Foundation of Social Science

WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
MODULE IN
SOCIAL SCIENCE 207:
FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
1.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
MODULE IN
SOCIAL SCIENCE 207:
FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
First Issue: July 31, 2020; Second August 23, 2021
2.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Dr. Romeo F. Detaro
Notes to the Students
This course focuses on the study of the nature, history, philosophical, and
theoretical perspective in Social Studies/Science as a body of knowledge. It also deals
with the comparative analysis and relationships of the various Social Science disciplines.
This second issue is a loose notes regarding the topics and it is revised this
school year.
Romeo Felarca Detaro PhD.
Santa Rosa, Mandurriao, Iloilo City
3.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Unit 1. Introduction to Social Science
Lesson 1. Meaning of Social

Science
According to The New Webster’s Dictionary of the English Language, Social
Science is defined as the study of human society especially of its organization and of
the relationship of individual members to it which belongs to any of the following
disciplines such as history, political science, economics etc. which treat an aspect
of human society.
Preparation (Pre-activity)
Teaching the foundations of Social Science is your first door for your great
careers ahead of you. Social Science will make you a Social Scientists, an almost
difficult career hence, the coverage of your knowledge is too broad and so in order
for someone to called an expert of this field the discipline is usually subdivided into
Political Science ( Political Scientists), History (Historian), Sociology
(Sociologists), Anthropology (Anthropologists), Philosophy ( Philosopher),
Economics (Economists), Demography (Demographer), Linguistics (Linguists),
Theology (Theologian) and many other sub disciplines and expertise. For this
4.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
reason, one who is considered a Social Scientists is difficult to describe because he
needs to be an expert to all of these disciplines.
Lesson Proper (Activity Proper)
The first two phrases that needs to be distinguished are the terms Social Science
and Social Studies.
The core difference between Social Science and Social Studies exists in their
purpose ; in Social Science study the society and social life of human groups while
in Social Studies study both social science and humanities in order to promote
effective citizenry.
Humanities- is the study of how people process and document the human
experience. It also studies human culture, such as literature, philosophy, and history
Natural Science vs Social Science
Natural science are studies of things in nature such as Botany, Biology, etc. Social
Sciences, are studies of human activities such as Sociology, Anthropology, History
etc.
FIELDS OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
5.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Political Science – the branch of knowledge that deals with systems of government
; the analysis of political activity and behavior.
a. Political theory- is the study of political ideas and values like justice, power
and democracy that we use to describe, understand and assess political
practices and institutions.
b. Public law=a legislative enactment affecting the public at large or a
branch of law concerned with regulating the relations of individuals with the
government and the organization and conduct of the government itself —
compare private law.
c. Public administration- the implementation of government policy and also
an academic discipline that studies this implementation and prepares civil
employees for working in the public service.
History – is the record of the past (Funtecha and Padilla, 2000 p. 1.)
a. Political history- the history of the polis, the res publica, the citizen
body; political events are what was done by it, to it, or in its name. Since a
citizen body is made up of individuals, the rules which constitute it are the
basis of the subject.
b. Diplomatic history-Diplomatic history deals with the history of
international relations between states. Diplomatic history can be different
from international relations in that the former can concern itself with the
foreign policy of one state while the latter deals with relations between two
6.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
or more states.
c. Cultural history-Cultural history combines the approaches of
anthropology and history to look at popular cultural traditions and cultural
interpretations of historical experience. It examines the records and
narrative descriptions of past matter, encompassing the continuum of
events about a culture.
d. Social history-Social history, often called the new social history, is a field
of history that looks at the lived experience of the past.
e. Economic history-Economic history is the academic study of economies
or economic events of the past. Research is conducted using a
combination of historical methods, statistical methods and the application
of economic theory to historical situations and institutions.
f. Intellectual history-Intellectual history is the study of the history of
human thought and of intellectuals, people who conceptualize, discuss,
write about, and concern themselves with ideas.
Sociology – scientific study of human society (Aberia, p.1)
A. Theoretical sociology-A theoretical perspective is a set of assumptions
about reality that inform the questions we ask and the kinds of answers we
arrive at as a result. ... Often, sociologists use multiple theoretical
perspectives simultaneously as they frame research questions, design and
7.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
conduct research, and analyze their results.
B. Historical sociology- Historical Sociology is an interdisciplinary field of
research that combines sociological and historical perspectives/ methods to
understand the past, how societies have developed over time, and the
impact this has on the present.
C. Sociology of knowledge-The sociology of knowledge is the study of the
relationship between human thought and the social context within which it
arises, and of the effects that prevailing ideas have on societies.
D. Sociology of economy-Economic sociology is the study of the social
cause and effect of various economic phenomena. The field can be broadly
divided into a classical period and a contemporary one, known as "New
economic sociology".
E. Rural sociology-Rural sociology is a field of sociology traditionally
associated with the study of social structure and conflict in rural areas
although topical areas such as food and agriculture or natural resource
access transcend traditional rural spatial boundaries.
F. Urban sociology-Urban sociology is the sociological study of life and
human interaction in metropolitan areas. It is a normative discipline of
sociology seeking to study the structures, environmental processes,
changes and problems of an urban area and by doing so provide inputs for
urban planning and policy making.
8.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Anthropology –is a discipline of infinite curiosity about human beings. The term comes
from the Greek anthropos for “man, human” and logos for “study”. (Ember and
Ember, 1997, p. 2).
a. Socio-cultural Anthropology-Sociocultural anthropology is a
portmanteau used to refer to social anthropology and cultural
anthropology together. Some universities, such as Boston University
and New York University, link them together into one major of study.
b. Physical or biological Anthropology-Physical or biological
anthropology deals with the evolution of humans, their variability, and
adaptations to environmental stresses. Using an evolutionary
perspective, we examine not only the physical form of humans - the
bones, muscles, and organs - but also how it functions to allow survival
and reproduction.
c. Archaeological Anthropology= Archaeological Anthropology traces
the origin, growth and development of culture in the past. ...
Archaeology tells us about the technology used in the past by analyzing
the tools people have left behind. On this basis it can shed light on the
economic activities of the people.
d. Linguistic Anthropology-Anthropological linguistics is the subfield of
linguistics and anthropology, which deals with the place of language in
its wider social and cultural context, and its role in making and
9.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
maintaining cultural practices and societal structures
e. Applied Anthropology-Applied anthropology is the application of the
methods and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of
practical problems
Philosophy – the word philosophy comes from the two Greek words: philos (love)
and sophia (wisdom). The ancient Greeks used this term to refer to “love of
wisdom” and they soon applied it to the study or discipline that uses human
reason to investigate the ultimate causes, reasons, and principles which
governs all things ( Abella, 2016, p. 4)
a. Major branches
a.1. Ontology or Metaphysics- Ontology- study of existence;
Metaphysics- the branch of philosophy that deals with the first principles
of things, including abstract concepts such as being, knowing,
substance, cause, identity, time and space.
a.2. Ethics- moral principles that govern a person’s behavior or the
conducting of an activity
a.3. Epistemology- the theory of knowledge, especially with regard to
its methods, validity and scope. Epistemology is the investigation of
what distinguishes justified beliefs from opinion.
a. 4. Logic- reasoning conducted or assessed according to strict
10.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
principles of validity.
a. 5. Aesthetics- a set of principles concerned with the nature and
appreciation of beauty especially in art.
b. Minor branches
b.1. Philosophy of Language- refers to an area of philosophy
concerned with the syntactic properties as well the meaning and
reference of linguistic expressions , the things implied or indicated by
linguistic expressions and attributes of linguistic expressions as a
function of linguistic and conversational contexts.
b.2. Philosophy of Mind- is a branch of philosophy which studies the
ontology and the nature of the mind its relationship with the body.
b.3. Philosophy of Mathematics- branch of philosophy which studies
the assumptions, foundations and implications of mathematics.
b.4. Philosophy of Religion- is the philosophical study of the meaning
and nature of religion.
Economics - comes from the Greek word oikos meaning house and nomos which
means management, as a Social Science , it is concerned with the study of human
behavior and practices to efficiently use scare resources to achieve man’s
11.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
satisfaction. (Imperial, and Dallo et.al., 2011, p.5)
a. Macroeconomics- branch of economics dealing with the
performance, structure, behavior and decision-making of an economy
as a whole , rather than individual markets.
b. Microeconomics- branch of economics that studies the behavior of
individuals and firms in making decisions regarding the allocation of
limited resources.
Demography – the statistical study of population like birth rate, death rate, structure
by age and sex etc. it comes from the Greek word demos meaning “people” and
graphos meaning “written”.
a. Births
b. Deaths
c. Migration
Linguistics – the scientific study of languages whether from a historical and
comparative or from a descriptive, structural point of view. it also deals with the
systems of sounds of languages, especially sound change its inflections and word
formations, its sentence structure and its meaning change, as well as minor features
such as the spelling.
a. Pure Linguistics- morphology, syntax, semantics, phonetics,
12.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
phonology
b. Applied Linguistics- socio and psycholinguistics
Theology – the science which studies God and all that relates to him, including religion
and morals.
a. Theology Proper- the study of the character of God.
b. Angelology- the study of angels.
c. Biblical theology- the study of the bible.
d. Christology- the study of Christs.
e. Ecclesiology-the study of the Church.
f. Eschatology-the study of the end of time.
g. Hamartialogy- the study of sin.
13.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Lesson 2. Nature of Social

Science
Pre-Activity
Social science which is generally regarded as including psychology, sociology,
anthropology, economics and political science, consists of the disciplined and systematic
study of society and its institutions, and of how and why people behave as they do,
both as individuals and in- groups within society. It also rely primarily on empirical
approaches. It also includes the collective knowledge of fields such as social work and
welfare, archaeology and linguistics. It is important because its study helps us to
gain knowledge of the society we live in. Among the professions which are
experts in Social Science, are Guidance Counselors, Human Resources
Representative, Lawyer, Market Research Analysts, Policy Analysts, Public Relations
Specialists, Social Workers and Sociologists. Man in social studies refers to human
beings. Even Criminology is a social science because it is a systematic study of law
making, law breaking, and law enforcing and its emphasis is on the systematic data
collection, theoretical-methodological symmetry, and the accumulation of empirical
evidence toward the goal of understanding the nature and extent of crime in society.
Activity Proper
 Society- the aggregate of people living together in a more or less
ordered community.
14.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
 Institutions - a society or organization founded for a religious,
educational, social, or similar purpose.
 Individual- a single human being as distinct from a group, class, or
family
 In-groups – an exclusive, typically small, group of people with a shared
interest or identity
 Out-groups- is a group someone doesn’t belong to, often we feel disdain
or competition in relationship to an out-group. Sports teams, unions, and
sororities are examples of in-groups and out-groups, people may belong
to, or be an outsider to, any of these.
Empirical analysis- is an evidence-based approach to the study and
interpretation of information. The empirical approach relies on real-world data,
metrics and results rather than theories and concepts. Empiricism is the idea that
knowledge is primarily received through experience and attained through the five
senses.
Social work- is a practiced-based profession that promotes social change,
development, cohesion, and the empowerment of people and community.
Social welfare- organized public or private social services for the assistance of
disadvantaged groups specifically : social work.
15.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Archaeology- study of human history and pre-history through the excavation
sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains.
Guidance counselors- a person who gives help and advice to students about
educational and personal decisions.
Human resources representatives- works with an organization’s new,
current and former employees to assists in the hiring, administration and training
processes.
Market research analysts- gather and analyze data on consumers and
competitors, study market conditions to examine potential sales of a product or service.
They help company understand what products people want, who will buy them, and at
what price.
Policy analysts- is responsible for examining the efficacy of existing policies
and laying out the groundwork for new programs and legislation to meet objectives and
goals. Duties of the position include reviewing and amending policy drafts and
proposing suggestions to improve the effects of existing policies.
Public Relation Specialists- people who create and maintain a favorable
public image for the organization they represent. They craft media releases and develop
social media programs to shape public perception of their organization and to increase
awareness of its work and goals.
16.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Sociologists- an expert in or student of the development, structure , and
functioning of human society.
Human beings- a man, woman , or child of the species Homo sapiens,
distinguished from other animals by superior mental development, power of articulate
speech , and upright stance.
Law -maker- a legislator
Law- the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as
regulating the actions of its members and which may enforce by the imposition of
penalties.
Lawyers- advise individuals, businesses, and government agencies on legal
issues and disputes and represent them in court and legal transactions., also called
attorneys, lawyers inform their clients about their legal rights and obligations , and help
steer them through the complexities of the law.
Law enforcer- any office, agent. or employee of a state.
Systematic data collection- the process of collecting accurate data through
interviewing, questionnaires, and other methods.
Sociological Theory- is a supposition that intends to consider, analyze, and /or
explain objects of social reality from a sociological perspective, drawing connections
17.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
between individual concepts in order to organize and substantiate sociological
knowledge.
Sociological Research Methods- fall into broad categories of quantitative
and qualitative approaches , but studies frequently use “mixed methods” incorporating
both
Post Activity
Name:_______________________________________ Day : _________
Lesson Title:__________________________________ Score:__________
Identification: Study both lessons one and two. Then read and answer the correct
word or phrases being ask. (15 points)
ARCHAEOLOGY 1. study of human history and pre-history through artifacts .
SOCIETY 2. group of people living together in a more or less ordered community.
SOCIOLOGIST 3. an expert in human society.
INSTITUTION 4. is usually founded for a religious, educational, social, or similar
purpose.
18.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
SOCIAL WORK 5. is a practiced-based profession that promotes social change,
development, cohesion, and the empowerment of people
and community.
INDIVIDUAL 6. a sole human being.
IN-GROUP 7. an exclusive, typically small, group of people with a shared interest or
identity
LAW 8. It simply means the system of rules
ECCLESIOLOGY 9. the study of the Church.
ECONOMICS 10. from the Greek word oikos meaning house and nomos which means
management.
PHILOSOPHY 11. Refers to “love of wisdom” and they soon applied it to the study
or discipline that uses human reason to investigate the
ultimate causes, reasons, and principles which governs
all things
POLITICAL SCIENCE 12. the branch of knowledge that deals with systems of
government.
DEMOGRAPY 13. it comes from the Greek word demos meaning “people” and
graphos meaning “written”.
HISTORY 14. is the record of the past.
19.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
THEOLOGY PROPER 15. the study of the character of God.
Lesson 3. History of Social

Studies
Pre-Activity
While the origin of Social Science is sometimes contested, there were authors
who suggested that as early as 1760’s, it was already an interesting new discipline.
Some Social Science is regarded as Sociology and in fact, some scholars considered it
as the queen of all social sciences.
Lesson Proper
20.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
While the origin of Social Science is sometimes contested or debated some authors,
the following were suggested evolution of the study :
1760- start of the study of man and society, and among those who were prominent
during this period were Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Giambattista Vico, Charles Louis
de Secondat, Baron de La Brede et de Montesquieu or simply Montesquieu and Voltaire
1. Thomas Hobbes (1588- 1679)- was an English philosopher, scientists and
historian best known for his political philosophy. Wrote Leviathan (1651), he
describes the relation between civil and natural laws and the relation between
civil and ecclesiastical forms of sovereignty. Leviathan refers to a government
which unifies the collective will of many individuals and which unites them under
the authority of a sovereign power.
Thomas Hobbes presents himself as the first true political philosopher, the first
to offer exact knowledge of justice, sovereignty, and citizenship. Hobbes claims,
moreover, that his systematic political science will revolutionize political practice,
enabling us to build more stable, peaceful, and productive societies. In order to achieve
these results, though, Hobbes must promote a view of the proper scope of politics that
is narrower than that of the ancients. By focusing political energies on the preservation
of life and its comforts, Hobbes helps to institute the proposal made earlier by
Machiavelli: that politics should satisfy certain basic, morally neutral needs rather than
aim to organize us around contentious principles. Hobbes emphasizes several ideas that
21.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
have become central to modern politics and modern political science. He argues that
human beings are not naturally social or political, that the state of nature is a state of
war, and that we must self-consciously create a government that is based on mutual
consent and that presupposes a fundamental equality among its members. These ideas
are most comprehensively set forth in the Leviathan (1651), which text serves as the
basis for this introduction to Hobbes’s thought.
Hobbes’s Political Science
Hobbes’s claim to found the first true political science should be understood
against the background of the political thinkers he seeks to supplant, chiefly Aristotle.
Hobbes is dissatisfied with the wisdom Aristotle claims to gain from considering multiple
opinions about the good, remarking that hundreds of years of philosophical
conversation have made no discernible progress on this question. Hobbes aims rather
to elaborate a definitive and unambiguous science of the political good. Indeed, he
argues that reading Aristotle serves no purpose but to justify the ambitions of rebellious
young men.
Because we can know completely and with certainty only what we make and
control, Hobbes gives an account of political order that portrays it as a self-conscious
construction, an artifice we craft to remove ourselves from a pre-political state of
nature. In order to achieve the exact knowledge for which he aims, Hobbes must limit
his scientific claims to the implications that can be deduced from this decision to
institute a political order, or “commonwealth.” His political science proper
22.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
therefore constitutes only the section of the Leviathan that concerns the
“consequences” that follow from this choice, namely, the rights and duties of
the sovereign and of the subjects that are necessary to maintain this basic
political agreement. This choice, however, follows upon our passions and our
speech, especially our calling “good” the object of our desires, and pleasure the
appearance of it.
The State of Nature

