Practical

HARD DISK
COMPONENTS of HDD
1. Platters and media:-
2. Read\Write Heads :-
3. Actuator Assembly :-
4. Spindle Motor :-
5. Hard Disk Connectors and Jumpers:-
6. Hard Disk Logic Board :-
7. Hard Disk Integrated Cache :-

https://cs.stanford.edu/people/nick/how-hard-drive-
works/hard-drive-small.webm
COMPONENTS of HDD
1. A hard disk driver consists of on one or more
flat circular discs called platters on witch
data is stored.

2. The platters are composed of two main

substances: – A substrate material that forms
the majority of the platter and gives the
platter a structure and rigidity.

3. A magnetic media coating which actually

holds the magnetic impulses that represent
the data.
COMPONENTS of HDD
1. The read\write heads of the hard disk are the
interface between the magnetic physical
media on which the data is stored and the
electronic components that cake up the rest
of the hard disk (and the PC).
2. The read\write heads are responsible for
converting bits to magnetic pulses and
storing them on the platter when data is
written on the hard disk.
3. The read\write heads then again converts
back the magnetic pulses stored on the hard
disk into bits when data is read from the hard
disk.
COMPONENTS of HDD
1. The read\write heads of a hard disk are
responsible for reading data and writing data
on the hard disk.

2. To perform its task effectively the read\write

head must be held in a fixed position relative
to the surface it is reading and should also be
allowed to move fro track to track to allow
access t the entire disk surface area.

3. The surface on which the read \write heads

are mounted is called the actuator assembly.
COMPONENTS of HDD
1. The spindle motor, also called the spindle
shaft, is responsible for moving the platters
around that make the hard disk operational
the spindle motor provides stable, reliable
and consistent turning power to the head
disk to function it properly.
COMPONENTS of HDD
1. Jumpers are small devices that are used to
directly control the operation of hardware
devices, without using any software.

2. A jumper has two main c components. •

Jumper: Jumper itself is a small piece of
plastic and metal that is used to connect
or remove the hardware device from the
computer.
COMPONENTS of HDD
1. Different types of connectors and jumpers
used hard disks are:
• Power Connector
• Data Interface Connector
COMPONENTS of HDD
1. All modern hard disks contain an intelligent
circuit board built in the hard disk unit itself.
However, in early hard disks all of the control
logic the hard disks operation was placed
into the controller plugged into the pc.

2. But with newer drives advance features and

high performance, with the reduction in the
size of electronic components, the hard disk
manufacturers moved most of the control
function to the drive itself.
COMPONENTS of HDD
1. All modern hard disks contain a cache
integrated into the hard disk unit itself.
2. This is called hard disk integrated cache or
hard disk buffer. The purpose of this cache is
similar to that of other caches in the
computer.
3. This cache temporarily stores the results of
recent from the disk.
COMPONENTS of HDD
1. All modern hard disks contain a cache
integrated into the hard disk unit itself.
2. This is called hard disk integrated cache or
hard disk buffer. The purpose of this cache is
similar to that of other caches in the
computer.
3. This cache temporarily stores the results of
recent from the disk.
How a hard drive works:
When you save a document, it gets written
somewhere "non-volatile" that keeps its state
even when the power is off. How does that work
for a hard drive?

The hard drive contains a spinning platter with a

thin magnetic coating

A "head" moves over the platter, writing 0's and

1's as tiny areas of magnetic North or South on
the platter
How a hard drive works:
To read the data back, the head goes to the
same spot, notices the North and South spots
flying by, and so deduces the stored 0's and 1's

A Modern hard drive can store well over a trillion

0/1 bits per platter, so the individual North/South
spots are quite small "Flash" storage is made with
chips (no moving parts) and is gradually
replacing spinning hard drives like this.

Flash chips are what's inside camera SDHC

memory cards and USB storage keys.
Components of CDROM
Short for Compact Disc Read-Only Memory,
a CD-ROM is an optical disc containing audio or
software data whose memory is read-only.
A CD-ROM Drive or optical drive is the device
used to read them.
CD-ROM drives have speeds ranging from 1x to
72x, meaning it reads the CD roughly 72 times
faster than the 1x version.
As you would imagine, these drives are capable
of playing audio CDs and reading data CDs,
including CD-R and CD-RW discs.
Components of CDROM
Below is a picture of the front and back of a
standard IDE CD-RW disc drive from Memorex.
Components of CDROM
Optical Head
Head Actuator
Spindle Motor
Loading Mechanism
Components of CDROM
Optical Head

The optical head of the CD-ROM drive consists

of a read laser and an optical sensor. The read
laser targets a laser beam on the disc.
The optical sensor collects the reflected laser
beam from the disc.
The CD Writer has two lasers, one for reading
data from the CD disc and one laser for writing
data on the CD disc. The strength of the write
laser is very strong.
Components of CDROM
Head Actuator
The head actuator moves the optical head
forwards and backwards from the center of the
CD disc to the outer end of the disc.

This allows the optical head to access all the

parts of the CD disc. The head actuator moves
the optical head, away from the center of the
CD disc, using very small intervals to follow the
minute tracks on the CD.
Components of CDROM
Spindle Motor
The spindle motor catches the CD when it is
inserted in the CD drive and spins it. The
circumference of the CD at its center is less than
the circumference CD at the outer edge.
Components of CDROM
Loading Mechanism
The loading mechanism loads the CD in
the Computer CD drive. The frequently used
method for loading the CD drive is the tray.

The CD drive has an eject button that opens

and closes the CD drive tray. The CD is placed
on the CD drive tray after opening it.