\
'óersm;ukd qefYusifaom'óeynm&Sifrsm;ay:aygufcJh\/ ,if;wkdYteufxl;jcm;olESpfOD;rSmKarl Marx
ESifhF.Engels(1820-1895)wkdYjzpfMu\/ ,if;wkdYESpfOD;\'óeukd 20-&mpktxdo,faqmifí urÇmw0Sef;
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pwifazmfxkwfolrsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? vlUorkdif;\vlrIwkd;wufa&;Oya'orsm;ukd odyÜHenf;uswifjy
EkdifcJholrsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? *kdPfûycH&olrsm;jzpf\/ olwkdYuvllUorkdif;onf vlwef;pm;wkdufyGJorkdif;
jzpfí?wpfcgwpf&HBuD;rm;aom aemufqkwfrIrsm;&Sdaomfvnf;? aMumifvdrfavSum;yrmwkd;wufaeonf/
vltzGJUtpnf;wpfckESifhwpfckwkd;wufrIEIef;uGJjym;onf/ vlUorkdif;onf qkd&S,fvpfvlUabmifokdYoGm;ae
onf/ vlwef;pm;rJhaom vlUabmifBuD;okdY a&GUvsm;aeonfukd wkd;wufaeonf[k ,lqcJhMuonf/
okYd aomf,if;wkYd toufxif&mS ;&Spd OftwGi;f üvnf;aumif;? ,if;wkYd u, G v f eG Nf yD;rSvnf;aumif;? ,if;
wkdY\orkdif;'óersm;ukd qefYusifawG;ac:ynm&Siftrsm;tjym;yifay:xGef;cJh\/ ,if;wkdYteuforkdif;
qkdif&mtqkd;jrif0g'ukd wifjycJhMuonfSh chopenhauer (1788-1860), Nietzsche (1844-1900),ESifh Rickert (1863-
1936)wkdYonfvnf;aumif;? qkHvnfpuf0kdif;orkdif;tjrif(The Cycle Theory of History) udkwifjycJhMuonfh
Spenglar(1880-1936) ESifh Arnold Toynbee (1889-1975) wkdYonfvnf;aumif;? orkdif;qkdif&maygif;qkHjcif;
oDtkd&DF(Convergence Theory) ukd wifjyvQuf&SdMuonfh Raymond Aron, Drucker, P.A. Sonokin wkdYrSm xif&Sm;
olrsm;jzpfMuygonf/
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jzpfonf/}}[kqkdygonf/ Drucker u]]pufrIxGef;um;aomvlUtzJGJUtpnf;onf t&if;&Sifpepf? qkd&S,fvpf
pepfwkdYESifhwl/ ,if;pepfESpf&yfvkH;xufykdítqifhjrifhrm;aom vlUtzGJUtpnf;topfjzpfonf}}[ka&;om;
xm;ygonf/Sorokin u]]pepfESpf&yfonf wjznf;jznf;aygif;pnf;vmonf/ t&if;&Sifpepf? uGefjrLepf
pepfwkdYESifhrwl? wrluGJjym;aomtv,ftvwfykHpHvlUtzGJUtpnf;okdYa&GUvsm;aeonf}}[k ol\orkdif;
tjrifukdazmfjyygonf/
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ynm&Sifrsm;onf vlrIwkd;wufa&;'óersm;ukd qefYusifMuonf/ ,if;wkdYonf rdrdwkdY\acgif;aqmifrI
ukd tjcm;olrsm;vufwGif;okdYvTJtyf&rnfqkdaomtcg rnfokdYrQb0ifrusEkdifawmhay}}[kygarmu© E.H.
Carr ua0befcJhonf/ ygarmu© Sidney Pollard uvnf;? ]]t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;onf vlUorkdif;wGif rdrd
wkdYtcef;u@usqkH;awmhrnfukd odvmaomtcg? vlrIwkd;wufa&;Oya'rsm;ukd wkdufckdufvmNyD;? orkdif;
qkdif&mtqkd;jrif0g'ukd qkwfukdifvmMuonf}}[ka&;om;xm;ygonf/
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ouf&Sdxif&Sm; &SdpOfu tar&duefawmfvSefa&;? jyifopfjynfwGif;ppfyGJrsm;ukd jrifawGUcJh&onfhtjyif?