Hobbes begins his discussion with a description of human passions and speech,
our basic motions. Following this, Hobbes develops his account of the state of nature
from the claim that human beings are naturally equal. By this he means that each
individual possesses the natural right to preserve himself, and furthermore
the natural right to claim all things, or seek all power, that he judges
necessary to this end. Moreover, Hobbes writes, in the state of nature we are, for
practical purposes, equal in physical and mental capacity, since no one is strong or
smart enough to defend himself with certainty against the threats that arise from the
efforts of other individuals to preserve themselves.
According to Hobbes, this rough equality of ability leads each person to have an
equal hope of acquiring good things for himself. As individuals strive to accumulate
goods, they compete with each other, and consequently create an atmosphere of
distrust. The attempt to acquire things, and to preserve them from the encroachments
23.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
of others, causes us to try to dominate and control those around us. Furthermore,
Hobbes observes, some people care particularly to be known as that sort who can
dominate—they are vainglorious or prideful individuals who are unhappy if they are not
recognized as superior.
These three things—competition, distrust, and the desire for glory—
throw humankind into a state of war, which is for Hobbes the natural
condition of human life, the situation that exists whenever natural passions
are unrestrained. This state of war should be distinguished from wars as we usually
experience them, for in the natural state of war every individual faces every other
individual as an enemy; it is the “war of every man against every man.” The total
absence of collaboration makes us miserable, and renders life “solitary, poor, nasty,
brutish, and short.”
Hobbes’s description of the state of nature proposes that what human beings
want above all is to preserve their lives and their goods, and what they fear above all is
violence at the hands of others. This desire to preserve ourselves against the
threat of violent death is the core of Hobbesian psychology. Hobbes suggests
that his account will be ratified by honest introspection—after all, why else would we
lock our doors at night?
 The Social Contract
24.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Once the misery of the natural condition becomes clear, it is evident that
something must be done to change it. The first step is for individuals to decide to seek
peace and to make the arrangements necessary to attain and preserve it. It becomes
clear that the only way to have peace is for each individual to give up his natural right
to acquire and preserve everything in whatever manner he sees fit.
As Hobbes stipulates, this must be a collective endeavor, since it only makes
sense for an individual to give up his right to attack others if everyone else agrees to do
the same. He calls this collective renunciation of each individual’s right to all things the
“social contract.” The social contract inverts the state of nature while also building
upon some key passions responsible for the state of nature: it amounts to a more
intelligent way to preserve oneself and safely acquire goods.
Hobbes presents the social contract in the context of elaborating his “laws of
nature,” which are the steps we must take to leave the state of nature. In calling these
rules “laws of nature,” Hobbes significantly changes the traditional concept of natural
law, in which nature offers moral guidance for human behavior. By contrast, Hobbes’s
laws of nature are not obligatory in his state of nature, since, as he makes clear,
seeking peace and keeping contracts in the state of nature would be self-destructive
and absurd. In other words, acting against the laws of nature cannot simply be called
unnatural or unjust—for Hobbes, nothing is naturally just, unjust, or blameworthy.
Justice only exists as a convention, in the context of a civil society.
 The Leviathan, or the Sovereign
25.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Particularly because there is no natural sanction for justice, we need to institute
some guarantee that everyone involved in the social contract will keep his word.
Hobbes argues that individuals require a “visible power to keep them in awe,” to
remind them of the purpose of the social contract and to force them, for fear of
punishment, to keep their promises. This power must also be sufficient to keep in check
the yearning for superiority of those who desire honor or glory. Hobbes calls the power
necessary to transform the desire for a social contract into a commonwealth the
sovereign, the Leviathan, or the “king of the proud.”
The sovereign power is created when each individual surrenders his
private strength to a single entity, which thereby acquires the means to keep
everyone in obedience. Every individual must also surrender his private opinion
about public issues to the sovereign—for to have sufficient power to safeguard the
contract, the sovereign must have the authority to decide what is necessary to keep it,
and what constitutes a transgression of it.
The relation of the sovereign to the subject is not a contract. Rather, as Hobbes
makes clear, the individual must understand his will to be identical with the
sovereign will, since one who desires peace must logically will whatever is
necessary for peace to be maintained. The “real unity” that the subjects and the
sovereign comprise is dramatically expressed in the picture found on the cover of the
Leviathan, in which one finds a huge figure literally composed of small individuals.
26.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Although it is commonly assumed that the Leviathan is a king, Hobbes makes
clear that the sovereign power can be composed of one person, several, or many—in
other words, the Leviathan can equally well describe a monarchy, an aristocracy, or a
democracy. The only requirement that Hobbes sets for sovereignty is that the
entity has absolute power to defend the social contract and decide what is
necessary for its defense.
 Religion in the Commonwealth
One power that Hobbes insists the sovereign must possess is the authority to
determine the public observance of religion. In Hobbes’s opinion, religion can be one
of the chief threats to public peace, since it can validate authorities other
than those designated by the sovereign. Hobbes is concerned both with Church
authorities who make spiritual or moral claims with political intent, and also with the
appeal to private conscience, which Hobbes argues is essentially the claim that an
individual opinion should take priority over the common agreement represented by the
political sovereign.
Hobbes attempts to counter the religious threat to public peace by drawing a
strict distinction between private belief and public worship, and then attempting to
render private belief politically ineffectual while submitting the form of public worship to
the decision of the sovereign. Hobbes tries to make private belief politically neutral by
encouraging skepticism: his account of the human mind makes us doubtful of what
we know, and his reading of Scripture emphasizes the passages that insist on the
27.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
mysteriousness of God’s will. Hobbes ultimately pares back Christianity to the personal
belief that “Jesus is the Christ,” who will come—in some future time—to reign on earth.
In the meantime, Hobbes insists, we should follow Romans 13 in recognizing that all
authority comes from God, and obey the civil sovereign.
Hobbes likens the obedience a subject owes the sovereign to that of a monk to
the pope. Yet there is a glaring difference: in the Hobbesian commonwealth, subjects
owe only outward obedience to the commands of the sovereign. Subjects must be
allowed to believe whatever they want (in part because persecution would
unnecessarily disturb public peace), as long as they do not try to influence public
argument with their personal beliefs.
 Hobbes, Liberalism, and Modern Politics
Hobbes’s emphasis on the absolute power of the Leviathan sovereign seems to
put his political thought at odds with liberal theory, in which politics is devoted to
the protection of individual rights. Hobbes nonetheless laid the foundation for the
liberal view. His concept of the state of nature grounds politics in the individual’s desire
to preserve his life and his goods, and stipulates that the role of government is to serve
these ends. Happiness or “felicity” is continual success in obtaining what we desire. For
Hobbes, the individual has no natural duties toward others or to the common
good; obligations are taken up only as necessary means to one’s own ends.
Furthermore, Hobbes makes clear that the individual retains his natural right to
preserve himself even after entering the commonwealth—he has no obligation to
28.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
submit himself to capital punishment or likely death in war. While Hobbes has a much
more limited understanding of individual rights than liberal theorists , his political science
launches the argument that the individual has an inviolable right by nature, and also
suggests that politics exists to help further the individual’s pursuit of his own happiness .
Hobbes begins the liberal notion of Representative Government: government
represents but does not rule us; its duty is to make our lives and acquisitions safe, not
to form our souls.
Not long after Hobbes’s death, John Locke used many of the elements of
Hobbes’s thought to develop the first full account of modern political liberalism.
Although Locke takes pains to distance himself from Hobbes, Hobbes’s influence can be
seen in Locke’s account of the state of nature, in his argument that the origin of all
legitimate government lies in the consent of the governed, and in his view that the
political community should aim to serve basic, common needs (Locke makes the
preservation of property central). Through Locke, Hobbes indirectly influenced the
founders of the United States, who, in the Declaration of Independence and the
Constitution, proclaim a new kind of politics based on equality and consent, in which
government serves relatively limited and popular aims.
Hobbes’s political ideas aroused much controversy in his time, and they continue
to be contentious. Some disagree with Hobbes’s claim that politics should be viewed
primarily as an instrument to serve self-interest, and side with Aristotle in thinking that
politics serves both basic needs and higher ends. On this view, Hobbes’s attempt to
29.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
divert public debate from tackling controversial but fundamental questions hampers our
pursuit of wisdom, happiness, and excellence. Others argue that Hobbes’s systematic
focus on achievable goals has made possible the security and prosperity that those in
modern Western nations enjoy, and furthermore that these conditions give us the
leisure and peace to pursue knowledge and excellence in private life. In either case,
Hobbes’s contribution to the framework of the modern world makes a study of his work
important to understanding our political horizons.
2. John Locke ( 1632-1704 )- expressed his views that government is obligated to
serve the people , by protecting life, liberty and property. Also he went about
limiting the power of the government.
3. Giambattista Vico (1668-1744)- he explains the three principles of history:
1. religion
2. marriage
3. burial
these are principles both in the sense that they are the first things in society and
in that they lie at the core of social existence.
4. Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)- a French judge , man of letters, and
political philosopher, his theory of separation of powers, which is implemented
in many constitutions throughout the world.
5. Francois Marie Arouet or Voltaire (1694-1778)- French writer, historian, and
philosopher famous for his wit, his criticism of Christianity- especially the Roman
30.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Catholic Church- as well as the advocacy of freedom of speech, freedom of
religion, and separation of church and state.
6. Aguste Comte (1798-1857)- French Philosopher who formulated the doctrine of
positivism. Also known as the founder of the academic discipline of Sociology.
7. Emile Durkheim (1858-1977)- French Sociologists, who formally established
the academic discipline of Sociology and with Karl Marx and Max Weber, is
commonly cited as the Architect Of Modern Social Science.
8. Karl Marx (1818-1883)- German philosopher, economists, historian,
sociologists, political theorists, journalists, and socialists revolutionary. His
theory is known as a “labor theory of value”, which states that the value of
the produced economic good can be measured objectively by the average
number of labor-hours required to produced it.
9. Charles Booth (1840-1916)- British ship owner , social researcher and
reformer , best known for his innovative philanthropic studies on working class
life in London towards the end of the 19th century.
10. Frederic Le Play (1806-1882)- French mining engineer and sociologists
who developed techniques for systematic research on the family.
11. Vilfredo Pareto- (1848-1923)- he specifies that 80% of consequences
comes from 20% of the causes, asserting an unequal relationship between
inputs and outputs. This principle serves as a general reminder that the
relationship between inputs and outputs is not balanced.
31.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
12. Max Weber-(1864-1920)- German Sociologists, philosopher, jurist, and
political economists known for his thesis of the “Protestant ethic”, relating
Protestantism to capitalism, for his ideas on bureaucracy .
13. Denis Diderot- ( 1713-1784)- chief editor of Encyclopedie, he also
promoted the use of reason in society to overcome challenges, think for
ourselves , and discover the truth.
14. Charles Fourier-( 1772- 1837 )- French social theorists who advocated a
reconstruction of society based on communal associations of producers known as
phalanges (phalanxes)
Post Activity
Name:_______________________________________ Day : _________
Lesson Title :__________________________________Score:__________
Fill out the chart below with missing information under each title heading with the
correct answer.
Social Works Year of Birth Theory or Legacy in our
Scientists and Death idea discipline of
Social
Science
32.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Thomas
Hobbes
Aguste
Comte
Emile
Durkheim
Karl Marx
Charles
Booth
Frederic Le
Play
Vilfredo
Pareto
Max Weber
Denis Diderot
Charles
Fourier
33.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Lesson 4. Philosophy of Social Science

Pre-activity
Philosophy of Social Science is a branch of philosophy that examines the
concepts, methods and logic of the social sciences. The Philosophy of social science is
consequently a meta theoretical endeavor-a theory about theories of social life.
Activity Proper
Comte first described the epistemological perspective of positivism in The Course in
Positive Philosophy, Course dealt chiefly with the PHYSICAL SCIENCES already in
existence.
1. Mathematics- the abstract science of number, quantity and space.
2. Astronomy- the branch of science which deals with celestial objects, space, and
the physical universe as a whole.
3. Physics- the branch of science concerned with the nature and properties of
matter and energy.
34.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
4. Chemistry- the branch of science that deals with the identification of the
substances of which matter is composed; the investigation of their properties
and the ways in which they interact, combine, and change; and the use of these
processes to form new substances.
5. Biology- study of living organisms, divided into many specialized fields that
cover their morphology, physiology, anatomy, behavior, origin, and distribution.
Observing the circular dependences of theory and observation in science, and
classifying the sciences in this way, Comte may be regarded as the first
philosopher of science in the modern sense of the term. For him the physical
sciences had necessarily to arrive first, before humanity could adequately
channel its efforts into the most challenging and complex “Queen Science” of
society itself. His view of positivism would therefore set -out to define , in more
detail, the empirical goals of sociological method. Comte offered an account of
social evolution, proposing that society undergoes three phases in its quest for
the truth according to a general ‘law of three stages”. This law states that
society as a whole, and each particular science, develops through three mentally
conceived stages namely:
Comte’s Law of Three Stages
1. The theological stage- is dominated by religion, the world and place is
dominated by gods, spirits, and magic.
35.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
2. The metaphysical stage- in which abstract speculative thinking is most
prominent, such as essences and final causes
3. The positive stage- in which empirically based scientific knowledge
Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx and Max Weber are more typically cited as the
fathers of Contemporary Social Science.
Post Activity
Name:_______________________________________ Day : _________
Lesson Title:__________________________________ Score:__________
Fill out the chart below with missing information under each title heading with the
correct answer.
Comte’s Law Give concrete descriptions of this stage
of Three
Stages
Reference
36.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Lesson 5. Theoretical
Perspectives in Social Science
Pre-activity
Different Social science disciplines got different theoretical perspectives. In this module
I will only include some of the theoretical perspectives of History, Sociology,
Economics and Political Science.
Activity Proper
Major Philosophies in the Study of History
a. Cyclical view
1. History repeats itself
2. All human events occur in cycles
37.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Proponents:
1. Herodotus- 5th century BC, he was an ancient Greek historian from
Halicarnassus, Persian Empire who wrote Histories, a detailed record of his
“inquiry” on the origins of the Greco-Persian Wars.
2. Oswald Sprengler-(1880-1936)-German historian . he is best known for his
book “The Decline of the West”, published in 1918 and 1922, covering all of
world history.
b. Providential View
1. History is determined by God
2. It consists of recording the death struggle between good and evil.
3. Man is relegated to the role of a pawn in a game of high stakes.
4. It is popular during the Middle Ages
Proponent:
1. Saint Agustine-354 AD-430 AD- he defined history as having a distinct
beginning and end, through which God worked to provide salvation to humanity.
c. Progressivists View or Linear View
1. This view regards mankind as responsible for the advancement of civilization.
Places complete faith in human abilities rather than in divine intervention,
38.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
that mankind is getting better and better, and each generation build upon the
achievements of the preceding.
Proponents:
1. Robin George Collingwood ( 1880-1943)- English philosopher, whose idea of
history is a science of the mind or a geisteswissenschaft, and as such it is to be
contrasted with the sciences of nature.
According to him, all history is the history of thought.
2. Loius Gottschalk (1927-1975) - according to him history contributes to the
development of national awareness.
3. Wilhelm Bousset (1865-1920) - co-founder of history of religions school of
biblical study.
4. Giambattista Vico - by looking at particular facts of history, it is possible to
discover universal truth, he uses philological (Philology- the study of literary text
and of written records, the establishment of their authenticity and their original
form, and the determination of their meaning ) and historical evidence to make
metaphysical claims.
d. Relativist View
1. History classifies and groups together facts about the past in terms of current
needs or contemporary concerns. History creates its own subject.
39.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
2. Each situation implies a reinterpretation of the past- thus relationship to the
past is in a constant state of change, history is subjective.
3. History does not deal with causal analysis- cause and effect relationship but
on discourse, and ;
4. This view states that one does not have a fixed theory or fixed position
against which historical data could be measured.
Proponents:
Paul Gagnon- urges that social history be used to provide the necessary multicultural
education.
Michel Foucault- primarily address the relationship between power and knowledge ,
and how they are used as a form of social control through societal institutions.
Forerunner of the Study of Sociology

1. August Comte- man’s intellectual development is an evolutionary process,
society is a result of social interaction, and his sociological theory is a rational
and just society can be achieved through Sociology.
2. Karl Marx- according to him, man have lower class individuals who felt misery
and injustices because of existing industrial order, society for him is branded with
economic determinism and his theory is Economic inequality which will result
to class struggle and conflict.
40.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
3. Herbert Spencer- man according to him has the ability to survive and adapt to
his environment or survival of the fittest, society had developed from relative
homogeneity to heterogeneity or complexity and his theory is that free public
education for all is not necessary for those who wanted to attain it would find
and utilize their own ways and means in order to survive and achieve it.
4. Emile Durkheim- man according to him is a more of a product rather that
creators of society, society itself is external to an individual and his theory is
about social phenomena like customs and among others have determined which
people accept without questions.
5. Max Weber- man are attached to their own behavior but can be affected by the
behavior of others, society is composed of social classes and that could
either be power or wealth and social prestige and they play an important role in
our society. His sociological theory includes the understanding of human action
through a “sympathetic understanding of the mind of others”. (Bernadine
Tredente-Baliguat, (Course Syllabus Socio 1b- Society and Culture With
population Education)
Major Philosophies in the Study of

Economics
1. Laissez-faire- French word meaning “ leave alone”, the less the government is
involved in the economy, the better off business will be, and by extension,
society as a whole.
41.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
2. Social market-opposed to laissez-faire, it also combines private enterprise with
regulation and state intervention to establish fair competition, maintaining a
balance between a high rate of economic growth , low inflation, low levels of
unemployment, good working.
3. Neo-capitalism- is an economic ideology which blends some elements of
capitalism with other systems.
Major Philosophies in the Study of

