Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Design Optimization of Diaphragm Walls
Design Optimization of Diaphragm Walls
com
ScienceDirect
Procedia Technology 19 (2015) 357 – 362
5C97>?@D9=9J1D9?>?6491@8B17=G1<<C
&93?<5D1 %1B91 "<951 -1C9<5 *D5<91> 1B311 %1B9EC (?@1
" %+& )+&2"./&04,#)1'-,
0% .&0&10.""0)1'-,
,*+&
"> D85@1CD I51BC D85 491@8B17= G1<<C 81C 253?=5 1 3?>CDBE3D9F5C?<ED9?> 6?B D85E>45B7B?E>4 CDBE3DEB5C 9> D85 39D95C 3B?G454
1B51C
+85 45C97> 9C ?>5 ?6 D85 =?CD 3?=@<5H CD175C 9> B51<9J9>7 D85 2E9<49>7 1>4 9D 9C ECE1<<I D9=5 3?>CE=9>7 D85B56?B5 1
@1B1=5DB93CDE4I 9>4931D9>7 D8549665B5>35C25DG55>=5D8?4C9C1>9=@?BD1>DD??<6?BD8545C97>5BC
+85@EB@?C5?6D85@1@5B9CD?
45=?>CDB1D58?G49665B5>D31<3E<1D9?>=?45<C9>6<E5>35D8545C97> 1>4 D85=19>B5CE<D9CD853?=@1B9C?>25DG55>D855=254=5>D
45@D8CD85F1<E5C?625>49>7=?=5>DC1>4C851B6?B35C1>4D85CDBE3DEB549C@<135=5>DC6?B49665B5>D491@8B17=G1<<C85978DC
K
©
+85ED8?BC
(E2<9C8542I<C5F95B$D4
2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
*5<53D9?>1>4?B@55B B5F95GE>45BB5C@?>C929<9DI?6R(5DBE%19?BS
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). ,>9F5BC9DI?6+9B7E %EB5C13E<DI?6>79>55B9>7
Peer-review under responsibility of “Petru Maior” University of Tirgu Mures, Faculty of Engineering
"43,.!/ 5C97>?D9=9J1D9?>491@B17=G1<< @1B1=5DB93CDE4I 3<1CC931<1>4 >E=5B931<=5D8?4C%
+85 45C97> ?6 D85C5 CDBE3DEB5C 9C ECE1<<I D9=5 3?>CE=9>7 D85B56?B5 1 @1B1=5DB93 CDE4I G8938 9>4931D5C D85
49665B5>35C25DG55>=5D8?4C9C1>9=@?BD1>DD??<6?BD8545C97>5BC
+85CDE4I?6491@8B17=G1<<C9C1>9>D5B>1D9?>1<
D?@93 D85 <E= =5D8?4 /
0 259>7 ?>5 ?6 D85 C9=@<5CD 3<51B5CD 1>4 <?G D9=5 3?>CE=9>7
+85B5 1B5 1<C? 1 <1B75
>E=25B?6)?=1>91>75?D538>931<5>79>55BCG9D81C@5396939>D5B5CD?>D89CD?@93(?@1 !
/0(?@1
/ 0!E<@EC
/0
+85@EB@?C5?6D85@1@5B9CD?45=?>CDB1D58?G49665B5>D31<3E<1D9?>=?45<C9>6<E5>35D8545C97>?6491@8B17=
G1<<C
?BB5C@?>49>71ED8?B
+5<
*&)!!."// >93?<5D1
9<95C4CD
ED3<E:
B?