MopBwD;,m;xD;eef; qufcaH &;ppfy?JG t*Fvyd pf yde(f 7)ESpMf uma&aMumif;ppfyw JG Ydk uv
dk nf; BuHKawGUcJ&h onf/
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ppfoBl uD;rsm;? tusiyhf suf v'fpm;aomtrIxrf;rsm;? tusiyhf suí f ao&nfr;l aeaombk&ifrsm;?aoG;acsmif;
pD;ppfyGJrsm;? tmPmvkyGJrsm;ukd awGUcJh&onf/ ,if;aemufolonf ]]a&mrvufeufEkdifiHawmfBuD;
ysufpD;jcif;}}usrf;ukda&;cJhonf/ olonfvlUorkdif;wGif raumif;rIrsm;ESifh&mZ0wfrIrsm;ukdawGUcJh&onf/
xkt d cgol\'óewGif orkid ;f onf raumif;rIrsm;\rSww f rf;jzpfc&hJ onf/ 19-&mpkxif&mS ;aom 'óe
ynm&Sif Nietzsche uvnf; vlorkdif;onf ted|m½kHrsm;\ orkdif;jzpfonf[kqkdcJhzl;ygonf/
Oa&mywGif blZGmawmfvSefa&;aemufykdif; t&if;&SifpD;yGm;a&;pepfESifh pufrIodyÜHynm&yfrsm;wkd;wuf
vmaomtcg? orkdif;'óeynm&Sifrsm;u vlUorkdif;onf bk&mociftvkdawmfusajymif;vJwkd;wufae
onf[k½IjrifcJhMuonf/ qkd&S,fvpforkdif; 'óersm;xGef;um;vmNyD;aemuf? 1917-ckESpfwGif ½k&Sm;awmf
vSeaf &;atmifjrifNyD;? qk&d , S v f pfpepfonf 1937-ckepS w f iG f urÇmt h us,ft0ef;\ 25.9&mckid Ef eI ;f ? urÇmh
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vmMuonf/ qkd&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;rsm;? trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufrIawmfvSefa&;rsm;? urÇmppfaemufykdif;
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0wfrIrsm;? ted|m½kHrsm;\rSwfwrf;jzpfonf[k orkdif;qkdif&mtqkd;jrif0g'ukd vufukdifûyvmMuygonf/
,if;txJwGif qkHvnfpuf0kdif;orkdif;tjrifukd wifjycJhMuonfh Spenglar ESifh Toynbee wkdYrSm urÇm
ausmforkdif;'óeynm&Sifrsm;jzpfMuygonf/
Spenglar uvlUorki d ;f onf a&SUokYd wpfvrS ;f wk;d wkid ;f wk;d wkid ;f ysufp;D &efe;D uyfvmaeonf[q k o dk nf/
aMumif;usKd;qufEG,frI[laom 0dbm*ukdvlrIa&;b0wGif tokH;csír&/ aMumif;usKd;qufw&m;onf
obm0avmuBuD;wGio f m BuD;pk;d onf/ vlraI vmuwGirf l bk&m;ocifuzefw;D aomuHMur®m(Fate) t&om
jzpfMu&\/ vlrIavmuukdodyÜHenf;usavhvmír&/ vlom;\yuwdorkdif;pOfwGif rnfonfhOya'?
rnfonfhed,mrrQr&Sd/ uHMur®muomvlUorkdif;ukd jyXmef;xm;onf[kqkdygonf/ 1923-ckESpfwGif xkwf
a0aomol\]]taemufwidk ;f \usqk;H jcif;(The Decline of the West)}} orkid ;f 'óeusrf;ü ]]pmemaxmufxm;
rI? Munhf½IavhvmrI? EIdif;,SOfrI? twGif;pdwfrSay:vmaombk&m;ociftm;,kHMunfrI? tawGUtBuHKESifh
,SOfaomtodOmPfwkdYjzifhomvQif jzpfysufajymif;vJaeaomocFg&avmuukd em;vnfEkdifonf/þenf;
rsm;onf vlUorkdif;ukd½IUjrif&rnfh a,bk,senf;rsm;jzpfonf/ þenf;rsm;tjyif tjcm;enf;vrf;r&Sd}}
[ka&;om;cJhygonf/ rsufarSmufacwfwGif xif&Sm;aoma[mfvefEkdifiHrS 'óeynm&Sif D.V. Rhuesu
Spenglar\orkdif;'óeukd ]]aMuuGJzG,fuH,kH0g'(Tragic Fatalism)}} [ka0zefcJhayonf/
Arnold Toynbeeonf ol\orki d ;f ukad vhvmjcif; (A Study of History ) orkid ;f 'óeusrf;(10)wGt J euf
yxr(3)wGJukd 1934-ckESpfwGif xkwfa0cJhavonf/
oluorkid ;f wGif tajcûyavhvm&rnfrmS vly*k Kd¾ vfrsm;? vlrsm;? Ekid if rH sm;\orkid ;f r[kw/f ,Ofaus;
rIrsm;omjzpfonf/ ,Ofaus;rIrsm;\orkdif;onf vlUorkdif;jzpfonf/ urÇmay:wGif ,cktcsdeftxd