Political Science
1. Anarchism- belief in the abolition of all government and the organization of
society on a voluntary, cooperative basis without resource to force or
compulsion.
Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is sceptical of authority
and rejects all involuntary, coercive forms of hierarchy. Anarchism calls for the abolition
of the state, which it holds to be undesirable, unnecessary, and harmful. As a
historically left-wing movement, placed on the farthest left of the political spectrum, it is
usually described alongside libertarian Marxism as the libertarian wing (libertarian
socialism) of the socialist movement, and has a strong historical association with anti-
capitalism and socialism.
The history of anarchism goes back to prehistory, when humans lived in anarchic
societies long before the establishment of formal states, realms, or empires. With the
42.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
rise of organised hierarchical bodies, scepticism toward authority also rose, but it was
not until the 19th century that a self-conscious political movement emerged. During the
latter half of the 19th and the first decades of the 20th century, the anarchist
movement flourished in most parts of the world and had a significant role in workers'
struggles for emancipation. Various anarchist schools of thought formed during this
period. Anarchists have taken part in several revolutions, most notably in the Spanish
Civil War, whose end marked the end of the classical era of anarchism. In the last
decades of the 20th and into the 21st century, the anarchist movement has been
resurgent once more.
Anarchism employs a diversity of tactics in order to meet its ideal ends which can
be broadly separated into revolutionary and evolutionary tactics; there is significant
overlap between the two, which are merely descriptive. Revolutionary tactics aim to
bring down authority and state, having taken a violent turn in the past, while
evolutionary tactics aim to prefigure what an anarchist society would be like. Anarchist
thought, criticism, and praxis have played a part in diverse areas of human society.
Criticism of anarchism include claims that it is internally inconsistent, violent, or utopian.
2. Capitalism-an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and
industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of
production and their operation for profit. Central characteristics of capitalism include
capital accumulation, competitive markets, a price system, private property and the
43.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
recognition of property rights, voluntary exchange and wage labor. In a capitalist
market economy, decision-making and investments are determined by owners of
wealth, property, or production ability in capital and financial markets—whereas prices
and the distribution of goods and services are mainly determined by competition in
goods and services markets.
Economists, historians, political economists and sociologists have adopted
different perspectives in their analyses of capitalism and have recognized various forms
of it in practice. These include laissez-faire or free-market capitalism, state capitalism
and welfare capitalism. Different forms of capitalism feature varying degrees of free
markets, public ownership, obstacles to free competition and state-sanctioned social
policies. The degree of competition in markets and the role of intervention and
regulation as well as the scope of state ownership vary across different models of
capitalism. The extent to which different markets are free and the rules defining private
property are matters of politics and policy. Most of the existing capitalist economies are
mixed economies that combine elements of free markets with state intervention and in
some cases economic planning.
Market economies have existed under many forms of government and in many
different times, places and cultures. Modern capitalist societies developed in Western
Europe in a process that led to the Industrial Revolution. Capitalist systems with varying
degrees of direct government intervention have since become dominant in the Western
44.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
world and continue to spread. Economic growth is a characteristic tendency of capitalist
economies.
Critics of capitalism argue that it (1) concentrates power in the hands of a
minority capitalist class that exists through the exploitation of the majority working
class and their labor;(2) prioritizes profit over social good, natural resources and the
environment; (3)is an engine of inequality, corruption and economic instabilities; is anti-
democratic; (4)and that many are not able to access its purported benefits and
freedoms, such as freely investing. Supporters argue that it (1)provides better products
and innovation through competition, (2)Promotes pluralism and decentralization of
power, (3)Disperses wealth to people who are able to invest in useful enterprises based
on market demands, (4)Allows for a flexible incentive system where efficiency and
sustainability are priorities to protect capital, (5)Creates strong economic growth, and
(6)Yields productivity and prosperity that greatly benefit society.
3. Liberalism- is a political and moral philosophy based on liberty, consent of
the governed and equality before the law.
Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on liberty, consent of the governed
and equality before the law. Liberals espouse a wide array of views depending on their
understanding of these principles, but they generally support individual rights (including
civil rights and human rights), democracy, secularism, freedom of speech, freedom of
the press, freedom of religion and a market economy. Yellow is the political colour most
commonly associated with liberalism.
45.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Liberalism became a distinct movement in the Age of Enlightenment, when it
became popular among Western philosophers and economists. Liberalism sought to
replace the norms of hereditary privilege, state religion, absolute monarchy, the divine
right of kings and traditional conservatism with representative democracy and the rule
of law. Liberals also ended mercantilist policies, royal monopolies and other barriers to
trade, instead promoting free trade and marketization. Philosopher John Locke is
often credited with founding liberalism as a distinct tradition, based on the social
contract, arguing that each man has a natural right to life, liberty and property and
governments must not violate these rights. While the British liberal tradition has
emphasized expanding democracy, French liberalism has emphasized rejecting
authoritarianism and is linked to nation-building.
Leaders in the British Glorious Revolution of 1688, the American Revolution of 1776 and
the French Revolution of 1789 used liberal philosophy to justify the armed overthrow of
royal tyranny. Liberalism started to spread rapidly especially after the French
Revolution. The 19th century saw liberal governments established in nations across
Europe and South America, whereas it was well-established alongside republicanism in
the United States. In Victorian Britain, it was used to critique the political establishment,
appealing to science and reason on behalf of the people. During 19th and early 20th
century, liberalism in the Ottoman Empire and Middle East influenced periods of reform
such as the Tanzimat and Al-Nahda as well as the rise of constitutionalism, nationalism
and secularism. These changes, along with other factors, helped to create a sense of
crisis within Islam, which continues to this day, leading to Islamic revivalism. Before
46.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
1920, the main ideological opponents of liberalism were communism, conservatism and
socialism, but liberalism then faced major ideological challenges from fascism and
Marxism–Leninism as new opponents. During the 20th century, liberal ideas spread
even further, especially in Western Europe, as liberal democracies found themselves as
the winners' in both world wars.
In Europe and North America, the establishment of social liberalism (often called
simply liberalism in the United States) became a key component in the expansion of the
welfare state. Today, liberal parties continue to wield power and influence throughout
the world. The fundamental elements of contemporary society have liberal roots. The
early waves of liberalism popularised economic individualism while expanding
constitutional government and parliamentary authority. Liberals sought and established
a constitutional order that prized important individual freedoms, such as freedom of
speech and freedom of association; an independent judiciary and public trial by jury;
and the abolition of aristocratic privileges. Later waves of modern liberal thought and
struggle were strongly influenced by the need to expand civil rights. Liberals have
advocated gender and racial equality in their drive to promote civil rights and a global
civil rights movement in the 20th century achieved several objectives towards both
goals. Other goals often accepted by liberals include universal suffrage and universal
access to education.
4. Conservatism- commitment to traditional values and ideas with opposition
to change or innovation.
47.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Conservatism is the aesthetic, cultural, social, and political philosophy that
embodies the desire to conserve traditional social institutions, held to be either good in
themselves, or better than the likely alternatives, or at least safe, familiar, and the
objects of trust and affection.
The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the traditions and
values of the culture and civilization in which it appears. In Western culture,
conservatives seek to conserve a range of things such as organized religion, property
rights, parliamentary government, family values, the social order, the rule of law, the
culture of life, the natural environment, and classical and vernacular culture. Adherents
of conservatism often oppose modernism and seek a return to traditional values.
The first established use of the term in a political context originated in 1818 with
François-René de Chateaubriand during the period of Bourbon Restoration that sought
to roll back the policies of the French Revolution. Historically associated with right-
wing politics, the term has since been used to describe a wide range of views. There
is no single set of policies regarded as conservative because the meaning of
conservatism depends on what is considered traditional in a given place and time.
Conservative thought has varied considerably as it has adapted itself to existing
traditions and national cultures. For example, some conservatives advocate for greater
government intervention in the economy while others advocate for a more laissez faire
free market economic system. Thus conservatives from different parts of the world—
each upholding their respective traditions—may disagree on a wide range of issues.
Edmund Burke, an 18th-century politician who opposed the French Revolution, but
48.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
supported the American Revolution, is credited as one of the main theorists of
conservatism in the 1790s.
5. Communism- a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war
and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each
person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.
Communism (from Latin communis, 'common, universal') is a philosophical,
social, political, and economic ideology and movement whose ultimate goal is the
establishment of a communist society, namely a socioeconomic order structured upon
the ideas of common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social
classes, money, and the state. Communism is a specific, yet distinct, form of socialism.
Communists agree on the ultimate withering away of the state but disagree on the
means to this end, reflecting a distinction between a more libertarian approach of
communization, revolutionary spontaneity, and workers' self-management, and a more
vanguardist or communist party-driven approach through the development of a
constitutional socialist state.
Communism includes a variety of schools of thought which broadly include
Marxism and libertarian communism as well as the political ideologies grouped around
both, all of which share the analysis that the current order of society stems from
capitalism, its economic system and mode of production, namely that in this system
there are two major social classes, the relationship between these two classes is
exploitative, and that this situation can only ultimately be resolved through a social
revolution.
49.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
The two classes are the proletariat (the working class), who make up the
majority of the population within society and must work to survive, and the
bourgeoisie (the capitalist class), a small minority who derives profit from employing
the working class through private ownership of the means of production. According to
this analysis, revolution would put the working class in power and in turn establish
social ownership of the means of production which is the primary element in the
transformation of society towards a communist mode of production.
In the 20th century, Communist governments espousing Marxism–Leninism and
its variations came into power in parts of the world, first in the Soviet Union with the
Russian Revolution of 1917, and then in portions of Eastern Europe, Asia, and a few
other regions after World War II. Along with social democracy, communism became the
dominant political tendency within the international socialist movement by the
1920s.Criticism of communism can be divided into two broad categories, namely (1)that
which concerns itself with the practical aspects of 20th century Communist states and
(2)that which concerns itself with communist principles and theory. Several academics
and economists, among other scholars, have stated that the model under which these
nominally Communist states in practice operated was not an actual communist
economic model in accordance with most accepted definitions of communism as an
economic theory but in fact a form of state capitalism, or non-planned administrative-
command system.
50.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
6. Socialism- a political and economic theory of social organization which
advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be
owned or regulated by the community as a whole.
7. Authoritarian socialism- is a political – economic system that can be
generally described as socialists, but one that rejects the liberal democratic
concepts of multi-party politics , freedom of assembly, habeas corpus and
freedom of expression.
8. Democratic socialism- is a political philosophy supporting political
democracy within a socially owned economy , with a particular emphasis on
economic democracy, workforce democracy, and worker’s self-management
within a market socialist economy or some form of decentralized planned
socialist economy.
9. Fascism- is a form of far-right, authoritarian ultra nationalism characterized
by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition as a well as strong
regimentation of society and of the economy which came to prominence in
early 20th century Europe.
10. Marxism- the political and economic theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich
Engles, later developed by their followers to form the basis for the theory and
practice of communism.
11. Leninism- Marxism as interpreted and applied by Lenin, it is a political
philosophy that seeks to establish a socialist state to develop further into
51.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
socialism and eventually communism, a classless social system with common
ownership of the means of production and with full social and economic
equality of all members of society.
12. Trotskyism- the political of economic, principles of Leon Trotsky,
especially the theory that socialism should be established throughout the
world by continuing revolution. Trotskyism has generally included elements of
anarchism and syndicalism, but the term has come to be used
indiscriminately to describe a great many forms of radical socialism.
13. Stalinism- the ideology and policies adopted by Stalin, based on
centralization, totalitarianism, and the pursuit of communism.
14. Titoism- is described as the post world war-II policies and practices
associated with Josip Broz Tito during the Cold war, characterized by an
opposition to the Soviet Union.
15. Maoism- Maoism or Mao Zedong thought, is a variety of Marxism-
Leninism that Mao Zedong developed for realizing a socialists revolution in
the agricultural, pre-industrial society of the Republic of China and later the
People’s Republic of China.
16. Marcosism- Philippine President Ferdinand E. Marcos’s political ideology
was anchored on his “democratic centralism”
17. Dutertism- the political ideology of Philippine President Rodrigo Roa
Duterte, which includes his anti-drug campaign, strong political will and
among others.
52.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Post Activity
Make an interview of somebody who is knowledgeable about the history of your Town.
Write the history of your town inside the box including your interviewee, time and
venue of your interview including your time of interview. (20 points)
Lola Maya (October 22; 2o’clock in the afternoon at her house)
Interviewer: La, diin halin ang ngaran nga Pototan?
Interviewee: Ang hambal da manlang nga ang mga nauna dadi nga
mga nag iristar nakita nanda nga duro puno ka putat, rang puno bala sa
eskwelahan sa tubang balay day Ta mo Madeleine, na amo ran, gintawag
da ang lugar nga ginpatindugan da ka komunidad nga Pototan tungod sa
puno ngaran. Hambal hambal da manlang pay ako tana way takon it may
nakita it duro nga putat di kanaton a basi kang una pagid e.
Interviewer: Insat tlad La daw waay duman it makita nga Putat tree
kanaton, daw pro dumanlang Indian tree?
Interviewee: Ginpang tuto dun ran guro ka tawo e kag gin
patindugan ka balay da kag biskan ako indi man gane ako kamaan
magpabuhi karang Putat tree. Nagtanom ako karan duwa lng ang namuhi
ginpangayo pa ni Preda isa, napatay man tu .Akon tana bay-an ko lang jan
nabuhi manlang.
Mama Ca (October 27; 8PM at our house)
53.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Interviewer: Ma ano fashion kang una di sa Pototan? Like ang style

nyo bala hw sa pananamit?
Interviewee: Kung ano sikat kang una e, depende man, gabalik balik
manlang rang mga style, kang kato style man ran namon ang mga baggy
shirts and pants, nadura tulad nagbalik, garing kang una tana indi tamon
pa mahilig karang mga paguwa-guwa buli niyo ngaran nga short kag rang
mga daw half body niyo nga mga bayo waay takon gasuksok karan, kang
una tana gasleeveless, gashort tana mga babayi pay desente turukon, sa
mga lalaki di ran madura ang pantalon kag sandal rang pareyo kay Papa
mo ngaran haw, lain man kang una, lain man tulad, sa pagdara ran.
Interviewer: Sa lengwahe Ma hay? Ano kinalain sa kang una kag sa

tulad?
Interviewee: Pareyo manlang gyapon lengwahe ta, karay-a, may
sina, Hiligaynon kag kung ano man ran panawag jan, parereyo manlng ran
basta ga intindihanay, waay man abi ako karan kamaan ay sa city takon
dun nagtinir pag graduate ko elementary, gina uli-ulian ko lang di si Lola
mo. Kung mangkuton mo ko ano Hiligaynon, ano karay-a, kanakon tana
pareyo man ran gyapon nga Ilonggo pay kung si Papa mo pa ang karay-a
tuya tana ran sa Antique. Sa akon abi tana samo ko nga ginagamit, pareyo
busong kag tiyan, siki kag tiil, ido kag ayam,kuring kag miyaw, kung ano
manlang jan maintindihan, amo man ran di ginagamit sa Pototan, ang
portante gaintindihanay. Siguro ang kinalain, kang una sa amo ran nga
edad duro amon nga mga tinaga nga maintindihan pareyo ka gurahab kag
garot, inyu tana puro dulang English, way gd a, mga kamal-aman kang una
mga mayad man mag English pareyo kay Lola mo Poling pay indi tanda
manol.
Interviewer: I-comapre bi Ma ang kabuhi kang tawo sang una kag

sa tulad sa tulad.
54.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Interviewee: Pigado tana kang una, kapin pa kung duro bata mo,
pareyo kanamon magbugto, kung waay kami nga mga magurang
nagsunod sunod kay Lolo mo Pari sa Carles kada bakasyon indi man kami
kaeskwela. Kami nga mga magurang nagpamuchacha para ang mga
libayon mapahanggod ni Nanay. Kang una sa suba pa kami karan
gapanglaba ka uniform ni Lolo mo Pari kag ginapanaw lang ran namon ay
waay man gawa sarakyan kang una. Kung ikumpara ko ang kabuhi kang
una kag tulad kag kung papilion ako, pillion ko takon ang tulad ay tulad
tana libre ang pageskwela, may sarakyan, hapos lang mangita ka karan-on
garing ang kinalain ran kang una tana pwede pa maimnan ang mga tubig
sa bubon, matinlo pa ya palibot. Naabutan ko pa ran sang una nga ang
suba jan sa tinda matinlo, masinaw tlad tana ginataehan kag ginahimo
dulang basurahan.
Lesson 6. Comparative
Analysis of Various Social
Sciences
Pre-activity
Social Sciences is all about the relationship of man to his fellow man in relation
to his past, that is why we study History, or its about its origin, race and culture , as in
the case of Anthropology, or in his dealings with government or its interplay of power,
55.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
that why we have Political Science and so on and so forth. This lesson will briefly
compare some of these Social Sciences with regards to its focus of inquiry.
Activity Proper
1. Economics and Various Social Sciences
Can be defined as a social science that deals with the study of the allocation of
scarce resources among unlimited and competing uses to satisfy human needs.
Economics -is related to other social science in that they study life of human
beings, but they differ in their method of analysis and specific objectives.
Anthropology- is the most comprehensive of the social sciences. It covers the
biological, psychological, social, and cultural aspects of human life. It studies every
aspect of human society, including social structure, aesthetic expression, language, and
the belief system.
Political Science -studies the mechanics of the distribution of power and is
concerned with the relationship between authority and the masses.
Psychology- studies society from the viewpoint of the individuals and groups. It
finds out how society influences the individuals and groups. It finds out how society
influences the individual’s personality and how the individual responds to social stimuli
and pressures.
Sociology –studies society by analyzing human groups, institutions, and social
relationships. It analyzes the social patterns that result from numerous individual
interactions.
56.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
History is not only a systematic recording of past events but a detailed and in-
depth interpretation of the causes and effects of past events on the lives of the
members of a society. ( Tullao Jr., Tereso, 1999 )
2. Anthropology and Various Social Sciences
Anthropology is literally the study of human beings. It differs from other
disciplines concerned with people in that it is broader in scope. It is concerned with
humans in all places of the world and it traces human evolution and cultural
development from millions of years ago to the present day.
Another distinguishing feature of an anthropology is its holistic approach to the
study of human beings. Anthropologists study not only all varieties of people but also all
aspects of those people’s experiences.
Anthropologists are concerned with identifying and explaining typical
characteristics (traits, customs) of particular human population.
Physical anthropology is one of the major fields of the discipline . Physical
anthropology studies the emergence of humans and their later physical evolution
( the focus called human paleontology). It also studies how and why contemporary
human populations vary biologically (the focus called human variation).
The second broad area of concern to anthropology is cultural anthropology. Its
three subfields-archaeology, anthropological linguistics, and ethnology- all deal with
aspects of human culture- that is with the customary ways of thinking and behaving of
a particular society. (Ember and Ember, 1997).
57.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
3. Sociology and Various Social Sciences
Sociology- is the scientific study of society with special emphasis upon groups
and institutions.
The technical or applied social sciences such as politics, education, social
service, and economics are related to sociology in a different way. They are to a greater
or lesser extent, applications of principles which it is the business of sociology and
psychology to deal with explicitly, hence sociology may be regarded as fundamental to
the other social sciences. The economists , for example, is interested in the factors
which influence business activity. He soon learns that to understand business activity,
he must know something about the manner in which people usually operate in human
groups. The sociologists is not interested in business as such, but he is interested in the
social patterns which govern the actions of labor leaders, business promoters,
consumers, and workers. The same type of analysis could be made of political science,
social welfare, and education. The major task of the sociologist is to study human
groups, and by so doing he helps the specialized sciences in their tasks and from them
obtains more data which may be used in the analysis of group conduct. There are also
specific fields such as criminology, the family, population, race relations, etc. which do
not receive much academic consideration until the sociologists made them the object of
scientific inquiry. Finally, we have been interested in the way patterns of human
association affect various areas of human life which have long been the subject of
58.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
study, and thus we have the sociology of law, religion, education, industry, to name a
few which are fairly well developed.
Post Activity
Answer the following post activity questions:
1. What is Economics and explain its relationship to other Social
Sciences?
*Economics is the social science that deals with the distribution of

scarce resources in the population and to satisfy human needs. The
relationship of economics with other social science is that with
Anthropology it could trace where, when and what are the needs of human
beings since time immemorial. In Sociology, the scientific study of society,
Economics could be related in here because economic deals in how the
limited resources could be distributed in the society. In Lesson 1 there is
this Sociology of Economy that study the social causes and effect of
various economic phenomena. In Political Science, political scientists see to
it the proper implementations and right laws that govern human lives and
with this political scientists could implement law for the production and
distribution of resources.There is this Economic History, the academic
study of economics or economic events of the past
2. What is Anthropology and explain its relationship with other social sciences?
*Anthropology is a Social Science that is broader in scope as it is
concerned literally on human beings. It could be related to other social
sciences like history in where both studies the culture, language and
tradition of humans from all parts of the world and also the past of humans
since time immemorial. It could also be related with Archaeology where it
studies and traces the origin, growth and development of human culture in
the past. It could also be related to Sociology, the study of human society.
3.What is Sociology and explain its relationship with other Social sciences?
59.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
*Sociology is the scientific study of human society. It could be related to

Psychology in a way that psychologist help human integrate and be
productive members of the society. Historical Sociology combines
sociological and historical perspectives and methods to understand the
past, how society develop over time and the impact of it to the present.
Also, there is this Sociology of Economy where it study the social causes
and effect of various economic phenomena to the society. It could also
relate to Political Science, the branch of social science that deals with the
study of government and analysis of political activities and behavior simply
because the government is in the society and works systematically to
ensure that it governs the people efficiently and also to ensure the
progress and development of society.
Reference
Tullao Jr., Tereso S. Understanding Economics In The Philippine Setting, Phoenix
Publishing House Inc., 1999, pages 2-3
Ember, Melvin and Ember, Carol, Anthropology Eight Edition, Prentice Hall, p. 13
Espiritu and Hollsteiner et. al. Pages 8-9
Lesson 7. Introduction to
Anthropology
Pre-activity
60.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Anthropology, by definition is a discipline of infinite curiosity about human
beings. The term comes from the Greek Anthropos for “man, human” and logos for
“study”. Anthropologists seek answers to an enormous variety of questions about
humans. They are interested in discovering when, when, and why humans appeared on
the earth, how and why they have changed since then, and how and why modern
human populations vary in certain physical features
Activity Proper
The Scope of Anthropology
1.Anthropology differs from other disciplines concerned with humans: broader in
scope both geographically and historically.
2. Anthropology is concerned explicitly and directly with all varieties of people
throughout the world, not only those close at hand or within a limited area.
3. It is also interested in people of all periods. Beginning with the immediate
ancestors of humans, who lived a few million years ago, anthropology traces the
development of humans until the present. Every part of the world that has ever
contained a human population is of interest to anthropologists.
4. Traditionally, Anthropologists are found in remote villages, but now we can see them
in cities of the industrial world.
5. Because anthropologist are acquainted with human life in an enormous variety of
geographical and historical settings, they are often able to correct mistaken
beliefs about different groups of people.
61.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
For example: drinking milk causes cramps, stomach gas, diarrhea and nausea known as
milk intolerance is the reason why many black schoolchildren don’t drink milk, which the
American educators before thought and assumed that lack of money or education was
the cause.
6. Anthropology is holistic, or multifaceted, approach to the study of human beings.
Anthropologists study not only all varieties of people but many aspects of human
experiences as well.
For example when describing a group of people:
a. History of the area in which people live
b. The physical environment
c. The organization of family life
d. The general features of their language
e. The group’s settlement’s patterns
f. Political systems
g. economic systems
h. religion
i. styles of arts and dress
7. because of this holistic approach, anthropologists tend to specialized in one area:
Four Major Sub-disciplines of Anthropology
a.1. Physical Anthropology- seek to answer two distinct sets of questions. The first
set of questions about the emergence of humans and their evolution ( this is the focus
62.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
of human paleontology or paleoanthropology). The second set includes questions about
how and why contemporary human populations vary biologically the focus referred to
as Human Variation).
Social Darwinism refers to various theories that emerged in Western Europe
and North America in the 1870s that applied biological concepts of natural selection and
survival of the fittest to sociology, economics and politics. Social Darwinism posits that
the strong see their wealth and power increase while the weak see their wealth and
power decrease. Various social Darwinist schools of thought differ on which groups of
people are the strong and which are the weak, and also differ on the precise
mechanisms that reward strength and punish weakness.[clarification needed] Many
such views stress competition between individuals in laissez-faire capitalism, while
others, emphasizing struggle between national or racial groups, support nationalism,
authoritarianism, eugenics, racism, imperialism, communism and/or fascism. The
ideology of social Darwinism inspired the perpetrators of genocides including the
Armenian genocide.
Social Darwinism declined in popularity as a purportedly scientific concept following the
First World War, and was largely discredited by the end of the Second World War—
partially due to its association with Nazism and partially due to a growing scientific
consensus that it was scientifically groundless. Later hypotheses that were categorized
as social Darwinism were generally described as such as a critique by their opponents;
their proponents did not identify themselves by such a label. Creationists have
63.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
frequently maintained that social Darwinism—leading to policies designed to reward the
most competitive—is a logical consequence of "Darwinism" (the theory of natural
selection in biology). Biologists and historians have stated that this is a fallacy of appeal
to nature, since the theory of natural selection is merely intended as a description of a
biological phenomenon and should not be taken to imply that this phenomenon is good
or that it ought to be used as a moral guide in human society. While most scholars
recognize some historical links between the popularisation of Darwin's theory and forms
of social Darwinism, they also maintain that social Darwinism is not a necessary
consequence of the principles of biological evolution. Social Darwinism is generally
universally accepted to be a pseudoscience not based on any empirical data or truth.
Scholars debate the extent to which the various social Darwinist ideologies reflect
Charles Darwin's own views on human social and economic issues. His writings have
passages that can be interpreted as opposing aggressive individualism, while other
passages appear to promote it. Darwin's early evolutionary views and his opposition to
slavery ran counter to many of the claims that social Darwinists would eventually make
about the mental capabilities of the poor and colonial indigenes. After the publication of
On the Origin of Species in 1859, one strand of Darwin's followers, led by Sir John
Lubbock, argued that natural selection ceased to have any noticeable effect on humans
once organised societies had been formed.However, some scholars argue that Darwin's
view gradually changed and came to incorporate views from other theorists such as
Herbert Spencer. Spencer published his Lamarckian evolutionary ideas about society
64.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
before Darwin first published his hypothesis in 1859, and both Spencer and Darwin
promoted their own conceptions of moral values. Spencer supported laissez-faire
capitalism on the basis of his Lamarckian belief that struggle for survival spurred self-
improvement which could be inherited.An important proponent in Germany was Ernst
Haeckel, who popularized Darwin's thought and his personal interpretation of it, and
used it as well to contribute to a new creed, the monist movement.
 Primatologists- anthropologists, psychologists, and biologists who specialize in
the study of primates like prosimians, monkeys, and apes and humans who
belongs to the order of primates.
It is related to geology, general vertebrate, paleontology, comparative
anatomy, study of comparative primate behavior.
Human Genetics- the study of human traits that are inherited
Population Biology- the study of environmental effects on and interaction with,
population characteristics.
Epidemiology- the study of how and why diseases affect different populations in
different ways.
b.2. Anthropological Linguistics- the anthropological study of languages
b.3. Archaeology- the study of past cultures through their material remains
the archaeologists seeks not only to reconstruct the daily life and customs of
peoples who lived in the past but also
65.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
b.4. Ethnology- the study of recent cultures, is often referred to by the parent name,
cultural anthropology.
Post Activity
Instruction: Discuss the reason why Anthropology is considered as a very broad scope
of studies.
Anthropology is a very broad scope of studies because by its

