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Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 442 – 453

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(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of GU 2016
doi:10.1016/j.proenv.2017.03.014
Emilija Sofeska / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 442 – 453 443

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3.2. Recognition of the value of biodiversity in urban landscape

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450 Emilija Sofeska / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 442 – 453

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4.2. Engaged citizens

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