,Ofaus;rIaygif;-29ckay:xGef;cJhNyD[kqkdygonf/ ,if;wkdYteufoaE¨om;b0wGif usqkH;oGm;aom
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zGHUûzd;cJhonf[kqkdygonf/ ,Ofaus;rIwkdif;onf arG;zGm;jcif;? BuD;xGm;jcif;? ûyduGJjcif;? ysufpD;jcif;[laom
tqif(h 4)qifu h jdk zwfoef;&onf/ vGecf o hJ nfh ESpf -500cefYrpS í taemufwidk ;f ,Ofaus;rIûyduv JG monf/
olonfþESp-f 500 twGi;f vlom;wkYd awGUBuHKcJ&h onfh ppfEiS hf Nidr;f csrf;a&;oHo&mukad &wGujf ycJyh gonf/
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rnDawmhonft h cg taxGaxGppfyBJG uD;jzpfvmonf/ ,if;aemuf,m,DNidr;f csr;f a&;ukd &&So d nf/ ,if;aemuf
aemufqufwGJppfyGJuav;rsm;ESifh BuHK&onf/ ,if;aemufwGif taxGaxGNidrf;csrf;a&;umvBuD;okdY
qkdufa&muf onf/ taxGaxGNidrf;csrf;a&;umvBuD;ukdjzwfoef;aepOfumvtwGif; ,Ofaus;rI twGif;
ppfyGJuav;rsm; ay:aygufvmrnf/ aemufqkH;wGif taxGaxGppfyGJBuD;jzpfvmrnfjzpfonf/ Toynbee \
tvkt d & þppfNidr;f csr;f oHo&mwGif uReyfk w f Ydkonf ppfNidr;f oHo&mpwkwu ¬ mv? urÇmEh idk if H awmftwGi;f okYd
a&mufaeygonf/ þumvwGif urÇmhEkdifiHrsm;tenf;ESifhtrsm; Nidrf;csrf;rnf/ tiftm;BuD;EkdifiHrsm;
tcsif;csif; xde;f csKyfMurnf/ ,if;aemufwiG af &SUajy;ppfyu JG av;rsm;rSwqifh taxGaxGppfyBJG uD;jzpfvmNyD;?
taemufwkdif; ,Ofaus;rIBuD; vkH;0ysufqD;oGm;rnf[k wifjycJhonf/
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csddefjzpfygonf/ 12-ESpfom;t&G,fwGif&Gmausmif;q&mawmf OD;aZmwxHwGif ynmoifMum;onf/ 16-
ESpfom;t&G,fwGif omraP0wfí ygVdpmayrsm;ukd oif,lonf/ 1883-ckESpfwGif jrefrmjynfo&ufûrdU
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vuFm&jzpfí? a&TapwDq&mawmfBuD;ESifhtwl tdEd́,EkdifiHokdY<ua&mufavhvmcJhonf/ tdEd́,okdY okH;Budrf
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rlcJhygonf/
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csdef jzpfygonf/ taemufEkdifiHrsm;ta&SUwkdif;okdY e,fcsJUppfyGJrsm;qifETJaecsdefjzpfygonf/ &ckdifjynfukd
t*FvdyfwkdYodrf;,lxm;csdefjzpfNyD;? t*Fvdyfjrefrmwwd,ppfyGJukdvnf; rsuf0g;xifxifjrifcJh&ygonf/
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rsm;? Y.M.B.A ESifh 1920-ausmif;om;oydwfvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ukdvnf; BuHKawGUcJhbl;ygonf/ ,if;wkdYtjyif
1917-ck½k&Sm;EkdifiHqkd&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;ukdvnf; Mum;odcJh&onf/ urÇmESifht0Sef;qkd&S,fvpftawG;
tjrifrsm;jyefYyGm;aecsdefwGifq&mawmfBuD;oufawmfxif&Sm;&SdaecJhygonf/
q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;onf &ckdif&mZ0ifopfusrf;ukd 1930-ck *sLvkkdifvwGif tNyD;owfa&;om;cJhNyD;?
1931-ckarvwGifrEÅav;ûrdU[Hom0wDykHESdyfwkdufu ykHESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf/ Spenglar \ The Deeline of the
West usrf;xuf 7-ESpfaemufusí? Toynbee \A Study of History usrf;xuf ESpfapmygonf/
q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;onf vlUorkdif;ukd ½Ijrif&mü vlrIwkd;wufa&;Oya'orsm;? EkdifiHa&;pepfrsm;?