very own definition, the study of human beings, tells that it
covers almost all aspects and fields of studies of Social Sciences
and also of other sciences. Anthropology could be interrelated to
other fields like History where both study the past events of
recorded past or in the case of Anthropology even before history
was ever recorded, where and when human life started
(Demography), their groups and ways of life(Sociology), their
beliefs (Theology) culture, tradition and language (Linguistics),
their perspectives towards life and in the world around them
(Philosophy), how they distribute their goods and services and or
how they satisfy their needs (Economics, ), how and who governs
them, their laws and powerplay (Political Science) and how do
they act or behave in certain situations ( Psychology).
Anthropology studies human beings, their who, when, where,
how, what and even the before and after and maybe’s and
everything in between. These what makes Anthropology a broad
subject to study.
Reference
Ember, Melvin and Ember, Carol, Anthropology Eight Edition, Prentice Hall, p. 1-13
66.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
https://www.bing.com/search?
q=Theories+in+physical+anthropology&cvid=bc5f932070ed4cecb810cc133f11f2ed&aqs
=edge..69i57j0.10894j0j9&FORM=ANAB01&PC=HCTS retrieved August 23, 2021
Economics
Pre-activity
Economics – comes from the Greek word oikos meaning house and nomos which
means management.
Activity Proper
Xenophon- instructional treatises on efficient management and leadership
which is titled “Oeconomicus” , he describes Greek economy as a premarket, wherein
product s were neither uniform nor traded on organized exchange or analyzed for their
own sake. They emphasized human contract through the practical nature of leadership
and policy.
1. Plato- in his book, “The Republic” presented a blueprint for an economy in
which cities are founded on key principles of specialization and division of labor
that creates mutual interdependence and further leads to reciprocal exchange.
67.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
ECONOMIC IDEAS OF PLATO
Plato (427-347BC ) was one of the greatest philosopher of the Greece who was the
pupil of Socrates. Plato’s ideas on economic arose in his work, - ‘ The Republic.’ In
which he discussed the organizing of the state, division of labour, slavery and
communism and so on. Let us discussed the economic ideas of Plato:
 Origin of the state: According to Plato, a state arises out of the needs of
maintaining. He opines that no one is self-sufficient and all of us have many
words, so one takes a helper for one purpose and another for another. When
the helper and the partners are gathered together in one habitation, the body
of inhabitants is termed as state. Thus, Plato found the origin of the state on
eh basis of economic consideration.
 Division of labor: Plato advocated the division of labor in economic activities.
Thus division of labor arose from the natural differences in human beings. He
was interested in the increase of efficiency and therefore he advocated for
the increasing amount of specialization in production.
 Communism: Plato wanted to abolish the class conflict in the society; but not
on the basis of equality of opportunity. Plato supported property community.
68.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
He wanted to abolish some of the evils of the caste system through his
communism promote harmony of interest in the society.
 Division of society: Plato decided the entire society into major parts- 1.
The ruling class and the ruled class. The ruling class was a previlege class
including philosophers, aristocrats, who enjoyed common ownership of
property, the ruled class, on the other hand, included workers, agricultural
labors who didn’t have the right to property.
 Slavery: Plato considered slavery as a permanent and necessary institution
in the history of mankind. But he wanted treatment to the slavery.
 Value, money and interest: Plato considered that a producer should not
charge more than the value of the commodity. To him, money was not only a
medium of exchange but it was also a standard of value. So far as the
interest was considered, he was not in favor of interest to be paid against the
loans.
2. Aristotle- did not agree to Plato about his ideal state, he defended private
property for all classes and not just for the established leaders. In his book
“Topics and Rhetoric”, Aristotle viewed exchange as a way to satisfy individual
and collective wants and not as a means for the state accumulate wealth.
69.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
ECONOMIC IDEAS OF ARISTOTLE
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) was the most popular pupil of Plato. Although Aristotle did
not contribute any published book on economic, yet many of his talks were related with
the ancient economic problems. So we can discussed Aristotle’s economic view as
follows.
 Origin of the state: Aristotle explained that the origin of the state was not
based on merely economic factors, but it was an outcome of the natural
instinct of man to associate with other human beings or with other groups of
the pupil. Thus, Aristotle regarded origin of the state as a product of a natural
growth.
 Communism: Aristotle attacked the common ownership of Plato and
advocated private ownership of the property as it was a natural instinct of
man.
 The scope of Economics: According to Aristotle, there were two parts of
economic- household management and wealth earning economy. The
household management was basically concerned with consumption of wealth
in the satisfaction of the desires of life whereas wealth earning economy was
related with the art of earning wealth. However, he was in favor of the
household economy as it was natural one.
70.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
 Value Money and interest: Plato recognized value as an inherent quality of
the commodity while Aristotle considered that the value of the commodity
was based on it’s use or it’s intensity of wants.
According to Aristotle, money was a useful way of facilitating exchange. He thought
that money can act as a medium of exchange and also as a measures value and a
standard of deferred payment. Aristotle was against the payment of a high rate of
interest.
 Division of labor and Slavery: Like Plato, Aristotle also supported the
division of labour or specialization in production Aristotle was also a supporter
of slavery system. He considered slavery as a natural institution.
3. Francois Quesnay- his groups are called physiocrats believed in the
importance of nature in the economic development of a country. The
strongly agreed that man should use his natural resources wisely and properly to
attain maximum advantages from it. It his book “ Tableau Economique” which
illustrated the flow of the factors of production, goods, and services in the
different sectors of the economy.
 Mercantilists- contradicted these principles of the physiocrats. They believed in
the importance of gold and silver in the development of the economy.
According to this group, the accumulation of gold and silver determines the
wealth of a country.
 Classicists Economists
71.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
a. Adam Smith- known as the “Father of Modern Economics”
b. David Ricardo- his idea is known as ”The Law of Diminishing Marginal
Returns”
c. Thomas Robert Malthus- his theory in his book “ Essay on the
Principles of Population” states that if the population increases rapidly
than the supply of food, it can cause famine, and it can affect the economic
activities of man.
d. Neo-classists- they founded the law of supply and demand, advanced by
John Maynard Keynes, Karl Marx, and later propagated by Mao Tse-Tung of
China, Vladimir Lenin of Russia and other communists countries.
e. John Maynard Keynes- wrote “General Theory of Employment ,
Interest, and Money”, he was also known as the Father of Modern
Employment theory.
f. Karl Marx- wrote “Das Kapital” also known as the Father of
Communism, shared his principles and ideals regarding the cause of poverty
of the proletariat or working class is caused by abusive practices of the rich
capitalists that safeguard their own selfish interests and their accumulation of
wealth.
 The study of Economics is subdivided into:

1. Microeconomics-is centered in discussing the small unit of the
economy. It tackles the behavior of the consumers, producers and the market.
72.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
2. Macroeconomics- is the study of the behavior of the entire economy.
It focuses on the aggregate activities of the government, industry, and
household.
Post Activity
Instruction: Identification: Write your answer on the blanks provided
Microeconomics-------------1. It discussed the small unit of the economy.
Macroeconomics------------2. It discussed the economy of the whole country.
Aristotle---------------------3. He wrote Topics and Rhetorics.
Karl Marx -------------------4. He wrote Das Capital.
John Maynard Keynes-----5. Father of Modern Employment Theory.
Adam Smith--------------------6. Father of Modern Economics.
John Maynard Keynes-------7. His idea is about the general theory of employment.
Neo- Clasissts------------------8. Group of Economists that proposed Law of Supply and
Demand.
Mercantilists--------------------9. Group of economists that considers silver and gold as
the basis for wealth.
Economics-----------------------10. Science of properly allocating scarce resources to our
unlimited wants.
Reference
73.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Imperial, and Antonio et. al. Worktext in Economics Turning Points IV Second Edition
page 3-5
Economic Ideas of Plato and Aristotle (sitonexam.in) retrieved August 23, 2021
Geography
Pre-activity
Geography is the science of the earth. (The New Webster’s Dictionary of the English
Language, 2004)
Activity Proper
Geography comes from the two Greek words , geo which means “earth” and graphien
which means “to write” or “to describe”. Geography, therefore, is the study of the
earth and deals with location, extent, distribution, frequency, and interaction of all
significant elements of the human and physical environment on the earth’s surface. It
also deals with the descriptions of the earth into continents, regions, countries,
landforms, water forms, and the relation of these geographic features to the way of life
of the people in the area.
74.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
The knowledge of geography helps us understand why and how things around us
happen. It also helps us see how the environment affects people and how affect the
environment , on the other hand.
Geography is divided into:
1. Physical geography- deals with the composition of the earth’s surface and the
distribution of its features
Physical geography (also known as physiography) is one of the two fields
of geography. Physical geography is the branch of natural science which deals
with the processes and patterns in the natural environment such as the
atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere, as opposed to the cultural
or built environment, the domain of human geography.
Physical geography can be divided into several branches or related
fields, as follows:
A. Geomorphology is concerned with understanding the surface of the
Earth and the processes by which it is shaped, both at the present as
well as in the past. Geomorphology as a field has several sub-fields
that deal with the specific landforms of various environments e.g.
desert geomorphology and fluvial geomorphology; however, these
sub-fields are united by the core processes which cause them, mainly
tectonic or climatic processes. Geomorphology seeks to understand
landform history and dynamics, and predict future changes through a
75.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
combination of field observation, physical experiment, and numerical
modeling (Geomorphometry). Early studies in geomorphology are the
foundation for pedology, one of two main branches of soil science.
B. Hydrology is predominantly concerned with the amounts and quality of
water moving and accumulating on the land surface and in the soils
and rocks near the surface and is typified by the hydrological cycle.
Thus the field encompasses water in rivers, lakes, aquifers and to an
extent glaciers, in which the field examines the process and dynamics
involved in these bodies of water. Hydrology has historically had an
important connection with engineering and has thus developed a
largely quantitative method in its research; however, it does have an
earth science side that embraces the systems approach. Similar to
most fields of physical geography it has sub-fields that examine the
specific bodies of water or their interaction with other spheres e.g.
limnology and ecohydrology.
C. Glaciology is the study of glaciers and ice sheets, or more commonly
the cryosphere or ice and phenomena that involve ice. Glaciology
groups the latter (ice sheets) as continental glaciers and the former
(glaciers) as alpine glaciers. Although research in the areas is similar to
research undertaken into both the dynamics of ice sheets and glaciers,
the former tends to be concerned with the interaction of ice sheets
76.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
with the present climate and the latter with the impact of glaciers on
the landscape. Glaciology also has a vast array of sub-fields examining
the factors and processes involved in ice sheets and glaciers e.g. snow
hydrology and glacial geology.
D. Biogeography- is the science which deals with geographic patterns of
species distribution and the processes that result in these patterns.
Biogeography emerged as a field of study as a result of the work of
Alfred Russel Wallace, although the field prior to the late twentieth
century had largely been viewed as historic in its outlook and
descriptive in its approach. The main stimulus for the field since its
founding has been that of evolution, plate tectonics and the theory of
island biogeography. The field can largely be divided into five sub-
fields: island biogeography, paleobiogeography, phylogeography,
zoogeography and phytogeography.
E. Climatology- is the study of the climate, scientifically defined as
weather conditions averaged over a long period of time. Climatology
examines both the nature of micro (local) and macro (global) climates
and the natural and anthropogenic influences on them. The field is
also sub-divided largely into the climates of various regions and the
study of specific phenomena or time periods e.g. tropical cyclone
rainfall climatology and paleoclimatology.
77.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
F. Meteorology- is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the
atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and short term
forecasting (in contrast with climatology). Studies in the field stretch
back millennia, though significant progress in meteorology did not
occur until the eighteenth century. Meteorological phenomena are
observable weather events that illuminate and are explained by the
science of meteorology.
G. Soil geography deals with the distribution of soils across the terrain.
This discipline is fundamental to both physical geography and
pedology. Pedology is the study of soils in their natural environment. It
deals with pedogenesis, soil morphology, soil classification. Soil
geography studies the spatial distribution of soils as it relates to
topography, climate (water, air, temperature), soil life (micro-
organisms, plants, animals) and mineral materials within soils
(biogeochemical cycles).
H. Palaeogeography- is a cross-disciplinary study that examines the
preserved material in the stratigraphic record to determine the
distribution of the continents through geologic time. Almost all the
evidence for the positions of the continents comes from geology in the
form of fossils or paleomagnetism. The use of these data has resulted
in evidence for continental drift, plate tectonics, and supercontinents.
78.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
This, in turn, has supported palaeogeographic theories such as the
Wilson cycle.
I. Coastal geography is the study of the dynamic interface between
the ocean and the land, incorporating both the physical geography
(i.e. coastal geomorphology, geology, and oceanography) and the
human geography of the coast. It involves an understanding of coastal
weathering processes, particularly wave action, sediment movement
and weathering, and also the ways in which humans interact with the
coast. Coastal geography, although predominantly geomorphological in
its research, is not just concerned with coastal landforms, but also the
causes and influences of sea level change.
J. Oceanography- is the branch of physical geography that studies the
Earth's oceans and seas. It covers a wide range of topics, including
marine organisms and ecosystem dynamics (biological oceanography);
ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics (physical
oceanography); plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor
(geological oceanography); and fluxes of various chemical substances
and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries
(chemical oceanography). These diverse topics reflect multiple
disciplines that oceanographers blend to further knowledge of the
world ocean and understanding of processes within it.
79.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
K. Quaternary science - is an interdisciplinary field of study focusing on
the Quaternary period, which encompasses the last 2.6 million years.
The field studies the last ice age and the recent interstadial the
Holocene and uses proxy evidence to reconstruct the past
environments during this period to infer the climatic and environmental
changes that have occurred.
L. Landscape ecology is a sub-discipline of ecology and geography that
address how spatial variation in the landscape affects ecological
processes such as the distribution and flow of energy, materials, and
individuals in the environment (which, in turn, may influence the
distribution of landscape "elements" themselves such as hedgerows).
The field was largely funded by the German geographer Carl Troll.
Landscape ecology typically deals with problems in an applied and
holistic context. The main difference between biogeography and
landscape ecology is that the latter is concerned with how flows or
energy and material are changed and their impacts on the landscape
whereas the former is concerned with the spatial patterns of species
and chemical cycles.
M. Geomatics is the field of gathering, storing, processing, and
delivering geographic information, or spatially referenced information.
Geomatics includes geodesy (scientific discipline that deals with the
measurement and representation of the earth, its gravitational field,
80.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
and other geodynamic phenomena, such as crustal motion, oceanic
tides, and polar motion), geographical information science (GIS) and
remote sensing (the short or large-scale acquisition of information of
an object or phenomenon, by the use of either recording or real-time
sensing devices that are not in physical or intimate contact with the
object).
N. Environmental geography is a branch of geography that analyzes
the spatial aspects of interactions between humans and the natural
world. The branch bridges the divide between human and physical
geography and thus requires an understanding of the dynamics of
geology, meteorology, hydrology, biogeography, and geomorphology,
as well as the ways in which human societies conceptualize the
environment. Although the branch was previously more visible in
research than at present with theories such as environmental
determinism linking society with the environment. It has largely
become the domain of the study of environmental management or
anthropogenic influences.
2. Human geography- deals with the economic, political and social geography,
and is concerned essentially with the changes wrought by man on his
environment.
81.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
 Effects of the Archipelago Shape of our Nation ( Zaide and Zaide, 2004)
1. There is a geographical barrier separating the Philippines from other nations
in Asia.
2. The archipelago barrier also divides tribes and nations in the Philippines
3. With many islands to defend, the country is easily invaded by foreigners who
want to conquer and colonize.
4. Smuggling, piracy and migration can happen more easily in this archipelago.
5. Our archipelago is an ideal training for missionaries and evangelists who want
to learn different cultures, climates, and people.
 Topography- refers to the physical features of the country. For example: The
Philippines is an inverted Y-shaped archipelago of numerous islands and islets,
coral reefs, abundant rivers, lakes and bays, mountains and valleys; cool
plateaus and scenic volcanoes .
 Physical Features of Asia (Samson and Antonio et. al., 2011)

1. Region- is an area on the earth’s surface marked by distinguished similar
features and unifying characteristics. For example: Asia is divided into 5
Regions namely: East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, West Asia, and North or
Central Asia.
2. Natural Features
82.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
a. Mountain Ranges
b. Plateaus
c. Peninsulas
d. Archipelagos
e. Islands
f. Deserts
g. Waterforms- rivers, seas, oceans, etc.
h. volcanoes
3. Climate- tropical, arid and semi-arid, temperate, continental sub arctic or taiga,
contineltal sever, polar, and tundra
4. Natural calamities
5. Natural resources
a. Plant life
b. Animal life
c. Forest resources
d. Fish and marine resources
e. Minerals
f. Energy sources
g. Scenic beauties and natural wonders
 Factors that Affects the Climate of Asia
83.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
a. Latitude- is the angular distance north and south of the equator, and is
measured in degrees along a meridian as on a map or globe.
b. Oceanity- is the measure of the degree to which the climate of the region is
influenced by a maritime airflow from the oceans.
c. Monsoon- is a wind system that influences large climatic regions and
reverses direction seasonally. Example: in the Philippine habagat and amihan.
d. Elevation- temperature changes with elevation, the higher you go, the
colder it gets.
e. Vegetation Cover – tundra vegetation, forest, grassland, desert lands,
Post Activity
Essay: Write in not more that 200 words inside the box, your understanding about the
study of geography, focus your discussion on how people of Pototan is affected by
flooding of the river and the impact of plains in the lives of the Pototanons.
Pototan lies near the Suage River. I was born, raised and grew up here
specifically near the town. I think since Iloilo is located in Western Visayas, Pototan
could still get a taste of each years’ typhoons but not so much compare to other places
like Samar and Manila .
I think Pototan experiences floods because it is lowland. And sometimes if the

rain is so hard and the waters from mountainous parts of neighboring towns flow and
are connected to the Suage River it contributes to the height of waters. I don’t live near
the riverside and only heard that the waters there ascended at an alarming state but I
could not remember if it really had flow down the streets there. With Pototan being
lowland gives opportunity for better farming in rice fields and provide job opportunities
for those who needs it.
84.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Reference
Samson, Maria Carmelita B. and Antonio, Eleanor D. et. al. Work text in Asian History,
Turning Points II, Second Edition, Rex Bookstore, 2011, p. 1-23
Gregorio F. and Zaide, Sonia M. Philippine History and Government, sixth edition, All
Nations Publishing Co. 2004, p. 2-19
The New Webster’s Dictionary of the English Language International Edition, 2004
Human geography - Wikipedia retrieved August 23, 2021

History
Pre-activity
 History according to Funtecha and Padilla (2000), is defined in different ways:

1. The traditional definitions includes: History is the record of the past, which a
weak definition according Funtecha and Padilla because it is a one sided
definition of history since it is biased only in favor of the written records, oral
history traditions and cultural artifacts are not included.
85.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
2. Modern definition- history is the reconstruction of the past based on the records,
oral history, cultural artifacts and folk traditions. It is an imaginative and
interpretative reconstruction of the past.
Activity Proper
 Uses or importance of History
1. Bridging the gap between the present and the past.
2. Explaining causes of things and events
3. Projecting the future
4. Interpreting conditions of a given space and time
5. Promoting nationalism and patriotism
 Sources of History
a. Written or inscribed sources
1. Birth and death certificates 7. Census reports
2. Marriage certificates 8. Title deeds
3. Directories 9. Surveyor’s notes
4. Church records 10.School records
5. Letters and diaries 11.Government records
6. Local newspapers 12.Business records
86.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
13. Police records 16.Hospital records
14. Books 17.Inscriptions
15. Souvenir programs
b. Graphic, visual materials and artifacts
1. Photographs
2. Heirlooms and keepsakes
3. Arts and crafts
4. Tools, weapons and utensils
5. Old structures and landmarks
6. Skeletal remains with funerary furniture and paraphernalia
c. Folklore/oral literature
d. Oral history through interviews
Theories of History
1. Giambattista Vico- verum ipsum factum or “ the true is the made”, or
something is true because it is made of scienzia both sets of knowledge per
caussas as its task and as the method of attaining it; or express in other terms
the content of scienza is identical with the development of that scienza itself
(Plato.stanford.edu), Vico studied Roman law and history and and Greek
philosophy, he wrote Nouva Scienza ( New Science), in 1725, his Cyclical
87.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Theory Of History- states that the method we adopt must necessarily vary
according to the things with which we are dealing.
Giambattista Vico (born Giovan Battista Vico /ˈ

viːkoʊ/; Italian: [ˈ
viko]; 23
June 1668 – 23 January 1744) was an Italian philosopher, rhetorician, historian,
and jurist during the Italian Enlightenment. He criticized the expansion and
development of modern rationalism, was an apologist for classical antiquity and
the Renaissance humanities, finding Cartesian analysis and other types of
reductionism impractical to human life, and was the first expositor of the
fundamentals of social science and of semiotics. He is recognized as one of the
first Counter-Enlightenment figures in history.
The Latin aphorism Verum esse ipsum factum ("What is true is
precisely what is made") coined by Vico is an early instance of constructivist
epistemology. He inaugurated the modern field of the philosophy of history, and,
although the term philosophy of history is not in his writings, Vico spoke of a
"history of philosophy narrated philosophically." Although he was not an
historicist, contemporary interest in Vico usually has been motivated by
historicists, such as Isaiah Berlin, a philosopher and historian of ideas,
Edward Said, a literary critic, and Hayden White, a metahistorian.
Vico's intellectual magnum opus is the book Scienza Nuova or New
Science (1725), which attempts a systematic organization of the humanities as
88.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
a single science that recorded and explained the historical cycles by which
societies rise and fall.
Samuel Beckett's first published work, in the selection of critical essays on
James Joyce entitled Our Exagmination Round His Factification for Incamination
of Work in Progress, is "Dante... Bruno. Vico.. Joyce". In it, Beckett sees a
profound influence of Vico's philosophy and poetics—as well the cyclical form of
the Scienza Nuova—on the avant-garde compositions of Joyce, and especially the
titular Work in Progress, viz. Finnegans Wake.
In Knowledge and Social Structure (1974), Peter Hamilton identified
Vico as the "sleeping partner" of the Age of Enlightenment. Despite having been
relatively unknown in his 18th-century time, and read only in his native Naples,
the ideas of Vico are predecessors to the ideas of the intellectuals of the
Enlightenment. Moreover, recognition of Vico's intellectual influence began in the
19th century, when the French Romantic historians used his works as
methodological models and guides.
In Capital: Critique of Political Economy (1867), Karl Marx's
mention of Vico indicates their parallel perspectives about history, the role of
historical actors, and an historical method of narrative. Marx and Vico saw social-
class warfare as the means by which men achieve the end of equal rights; Vico
89.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
called that time the "Age of Men". Marx concluded that such a state of affairs is
the optimal end of social change in a society, but Vico thought that such
complete equality of rights would lead to socio-political chaos and the
consequent collapse of society. In that vein, Vico proposed a social need for
religion, for a supernatural divine providence to keep order in human society.
In Orientalism (1978), Edward Said acknowledged his scholar's debt
to Vico, whose "ideas anticipate and later infiltrate the line of German thinkers I
am about to cite. They belong to the era of Herder and Wolf, later to be followed
by Goethe, Humboldt, Dilthey, Nietzsche, Gadamer, and finally the great
twentieth century Romance philologists Erich Auerbach, Leo Spitzer, and Ernst
Robert Curtius." As a humanist and early philologist, Vico represented "a
different, alternative model that has been extremely important to me
in my work", which differed from mainstream Western prejudice against the
Orient and the dominating "standardization" that came with modernity and
culminated in National Socialism. That the interdependence of human history and
culture facilitates the scholars' task to "take seriously Vico's great observation
that men make their own history, that what they can know is what they have
made, and extend it to geography. As geographical and cultural entities—to say
nothing of historical entities—such locales, regions, and geographical sectors as
'Orient' and 'Occident' are man-made."
90.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
2. Immanuel Kant- he wrote “Critique of Pure Reason” and his short essay
entitled “Idea of Universal History from a Cosmopolitan Point of View”, he stated
that “ if the course of human history is to make sense, we must assume
the working of some “ secret plan” or teleological principle according
to which the immediate evils of history can be seen as justified by what
they eventually helped to promote: an idea that proved highly attractive to
his students like Hegel. He called this “nature” like anti-social propensities of
men, propensities which on the account of the miseries and wars they produce ,
must eventually drive men into constructing and submitting to a form of society
that will guarantee by law the maximum freedom for its of its members. The
following were notable historians:
3. Johann Gottfried Herder-Johann Gottfried (after 1802 von); 25 August 1744 –
18 December 1803) was a German philosopher, theologian, poet, and literary
critic. He is associated with the Enlightenment, Sturm und Drang, and Weimar
Classicism.
4. Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis of Condorcet (French: 17
September 1743 – 29 March 1794), known as Nicolas de Condorcet, was a
French philosopher and mathematician. His ideas, including support for a liberal
economy, free and equal public instruction, constitutional government, and equal
rights for women and people of all races, have been said to embody the ideals of
the Age of Enlightenment, of which he has been called the "last witness of," and
91.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Enlightenment rationalism. He died in prison after a period of flight from French
Revolutionary authorities.
5. G.W.F. Hegel-Hegel's philosophy of history is perhaps the most fully developed
philosophical theory of history that attempts to discover meaning or direction in
history (1824a, 1824b, 1857). Hegel regards history as an intelligible process
moving towards a specific condition-the realization of human freedom.
6. Isidore Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte or more known as
AUGUSTE COMTE (French: 19 January 1798 – 5 September 1857) was a
French philosopher and writer who formulated the doctrine of positivism.
He is often regarded as the first philosopher of science in the modern sense of
the term. Comte's ideas were also fundamental to the development of sociology;
indeed, he invented the term and treated that discipline as the crowning
achievement of the sciences.
Influenced by the utopian socialist Henri de Saint-Simon,Comte developed
positive philosophy in an attempt to remedy the social disorder caused by the
French Revolution, which he believed indicated imminent transition to a new
form of society. He sought to establish a new social doctrine based on science,
which he labelled 'positivism'. He had a major impact on 19th-century thought,
influencing the work of social thinkers such as John Stuart Mill and George Eliot.
His concept of Sociologie and social evolutionism set the tone for early social
theorists and anthropologists such as Harriet Martineau and Herbert Spencer,
92.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
evolving into modern academic sociology presented by Émile Durkheim as
practical and objective social research.
Comte's social theories culminated in his "Religion of Humanity", which
presaged the development of non-theistic religious humanist and secular
humanist organisations in the 19th century. He may also have coined the word
altruism (altruism).
7. John Stuart Mill- (born May 20, 1806, London, England—died May 8, 1873,
Avignon, France), English philosopher, economist, and exponent of utilitarianism.
He was prominent as a publicist in the reforming age of the 19th century, and
remains of lasting interest as a logician and an ethical theorist.
8. Henry Thomas Buckle- (24 November 1821 – 29 May 1862) was an English
historian, the author of an unfinished “History of Civilization”, and a strong
amateur chess player. He is sometimes called "the Father of Scientific
History".
9. Karl Marx-Marx is important to the historian in three different aspects – as an
historian himself, as a philosopher of history, and as an historical figure. Here I
propose to confine myself largely to the second heading, though I shall also have
to say something about the other two. First, what do we mean by a 'philosophy
of history'? I take it to be a branch not of history but of philosophy. The
philosopher tries to study the various forms of human experience sub specie
aternitatis, relating them as best he can to experience as a whole.
93.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Post Activity
Essay. Explain what to do when your planning to write the history of Pototan. Focus on
your materials and methods in doing historical research. Write your answer on the
space provided inside the box.
In planning to write the history of Pototan the methods I will use is first, to construct
an interview questionnaire that will be used as a guide to a systematic interview. Second,
look for literature review of course it will be convenient to look in the internet but there is
Pototan Library so I must look there and see if there something valuable related to the
town’s history. Then, I will look for the respondents preferably old people age ranges
from 60 and up. Then after the gathering of information, transcribed, read, analyze and
understand the data gathered. Then since research is a systematic analysis the findings
will be properly presented and supported. Then with the findings, writing the History of
Pototan could now be possible with the legit data.
Reference
Funtecha, Henry F. and Padilla, Melanie J. A Study Guide in Philippine History for Teachers and
Students, 2000, page 1-4
Gardiner, Patrick, Theories of History, The Free Press Glencoe, Illinois, 1959 pages
9,22,34,49,58,73,82,105,124,138, and 166
https://www.historytoday.com/archive/karl-marx-and-philosophy-history retrieved August 23, 2021

Linguistics
Pre-activity
94.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Linguistics- is the scientific study of language and its structure, including
the study of morphology, syntax, phonetics, and semantics. Specific branches of
linguistics include sociolinguistics, dialectology, psycholinguistics, computational
linguistics, historical-comparative linguistics, and applied linguistics.
Activity Proper
 Linguistics- is a synonym of language, language science, language are
systems of arbitrary vocal symbols by which members of the social group
cooperate and interact.
 Morphology- the study of the forms of things
 Syntax-the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences
in a language
 Phonetics-the study and classification of speech sounds.
 Semantics –the branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meaning.
-Meaning is sometimes hidden in people, places, and events. Referring
to any of them is called allusion. When an allusion is used, the meaning of the
sentence is in the details surrounding those that were referred to four kinds of
allusions.
1. Literary allusion is a reference to famous storybook character
2. Mythical allusion is a reference to a character, place or event from a
myth of any country. Example- Greek mythology
3. Historical allusion is a reference to a person, place, or event in local,
national and world history.
95.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
4. Biblical allusion is a reference to a character, place or event from
the Holy Bible.
 Most Common Figurative Languages
1. Simile-is a stated comparison between two things that are actually unlike,
but have something in common.
2. Metaphor-is an implied comparison between two unlike things that have
something in common.
3. Personification-gives human qualities to non-human objects.
4. Symbolism- is a way of explaining something unfamiliar by using another
object that is commonly understandable.
5. Hyperbole- exaggerates an idea so vividly that the reader develops an
instant picture of it.
 Branches of semantics
a. Formal semantics- study the logical aspects of meaning , such as sense,
reference, implication, and logical form
b. Lexical semantics- studies word meanings and word relations
c. Conceptual semantics- studies the cognitive structure of meaning.
Hiligaynon (Ilonggo) is the major dialect, although English and Tagalog
are also widely spoken and understood, especially in urban areas. Hiligaynon (or
96.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
"Ilonggo") is an Austronesian language spoken in Western Visayas in the
Philippines. Hiligaynon is concentrated in the provinces of Iloilo and Negros
Occidental. It is also spoken in the other provinces of the Panay Island group,
such as Capiz, Antique, Aklan, Guimaras, and many parts of Mindanao like
Koronadal City, South Cotabato and Sultan Kudarat. The language used in
educational institutions can be liberally construed. A teacher can liberally explain
their lessons in English, Filipino and even Hiligaynon. When you go to the public
markets, or any public conversations, any language can be use in your
conversations.
Post Activity
Instruction: Describe the study of Linguistics in your own words.
Linguistics is the scientific study of language and its structure

like its proper grammar or the proper arrangement of the words in the
sentence (syntax), the intonation of voices and its syllables or the speech
sounds (phonetics), how the words are formed or if it’s a derivation from
other languages or dialect (morphology) and the meaning behind the
words (semantics). Linguistics studies language the words and terms
used, the sound of voices and whatever we try to imply with other words.
Reference
Misajon, Marie Melanie J., Illenberger and Haguisan, On Wings of Literature Tools and
Texts for the Appreciation of the Literature of the World, Central Philippine University,
97.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
2007
Strurtevant, Edgar H. An Introduction to Linguistic Science, New Haven, Yale University
Press, 1960
The New Webster’s Dictionary of the English Language

Political Science
Pre-activity
Politics came from the Greek word “politeia” or polis which means city
or from the Latin term implying government or citizenship. Hence, in its entirety,
it means people with government as a society or community and the
management of public affairs. It is a power game, or struggle for power, and
because man is a social animal, we need to regulate this struggle, to preserve
peace and order.
Activity Proper
 Governance-refers to such activities of the government as an institution relative
to its management of the public affairs. (the act of governing)
 Kinds of government:
1. as to number of people exercising governmental authority, we have:
a. Monarchial or monarchy- either absolute or limited
98.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
b. Aristocracy- is one whereby the Governmental power is held by few elite
members of the society.
c. Democracy- is one where the people themselves govern thru the majority
rule. Either direct or representative.
2. as to the sharing of governmental power between the national and local
governments. Either unitary or federal
3. as to relationship between the executive and the Legislative Departments. Either
presidential or parliamentary
The Evolution of Philippine Government
1521- the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan
1565- the arrival of Miguel Lopez de Legaspi
1896- Philippine Revolution against Spain
1898- establishment of First Philippine Republic
- Treaty of Paris- transferred control of the Philippines to the United
States
1935- partial self-government under the US supervision but interrupted by the
Japanese occupation
July 4, 1946- granted full independence
1972- Marcos declared Martial Law
1986- peaceful EDSA people power revolution, the return to democracy.
Bureaucracy according to Ramsay Muir has become, during the last
century, and especially during the last generation, a far more potent and vital
99.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
element in our system of government than the textbooks realize. It has indeed,
become the effective and operative part of our system. The power of this
bureaucracy, the permanent civil service is to be found not only in
administration, but also in legislation and finance: it not only administers the
laws, it largely shapes them; it not only spends the proceeds of taxation, it
largely decides how much is to be raised and how it is to be raised.
According to Arnold Bennett “The first duty of government is to live. It has
no right to be government at all unless it is convinced that it fell the country
would go to everlasting smash”.
Albert Einstein was once ask “ Why is it that when mind of man has
stretched so far as to discover the structure of the atom we have been unable to
devise a political means to keep the atom from destroying us?” Einstein
reputedly responded, “that is simple, my friend, because politics is more difficult
than physics.” Contrary to Marx, the Philosophy of Einstein on the superiority of
Government over the Economy, can be adduced in this part of my discussion.
Scientists maybe puzzled by Science, but that politics is more puzzling than
science. From the liberal point of view, the liberal political scenario in the
Philippines is not yet on its maturity. Still, there killings, cheating, sabotage
before, during and after the election. From the realists, perspective, that is the
real thing, there will always a conflict among politicians. and Where are the
women during elections? Sometimes, women can be seen in the like of the
100.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
victims of Mangudadatu massacre or widowed because of lost paternal
leadership due to violence during election. Women teachers sacrificing in the
securing of ballot boxes, running against men in the elective position. This fact,
according to Hofstadler, 1948, can be related further way back during the time
of American politicians, like James Madison and John Adams. Wherever the real
power in a government lies, there is the danger of oppression. In our
Government the real power lies in the majority of the community James
Madison. Power naturally grows because human passions are insatiable. But that
power alone can grow which already is too great; that which is unchecked; that
which has no equal power to control it. or another important American President
Thomas Jefferson said “the sheep are happier of themselves, than under
the care of wolves” . Can be parallel with what President Manuel L. Quezon
when he said that “it is better that a country run like a hell that heaven
run by foreigners.”
The Philippine presidency must be viewed in light with what, Abraham Lincoln,
and I quote “I happen, temporary, to occupy this White House, I am a living witness
that any one of your children may look to come here as my father’s child has” . Can be
a good advice, from the former President Lincoln of America, and this is good lesson I
believe to the people in the Malacaňang, whoever the President maybe, otherwise,
positions such as the Presidency down to the local positions in the local government
101.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
units such as Provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays, in that there position is
but temporary, this is in conflict with the present ruling families in the Philippines.
Post Activity
Instruction: Write an Essay about the Duterte Administration, explains its strengths
and weaknesses.
Duterte Administration is far from perfect. His Excellency President Rodrigo Roa
Duterte is a straightforward, unprofessional and badmouthed president. Duterte was
elected president of the Philippines in 2016 on the strength of a campaign that promised
execution of drug dealers and other criminals.
The weakness of Duterte Administration is that the president as according to
Calixto V. Chikiamco a writer in the website Business World is that he appointed the
wrong people for Key Cabinet positions and Chikiamco stated in his article, “I wouldn’t
say “incompetent” but certainly “wrong,” because they brought an anti-development
mindset to their positions.”
In the case of former Department of Agrarian Reform Secretary Rafael Mariano,
with his leftist oriented policies, he scared possible investors in agriculture. For example,
he tried extending coverage of a clearly failed land reform program and tried to undo
even successful joint venture programs.
Appointing a populist politician to the key Cabinet portfolio of agriculture was
also a major mistake. Agriculture Secretary and former Governor Manny Piñol had no
programs in agriculture beyond free irrigation and free fertilizer. He actively opposed the
dismantling of the NFA rice importation monopoly.
Another mistake was the appointment of the late Gina Lopez to the Department
of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), not because Gina was an
environmentalist, but because she had an extremist ideology that was anti-development.
Responsible mining has a significant role in our economy — it generates export revenue
and creates jobs in the countryside — but Gina Lopez had to have none of it. She even
banned open pit mining, which is an accepted practice in many parts of the world, for
example, in Australia and Canada, where responsible mining is practiced
(Chikiamco,2021).
I think he is biased and preferred that the people working with him have military
background. Duterte increasingly rely on the military – both in terms of the institution
and the individuals shaped by its training (Rappler,2018).
By the end of 2018, a third of Duterte’s Cabinet are now retired military men.
The President has established a pattern of naming all of his Armed Forces of the
Philippines (AFP) chiefs of staff into high-ranking civilian positions upon their
retirement.
102.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Duterte is also not so good with words that the people mostly misinterpret his
jokes, innuendos and the like. An article from a website Get Real Post stated on 2016
that, “One of Duterte’s own personal tendencies is to ramble and to go on “unscripted”
tirades. The media has taken advantage of this, and yet, the Duterte administration has
no choice but to deal with them; they are the most visible and pervasive means through
which the public can know about the goings-on of the government.”.
Gulf News on its 2018 News article stated that, “An April 2018 survey by
independent pollster Pulse Asia Research shows Duterte's anti-narcotics drive is his most
important accomplishment so far, with 69 per cent of those polled satisfied with his
rule.”
One of the good things the Duterte Administration had done in the country is the
approval of Universal Access to Tertiary Education Act signed on August of 2017.
Under Republic Act 10931, underprivileged Filipino students now have a chance to
earn a tertiary education degree — for free. It institutionalizes free tuition and exemption
from other fees in state universities and colleges (SUCs), local universities and colleges (LUCs)
across the archipelago. It also foresees subsidies for private higher education institutions.
Also, Duterte used his take-no-prisoners reputation to go down hard on criminality and
illegal drugs trade, achieving what previous leaderships found impossible to attain. The
statistics or numbers on drug war are;
 18,388 out of the 29,749 drug-affected villages have been declared “drug free”
 49,265 of the more than 1.2 million individual drug users, addicts and "pushers" were
arrested across the country
 Some 4,540 drug lords and pushers who resisted arrest were 'neutralized'
 208,000 drug users or small-time pushers were rehabilitated
 189 drug dens and clandestine laboratories in the country where dismantled
 P13.46 billion-worth of methamphetamine hydrochloride, or shabu, was confiscated
 P19.67 billion-worth of drugs, controlled precursors and essential chemicals, and
laboratory equipment were seized.
The mistakes or failure of the past administration should be lesson learned of the
succeeding administrations. The future of the young generation of Filipinos depends on
the next administration doing things right.
Reference
Penaflor, Lito and Penaflor, Karly, Politics and Governance with Philippine Constitution
for Senior High School Students-Grade 12, 2017 first edition, pages1-12
Tuzon-Caday, Maria Aurora, The Philippine Government and Constitution, Mindshapres
Co. Inc., 2016, pages 1-3
103.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo

Psychology
Pre-activity
Psychology- the scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those
affecting behavior in a given context. Science of behavior and mental processes.
Activity Proper
 Structuralism- an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore
the structural elements of the human mind.
 Functionalism-a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and
behavioral processes function- how they enable us to adapt, survive , and
flourish.
 Behaviorism-the view that psychology should be an objective science that
studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
104.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
 Humanistic psychology- historically significant perspective that emphasized
the growth potential of healthy people and the individual’s potential for personal
growth.
 Cognitive neuroscience- the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked
with cognition including perception, thinking, memory, and languages.
 Nature-nurture issue- the longstanding controversy over the relative
contributions that genes and experiences make to the development of
psychological traits and behaviors.
 Natural selection- the principle that, among the range of inherited trait
variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be
passed on to succeeding generations.
 Biopsychosocial approach- an integrated approach that incorporates
biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.
 Basic research- pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge
base.
 Applied research- scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.
 Counseling psychology- a branch of psychology that assists people with
problems in living often related to school, work, marriage and in achieving
greater well-being.
 Clinical psychology-a branch of psychology which studies , assesses, and
treats people with psychological disorders.
105.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
 Psychiatry- a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders, practice
by physicians who sometimes provide medical or drug treatment as well as
psychological therapy.
 Social Psychology- The scientific study of how individuals think, feel, and
behave in a social context.
 Interactionist perspective- an emphasis on how both an individual’s
personality and environmental characteristics influence behavior.
 Social cognition- the study of how people perceive , remember and interpret
information about themselves and others.
 Social neuroscience- the study of the relationship between neural and social
processes.
 Behavior genetics- a subfield of psychology that examines the role of genetic
factors in behavior.
 Evolutionary psychology- a subfield of psychology that uses the principles of
evolution to understand human social behavior.
 Culture- a system of enduring meanings, beliefs, values, assumptions,
institutions, and practices shared by a large group of people and transmitted
from one generation to the next.
Post Activity
Instruction: Explain the area of study in the field of Psychology
106.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Psychology is the study of the human mind and

behavior. It deals with how people think and react to many
different situations, how social interactions affects them and
how they deal with the things in their life. It deals with how
people behaves, think and understand. It embraces all
aspects of conscious and unconscious experience as well as
thought. Psychologists attempt to understand the role of
mental functions in individual and social behavior, while also
exploring the physiological and biological processes that
underlie cognitive functions and behaviors. It is an academic
discipline of immense scope, crossing the boundaries
between the natural and social sciences.
Reference
Aquino, Gaudencio and Razon, Perpetua , Educational Psychology, Rex Book Store,
1993
Donalson, Wayne, Study Guide to Accompany General Psychology, 1969
Kassin, Saul el.al. Social Psychology, Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2008
Myers, David G. Psychology ninth edition, Worth Publishers, 2010
107.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo

Sociology and Demography
Pre-activity
 Sociology- study of human society, and human social behavior.

 Demography-the statistical study of population (birth rate, death rate, structure
by age and sex etc.) through census returns and records of births, marriages,
deaths etc. from the Greek word ”demos” meaning people and “graphos”-
meaning written.
Activity Proper
Sociology
 Sociology is a study of human social relationship, it also studies social

problems like race relations, crime, divorce etc.
Sociology started or coined the term Sociology in 1838, by

Auguste Comte, who called it social physics.
 Theory- is a system of generalized statements or propositions about a

phenomena.
 Social forces- refers to social factors which may influence the behavior of
individual or groups
 Scientific Method- a process of collecting, collating, analyzing, interpreting and
reporting information.
Fathers of Sociology
1. Karl Marx- stress the ways material and economic factors were
changing society. He viewed society as composed of two classes of people:
the capitalist or bourgeoisie and the workingman or proletariat. He was
considered as the intellectual father of communism (a kind of society
108.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
where there is no rich, or poor, no exploiter and exploited, no leader or
follower, because all are equal), he believes that changes in economy
changes the society as well.
The more progressive the place, the more level of alienation or
economic gap between rich and poor. Marx argued that as the economic
condition of the working class deteriorates that of the capitalists improves and
political revolution is needed to restore economic and social stability. Revolution
is the synthesis between the thesis and anti-thesis and it will create a new social
order, soon it will go on and on until communism or classless society is reached.
2. Emile Durkheim- his work- suicide- which he considered as a social fact.
He believe that as the society develops, the rate of suicide also increases .
3. Max Weber- father of an ideal bureaucracy.
Society cannot only be changed through bloody revolution and values
imparted to people can be used to change society.
Sociological Theories
1. Functional model or theory- views society as a field of cooperation, where
different societal parts are closely interrelated. It views society as a field of
cooperation, where social class enables people to work cooperatively; values
evolve by social consensus and government rules for the common good.
2. Conflict model or theory-views society as a field of conflict. Where one class
exploits another; where values is an illusion perpetuated by the socially powerful
109.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
group for its own interest and the government enforces rules to guard the
privileges of the dominant class.
3. Symbolic Interactionism model or theory- this theory claims that the
individual is capable of creating solution to life’s problems, it also emphasize the
role of language in socialization and its focuses on individual’s self concept
arising from his interaction with others.
Demography
Demography is the study of the size, territorial distribution, and
composition of population, changes therein, and the components of such
changes , which may be identified as natality, mortality, territorial movement
(migration), and social mobility.
Population size- the most fundamental demographic parameter is the
number of individuals within a population. (Lebreton, et. al. 1992). It is the
number of individuals present in a subjectively designated geographic range
 Four methods of determining population size
1. Direct observation
2. indirect observation
3. Sampling
4. Mark-recapture studies
110.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
 Characteristics of population
1. Population size and density
2. Population dispersion or spatial distribution
3. Age structure
4. Natality (birth rate)
5. Mortality (death rate)
 Population education- deals with the study of pertinent factors affecting
human population
 Population education contains four core areas:
1. Family life and responsible parenthood
2. Gender and development
3. Population and reproductive health
4. Population, resources, environment, and sustainable development
Post Activity
Instruction: Explain the meaning of Sociology and Demography.
Sociology is the study of human social relationships and

institutions---of society itself. Sociology investigates the social causes
and consequences of such things, it examines and explains matters
like crime and law, poverty and wealth, prejudice and discrimination,
schools and education and the like. Also, emphasizes the careful
gathering and analysis of evidence about social life to develop and
enrich our understanding of key social processes. Sociology offers a
111.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
way of seeing and understanding the social world in which we live

and which shapes our lives.
Demography is the scientific study of human populations

primarily with respect to their size, their structure and their
development; it takes into account the quantitative aspects of their
general characteristics. The study of statistics such as births, deaths,
income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing
structure of human populations(Oxford Dictionary, 2021). To simply
put, Demography pertains to the size, distribution, composition, and
density of populations, and considers the impact these factors have
on individual lives and the changing structure of human populations.
Reference
Appelrouth, Scott and Edles, Laura Desfor, Sociological Theory in the Contemporary
Era, 2014
Bilton, Tony and Bonnett, Kevin et.al., Introductory Sociology second edition,
Macmillian, 1989
Espirtu and Hunt, Sociology in the Philippine Setting
Ferrante, Joan Sociology A Global Perspective Eight Edition, Wadsworth Cengage, 2013
112.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Lesson 15. Functionalism

Theory
Pre-activity
 Functionalists focus on how the “parts” of society contribute in expected and
unexpected ways to maintaining and disrupting an existing social order.
Activity Proper
 Functionalist coined the terms- role, norm, and social system, they emphasize
“systems within systems”
a. Economic system- provide goods and services to members of that
society
b. Government or political system-to determine the rules for that
society and distribution of power
c. Religious system- the system that provides individuals with core
values and a sense of meaning
 Structural functionalism- believes that just as the body is a system with
specific parts like limbs, brain, liver etc., that ensure its overall functioning , so
113.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
too, is a social system with specific parts like family, government, economy,
religion etc. necessary for its very survival (Talcott Parsons).
 Functions of a Family
1. Sexual regulation 5. Providing emotional intimacy
2. Biological reproduction 6. Providing care and attention
3. Organizing production and 7. Providing social status
consumption 8. Providing mechanism for social
4. Socializing children control
Emile Durkheim
Durkheim defined social facts as ideas,
feelings and ways of behaving “that possess a
remarkable property of existing outside the
consciousness of the individual”, they too have
coercive power, includes current opinion, the
state of affairs with regard to some way of being.
Examples: marriage, suicide or birth rates
114.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Durkheim studied the division of labor and solidarity.
Other works of Durkheim
Education
Deviance
Division of labor
Suicide- according to Durkheim is not simply the act of intentionally killing oneself but
he examined the social ties that bind or fail to bind social categories to others.
 Durkheim identified four types of social ties, each of which describes a
different kind of relationship to the group:
1. Egoistic
2. Altruistic
3. Anomic
4. Fatalistic
Egoistic suicide- a state in which the ties attaching the individual to others
in the society are weak
Altruistic suicide- a state in which the ties attaching the individual to the
group are such that he or she has no life beyond the group.
Anomic suicide- a state in which the ties attaching the individual to the
group are disrupted due to dramatic changes in economic circumstances.
Fatalistic suicide- a state in which the ties attaching the individual to the
group involve discipline so oppressive it offers no chance of release.
Other Notable Functionalists Theorists
115.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
1. Max Weber
2. Robert K. Merton- introduced the concepts of manifest and latent
functions as well as dysfunctions.
Post Activity
Explain the Functionalism Theory
Functionalist Theory is a perspective that sees society as a complex

system with many different parts and each part perform certain roles
important in the system as a whole that if one part fail, it will cause
imbalance or disturbance in the whole performance and may affect other
parts of society as well.
Lesson 16. Marxism Theory

Pre-activity
 Marxism is founded by Karl Marx, his theory is also called conflict
theory and he believes that modern industrial societies is oppressive and
dehumanizing social order. His “historical materialism” describe history as
a conflict of struggles of two opposing classes both products of
distribution of private property.
116.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Activity Proper
Marxism
 Other name of Marxism were: Critical Approach or Conflict Theory
Ideas
Modes of production- the manner goods and services are produced.
Economic forces that shape IR or International Relation. It challenged the
mainstream-critical of realism and liberalism. It emphasize economic and
political inequality. This results to both violent and non-violent conflict
Major Assumptions
First: capitalism is the mode of production is the defining feature of
International Relation (IR).
Capitalists- seek maximum profit in International Relations
In this competition- there are winners and losers- that is what
determines their position in International Relations
The effects of capitalists wealth accumulation is usually not always positive
Four attributes of Capitalism:
1. Private property 2. Profit motive
117.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
3. Wage labor 4. Free market
Second: the economic class is the primary unit of analysis
Class- is defined by Marxists as a person’s relationship with the means of
production.
Two Classes in capitalists society :
1. Bourgeoisie- owners of the means of production and;
2. Proletariat-salaried and waged earning workers.
 There are groups of Classes:
1. Core states- advanced industrialized countries
a. Provide capital and finance
2. Periphery states- third world countries-
a. Provide raw materials and unskilled labor and
3. Semi-periphery states- newly industrialized counties
a. Provide offshore sourcing and inexpensive skilled
labor interaction of these three classes results in the production of
goods and services for global market
Capitalism is based on exploitation. Capitalists seeks to exploit resources,
markets, and labor, to maximize profits. It breeds inequality in Social, Political and
118.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Economics. One player (class or class of states)-wins while someone else losses,
violence and poverty
Economic factors are the most important factors in international relations.
Governments- are reflections of dominant economic class. Wars and violence
are rooted in class exploitation. Economics must be addressed in IR. Contemporary IO
reflect and legitimize and promote capitalists’ domination. They pry open markets,
forced privatization, and encourage foreign investment. MNCs-entangle societies.
Malignant web of dependencies. WB and IMF are mechanism of capitalists’ domination.
They cause underdevelopment. Gross mal-distribution of goods and services. IO and
law further the interest of capitalists
Critical theorists
Karl Marx (1818-83)
 He synthesized philosophy, history and
economics
 consummate academician
 focused on real-life women and
men, society as it is experienced
and not on mere abstractions
 a genuine activists
119.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
 a lecturer (University of Bonn), doctor, editor (Rheinische Zeitung or the
Rhineland Gazette), author
 1847- Marx attended the Second Congress of the League of Communism
in London and was commissioned to draft The Communists Manifesto-
with the assistance of his friend and sponsor-Friedrich Engels whom he
met in Paris.
Friedrich Engels
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto
(1848)
The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class
struggles.
 Karl Marx, Das Kapital (1867)
The monopoly of capital becomes a fetter upon the mode of production, which has
sprung up and flourished along with, and under it. Centralization of the means of
production and socialization of labour at last reach a point where they become
incompatible with their capitalist integument. This integument is burst asunder. The
knell of capitalist private property sounds. The expropriators are expropriated.
 Inquiry Approach
120.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Critical theory is an examination and critique of society and culture, drawing from
knowledge across the social sciences and humanities. The term has two different
meanings with different origins and histories: one originating in sociology and the other
in literary criticism. This has led to the very literal use of 'critical theory' as an umbrella
term to describe any theory founded upon critique.
In the sociological context, critical theory refers to a style of Marxist theory with a
tendency to engage with non-Marxist influences (for instance the work of Friedrich
Nietzsche and Sigmund Freud).Modern critical theory arose from a trajectory extending
from the anti positivist sociology of Max Weber and Georg Simmel, the Marxist theory of
Georg Lukács and Antonio Gramsci, toward the milieu associated with Frankfurt
Institute of Social Research.
 Marx’s view of history
- Dialectic materialism Or historical materialism

- Ancient society; feudal society ; capitalists society is seen as at war
with itself
- Class struggle
- Free person vs slaves
- Aristocracy and landed gentry vs enserfed peasants
- Bourgeoisie vs proletariat conflict will lead to socialist then communist
world, a classless society offering true freedom to all
Other effects of Marx’s ideas
121.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
1. 1917- Bolshevik revolution- Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (1870-1924)- according to
Kautsky-a dictatorship over the proletariat not a dictatorship of proleratiat
2. Gyorgy (Georg) Lukacs- his Marxism is about proletariat, object as it is of
capitalist exploitation (Vienna)
3. Antonio Gramsci- his Marxism moved away from historical determinism and
materialism (Rome)
4. Karl Korsch- made praxis the center-piece of his approach as he sought to unmask
the fetishistic objectification of social relations (Leipzig)
5. Karl Mannheim-his Marxism became the matrix for his development of sociology of
knowledge (Frankfurt).
6. Louis Althusser-differentiate humanistic Marx vs Scientific Marx
Other Notable critical theorists
1.Nietzsche 6.Randolph Bourne 11. Albert Camus
2. Sigmund Freud 7.Martin Buber 12.Simone de Beauvoir
3.Socrates 8.Antonio Gramsci 13.Herbert Marcuse
4. Mao Zedong 9. Ignazio Silone 14, Michele Foucault
5. Julien Brenda 10. George Orwell 15. Hegel
122.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
16. Engels
Post Activity
Instruction: Read carefully and critic this Marxists Perspective by Dr. Romeo F.
Detaro, write your answer on the box below.
The Marxist view the presence of ukay-ukay, or relief, or surplus of all powerful
countries as a means through the multi-national corporations to continue their
exploitation of the proletariat. The haves or countries like America are expanding in the
third world countries like the Philippines not to harmonize the first world countries with
the third world countries but to further aggravate the situation, the oil and resources of
the third world were exploited by the First World Countries, and if the poor countries’
natural resources were already depleted will create only alienation and more conflict,
making the powerless countries more of a victim rather beneficiaries. Why put up
business outsourcing in Iloilo? It is because of the cheap labor for Call Center agents
here, which is cheaper twice than putting Call Centers there in America. With its
lucrative offer and with the massive unemployment in Iloilo or nationwide, these Call
Centers employs a lot of employees but if you really analyze the macroscopic view of
this relation to cost-benefit analysis, it is more favorable to the Multi-National
Corporations than the local development. Thus for conflict or Marxist perspective this
issue can only be settled if the intention of the richer countries is not grounded on
capitalistic attitude. The commune or the equality or lessening the rich-poor gap is the
main target of Marxist perspective, in a capitalist world, they should not only think of
123.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
their personal profit or gain, but that they should also serve the people with the
highest number.
According to Conflict theory, there are always two opposing sides in a conflict
situation. There is a competition- there is a winner and a loser- that is what
determines their position in International Relations. After all, business is business, why
would a businessman spend more money if there is a cheaper alternative. It is quite a
disadvantage in the Filipinos compare to the International Companies as they gain less
and the latter gain more but in the bright side they have work, at least they are getting
paid, could buy food and pay the bills. Somewhat it is a win-win situation, the company
earn more and Filipinos have work, but then its like 80-20. It might be unfavorable but
I think that’s how business work, business owners gotta do whatever they gotta do to
gain more profit, emotions like pity and concept like equality are something that I think
are words not compatible to link with business, because if they let these things disturb
their business they won’t earn much. What’s the purpose of business, its to earn more,
not to feed the homeless in the streets, if the business is good then it could and it will
be a charitable deed.
Lesson 17. Symbolic

Interactionism Theory
Pre-activity
 Symbolic interactionism- view of social behavior that emphasizes linguistic
or gestural communication and its subjective understanding , especially
the role of language in the formation of the child as a social being. This theory
was coined by Herbert Blumer. The process depends on self-awareness, shared
symbols, and negotiated order.
124.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Activity Proper
 Symbol- any kind of physical phenomenon to which people assign a name,
meaning, or value.
 Negotiated order- the sum of existing expectations and newly negotiated
ones.
Focus of symbolic interactionism

The focus of symbolic interactionism is social interaction.
Vision of society
The vision of society of symbolic interactionism theory is the web of social
interactions.
The central question of Symbolic interactionism

How do involved parties experiences, interpret, influence, and respond to what
they and others are doing in the course of interacting?
Post Activity
Instruction: Explain the concept of symbolic interactionism theory.
An individual’s action depends on meaning. We act based on the meaning we

give to symbols. Different people may give different meanings to the same thing or
not which could result to a misunderstanding or problem. Meanings change as
individuals interact with one another. Meanings of things also varied and are
subjective from each individual. We act based on what we put meaning to certain
things.
Reference
125.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Appelrouth, Scott and Edles, Laura Desfor, Sociological Theory in the Contemporary
Era, 2014
Bilton, Tony and Bonnett, Kevin et.al., Introductory Sociology second edition,
Macmillian, 1989
Espirtu and Hunt, Sociology in the Philippine Setting
Ferrante, Joan Sociology A Global Perspective Eight Edition, Wadsworth Cengage, 2013
Lesson 18. Psychoanalysis