2212-0173 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of “Petru Maior” University of Tirgu Mures, Faculty of Engineering
doi:10.1016/j.protcy.2015.02.051
358 Nicoleta-Maria Ilieș et al. / Procedia Technology 19 (2015) 357 – 362
+85CDE4I3?=@1B5C3<1CC931<<E==5D8?4B5CE<DCEC549>D8545C97>?6D85491@8B17=G1<<CG9D8D85B5CE<DC?6
D85>E=5B931<=5D8?4ED9<9J9>7D858?B9J?>D1<3?5669395>D?6CE27B145B513D9?>1>4D85B5CE<DC?6D851>1<IC9CEC9>7
69>9D55<5=5>DC
+853?=@1B9C?>9C=1456?B49665B5>D491@8B17=G1<<C85978DC
9BCDCD175?6D85@1B1=5DB93CDE4IEC5C<E=3<1CC931<=5D8?49>45C97>?6D85491@8B17=G1<<C
+89C9CD85=?CD
3?==?> =5D8?4 9> D89C 695<4
9665B5>D 85978D 491@8B17= G1<<C 1B5 31<3E<1D54 G9D8 D89C =5D8?4 ?2D19>9>7 D85
5=254=5>D1>485978D1>4D853B?CCC53D9?>566?BDC
F5>969D9CD85 =?CD ;>?G>1>4D85 =?CD EC54D89C =5D8?4
4?5C>QD?665BD85851449C@<135=5>DF1<E5G89389C5HDB5=5<I9=@?BD1>D96>51BD85B51B55H9CD9>72E9<49>7C
+85B56?B5 1>?D85B =5D8?4 9C EC54 D? 3?=@<5D5 D85 31<3E<1D9?> 1>4 D89C 9C D85 >E=5B931< =5D8?4 EC9>7 D85
8?B9J?>D1<3?5669395>D?6CE27B145B513D9?>
+89C=5D8?43?>C945BCD859>D5B13D9?>25DG55>D85C?9<1>4D85CDBE3DEB5
G89389C>57<53D549>D85@B5F9?EC =5D8?41>49D?665BCD85@B5F9?EC>535CC1BI?ED@EDCD855=254=5>D45@D8D85
25>49>7=?=5>D1>4D85C851B6?B35?>D85G1<<2ED1<C?D85851449C@<135=5>D
+85D89B4CD175?6D85CDE4I9C1>1>1<IC9CEC9>769>9D55<5=5>DC
+89C1>1<IC9C9C31BB954?ED9>?B45BD?3?>69B=
D85B5CE<DC?2D19>54G9D83<1CC931<=5D8?4C2ED1<C?D?EC51F5BI@?G5B6E<D??<1F19<12<56?B39F9<5>79>55BC
+89C
69>9D5 5<5=5>DC =5D8?4 % ?665BC 1 F5BI 7??4 9=175 ?6 D85 49C@<135=5>DC 1>4 D85 3B?CC C53D9?> 566?BDC 2ED
B5AE9B5C1<1B751=?E>D?675?D538>931<C?9<@1B1=5D5BCG89389>4931D5CD85613DD81DC?=5D9=5C9DG9<<B5AE9B51F5BI
7??4;>?G<5475?6C?9<2581F9?B2ED1<C?G9<<9>3B51C5D85D?D1<3?CD?6D8545C97>
+85=19>B5CE<D?6D89CCDE4I9CD853?=@1B9C?>25DG55>D855=254=5>D45@D8CD85F1<E5C?625>49>7=?=5>DC
1>4C851B6?B35C1>4D85CDBE3DEB549C@<135=5>DC6?B49665B5>D491@8B17=G1<<C85978DC
>?D85B 9=@?BD1>DB5CE<D9C
D8545C97>?@D9=9J1D9?>EC9>7D8569>49>7C?6D89C1>1<IC9C
+8575?D538>931<5>79>55B9>745C97>C?6DG1B5@B?F945C1@?G5B6E<D??<D?D8545C97>5BC2EDD853?>DB?<?6D85C5
D??<C9CD85=19>3?>35B>?61>ICE335CC6E<5>79>55B
+89C1>1<IC9C?665BCD8569>49>7CB5AE9B549>?B45BD?3?=@1B5
D85C?6DG1B5B5CE<DCG9D81C9=@<531<3E<1D9?>=5D8?4
+8545C97>?6D85491@8B17=G1<<C9CECE1<<I1D1C;G89389>F?<F5C25C94539F9<5>79>55BC1B389D53DC75?<?7931<
5>79>55BC8I4B?<?79CDC=5381>931<5>79>55BC5D3
?BD81DB51C?>1>53?>?=931<45C97>9>F?<F5CD85?@D9=9J1D9?>?6
1<<D851C@53D9>3<E49>7D8531<3E<1D9?>CD5@
"/&$+*"0%,!/
5C97>=5D8?4C?6B5D19>9>7G1<<C1B5@5B=1>5>D<I9=@B?F9>7
<1CC931<=5D8?4CEC9>7 D855AE9<92B9E=<9=9DCD1D5
?6 D85 @B5CCEB5C $% 13D9>7 ?> D85 B5D19>9>7 G1<<C G1C 45F5<?@54 2I 9>DB?4E39>7 >E=5B931< =5D8?4C CE27B145
B513D9?>=?4E<EC*)%69>9D549665B5>35C=5D8?4%?B69>9D55<5=5>DC=5D8?4%
?BC9=@<5CDBE3DEB5C
CD966 G1<<C<9=9D5AE9<92B9E= =5D8?431>@B?F945 7??4B5CE<DC2ED 6?B =?B53?=@<5HCDBE3DEB5C9D9C =1>41D?BID?