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(1) &ckdif&mZ0ifopfusrf;(y-wGJ)(&ckdifom;BuD;pmay) &SifpE´rmvm
(2) orkdif;jzpfpOfEsifh 'óetjrif(e0&wfpmay-1977-&efukef) a'gufwmoef;Ekdif
(3) 'óeduaA'pwkw¬ESpfoifwef;rSwfpkrsm;
(4) orkdif;pum;? yef;pum;(1982-&efukef) jroef;wifhf
(5) A Dictionary of Philosophy(Moscow-1967) Rosenthal and Yudin
(6) What is History (London 1965) E.H. Carr
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0denf;"dk&ftzGJUponfjzifh zGJUpnf;í apmifha&Smufawmfrlvsuf&SdMuygonf/ xkdokdYapmifha&SmufEkdif&ef EkdifiH
awmfwGif 1981ckESpfü omoemawmfoefY&Sif;wnfwHhjyefYyGm;a&; *kdPf;aygif;pkHoHCmhtpnf;ta0;BuD;ukd
ac:,lusif;yum omoemawmfa&&Snw f nfwahH &;udk aqmif&u G Ef idk &f ef txufazmfjyygoHCmhtzGUJ tpnf;
rsm;ukd zGJUpnf;cJhygonf/ &ckdifjynfe,f\omoemawmfukd xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufEkdif&eftwGufvnf;
jynfe,foC H mhem,utzGUJ ? jynfe,foC H mh0efaqmiftzGUJ ponfjzifh &ckid jf ynfe,ftwGi;f omoemawmf
xGef;um;jyefYyGm;a&;twGuf aqmif&Gufawmfrlvsuf&SdMuygonf/ ûrdUe,ftoD;oD;wGifvnf; oHCmh0ef
aqmiftzGJUrsm;zGJUpnf;í omoemawmfpnfyifysHUyGm;a&;ukd aqmif&Gufawmfrlvsuf&SdMuygonf/
okYd aomfvnf; vuf&t dS ajctaerQjzifh auseyfEpS o
f rd rhf aeoif[ h k jrifryd gonf/ &ckid jf ynfe,ftwGi;f
wnfwHhckdifNrJaeaom ax&0g'Ak'¨omoemawmfukd qufvufí xGef;um;jyefYyGm;apvkdygvQif &[ef;
&Sifvlrsm; aqmif&GufEkdif&ef atmufygtcsufrsm;udk tBuHûywifjyvkdygonf/
&ckdifjynfe,ftwGif; omoemawmfxGef;um;jyefYyGm;apvkdvQif-
(1) omoemhtquftEG,f? omoemhjrpf&if;ukd qif;oufyGm;apjcif;/
(2) yd#uwfawmfrsm; ykdYcsoif,ljcif;?
(3) omoemawmfrxGef;um;ao;aom tpGeftzsm;a'orsm;okdy omoemûy&[ef;rsm;apvTwfí?
omoemûyapjcif;/
(4) Ak'¨\w&m;ppfw&m;rSefukd a[mMum;í omoemûyapjcif;?
(5) omoemawmftm; tbufbufrSapmifha&SmufrIay;jcif; wkdYukdaqmif&Gufoifhygonf/

omoemjrpf&if;ukd qif;oufwkd;yGm;&eff

(1)omoemhtquftEG,f? omoemhjrpf&if;ukd qif;oufwkd;yGm;apjcif;qkdonfrSm tem*wf

omoemawmfü omoemawmftm; qufvufapmifha&Smufrnfh olawmfaumif; vZÆDyk*dK¾ vfrsm;ay:ayguf
a&;twGuf &Sio f mraP&[ef;i,frsm;ukd ûypkxed ;f odr;f &efyif jzpfygonf/ &ckid jf ynfe,fwiG f txl;ojzifh
uav;vli,frsm;wGif bmoma&;todw&m; txl;yifvkdtyfaeygonf/ uav;oli,frsm;trsm;qkH;
pka0;&m rlvwef;? tv,fwef;ESifh txufwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif Ak'¨omoemESifh ywfoufíjy|mef;ay;
xm;aom bmom&yfr&Sdao;yg/ uav;oli,frsm;onf rd½kd;zvm Ak'¨bmomtrnfcHMuaomfvnf;
bmom a&;tajccHtodw&m;avsmhenf;aejcif;aMumifh q&morm;? rdb? oufBuD;&G,ftkdrsm;tay:
*g&0w&m; avsmhenf;aeonfukd awGU&ygonf/ ,if;rSmomoemawmftm;enf;vmcsufrsm;rS
wpfckjzpfygonf/ ,cktcguav;oli,frsm;onf bk&m;w&m;oHCm q&mrdbtay: rnfonfhtwGuf
*&0w&m;xm;&Sd oifhonfudk tESpfususrodMuyg/ &cdkifjynfe,ftwGif; aus;vufa'orsm;rS
uav;rsm;rSm 0g0if? 0gxGu?f oBuFet f p&So
d nfah eY&ufrsm;wGif &Gm&Sb d ek ;f BuD;ausmif;okYd tpkvu
dk t
f ûyHvu
dk f
oGm;um aysmfyg;aqmhupm;jcif;? rkefYpm;jcif;rQjzifhom tcsdefukefaeMuygonf/ ausmif;NcH0if;twGif;
oDv&Si?f oDv&Sirf rsm;? omraP&[ef;? &Sio f mraPrsm;tMum;wGif ½kid ;f ½kid ;f jyjyajymqkjd cif;? u&maw;?
okdif;upm;jcif; rsm; ûyvkyfaewwfMuonfukd awGUjrif&ygonf/ þtrltusifhrsm;&&SdvmonfrSm
,cktcgaus;vufa'oxd ysHUESUH vmaeaom AG'D , D rdk sm;Munfjh cif;aMumifyh ifjzpfygonf/ e,fwiG jf yaeaom
AG D ' D , k d r sm;wG i f jref r mum;rsm;tjyif Ek d i f i H j cm;um;rsm;rS rzG , f r &maomtrl t &mrsm;?