Pre-activity
Psychoanalysis theory originated with the work of Sigmund Freud. Freudian

theory is that the unconscious mind governs behavior to a greater degree than people
suspect. Indeed the goal of psychoanalysis is to make the unconscious conscious.
Activity Proper
Freud believes childhood experiences and unconscious desires influenced
behavior.
He describes development in terms of a series of psychosexual stages, conflicts
occur during these stages have a lifelong influence on personality and behavior.
Psychosexual Development
 Personality is mostly established by the age of five.
126.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
 During this stage the pleasure-seeking energies of the id become focused on

certain erogenous areas.
This psychosexual energy or libido was described as the driving force behind
behavior.
Stages of Psychosexual Development
1. Oral Stage
 During the oral stage, the infant’s primary source of interaction occurs through
the mouth.
 The infant also develops a sense of trust and comfort throughout his oral
simulation
 The primary conflict at this stage is the weaning process-the child must become
less dependent upon caretakers.
2. Anal Stage
 During the anal stage, Freud believed that the primary focus of the libido was on
controlling bladder and bowel movements.
 The child has to learn to control his or her bodily needs. Developing this control
leads to a sense of accomplishment and independence.
 According to Freud, success at this stage is dependent upon the way in which
parents approach toilet training.
 Freud believed that positive experiences during this stage served as the basis for
people to become competent, productive, and creative adults.
 If parents take an approach that is too lenient, Freud suggested that an anal -
expulsive personality could develop in which the individual has a messy,
wasteful, or destructive personality.
 If the parents are too strict or begin toilet training too early, Freud believed that
an anal-retentive personality develops in which the individual is stringent,
orderly, rigid, and obsessive.
3. Phallic Stage
 During the phallic stage, the primary focus of the libido is on the genitals.
 Children also discover the differences between males and females.
127.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
 Freud also believed that boys begin to view their fathers as a rival for the
mother’s affections.
 The Oedipus complex describes these feelings of wanting to possess the mother
and the desire to replace the father. However, the child also fears that he will be
punished by the father for these feelings, a fear Freud termed castration anxiety
 Freud however believed that girls instead experience penis envy. For girls
however Freud believed that penis envy has never fully resolved and that all
women remain somewhat fixated on this stage.
 Karen Horney proposed that men experience feelings of inferiority because they
cannot give birth to children.
4. Latent Stage
 During the latent period, the libido interests are suppressed.
 The development of the ego and superego contribute to this period of calm.
 The latent period is a time of exploration in which the sexual energy is still
present, but it is directed into other areas such as intellectual pursuits and social
interactions. This stage is important in the development of social and
communication skills and self-confidence.
5. Genital Period
 During the final stage of psychosexual development, the individual develops a
strong sexual interest in the opposite sex.
 This stage establish a balance between the various life areas.
Stages
1. Oral- birth to 12-18 months
2. Anal- 12-18 months to 3 years
3. Phallic- 3 to 5-6 years
4. Latency-5-6 years to adolescence
128.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
5. Genital-adolescence to
adulthood
Three Systems Of The

Mind
1. Id- represents the biological
aspect
2. Ego-represent the
psychological aspect
3. Superego-represent the
societal aspect
Three Different Levels Of

Awareness
1. Preconscious
2. Conscious
3. unconscious
Post Activity
Instruction: Explain the Psychoanalysis of Sigmund Freud.
Freud emphasized the inner dynamics of unconscious motives. He asserted that the sex
urges in the unconscious constitute the main human drive. This is known as the “libido” theory.
Freud believed that all human behavior is energized by psychodynamic forces. One needs
psychic energy in order to satisfy his basic urges. He viewed human as an inherently negative
creature who is relentlessly “driven” by two kinds of biological instincts (or motives).
According to Sigmund Freud, our personality develops from the interactions among what
he proposed as the three fundamental structures of the human mind: the id, ego, and
superego. Id is concerned with instant gratification of basic physical needs and urges without
fear of consequences nor regard for discipline or control. It operates by the pleasure principle.
The id occupies the unconscious level of the mind, and when a person is id-dominated, he is
129.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
aggressive, self-centered, sadistic, arrogant and ambitious for himself alone. Superego obey
the morality principle. It is concerned with social rules and morals. It represents the ideal, and
strives for perfection rather than pleasure or for reality. It also serves as the conscience. It
develops as a child learns what their culture considers right and wrong. Ego, in contrast to the
instinctual id and the moral superego, the ego is the rational, pragmatic part of our personality.
It obeys the reality principle and block the id’s irrational thinking. It delays gratification and find
realistic ways of gratifying the instinct. It is less primitive than the id and is partly conscious and
partly unconscious. It’s what Freud considered to be the “self,” and its job is to balance the
demands of the id and superego in the practical context of reality.
Freud delineated the mind in the distinct levels, each with their own roles and functions.
Freud likened the three levels of mind to an iceberg. The conscious mind contains all of the
thoughts, sensations, memories, feelings, and wishes of which we are aware at any given
moment. This is the aspect of our mental processing that we can think and talk about rationally.
The conscious mind contains all of the thoughts, sensations, memories, feelings, and wishes of
which we are aware at any given moment. This is the aspect of our mental processing that we
can think and talk about rationally. It is likened to the tip of an iceberg that you can see above
the water. The preconscious mind includes thoughts, feelings, sensations, or memories we
are not aware of at the moment, but may be brought to consciousness. Compared to the part
of the iceberg that is submerged below the water, but is still visible. The unconscious mind is
a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and repressed memories, instincts and wishes we are
not aware of or that are outside of our conscious awareness. The bulk of the iceberg that lies
unseen beneath the waterline represents the unconscious.
Lesson 19. Freewill, Determinism,

Compatibilist and Incompatibilist
Pre-activity
Free Will
 The ability and power to think, choose and act voluntarily.
130.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
 Human beings can be the authors of their own actions and to freely reject the
idea that human actions are determined by external conditions or fate.
Determinism
 In ethics, the view that human actions are entirely controlled by previous
conditions, operating under laws of nature.
 All events are inevitable consequences of precursory causes; often understood as
denying the possibility of free will
Activity Proper
Voltaire-“Pear trees cannot bear bananas. The instincts of a spaniel cannot be the
instincts of an ostrich. Everything is planned, connected, limited.”
Different Types of Determinism:
1) Philosophical Determinism – cause/ effect
2) Scientific Determinism- gravity
3) Genetic Determinism – programmed in genes
4) Biological Determinism - brains
5) Psychological Determinism – background e.g. Freud, Skinner
(Behaviourism)
6) Social Determinism – social norms determine actions
7) Theological Determinism/ Pre Destination – God predestines all actions
Philosophical Determinism
 Theory of Universal Causation: Everything has a cause that precedes it.
131.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
 Benedictus de Spinoza, “Men believe themselves to be free, simply because
they are conscious of their actions and unconscious of the causes.”
 Aristotle believed that there are four causes: material, formal, efficient and final.
Everything is in a chain of cause and effect determining that the ultimate Telos (final
purpose) is achieved.
Scientific
 Everything is made of matter and matter obeys physical laws e.g. gravity
 Science relies on the predictability of the natural world –sun will rise and set
 Stephen Hawkings “Quantum theories are deterministic.”
 David Hume: “An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding,
“ We always transfer the known to the unknown.”
 This means that there are no such things as accidents (event without an
apparent cause).
 Everything has a cause it is just a matter of science to find what that cause is.
(e.g. science knew that seasons changed and found the cause was the earth’s
spinning axis)
This means that everything is determined.
Genetic Determinism
Determined by genes = parents
The Genome Project – map out all possible human genes – what each gene does.
132.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Idea that all aspects of human health, personality, ability etc. will be explained by our
genes e.g. Artistic temperament, criminal tendencies
Eugenics – an attempt to improve the genetic makeup of the species (e.g. Nazis)
Positive eugenics – sperm donation for intellect and moral fibre
Biological Determinism
Delgardo: stimulating various regions of the brain, he could cause all sorts of bodily
motions
Tried first on animals then humans
However not only did they do the movements they produced reason for them
Showing we can be determined but still think we have free will
German scientist Kornhuber
 When you move your finger, the brain activity begins 1 ½ seconds before the
movement. So they know you are going to move your finger before you actually
do.
 If a small section of the hypothalamus is removed then animals and human can
turn savage/ uncontrollable rage. Showing we are determined to act a certain
way due to our brain waves.
Theological Determinism
133.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Predestination
 God has already chosen (pre elected) who will be eternally saved.
“In love He predestined us...” Ephesians 1:5
 Predestination = before creation God determined the fate of the universe
throughout all of time and space.
John Calvin (1509-1564).
Calvinism is the Protestant theological system
“For he does not create everyone in the same condition, but ordains eternal
life for some and eternal damnation for others.” Calvin.
Calvinist theology is translated into the following basic doctrines, expressed by
the word TULIP:
T: Total Depravity (Inability) human sin has affected every aspect of the human
character.
U: Unconditional Election God chooses some to be saved and some to be damned.
L: Limited Atonement Christ died for the sins of some (those predestined to heaven),
but not for others (those predestined to hell).
I: Irresistible Grace: person is predestined for heaven. No matter what they do they are
saved.
P: Perseverance of the Saints (i.e., those whom God has saved) will always remain
under God's protection until they are brought to heaven.
Jacob Arminius (1560—1609)
134.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
 Jacob Arminius, a Calvinist, argued that sinful humans do indeed have an ability
to choose between doing good and doing evil,
 Human response determines salvation.
 God has provided salvation for everyone, but its only effective for those who,
through free will ‘choose’ to cooperate and have faith.
 Each sinner (we are all sinners epistemic distance/fall) possess free will and his
destiny depends on how he uses it.
Incompatibilism/ Compatibilism
Does what it says on the tin.....
 Incompatibilism believes that free will and determinism are not
compatible and need to remain completely separate.
 Compatibilism, on the other hand, believes that a bridge can be made between
free will and determinism – a mid way point can be met..
Thomas Aquinas
 Believed that God knows everything knowable – omniscience. But what about
free will?
Metaphor ala Aquinas: God stands on top of a hill and sees simultaneously all the
travellers on the path around the hillside.
 This means that God can see the path you have taken, the path you are on now
and where this path will lead but that does not mean you are not free.
135.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Free Will – Libertarianism
Explore in an essay: what is meant by freedom? Is it freedom in all actions or just
ethical choices?
 Past events have no direct impact on current moral decision making.
 Moral choices are made in the light of personal characteristics and values.
“I am free in performing an action if I could have done otherwise if I had chosen to do
so.” G. E. Moore
Irenaeus
 We have been put on earth with freewill so we can become perfect, have to earn
perfection – make us all ready for heaven.
 Ultimate reason why there is evil and suffering is because humans are
autonomous (self governed) our actions are freely chosen.
Augustine
 God is not responsible for evil: we bring it on ourselves when we reject God
using our free will.
 Problem of evil is due to our free will to turn towards or away from God.
Post Activity
136.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Instruction: Essay, explain the ideas of Freewill, Determinism, Compatibilism and
Incompatibilism
Free will is closely related with religion. In Christianity, it was said that God gifted
humankind with free will, which means we are free to choose between good and evil—
closely linked with morality. Free will is having a choice and acting on own accord. We
make our own decision, having the power in our hands to do what we like and feel
responsible for our own actions. The concept of predestination was also introduced, that
God intends for humankind for either salvation or eternal damnation.
Determinism denies the concept of free will. It believes that all events happen
because of external factors, that there is a reason for everything. The theory of
Universal Causation supported this concept in where the theory stated that everything in
the universe have a cause and effect—this remind me of Newton’s third law of motion
which states that in every action, there is an equal or opposite reaction.
Incompatibilists agree that determinism leaves no room for free will. As a result,
they reject one or both. Incompatibilists think that we are responsible for our actions
only if we are free from causal influence. There are two kinds of incompatibilists,
libertarian and determinist. Libertarian believes freedom of action and responsibility for
actions are incompatible with the causal determination of the will while determinists
thinks that causes make their effects necessary.
137.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Compatibilists think our behavior is caused, so they tend to look for causes of
good behavior, like deterrent threats. It believes that all human behavior is caused and
determined. Humans are held accountable to their actions if they are not forced to do
so. Humans are either free or they are not. W. T. Stace (n.a.) stated that humans
either possess free will and can use it or they do not have it at all. They either have it
and can use it as often as they want to do so or they have only the appearance of free
will and really never make decisions or choices devoid of prior influences that determine
the outcome of the decision or choice making procedure.
Lesson 20. Feminists Theory,

Hermeneutic Phenomenology and
Human Environment Systems
Pre-activity
138.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Feminist theory- is the extension of Feminism theory into theoretical, fictional, or
philosophical discourse. It aims to understand the nature of gender inequality.
Hermeneutic Phenomenology- is a research method used in qualitative research in
the fields of education and other human sciences, for example nursing science. It was
founded by Edmund Husserl and Martin Hiedegger
Human Environment System- combine both human and natural components to
show complex interactions, and feedback between them. The most internationally
accepted framework for studying such system are the Drivers, Pressures, State, Impact
and Response or DPSIR.
Activity Proper
Feminism
Feminism- the policy, practice or advocacy of political, economic and social equality
for women (TNWD, 2004).
One time I have heard this in a Bombo Radyo program entitled “ Dear Tita Regine”.
Euthanasia is not so much in Iloilo, that is maybe because of the Roman Catholic
tradition of respecting life. Sexual harassment, though I have not read in the
newspaper, any big or celebrated case of sexual harassment, I have heard from the
news of teacher molesting his student in Pavia. Prostitution in Iloilo, though illegal, it
exists. Dr. Nancy Surmeida, said that yes prostitution will continue because of poor
implementation of programs of government.
139.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Deprivation of health care, nutrition, education, means of livelihood, trafficking in
women and girls, forced marriage, forced pregnancy, forced abortion, corporal
punishment, discriminatory laws, women commit violence, gender-based violence and
rape is never absent in Iloilo.
But it also noticeable that Ilongga women has played and distinguished themselves in
many aspects of Political, social, economic life. Senator Miriam Defensor-Santiago,
Senator of the Republic of the Philippines, presently appointed as an International
Judge in the United Nation International Court. Bright, eloquent, beauty and brains,
that is how Ilongga women can be describe. every year, there beauty contests in
schools, fiestas, religious activities, fiestas that showcase Ilongga beauty, talent and
wit.
I believe feminism is very much alive in the First District, Congresswoman Janet Garin,
a medical doctor turned politician, is becoming a celebrity because she is one of the
major co-sponsor of RH Bill, the controversial bill, that is predicted as a law in the near
future. The mother of Janet, Mayor Nilfa Garin of San Joaquin can also proved that men
and women can be the same if not surpassed the men in terms political administration.
Also Mayor Christine Garin of Guimbal, with their wit and abilities, people voted the
Garins, although the patriarch lost to Governor Arthur Defensor, every now and then,
that is maybe because of their good projects and programs in the District. Women here
is really a celebration.
140.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
The girl power or the role of feminist power can also be observed in the fourth and fifth
District before. Matet Debuque for example of Anilao, the of former wife of Governor
Niel Tupaz Sr., Mryna Tupaz, can be looked as a dynasty on its own right comparable
as that of the Ninfa Garins in the First District. Among her sons in the political orbit
were Kagawad Nielex Tupaz, City Council of Iloilo City, Congressman of the Fifth
District, Congressman Niel Tupaz Jr., Raul Boboy Tupaz was the mayor of Barotac Viejo
before his incumbency as Provincial Board Member of the Province of Iloilo. Although
they were politically opponent, the current Trixie Fernandez-Tupaz, was once a part of
Tupaz clan, prior to her marriage annulment, can be seen how women in the fourth and
fifth Districts show the typical leadership of Fililipina in General and Ilongga in
particular. In the national scene we got former Presidents Corazon C. Aquino and
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. We also have a lot of senators, and congresswomen, cabinet
secretaries, and other high ranking government officials past and presents proving once
again how we regard our women in our society.
Hermeneutic Phenomenology
Hermeneutic Phenomenology- is concerned with the life world or human
experience as it is lived. While Husserl focused on understanding beings or
phenomena, Heidegger focused on “Dasien”, that is translated as the mode of being
human or the situated meaning of a human in the world.
The purpose of hermeneutic phenomenological research is to bring to light and
reflect upon the lived meaning of his basic experience.
141.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Hermeneutics- is the theory and methodology of interpretation , especially the
interpretation of biblical text, wisdom literature, and philosophical texts.
Phenomenology versus Hermeneutics
Phenomenology-describes how one orients to lived experience,
Hermeneutics describes how one interprets the texts of lived experience and
semiotics is used to develop a practical writing or linguistic approach to the
methodologies of phenomenology and hermeneutics.
Human-Environment Systems
Human environment interaction categories
1. Location
2. Place
3. Human environment interaction
4. Movement
5. Region
Three types of human environment interaction
1. The way people depend on the environment for food, water, timber,
natural gas etc.
2. The way people adapt to the environment to fulfill their own needs
3. The way people modify the environment positively or negatively like
drilling holes.
142.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Human Impacts on Environment
1. Overpopulation
2. Pollution
3. Burning fossil fuels
4. Deforestation
Changes like these triggered climate change, soil erosion, poor air quality and
undrinkable water.
Four Components of Environment
1. Lithosphere
2. Hydrosphere
3. Biosphere
4. Atmosphere
Post Activity
Instruction: Read carefully and critic this article written by Dr. Romeo F. Detaro, write
your answer inside the box below.
Although, this theory is quite new, it is true that we already produced two Presidents
and several lady-senators, it does not mean, women is already comfortable in our
political arena. This theory argues that a lot of Filipino women are still vulnerable like
children, many are still victimized and harassed like in the enjoyment of their freedom.
143.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Thus the struggle for empowering women should not be stopped in the Philippines
even if as of this time how many of them are battered , not just physical, but also
financial and emotional deprivation is killing them. There are lots of women that were
unrecognized even if they had proven their honesty, integrity, but they remained
unrecognized or maybe because they were not exposed to media. In regular
transactions in the Philippines, women are generally trusted than men, based on my
observation, showing how we value, the role of women such as in school were most of
our mentors were women. Women are very good in mentoring and many other field of
endeavors, and they must be given high regard and respect, but the they usually got
the highest number of a victim role compared to men, they are still more victimized in
their working place by their bosses, or sometimes they attacked as a feminists even if
they are not, must never be acceptable because some associate feminists as anti-
government though, feminism as a concept has a lot of implication like lifting women’s
rights and privileges in a statusquo.
In hospitals, women usually comprises the doctors, the nurses, and even in the
utility . The water source in the rural areas were far from their residence, when the
male members of the family are working, sometimes women female members of the
family carry the heavy load of carrying the water. Women in the rural areas,
traditionally, wash the clothing, and do household chores, that usually involves water,
like watering the plants. Climate change, further brings women into vulnerability, if
there were floods, assuming that they need faster escape or transportation to the
144.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
evacuation centers, male are physically stronger than female, making women more
vulnerable than male. That is why, this movement must be supported until such time
that true equality and justice could be enjoyed by both sexes in our society which tilted
against women in general.
It may be a matter of perception or maybe I am just not knowledgeable enough of

what’s happening around me and still obviously with my age, lack the wisdom of the old
but I think women have the upper hand in the Philippine society. Its just what I
observed, men conform with the women’s wants and needs, example is in the
household, many may think that men have the final say with the decisions at home like
in children’s education, in getting permission (maglisinsya), what to buy for dinner, what
to put in this part of the house and the like but then, in our home, in my friends’ where
I’ve spent overnights with, our mothers’ always have the upper hand, they have the final
say in things and fathers would just say, “Mangkuta tu si Mama mo kung magpasugot”
and I think that’s power, given to mothers to women.
Being a Filipino born in the Philippines, with our culture, values and tradition, girls
from such young age are raised and taught household chores and with the gender roles
appointed to women since time immemorial, they are expected to know their ways
around their home and community, washing clothes, feeding the whole family, caring
even for the in-law, maintaining respectable relationship with neighbors, engaging with
social functions and making sure that the house is in a good orderly state. With these
roles, women became natural healers, empathic, caring loving and soft which suits with
the professions of teachers and nurses. We are a nation of strong women. In the
modern society, the roles of women already extended, some even overstepping on that
of the men but then they are allowed to, it is their right. I think when it comes to work,
women in the country are not in the disadvantage, they have the same opportunities like
men unless if the work given is not appropriate for them like being construction workers,
well, I heard that there are women who applied for that position out of choice but that
work, with no offense, are more suited for men as they are biologically speaking,
physically stronger that women.
With the topic of abuse and harassment, Filipinas are not spared from it. Like
many women around the world, women here in the Philippines are also prone to the
different kind of abuse—may it be sexual, emotional, physical or financial.
145.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Unfortunately, many cries went to deaf ears and blind eyes and if the women are
traumatized or terrified to voice out the abuse, they keep quiet pretend mute and blind
to the horrible things they are going through. I found that there are five laws for women
protection, RA 7877: Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995; RA 8353: Anti-Rape Law of
1997; RA 8505: Rape Victim Assistance and Protection Act; RA 6949: Anti-Trafficking in
Person Act of 2003 and RA 6949: Anti-Violence against Women & Their Children Act of
2004.
In the right hands and with genuine heart to help, justice could be served for
women experiencing abuse and harassment.
But of course, there’s no perfect person, and even women who the world sought
to protect may also abuse the considerations and rights given to them (an unbiased and
universal act anyone could do—men or women). If there are battered wife, there are
also battered husband and it was sad to hear those kinds of stories where women enjoy
the luxury of the laws that gave them power over men where they could just turn the
tables and with big fat tears rolling down their cheeks, they could garner the sympathy
of the public. Some men who are wise or man enough will not lift their hands and hurt
their wives, knowing the possible consequences of their actions, hence, they suffer,
some for the sake of their children and some for the name of their so-called love. This is
what my father warns my brother before when he does not approve of my brother’s
relationship due to the woman’s bad reputation and in their midnight escapades. And
my father was not wrong, later in their relationship, if without my parents’ intervention,
mentioning my mother’s wit and harsh tongue, my brother was saved from fathering a
baby not of his blood. The woman of age 17 that time, went to our house many times,
telling its my brother’s baby, she stood outside gaining attention, but my parents remain
solid with their decision and with their last talk, the girl could never threaten my mother
as with her words, “pira pa ka sako ka bugas kaunon mo para matunto mo ko(😂🤣)”.
Feminism is essential, necessary. In the southern parts of the country, people

there, especially men, Muslim men needs to see the equality of sexes--that their wives
are neither below them nor behind them but rather should be beside them. But then,
traditions are so hard to reconstruct, it became part of their being the moment they are
born—already instilled when they were just young kids, it is their very religion which is
their way of life that dictates their women’s role in the society. And even Muslim women
conform with the roles dictated on them, they accept it and many does not question it as
they are taught and they believe that it is the will of their Higher Being (Allah).
146.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Lesson 21 Filipino Social