3?E>D?>D85C?9< CDBE3DEB59>D5B13D9?>
">?B45BD?@5B6?B=D853?=@ED1D9?>C?=5613D?BC9>6<E5>39>79D=ECD25;>?G>5HD5B9?B<?14C13D9>7?>D85G1<<
51BD86?B359>D85 =19>5HD5B9?B<?14CE@@?BDCC?9<75?D538>931<@8IC931<1>4 =5381>931<@1B1=5D5BC 6?B1<<D85
CDB1D19>3?>D13DG9D8D85G1<<
$9=9D5AE9<92B9E=CD1D5=5D8?4C3?BB5C@?>4D?D85619<EB5=?=5>DG85>D855>D9B5C851B9>7CDB5>7D89C=?29<9J54
E>96?B=<I2589>4D85B5D19>9>7G1<<
+8545C97>?>D89CCD1D51CCE=5C1C9=@<5<9>51B<1D5B1<CDB19>C49CDB92ED9?>
+85
=5D8?49CG945<IEC541>49D81C7??4B5CE<DC5C@5391<<I6?BC?=5CDBE3DEB1<C81@5C1C31>D9<5F5BG1<<C2ED9D9C>?D
B53?==5>454 6?B G1<<C G9D8 C5F5B1< CE@@?BD9>7 <5F5<C
531EC5 D85 =5D8?4 9C 21C54 ?> C?9< C851B9>7 CDB5>7D8 9D
G?>QD?665B1>I9>6?B=1D9?>12?EDD85G1<<49C@<135=5>DCG89381B5DB5=5>4?EC<I9=@?BD1>D6?B D85G1<<C2581F9?B
@@<I9>7C165DI613D?BC?>51BD86?B35=978D9>3B51C5D85566?BDC1>4?F5BC9J9>7D85CDBE3DEB5 /0
">D853?=@1B1D9F5
CDE4ID8531<3E<1D9?>9C@5B6?B=54133?B49>7 D?D85)?=1>91>>?B=6?BB5D19>9>7CDBE3DEB5C/
0
C5<6 CE@@?BD9>7G1<<9D9C1F5BD931<5<5=5>D5=2544549>D85C?9<25<?GD855H31F1D9?><5F5<
+85CE@5B9?B@1BD
?6 D85 G1<< CE@@?BDC D85 C?9< @B5CCEB5 4E5 D? 9DC CD966>5CC 1>4 4E5 D? D85 5=254=5>D <5>7D8
+85 G1<< CE@@?BD9>7
31@139DI9>9>6<E5>354D85B56?B52ID85C?9<C851BB5C9CD1>35?>D85B5D19>5485978D
+85@B9>39@<5?6D89C=5D8?49CD?