&ckdif,Ofaus;rIESifhqefYusifaom o½kyfaqmifuGufrsm;yg&Sdonfukd uav;oli,frsm;twk,lMuygonf/
tqkdyguav;oli,frsm;onf omoemhabmifukd0ifzkdYa0;pG/ avmuDüyif olawmfaumif;rsm;jzpfvm&ef
cJ h , Of ; vS y gonf / xk d Y a Mumif h &ck d i f j ynf e ,f t wG i f ; 0if v maomEk d i f i H j cm;AD ' D , k d u m;rsm;uk d
oufqkdif&mtmPmykdiftzGJUrsm;u qifqm tzGJUjzifh wnf;jzwfNyD;rSom jyocGifhjyoifhygonf/

uav;oli,frsm;pka0;&m pmoifausmif;rSm

&ckdifjynfe,ftwGif;omoemhjrpf&if;ukd qif;oufwkd;yGm;apvkdvQifuav;oli,frsm;pka0;&m
pmoifausmif;rsm;ü Ak'¨omoemESifhywfoufaom bmom&yfwpfckukd jy|mef;ay;oifhygonf/ okdYrSom
omoemawmftaMumif;ukd em;vnfoabmaygufNyD; omoemjrpf&if; wk;d yGm;vmEkid yf grnf/ tajccHynm
ausmif;rsm;wGif ûrdUe,ftvkduf xkwfa0ay;aom Ak'¨0if½kyfpkHpmtkyfrsm;? Ak'¨,Ofaus;rIpmtkyfrsm;?
r[mrkedbk&m;orkdif;ponfhpmtkyfrsm;rSm pmtkyfpifay:wGifom&SdaeMuygonf/ uav;oli,frsm;twGif;
tokH;usonfukdrawGU&yg/pma&;olwkdYi,fpOfu Ak'¨bmomukdbmom&yfwpfcktjzpf oif,lcJh&NyD; rlv
wef;ausmif;rsm;pkpnf;í Ak'¨bmompmar;yGJûydifyGJrsm;ûyvkyf&mwGif 0ifa&muf,SOfûydifajzqkdcJh&zl;onfukd
owd&rdygonf/ omoemhjrpf&if;tquftEG,fukd qif;oufwkd;yGm;jcif;rûyvkyfEkdifygu omoemawmf
wnfwHhxGef;um;a&;onf rjzpfEkdifyg/
a'0geHyD,wdórif;BuD;u &Sifr[dE´rax&fjrwftm; oD[kdVfwGif omoemawmfwnfwHhygNyDavm
[k ar;onfhtcg &Sifr[dE´rax&fu ]]ywH|dwHacg r[m&mZomoeH? rlvmedyemóewm0 Mou&EÅd}}
[ka[mygonf/ ,if;twkid ;f yif rdrad exkid &f m &yf&mG a'oü rdru
d t
dk rSûD yí uav;oli,frsm;tm; bmom
a&;todOmPfwkd;yGm;apum omoemhabmifokdYa&mufatmif ykdYaqmifrSom omoemhtquftEG,fukd
qif;oufwkd;yGm;ap&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfygrnf/

oHo&mrS vGwfajrmufaMumif;enf;oifMum;

(2)omoemawmfokH;&yfwGif y&d,wådomoemawmfonf t"dujzpfygonf/ y&d,wåd omoem

awmfukd oifMum;ykYd cs&mü oHom&0#frx S u
G af jrmufaMumif; edó&ewåpmoifenf;jzifyh Ydkcsjcif;? acwftajc
taet& pmar;yGJajzqkd&mü txl;pifMu,fpGmjzifh owd?0D&d,? o'´g?ynmnDrQapjcif;&SdrSom omoem
xGef;um;ygrnf/ ,ckacwfumvonf a&S;acwfuESifhrwlawmhonfhtwGuf Asmu½kdPf;? o'´gESifh
tXuxm? #DumwkdYukdoifMum;ykdYcsjcif;jzifh tukefrukefvGefapoifhyg/ &[ef;awmfrsm;oifMum;&aom
pmayonf Ak'¨0peESifh eD;EkdiforQeD;&efvkdtyfygonf/
a&S;a&S;tcgu o*Fg,emwkdYü o*Fg,emNyD;qkH;onfhtcg oHCmax&fBuD;rsm;u ]]tm0kaom£'H
wk,HS edów d au0gap[d? £rHwak rSy&d[&x}} ponfjzihhf yd#uwfawmfcjJG cm;oifMum;a&;ukd csrw S af wmf
rlcJhMuygonf/ ,cktcgEkdifiHawmfu OD;aqmifí em,uq&mawmfBuD;rsm;uvnf; jrwfAk'¨ygXfawmf
ESifhtnD eD;pyfEkdiforQ eD;pyfatmif edum,fpmar;yGJrsm;usif;yvsuf&Sd&m &ckdifjynfe,frSvnf; omoemh
tmZmenfyk*dK¾ vfrsm; ay:xGef;vmaeonfukd 0rf;ajrmufzG,fawGU&Sd&ygonf/ trSefqkdvQif yd#uwfpmay
ykdYcs&mü oHo&mrSvGwfajrmufaMumif;enf;jzifh oifMum;ykdYcsrSomvQif omoemawmf\tusKd;twGuf
jzpfygrnf/
 ausmif;xkdif oHCmawmfrsm; t&nftcsif;

&ckdifjynfe,f&SdûrdUe,f 17ûrdUe,fü bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm;wGif oDwif;okH;aexkdif;awmfrlMuaom

&[ef;yk*Kd¾ vfrsm;\ ynmt&nftcsif;rSm wajy;nDr&So d nfudk awGU&ygonf/ ti,fwef;? tv,fwef;?