Thinkers
Pre-activity
There are Filipino Social Thinkers the first is Isabelo de los Reyes , then Dr. Jose
P. Rizal and others like Marcelo H. Del Pilar and Graciano Lopez Jaena.
Activity Proper
Isabelo de los Reyes
1864-1938
Filipino politician, writer, labor activists, founder of Iglesia Filipina Independiente and
independent Philippine National Church, also known as the Father of Philippine
Folklore”, Father of Philippine Labor Movement, and Father of Filipino Socialists.
Jose P. Rizal
1861-1896
Novelists, he toured France, Belgium, England, Germany and Italy, at age 8 , he wrote
a poem Sa Aking Kabata, at age 18, he wrote A La Juventud Filipina, is against
injustice of the Spanish authorities. He also exposed the Spanish abuses in his novel
Noli Me Tangere, and his second novel El Filibusterismo.
Marcelo H. del Pilar
147.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
1850-1896
He called the “political analysts”, of the propaganda movement, and the greatest
propagandists produced by the Filipino race. His article Caiingat Cayo was denounced
by Jose Rodriquez in 1888, along with Dasalan at Toksohan, and the Ten
Commandments of the Friars. He skipped to Spain and became the second editor in
chief of La Solidaridad.
Graciano Lopez Jaena
1856-1896
Considered as the “great orator” of the propagandists, who came from Jaro, Iloilo City.
His pamphlet Fray Botod infuriated the Spaniards. He exposed the Spaniards’ ignorance,
abuses and immorality. His speeches and orations in Spain were focused on the
conditions of the Philippines, and denounces abuses of both civil and ecclesiastical
authorities. He was the first editor of la Solidaridad.
Other Notable Filipino Thinkers
Eduardo de Lete
Jose Ma. Panganiban
Pedro Serrano Laktaw
Dominador Gomez
Antonio Luna
Juan Luna
Mariano Ponce
Pedro A. Paterno
148.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Felix Ressureccion Hidalgo
Post Activity
Instruction: Chose one Filipino Thinker and explain his ideas in not more
than 200 words.
Jose Rizal was one of the lucky Filipinos to receive education. His works Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo and other literary works were a means of rebellion
against the Spanish oppressors abusing the Filipinos. With his love of country and will
to free it from foreign hands by the use of his pen’s power, he exposed the abuse
Philippines suffered during the Spanish colonial role.
Lesson 22. Filipino Culture

Pre-activity
Culture according to E.B. Tylor is “that complex whole which knowledge , belief art,
morals, laws, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a
member of society.
149.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Activity Proper
Filipino Cultural traits
1. Hospitality- giving all the best to the visitors in order to please them. Trying to
offer everything that is best for the guest even to the extent of depriving own
comfort, a Filipino value that is for the purpose of maintaining smooth
relationship.
2. Close family ties- closely knit and extended family
3. Respect for elders-children are obedient to their parents.
4. Loyalty- implying trust and confidence, constant and faithful.
5. Pakikisama- it is the willingness of the individual to be one with the group.
Giving in or following the lead.
6. Sensitivity- highly impressionistic and easily affected.
Hiya- effect if person failed to discharge to repay in forms of gifts and services.
7. Fatalistic- strong belief and following the customary patterns of life and
superstitions.
8. Regionalistic- emphasis on the local rather than national.
Other value systems
Filipino time- always late/delayed in any appointments
Colonial mentality- “national amnesia”
Filipinos have a strong preference for imported goods and adapt easily to foreign
ideas
150.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Manana habit- waiting for tomorrow what can be done today, or keep on
postponing the time
Crab mentality- pulling others down, caused by envy or jealousy
Damayan/bayanihan system- showing mutual concern and cooperation with
one another.
Ningas Cogon- start something/ being enthusiastic at first but not able to
finish, only to impress at start then decline.
Palakasan-use of connection with those in power to obtain favor
Compadre system-setting matters in a close door interaction, pakiusap, areglo
through Ninong, inaanak etc.
Patient-suffering- woman’s role/place is in the house, doing all the household
chores
Individualism-Filipinos are self-centered people
Authoritarianism- patriarchal in nature, fathers as an authoritative figure who
makes major decisions.
Gaya-gaya- imitative, giving emphasis on façade, palabras, pakitang-tao,
pagyayabang
Bahala na- common expression among Filipinos who have strong dependence
on “gods” and “spirits” who will take care of everything.
Post Activity
Instruction: Based on your own observation, enumerate the positive and negative
cultural traits of the people of Pototan and explain why do say so. Write your answers on the
151.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
space provided.
Pototanon Cultural Traits
Positive Negative
Close family ties Filipino time
Hospitality Colonial mentality
Respect for others Manana habit
Pakikisama Crab mentality
Compadre system Ningas cogon
Palakasan
Gaya gaya
Pahala na
Lesson 23. Sikolohiyang Pilipino

Pre-activity
Virgilio G. Enriquez is the father of Sikolohiyang Pilipino.
Activity Proper
152.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Filipino Psychology or Sikolohiyang Pilipino in Tagalog is a scientific study of
psychology derived from the experience, ideas, and cultural orientation of the Filipinos.
Enriquez considered this as a formal indigenous psychology.
1. Kamalayan- or consciousness- includes both emotive,and cognitive
experience
2. Ulirat- awareness of one’s immediate surroundings
3. Isip- refers to knowledge and understanding
4. Kalooban- or emotions or feelings
5. Kaluluwa- or psyche, which translates to soul of a people
Sikolohiyang Pilipino Themes
1. Identity and national consciousness
2. Social awareness and involvement
3. National and ethnic cultures and languages , including the study of traditional
psychology
4. Bases and application of indigenous psychology in health practices,
agriculture, art, mass media and religion but also including the psychology of
behavior and human abilities as originated in Western Psychology but
applicable to the local setting
Three Primary Areas of Protest
1. Sikolohiya ng pagbabagong-isip- psychology od re-awakening, a
psychology that is against the psychology that perpetuates colonial
153.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
mentality and promotes the decolonization of Filipino mind.
2. Sikolohiyang Malaya- liberated psychology-it is against the importation
and imposition of psychology that has been developed in, and more
appropriate to industrialized countries.
3. Sikolohiyang mapagpalaya- liberating psychology- the movement is
against a psychology used for the exploitation of the masses.
The Psycho-logical Knowledge of Sikolohiyang Pilipino
1. Arose from within the culture
2. Reflects local behaviors
3. Can be interpreted within a local frame of reference
4. Yields results that are locally relevant ( Sinha, 1997 as quoted by Jay
Yacat, 2013)
Post Activity
Instruction: Explain the Sikolohiyang Pilipino brand of Dr. Enriquez.
Sikolohiyang Pilipino is considered as a formal indigenous psychology derived
from the experience, ideas, and cultural orientation of the Filipinos. This help Filipinos
154.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
find their own identity, reflect on their person and understand their selves better,
allowing them to recognize their culture and being born as a Filipino which will help
them feel belongingness and allow them to distinguished themselves from foreign
influences.
Filipino psychology was a movement but later became an academic discipline so
that psychologists would understand the Filipino mind. Enriquez’s main goal was to
prove the relative meaning of the values (IPL, n.a.).
The basic tenets of Sikolohiyang Pilipino are 1) Core value, 2) Pivotal
interpersonal value, 3) Linking socio-personal value, 4) Accommodative surface values,
5) Confrontative surface values and 6) Societal values.
Lesson 24. Pantayong Pananaw

Pre-activity
155.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Ang pantayong pananaw ay isang konsepto at hinua ng historyador na si Dr. Zeus A.
Salazar na nag-aadhika ng isang nagsasariling diskurso ng mga Pilipino sa wikang
pambansa para sa kasaysayan at agham panlipunan.
Activity Proper
Tunghayan ang artikulong na e post sa facebook ni Dr. Vicente C. Villian noong July 15,
2020.
Ang paggamit ng organikong konsepto, sa loob o labas man nagmula ay isang
katangian at pundamental na lapit sa kasaysayan na pinalaganap ni Dr. Zues A. Salazar.
Mula pa lang sa disiplina mismo ng kasaysayan, inuunawa ito ni Salazar, inunawa ito ni
Salazar gamit ang diksyunaryo upang matukoy ang salitang ugat ng “saysay” na
tumutukoy sa kung ano ang may kahulugan, katuturan, at kabuluhan.
Pinatingkad din nina Atoy Navarro, Mary Jane Rodriguez-Tatel at Dr. Vicente C.
Villian ang paggamit ng diksyunaryo upang dalumatin ang kalikasan ng kalikasan ng
kasaysayan sa lipunang Pilipino ( Pantayong Pananaw: Ugat at Kabuluhan, 1997).
Ganito rin pinahalagahan ni Mary Jane Rodriguez-Tatel ang pagtalakay sa Bayan
Ili To Amianan). Pinatingkad din ni Nancy Kimuell-Gabriel ang paggamit ng diksyunaryo
upang bigyang kahulugan ang penomenong “Timawa” upang sa pamamagitanng
diakroniko at sinkronikong lapit ay mauunawaan ang kasalukuyang idea ng timawa sa
kasaysayang Pilipino.
Nang inaral ko rin ang panghimagsikang tradisyon sa Panay, ginamit ko ang
diksyunaryo upang unawain din ang idea ng Hangaway na malaganap na ginagamit sa
Isla ng Panay. Sa pamamagitan ng wika mula sa diksyunaryo, nagging nalinaw kung
156.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
bakit paladigma ang mga mamamayan ng Panay sa agos ng panahon na pinatutunayan
ng penomenan ng Batuk, Pintados, at Hangaway.
Sa wika ng Himagsikan Lenggwahe ng Rebolusyon (1998), matingkad na
ginamit ni Salazar ang diksyunaryo upang unawain mula sa loob na perspektiba ang
idea ng “katwiran”, upang pag ibahin ito sa “reason” (from Latin word “ratio”).
Napalitaw ni Salazar gamit ang diksyunaryo ang konsepto ng “bagsik” na iugnay niya sa
katwiran at siyang nagbigay liwanag sa pinag-ugatan ng Himagsikan (sama-samang
pagbulalas ng kinuyum nag alit) na lubhang iba sa “ Revolucion” ng mga kastila.
Sa Ilihan bilang Teknikang Militar (1997), iniaakda ni Salazar, napakatingkad ang
paggamit ng diksyunaryo bilang batis at upang gamitin ang wika sa pagsusuring
pangkasaysayan. Inisaisa ni Salazar ang idea ng Ilihan mula hilagang Luzon tungong
timugan ng Pilipinas gamit ang diksyunaryo bilang napakamahalagang batis sa pang-
unawang pangkasaysayan.
Ilan lamang ito kung tutuusin sa mga pinili kung basagin ang idea ng mga
walang alam sa historiograpiyang Pilipino. Kung bakit mahalaga ang wika bilang batis
pangkasaysayan, sapagkat tinitindigan na walang kalakarang panlipunan at kaganapang
pangkasaysayan na hindi ipinapahayag sa pamamagitan ng wika. Ang wika kasi
primarily ang best evidence sa pangkasayasayan ng mga kalakaran at kaganapan sa
alin mang lipunan ng mga tao.
Kung hindi ito nakikita ng isang guro ng kasaysayan at kinukutya ang ganitong
kaparaanang pangkasaysayan, isa lamang ang ibig sabihin nito, baka hindi ito naituro
sa kanya sa historiograpiya, kung hindi man . natutulog siya sa harapan ng kanyang
157.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
guro. Ipinapayo ko rin na basahin dahan-dahan ang binabansagang “dictionary
lecture”ng mga binanggit kung dumaan sa rigor na mga autor ng pag-aaral sa
historiograpiya. ( exceprts from Dr. Vicente C. Villian post from FB July 15, 2020).
Post Activity
About the Author
158.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Dr. Romeo Felarca Detaro is an Instructor 1 and Chairman of the Social Science
Department, Program Head of the BSED Program and College of Education Research
Coordinator, of West Visayas State University, Pototan Campus. A former Master
Teacher 1, Faculty Association President and Board of Director of the Parent Teacher
Association (PTA) and as Chairman of the Gender and Development Committee and
Debate and Chess Coach of Jaro National High School. He is also the President of
Newhomes Phase III Residents Association and founder of Saint Martin of Tours Soup
Kitchen Project, former President of Philippine Association of Teachers in Humanities
and Social Sciences (PATH-HUMSS Inc. ) and member of Alliance of Concerned
Teachers (ACT) and Ugnayang pang-Agham Tao (UGAT) or Anthropological
Associations of the Philippines. He was also a former Field Scout Executive of the BSP
Iloilo Council, and taught at Central Philippine University.
A product of Quinangyana, Elementary School, Bingawan, Iloilo, and Capiz National
High School, Roxas City. A graduate of Bachelor of Science Major in Social Studies and
159.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Master of Arts in Sociology of Central Philippine University and finished his Doctor of
Philosophy in Social Science at West Visayas State University.
He is the president of Asosasyon ng Mga Dalubhasa May Hilig at Interes sa Kasaysayan
ng Pilipinas Incorporated ( ADHIKA ng Pilipinas Inc. Iloilo Balangay). He had
presented his research paper in 24th National Conference of ADHIKA,“ History of the
Relocation Sites in Iloilo City” in the 7th Regional Conference on Culture and the Arts, “
Ang Bombo Radyo at ang Kanyang Corporate Social Responsibility”, another paper
during the 29th Pambansang Kumperensya sa Kasaysayan at Kultura, and “ Ang Mga
Ordinaryong Mangangayaw mula sa Quinangyana, Bingawan, Iloilo, was presented to
the ADHIKA National last November 28-30, 2019 at Romblon State University,
Odiongan, Romblon. He had presented also his research entitled “The Out-of-School
Youth Phenomenon” was presented in the 40th UGAT International Conference held at
Palawan State University (November 5-7, 2018), and his paper entitled “ A Study of
Filipino Chinese Associations in Iloilo City” last October 3-5, 2019 during the 17th
Philippine-Spanish Friendship Day Conference held at University of the Philippines
NISMED, University of Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City.
Among the books he published were as follows: Ang Mga Bulubundukin ng Antique sa
Paghubog ng Kasaysayan ng Antique- Isang Batayang Aklat sa Pagsusulat at
Pananaliksik sa Practical Research 1 para sa Senior High (2017); Changed Lives in
Relocation Sites (2017); Mga Paranan-awan kag Panghuna-huna ni Romeo Felarca
Detaro Una nga Edisyon (2017). Mga Panumduman kag Paranan-awan Ikaduwa ng
Edisyon (2018), The Out of School Youth Phenomenon (2018), Tips in Doing
160.
POTOTAN CAMPUS
Pototan, Iloilo
Anthropological Studies (2018). Ang Pundasyon (2018); Ang Bombo Radyo at Ang
Kanyang Corporate Social Responsibilities (2018); Ang Pundasyon Book of Abstracts
(2018); 7th Regional Conference for Culture and the Arts (2018). Ang Mga Kabundukan
ng Aklan at Antique sa Pagbabalangkas ng Programang Panturismo Shuntug: Mga
Kabundukan sa Kasaysayan at Kalinangang Pilipino Lars Raymund C. Ubaldo Patnugot,
ADHIKA ng Pilipinas Inc. At National Commission for Culture and the Arts , (2015); Mga
Panumduman kag Paranan-awan ni Dr. Romeo Felarca Detaro, Ika-tatlo nga Edisyon,
Central Philippine University Printing Press, (2020); Filipino-Chinese Associations In
Iloilo City, (2020);Ang Feminismo sa Simbahang Katoliko sa ng Iloilo, (2020); Iloilo City:
A Model Approach for Combatting Covid-19, (2020); Mga Mangangayaw Mula
Quinangyana, Bingawan, Iloilo, (2020). Tambayayong:Ang Bayanihan sa Kasaysayan at
Kalinangang Pilipino, sa patnugot nina Vicente C. Villian at Faina C. Abaya-Ulindang,
ADHIKA ng Pilipinas Inc. At National Commission for Culture and the Arts ,(2020);
Pangangayaw: Ang Pangingibang –bayan at Paghahanap ng Ginhawa sa Kasaysayan at
Kalinangang Pilipino sa Patnugot nina Vicente Villian at Kristoffer Esquejo, ADHIKA ng
Pilipinas Inc. At National Commission for Culture and the Arts , (2021).
161.

Foundation of Social Science

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Foundation of Social Science

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY

SOCIAL SCIENCE 207:

FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIAL SCIENCE

SOCIAL SCIENCE 207:

FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIAL SCIENCE

First Issue: July 31, 2020; Second August 23, 2021

Dr. Romeo F. Detaro

Notes to the Students

theoretical perspective in Social Studies/Science as a body of knowledge. It also deals

Romeo Felarca Detaro PhD.

Santa Rosa, Mandurriao, Iloilo City

Unit 1. Introduction to Social Science

Lesson 1. Meaning of Social

the relationship of individual members to it which belongs to any of the following

Political Science ( Political Scientists), History (Historian), Sociology

(Sociologists), Anthropology (Anthropologists), Philosophy ( Philosopher),

Economics (Economists), Demography (Demographer), Linguistics (Linguists),

reason, one who is considered a Social Scientists is difficult to describe because he

needs to be an expert to all of these disciplines.

Lesson Proper (Activity Proper)

and Social Studies.

Natural Science vs Social Science

Sciences, are studies of human activities such as Sociology, Anthropology, History

FIELDS OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

; the analysis of political activity and behavior.

and democracy that we use to describe, understand and assess political

practices and institutions.

b. Public law=a legislative enactment affecting the public at large or a

government and the organization and conduct of the government itself —

compare private law.

c. Public administration- the implementation of government policy and also

an academic discipline that studies this implementation and prepares civil

employees for working in the public service.

basis of the subject.

b. Diplomatic history-Diplomatic history deals with the history of

international relations between states. Diplomatic history can be different

c. Cultural history-Cultural history combines the approaches of

anthropology and history to look at popular cultural traditions and cultural

interpretations of historical experience. It examines the records and

narrative descriptions of past matter, encompassing the continuum of

events about a culture.

of history that looks at the lived experience of the past.

e. Economic history-Economic history is the academic study of economies

or economic events of the past. Research is conducted using a

combination of historical methods, statistical methods and the application

of economic theory to historical situations and institutions.

f. Intellectual history-Intellectual history is the study of the history of

human thought and of intellectuals, people who conceptualize, discuss,

write about, and concern themselves with ideas.

Sociology – scientific study of human society (Aberia, p.1)

A. Theoretical sociology-A theoretical perspective is a set of assumptions

arrive at as a result. ... Often, sociologists use multiple theoretical

perspectives simultaneously as they frame research questions, design and

conduct research, and analyze their results.

B. Historical sociology- Historical Sociology is an interdisciplinary field of

research that combines sociological and historical perspectives/ methods to

impact this has on the present.

C. Sociology of knowledge-The sociology of knowledge is the study of the

arises, and of the effects that prevailing ideas have on societies.

D. Sociology of economy-Economic sociology is the study of the social

divided into a classical period and a contemporary one, known as "New

E. Rural sociology-Rural sociology is a field of sociology traditionally

although topical areas such as food and agriculture or natural resource

access transcend traditional rural spatial boundaries.