45D5B=9>5 D85 =1H9=E= G1<< 85978D 9> ?B45B D? =19>D19> D85 CD1D931<<I CDBE3DEB5 5AE9<92B9E= 1>4 D89C 9C G1I D85
=5D8?49D9C31<<54D85<9=9D5AE9<92B9E==5D8?4
*?9<@B5CCEB5C49CDB92ED9?>1<?>7D85 G1<<9C1CCE=54D?25<9>51B
1>4D85G1<<CD129<9DI9C5>CEB542ID85C?9<@1CC9F5B5C9CD1>359>6B?>D?6D85G1<<
"D9C1<C?1CCE=54D85G1<<81C1
35BD19>B?D1D9?> D81D?33EBC1B?E>4@?9>DC5597
97
5C97>@B9>39@<56?B$%
+89C=5D8?4EC5CC?=51CCE=@D9?>CD85@B5CCEB5CE@G1B4B?D1D9?>@?9>D9C13D9F5@B5CCEB52589>4D85G1<<1>4
@1CC9F5B5C9CD1>359>6B?>D?6D85G1<<
+85B?D1D9?>@?9>D9D 9C3?>C945B54D?25@<13541D
6 6B?=D85G1<<85<<
+85@B5CCEB5C25<?GD85B?D1D9?>@?9>D9D9CB5@<13542I1B5CE<D1>D6?B35)13D9>79>D85B?D1D9?>@?9>D
+8545@D86?BG8938D8513D9F5@B5CCEB5 21<1>35D85@1CC9F5B5C9CD1>359C31<3E<1D54
; 1 ;1
1
; @ ; 1 ; @ ; 1
#
) 1 1 6 8 ; @ ; 1
+85>D?D1<5=254=5>D45@D89C31<3E<1D541C
6 6
6
+85=1H9=E=25>49>7=?=5>D9C31<3E<1D54EC9>7D855AE1D9?>
J
% =1H J % ( - ( 4
J
( - ( 4
'>5 ?6 D85 29775CD 381<<5>75C 9> 75?D538>931< 5>79>55B9>7 9C C?9< CDBE3DEB5 9>D5B13D9?> 2531EC5 ?6 D85 C?9<QC
3?=@<5H 2581F9?B
"> 45C97> C?9< CDBE3DEB5 9>D5B13D9?> 9C B5@<1354 2I 1 C9=@<5 =5D8?4 31<<54 UCE27B145 B513D9?>
=?4E<EC=5D8?4S *)%
+85 3?>D13D25DG55>C?9<1>4G1<<9CB5@<13542I1CICD5=?69>45@5>45>D5<1CD93CE@@?BDC
360 Nicoleta-Maria Ilieș et al. / Procedia Technology 19 (2015) 357 – 362
97
*E27B145B513D9?>=?4E<EC=5D8?4
1*".& )+)4/&/ +!."/1)0/
+85 @EB@?C5 ?6 D85 >E=5B931< 1>1<IC9C 9C D? 3?=@1B5 D85 31<3E<1D9?> B5CE<DC EC9>7 $% *)% 1>4 %
+85
B5CE<DCG9<<1<<?GECD?CD1D53?>3<EC9?>CB571B49>7D8545C97>?@D9=9J1D9?>
+85F1<E5C?65138C165DI613D?B=978D25?2D19>546B?=D85>?B=C=5>D9?>5412?F5
?B $% D85 G1<< 45C97> G1C @5B6?B=54 EC9>7 %1D814 C?6DG1B5 GB9D9>7 1<< D85 5AE9<92B9E= 5AE1D9?>C 1>4
?2D19>9>7D85=1H9=E=566?BDCF1<E5C%=1H 1>4+=1H 6?B1C5<6 CE@@?BD9>7G1<<1>4D855=254=5>D45@D8
">D89C
=5D8?49DG1C>?D@?CC92<5D?31<3E<1D5D8549C@<135=5>DC2EDD85ED9<9DI?6D89C=5D8?49C:ECD969542ID85613DD81D
D855=254=5>D45@D89CF5BI51C9<I?2D19>54
">*)% =5D8?4D858?B9J?>D1<3?5669395>D?6CE27B145B513D9?>9C31<3E<1D54EC9>7D85D85?B95C@B5C5>D5412?F5
1>4 D85 CDBE3DEB5 1>4 D85 C?9< B513D9?> 3?5669395>D 9C 9>DB?4E354 9>D? 45C97> C?6DG1B5 9> D89C 31C5 H9C-%
+85