tBuD;wef;atmifrStp "r®p&d,tjyif ousoD[bGJUxd&&Sdxm;Muaom yk*dK¾ vfrsm;&SdaMumif;od&ygonf/
þtcsufonf &ckid jf ynfe,ftwGi;f omoemawmfxeG ;f um;jyefYymG ;a&; aqmif&u G &f mwGif tm;enf;csuf
wpfckjzpfvmEkdifygonf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf xkd&[ef;onf rdrdynmtvkdufomvQif w&m;a'oem
awmfa[mMum;jcif;jzifh omoemûyEkid Mf uonfjzpf&m? w&m;awmfuMdk um;em&aomvltrsm;rSm w&m;awmf
ESihf ywfoufí em;vnf;rIumG [NyD; oabmxm;t,ltquGjJ ym;Ekid í f jzpfygonf/ xkYdaMumifh ausmif;xkid f
oHCmawmfrsm; ynmt&nftcsi;f wpfajy;nD&adS p&ef aqmif&u G af y;Ekid v
f Qif ykrd í
dk aumif;ygonf/ okYd ro S m
&ckid jf ynfe,ftwGi;f omoemawmfxeG ;f um;a&; tqifjh rifrh m;vmEkid yf grnf/ ausmif;xkid o f wD if;ok;H rnfh
&[ef;rsm;twGuf ynmt&nftcsif;tqifhtwef; wpfckckukdowfrSwfay;oifhygonf/
,if;okdYynmt&nftcsif;wpfckckukd owfrSwfay;Ekdif&eftwGuf &ckdifjynfe,f\ûrdUawmf ppfawGûrdU
wGif y&d,wåpd moifwu dk w
f pfck oD;jcm;wnfaxmif&efvt dk yfygonf/ &ckid jf ynfe,f ppfawGûrdUü ppfawGûrdU
wGif ]]ausmif;xkdifbkef;BuD;oifwef;ausmif;}} [lízGifhvSpfrnf[k od&ygonf/ þausmif;onftrSefyif
aqmufvyk o f ifyh gonf/ okYd aomfþ ]]ausmif;xkid b f ek ;f BuD;oifwef;ausmif;}} [laomtrnfxuf]]ausmif;
xkid qf &mawmfrsm; omoemhoyd }HÜ } okYd r[kwf ]]ausmif;xkid &f [ef;awmfrsm; omoemhArd mef}} [líomtrnf
ay;oifhygonf/ þausmif;rSowfrSwfxm;aom t&nftcsif;ukdatmifjrifaom &[ef;awmfrsm;ukdom
vQif ausmif;xkid o f w D if;ok;H apoifyh gonf/ þomoemhArd mefoYdk wufa&mufoifMum;Ekid &f ef tjcm;aom
y&d,wåpd moifwu dk rf sm;rS oifMum;íEkid if aH wmfrS usi;f yaompmar;yGaJ tmif tqifw h pfcu k dk owfrw S x f m;
oifhygonf/ okdYrSomvQif &ckdifjynfe,ftwGif; Ak'¨omoemtqifhtwef; wpfajy;nDwkd;wufvmrnf
jzpfygonf/
tjcm;wpfckrSm &ckdifjynfe,ftwGif;p y&d,wådpmoifwkdufta&twGuf enf;yg;aeygao;onf/
ppfawG? ausmufjzL? oHwGJ? ajrmufOD;ponfhûrdUBuD;rsm;wGif y&d,wådpmoifwkdufrsm; ,ckxufykdrkdwkd;csJU
oifyh gonf/ omoemhtquftEG,f t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukv d nf; tqkyd gpmoifwu dk rf sm;wGif y&d,wåpd may
rsm;ykdYcsoifhygonf/

atmifvufrSwf&rSom

pma&;olqkdvkdonfrSm y&d,wådpmoifwkdufrsm;rS ]]omoemhAdrmef}}u owfrSwfxm;aom

atmifvufrw S &f &Sad om &[ef;onf ]]omoemhArd mef}}okYd wufa&mufoifMum;cGiûhf yoifyh gonf/ ]]omo
emhAdrmef}}rS owfrSwfxm;aom atmifvufrSwf&&Sdaom &[ef;tm; ausmif;xkdifcGifhûyvufrSwfukd &ckdif
jynfe,f oHCmh0efaqmiftzGJUu qufuyfoifhygonf/
tqkdygomoemhAdrmefwGif jrefrmpmayXme? ygVdpmayXmeESifh t*FvdyfpmayXme[lí pmayXmeBuD;
ok;H ckxm;&Su
d m Ak'o ¨ moemorkid ;f Xme? Ak'p¨ mayorkid ;f Xme? &ckid jf ynfomoemorkid ;f Xme[lí orkid ;f Xme
i,fokH;rsKd;xm;&Sdum bmomwGJtvkduf ykdYcsoifhygonf/
(3) &ckdifjynfe,ftwGif; awmifukef;awmifwef;a'orsm;ü Ak'¨bmomukd ouf0if,kHMunfMu
aomfvnf; bke;f awmfBuD;ausmif;r&Sad om aus;&Gmrsm;&Sad eaMumif; od&&dS ygonf/ ,if;tjyif½;dk &mtpOf
tquf ewfukd;uG,fMuaomwkdif;&if;om;rsm; aexkdif&maus;&Gmi,frsm; &Sdaeao;onfudkvnf; od&yg
onf/ yifv,furf;½kd;wef;&SduRef;rsm;wGif wHig&GmtcsKdUü bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm;r&Sdao;aMumif; od&
ygonf/ xkdkYaMumifhazmfjyyga'orsm;wGif omoemqdwfokOf;aeonf[k qkd&rnfjzpfygonf/ tqkdyg
a'orsm;wGif omoemawmftjrpfwG,f xGef;um;&efaqmif&GufEkdifygrS &ckdifjynfe,ftwGif; omoem
awmfykdrkdjyefYyGm;vmEkdifygrnf/ tqkdyga'orsm;okdY omoemûyyk*dK¾ vfrsm; apvTwfEkdif&eftwGuf jynfe,f
oHCmh0efaqmiftzGJYESifh ûrdUe,foHCmh0efaqmiftzGJUwkdYu ñSdEIdif;aqmif&Gufoifhygonf/
jrwfpmG bk&m;ocifu ]]cspfom;&[ef;wkYd ewfaESmifBudK;? vlaESmifBudK;wkYd rS igbk&m;vGwaf jrmufcNhJ yD?
oifwkdYvnf;xkdaESmifBudK;rS vGwfajrmufcJhNyD? vlrsm;pk\tusKd;pD;yGm;tvkdYiSm csrf;omokctvkdYiSm a'o
pm&DvSnfhvnfMuukefavmh/ vrf;aMumif;wpfckwnf;jzifh &[ef;ESpfyg;roGm;Muukefvifh/ tp tv,f
tqkH;okH;yg;aomaumif;jcif;ESifh jynfhpkHaomw&m;awmfukd a[macsMu/ oabmw&m;ESifhtajympum;
ESpfyg;vkH; jynfhpkHíxuf0ef;usif pifMu,faomomoemawmfukd xif&Sm;atmifjyacsMu/ igbk&m;
ukd,fawmfwkdifvnf; O½ka0vawm? aoemed*kH;okdY w&m;a[m<uawmhrnf}}[k wynfh&[EÅ&mrsm;tm;
omoemûyapvTGwfaMumif;? rZÑdry@o? aAm"d&mZukrm&okwf? 0denf;r[m0*f? r[mcE¨u? r[m0*f?