B5CE<DC ?6 D85 31<3E<1D9?> 1B5 1<C? D85 =1H9=E= 566?BDC F1<E5C % =1H 1>4 +=1H 6?B 1 C5<6 CE@@?BD9>7 G1<< 1>4 D85
49C@<135=5>DC
"D9C@?CC92<5D?F9CE1<9J5D85566?BDC9>1>IC53D9?>?6D85G1<<1>4>?D:ECDD85=1H9=E=F1<E5C1C9>
D85 @B5F9?EC =5D8?4
"D 9C 1<C? @?CC92<5 D? F9CE1<9J5 D85 B513D9?> 9>D? D85 5<1CD93 CE@@?BDC G8938 79F5C EC D85
@?CC929<9DID?3853;9>1>I@?9>DD85C?9<251B9>7B5C9CD1>35
33?B49>7D?D85)?=1>91>>?B= /
0$%4?5C>?D?665BD85@?CC929<9DID?31<3E<1D549C@<135=5>DC
+85B56?B5
D85I1B5 31<3E<1D54EC9>7*)%?B%C5597
3
+85B5CE<DC?665B542I%9>4931D5CD81DD85C?9<=1CC96619<EB5
?33EBC?>8978F1<E5C?6D8549C@<135=5>DC2ED9D9C@?CC92<5D?9=@?C5135BD19>F1<E5?6D8549C@<135=5>D1>4D85>
D?31<3E<1D5D85566?BDC3?BB5C@?>49>7D?D89C49C@<135=5>D
+8549C@<135=5>DCF1<E5C?2D19>541B589785BD81>D85
1<<?G12<5F1<E5C1>49>D89C31C5D85 69>1<45C97>C8?E<43?>C945BD8549C@<135=5>DC3?>49D9?>
97
1%1H9=E=25>49>7=?=5>DC 2 %1H9=E= C851B6?B35C3 %1H9=E=49C@<135=5>DC
&/ 1//&,+/
$9=9D5AE9<92B9E==5D8?4C1B5B5<1D9F5<I51CID?1@@<I1>479F5C1D9C613D?BIB5CE<DC5C@5391<<I9>C9=@<5CDBE3DEB1<
C81@5C CE38 1C C5<6 CE@@?BD9>7 G1<<C 2ED D85 C851B 6?B35 31<3E<1D9?> 9C 496693E<D
531EC5 D9=5 9C 21C54 ?> 619<EB5
3?>49D9?>C 9
5
?F5B3?=9>7D85 C?9< C851BCDB5>7D8D89C=5D8?4 4?5C>QD1<<?G D8531<3E<1D9?>?6 C?9<49C@<135=5>D
+85>E=5B931<=5D8?4?631<3E<1D9?>9>F?<F5C=?45<9>7D8551BD82I1C5B95C?6C@B9>7CG89381<<?GC 566?BDC1>4
G1<< 49C@<135=5>D 31<3E<1D9?>
+85 B5CE<DC ?6 D89C 31<3E<1D9?> 1B5 9> D85 B1>75 CD1D54 2I D859B =1H9=E= F1<E5C
362 Nicoleta-Maria Ilieș et al. / Procedia Technology 19 (2015) 357 – 362
?2D19>54 G85> 31<3E<1D9>7 G9D8 $% 1>4 =9>9=E= F1<E5C ?2D19>54 2I D85 %
I 3?=@1B9C?> G9D8 69>9D5
5<5=5>DD85 49C14F1>D175?6D89C=5D8?49CD859>129<9DID?@B?F9459>6?B=1D9?>?> D85CE@@?BD54 C<?@5CD129<9DI
+85B5CE<DC?6D89CCDE4I1B579F9>7ECD85@?CC929<9DID?CD1D5D81D 1C9=@<5=5D8?4=978D79F5ECF5BI7??4B5CE<DC
9> 491@8B17= G1<<C 45C97>
+89C G9<< ?@D9=9J5 D85 D9=5 B5AE9B54 6?B 45C97> CD175 G9<< B54E35 D85 3?CDC ?6 45C97>
2531EC5D85D9=59C<5CCD85 45C97>D??<C1B5D853851@5CD ?>5C1>4D85 75?D538>931<@1B1=5D5BCB5AE9B541B5F5BI
C9=@<51>451CID?45D5B=9>5
/
0<E=! 9>C@1>>E>7CF5B8L<D>9CC5259?8<G5B;5>.
B>CD*?8> 5B<9>
/0(?@1 ! +8?B5<$ 1E49> 5D1<
&E=5B931<=?45<<9>7?6@B?@@54B5D19>9>7G1<<C 9>6<E5>35?6@1B1=5D5BC"> *38G5975B! 549D?B