r[mcE¨u? yOö0*¾D,uxm? yAÁZÆuxmwkdYü awGU&ygonf/
omoemûy&mü tcsdet f cg? ae&ma'o? XmeESihf rdro d moemûy? w&m;a'oema[mMum;rnfv h rl sm;
\ tajctaetvkduf omoemawmfukd ouf0if,kHMunfvmap&ef tcsdef,lía[mMum;&ygrnf/
Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifonf ,oolaX;om;? ,o\zcifolaX;BuD;? ,o\rdwfaqG awmolaX;-55OD;tp
&Sdaom tcsKdUaomvlrsm;ukd tcsdef,lqkH;rawmfrl&rnfjzpfí
- 'geuxm - 'geukokdvfESifhpyfvsOf;aomw&m;awmf
- oDvuxm - oDvukokdvfESifhpyfvsOf;aomw&m;awmf
- o*¾uxm - ewf&Gmpnf;pdrfESifhpyfvsOf;aomw&m;awmf
- umrmeHtm'De0uxm - umrw&m;wkdYütjypfESifhpyfvsOf;aomw&m;awmf
- aeu©ar®tedoHouxm - 0#fqif;&Jrv S w
G af jrmufjcif;aMumifh &&SEd idk af om aumif;usKd;rsm;
ESifhpyfvsOf;aomw&m;awmf
[laomuxmpOf 5rsK;d jzifh omoemûycJyh gonf/ rsuaf rSmufacwfü Ak'\ ¨ wynfo h m;&[ef;rsm;onf
omoemûy&mü Ak'¨\omoemûyenf;ukdvkdufí Ak'¨omoem\t"dujzpfaom r*¾&Spfyg;w&m;awmfukd
OD;pm;ay;ía[mMum;omoemûyygrS Ak'¨\omoemudkjyefYyGm;apjcif;jzpfygrnf/ uRekfyfwkdYavhvmrdorQ
pmayrsm;? yd#uwfawmfrsm;ESihf tXuxmrsm;ukd ûcHií Hk ok;H oyfMunfyh gu Ak'o ¨ momemawmfwiG f r*¾usifh
pOfonf t"dujzpfaMumif;awGU&ygonf/ onfxuftenf;i,ftus,fqkd&vQif Ak'¨omoem\opöm
av;yg;rl? 0dbZÆ0g'? tewåvrf;pOf? y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'f oabmw&m;wkYd onf yifrjzpfonfudk awGU&ygonf/
Ak'o¨ moemqk&d mü ]]omoem}}[laompum;onf ]]tqk;H tr}}[líteuf&ygonf/ Ak'\ ¨ tqk;H tr
onf oHo&mvnfa&;? ewfpnf;pdrf? jA[®pnf;pdrf? vlUpnf;pdrfcHpm;a&;r[kwfyg/ xkdpnf;pdrfrsm;ukd
okc[kAk'¨ra[myg/ udavomtaESmiftzGJUESifh &SdaeorQoHo&mrS rvGwfEkdifyg/ Ak'¨omoem\t"du
tcsufrSm oHo&mrSvGwfajrmufaom ]]edAÁmefcsrf;om}}jzpfygonf/ Ak'¨onfoHo&mrSvGwfajrmufaMumif;
usiphf Ofuo dk m a[mMum;ygonf/ oHo&mrSvw G af jrmufaMumif;w&m;rygbJ oHo&mvnfa&;w&m;jzpfae
ygu xkdw&m;onf Ak'¨\omoemtwGif;rS w&m;rjzpfEkdifyg/
,cktcgavhvmrdorQ &ckdifjynfe,ftESHUbkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm;wGif omoemhwm0efxrf;aqmif
aeMuaom oHCmawmfrsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh? ukokdvf? tukokdvfw&m;\tusKd;tjypfESifhuHw&m;
taMumif;ukdonfvQif OD;pm;ay;a[mMum;aeonfukd awGU&ygonf/ ukokdvfûyjcif;? ay;vªjcif;? tusKd;
udo k m Zmwf0w¬Krsm;jzifh a[mMum;aeonfuakd wGU&ygonf/ ur®ouwor®m'd|v d rf;pOfuo dk nf OD;pm;
ay;a[mMum;Muonfudk awGU&ygonf/ þwGif uHu\ H tusKd;onfr&S?d aumif;rIuo k vdk \ f tusKd;onf
r&Sd? þvrf;pOfonfrSm;onf[k qkdvkdjcif;r[kwfyg/ (þvrf;pOfonfAk'¨\omoemrSty jzpfaom
vrf;pOfjzpfaMumif;omqkdvkdygonf/)
r*¾zvor®m'd|donfom tvif;xJokdYa&mufonfh t&d,mvrf;pOf? Ak'¨vrf;pOfjzpfygonf/ Ak'¨\
omoemESifh tjcm;aomomoemwkYd ujJG ym;aom t"dutcsufrmS Ak'o ¨ moemüomvQif r*¾vrf;pOf&jdS cif;
jzpfygonf/
Ak'¨omoem\OD;wnfcsufonf oHo&mrSvGwfajrmuf&m edAÁmefjzpfí edAÁmefa&mufaMumif;vrf;rSm
r*¾zvorrm'd|dvrf;pOfjzpfaomaMumifh Ak'¨\r*¾opömw&m;awmfukd a[mMum;íomoemûyrSomvQif
Ak'¨\omoemtppftrSefukd xGef;um;jyefYyGm;apjcif;jzpfygrnf/
(5)omoemawmftm; tbufbufrSapmifha&SmufrIay;&efrSm "r®Ek*¾[? ypö,mEk*¾[[laom
csD;a`rSmufrI? y*¾[omoemûyenf;jzifhomru ESdyfuGyfrI[laom ed*¾[enf;tm;jzifhvnf; omoemûyrS
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taqmufttkHrsm;ESifh omoemawmfESifhywfoufaom a&S;a[miff;tarGtESpfrsm; Mum&SnfwnfwHhEkdifrnf
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